Here are the answers based on the provided document:
1. Definition of an Object in R:
An object in R refers to any data structure that stores values, expressions, or functions. Everything in
R is an object, including vectors, matrices, arrays, lists, and data frames.
Naming Rules for an Object:
Names should start with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, dots, or underscores.
Names cannot start with a number or contain special characters (e.g., @, !, etc.).
Reserved words cannot be used as object names (e.g., if, else, for).
2. Creating an Object with Values 1 to 10:
x <- 1:10
The object x now contains the sequence of numbers from 1 to 10.
Output of 1:12:
1:12
This creates a sequence of integers from 1 to 12:
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3. Definition of a Function:
A function in R is a block of code written to carry out a specific task. Functions can take arguments,
process them, and return a result.
Full Body Syntax of a Function:
function_name <- function(arg1, arg2, ...) {
# Function body
result <- some_operations
return(result)
4. Creating a Function to Store Values from 1 to 10 in an Object Called scan:
store_scan <- function() {
scan <- 1:10
return(scan)
This function assigns the values from 1 to 10 to the object scan.
5. Using a Function to Perform Mathematical Operations with 1:2:
1:2 + 3:4
This adds corresponding elements from the two sequences, returning:
[1] 4 6
6. Different Types of Loop Statements with Syntax:
Repeat Loop:
a <- 1
repeat {
print(a)
a <- a + 1
if(a > 5) {
break
While Loop:
a <- 1
while (a <= 5) {
print(a)
a <- a + 1
For Loop:
for(i in 1:5) {
print(i)
7. Different Data Types in R:
Numeric: Holds decimal values, e.g., x = 10.5.
Integer: Holds whole numbers, e.g., y = as.integer(3).
Logical: Contains TRUE or FALSE values, e.g., z = TRUE.
Character: Holds text or string data, e.g., name = "R".
Complex: Holds complex numbers, e.g., w = 1+2i.
Functions to find the type of an object:
class(x)
typeof(x)
is.numeric(x), is.integer(x), is.character(x) etc.
8. Explanation of a Vector:
A vector is a one-dimensional array that can hold data of the same type. Vectors in R are useful for
storing sequences of values like numbers or characters.
Advantages of Using Vectors:
Vectors are efficient and support vectorized operations, meaning that operations on vectors are
applied to all elements without the need for loops.
9. Difference Between Matrix and Array:
Matrix: A two-dimensional data structure where each element has the same data type.
Array: A multi-dimensional generalization of a matrix where data can be spread across more than
two dimensions.
10. Difference Between Matrix and Data Frame:
Matrix: All elements must be of the same data type.
Data Frame: Can contain multiple data types across columns (e.g., numerical, characters, logical).
11. Difference Between Vectors and Lists:
Vector: Stores elements of the same type.
List: Can store elements of different types, including other lists.
12. Data Frame Creation:
df <- data.frame(
names = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "David", "Eve"),
age = c(25, 30, 35, 40, 45)
13. Function to Print First Two Rows of a Data Frame:
head(df, 2)
14. Date and Time in R:
R provides various ways to handle dates and times using Date, POSIXct, and POSIXlt classes.
Accessing Date Components:
Sys.Date() # Current date
format(Sys.Date(), "%Y") # Year
format(Sys.Date(), "%m") # Month
format(Sys.Date(), "%d") # Day
Accessing Time Components:
Sys.time() # Current time
format(Sys.time(), "%H:%M:%S") # Hour, minute, second
15. Importing and Exporting File Formats in R:
Importing:
read.csv("file.csv") # For CSV files
read.table("file.txt") # For text files
Exporting:
write.csv(df, "output.csv")
write.table(df, "output.txt")
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