Load Flow Studies 19

2.5 Zeus FORMULATION

(2.10)canberewritten
Equation AS

/sus= ItsusVeus
or
=Zsuslsus
Vsus= I'e-rls/sus (2.26)
or
Zsus= Ystis
The sparsityof I'eus may be tained by using an efficient inversion technique [Tinney and
Walker, 19671,and the nodal i nce matnx can then be calculateddirectly from the factoized
admittancematrix. Equation(2. ) can be written in expandedform as
NB
V;- Zi*l * (2.27)
k=l

It follows from Eq. (2.27) t

Zi* =
(2.28)

Also, Z* = Zri (Zsvs is a s ical matrix).

As per Eq. (2.28) if a unit t is injectedat bus (node) k, while the other busesare kept
open-circuited,the bus voltages eld the valuesof the /<thcolumn of Zsu5.Ttre Zsus algorithm is
a step-by-stepprogrammable nique which proceedsbranch by branch. It has the advantage
that any rnodification of the net does not require completerebuilding of Zsus.

2.5.1 No MutualCouplin BetweenTransmission

Lines
Considerthat Zsus has been for lated up to a certain stage and another branch is now added.
Upon adding a new branch,one of the following situationsis presented.
1 . Zia is added from a bus to the reference btn. A new branch is added and the
dimensionof Zsus goes up by one. This is consideredas type-l modification.
2i6 is added from a new bus to an old bus. A new branch is addedand the dimensionof
Zlsusgoesup by one. is is consideredas type-Z modification.
3 . 2i,6is addedfrom an old to the referencebus.A new loop is formed but the dimension
of Zsus does not chang . This is consideredas type-3 modification.
4. 216connectstwo old A new loop is formed but the dimensionof Zsus does not
change.This is consi as type-4 modification.

Type-l nrodification
Figure 2.ir shows a passive(li ) 2-busnetwork.
421[r'l
ll_ I (2.2e)
znJ LIr)
A branch with impedance 21, is betweenthe new bus 3 and the referencebus.

L
-,,I
 Power System Opti,

Linear
passive
network

Figure 2.7 Type-1modification.

Now,

v3 - zult
Flquation(2.29) can be

(2.30)

where 2'41= Ztz=Zn=4s= ized form, it is rewritten for the added

branch with impedance26 bet referencebus. Thus,
i*k) (2.3r)

(2.32)
wheren is sizeof the previous

Type-2 modification
26 is added from the new bus to the old bus 2. It follows from Figure 2.8 that

Y3- V2+ Zd3 (2.33)

Vr= ZnIt+ Zn(12+ IE) (2.34)
V2- 4Jr + 4z(Iz + 4) (2.3s)

Ir
I
Iz, ,1, + 13
Linear
passive
network

Referencebus
Figure 2.8 Type-Zmodification.
 rill
Inad FIow Studies il''
matrixfornn,
I lzrt z,r1f 11 | (2.36)
l = l l l +- l
[: ,J Lz^ zzz)lI2 \)
ubstitutingIh. (2.35)into Eq. (2,3i), we have
V7 = hJr + 4z(Iz+ /3) + Zult

.earrangingthe above equadon, obtain

(2.37)
V3 , \Jr + hzlz + (Zzz+ A)lt

iquations(2,'34),(2.35) and (2'37) fve

the new marix

(2.38)

ln= 42, 7a2=Zy2, .4t= 4z + 4

vhereZp = Zp, 4t = Zzt, added branch with
In gerreralized form the ;; rquation can be rewritten for the
bus 1. Thus,
mpedance216betweenthe new bus ft and the old
(2.3e)
= Zir (i = 1, 2, "', rli i * k)
=Zu
(2.40)
= Za+ Zjj

where n is siizeof the Previous

Type-3mo,ditication
bus as shown in Figure 2'9: This follows from
Here 26 connectsan old bus 2 to the reference g = Q. From w. (2'37), the
,Figure2.8 loYconnectingbus 3 to fhe referencebus, i.e. by settin h
following is obtained.
rlr* ZnIz+(42+7a)\=0

,-1
1 3 --
t
lZult +Z.2212) Q.4T)
" Zrz +Zv
t
t
t 22 I'ower System Optimizot
i

Substitutingthe value of 13 from Eq. Q.al) into Eq. (2.34),

V t = Z t r, +z,r(t, (zutr+z22r2l)
#
Rearranging
the aboveequati , we obtain

,, =(t -ffi),,*(',,
m),, (2.42)

Substitutingthe value of 13 ined from Eq. Q.al) into Eq. (2.35),we get

Vz=Zz r1+zrr(r, (zutt+zr; 2>)

#
Rearrangingthe above equatio we have

z z z z z )t (
,-ffi),,*1t,, zzzzzz),
ffi1,, (2.43)

Equations Q.a\ and (2.43) can be written in matrix form,

or
z,rl [l,l
l t - t _ _ l
Zr,) Lt,)
I l znzzr zn
26 + 222 lzrrZ^ zn Zft]
or
7,")[]
Tnew
"BUS

The aboveequationcanbe wri in generalizedform. If the branch with impedanw Za is added

betweenthe old bus k and the bus, then

Tnew
"BUS. (2.44a)

In the index form the aboveeq ion can be rewrittenas

zil"n- zi'o (2.Mb)

 Iaad Flow Studies

1pe4 modiflcation
an old bus2 to
ere26 connects other old bus 3 as shownin Figure2.10.It thusfollowsthat:

(2.4s)

I1

Linear
passive
network

Referencebus
2.1O TyPe-4modification.

The voltages of the buses 2 3 are constrainedbY the equation

(2.46)
Vt= V2+ Zlela
or
-
+ I) +
Ztlr + 2,32(12 Is - Iq)= krlr + hz(Iz+ I+) + Qs(It Iq)+ ZvIq

Rearranging,we obtain
0 = (4r- Ztr)\ + (7q2 4z)Iz + (Zzt - 4)Ig + (Zn + 4g 74r - 4z + ZiIq
or
'14-
Ia=-;I 4)\ + (42- Zt)Iz + (Z2i- 4)Il
r
whereP = 4+ 4z+ 4t- 7-2j- 4t
The iaboveequationcan be ewriffen in matrix form as

(2.47)

Equation (2.45) can be rewriffen n the'form,

(2.48)

L
24 tPo_wer
System

Substituting
the valueof Ia F4.(2.47)into 4.Q.48), we have

2znw
BUS
Q.a9a)

Ttre above equation can written in the generalizedform. If the branch with impedance26
is addedlbetween the old bus and the old bus.,.l,then

Z* - Ztt Zn-Zn

.7n,ew -old I z21s- 221 Zrz - Zn

zBUS ZBus (2.4eb)
F

Zn* - Znt Zp' - Zn

whereP'= Za + Zw + Zu - Zp,
In the index form the a equation can be rewritten as

,zncw oold
(Z* - Zfi(zu - Zu)
.ii =Li -
-
(l = 1, 2, ..., ni j = t,2, ..., n) (2A9c)
+Zu-Zp-Zp

The openingof a line (Z;r)is -Zii.

ivalentto addinga branchin parallelto it with impedance

Algoritltm 2.22Ib Build Zbus

1. Input data-Nl (no. lines) and NB (no. of buses).
2. Initialize Zi = 0 (i = I 2, ..ii'NB; / =.1, 2, ...,NB)i ' - : -
3. Set the line number t e r ( f= l a n d m = 0 ) .
4. Input the impedance betweenthe busesk n / and type modification.
5. Check type modificati
If typ6 modification is I then GOIO Step6 :
If type modification is then GCffO Step 7
If type modification is then GCITOStep 8
If type modification is then GOTOStep9. ,
6. Type modification I rsthat a branchis addedfrom the new bus& to the referencebus
Zw= Za
Zri = Zi1,= 0.0 (j = 1,2,...,m)
m o d i f ym
, =m+l GOTOStep10.'
 Inad Flow Studies 25
7. Type modification2 that a branchis addedfrom the new bus & to the old bus I
Z w = 2 1+
1Z o
Z*j = Ztj; j = 1,2, ..., nt
Zili = Z*ii j = 1,2, ..., nl
modify,m=m+l GOTOStep10.
8. Type modification 3 that a link is addedfrom the old bus t to the referencebus

Z*Z*i
Zfi"*=zf,'o
Zs, + 26
GOTOStep10.
9. 'Iype
modification4 m that link is added from the old bus * to the old bus I

Lzlr:w
.zold
tj =aij -
(Z* zil (zu - z,i)
Zr+Z +Zu -Zk -Zkr

GOTO Step 10.

10.Checkt>NL
if 'yes' then GOTO I l, else i = i + I and GOTO Step 4 and repeat.
I l. \ilrite the matrix and

2.5.2 ltr/lutual
Goupling een TransmissionLines
Addition of a branch
In this case, a new branchp-q added as shown in Figwe 2.11 to a partial (already assemblJ)
network.

: l

2
p &

Figure2.1 Additionof a branchto partialnetwork.

The performance equation for the already assemblednetwork with

an aCded branch
p-q is

L g L