International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Internal Combustion Engine

Ravi Prakash Vishwakarma, Mahesh Kumar
1 Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, JIT Barabanki Uttar Pradesh, India
2 Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, JIT Barabanki Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract - Future internal combustion engines for with alternative power train concepts, at least for the
light duty applications will have to cope with a very next 20 years, the internal combustion engine should
complex set of customer, legal and business be able to maintain its advantages regarding high
requirements. Customers are expecting further power density, low manufacturing cost, recyclability,
improvements in durability, reliability, drivability, and long driving distance between two refueling
fuel economy, and cost of ownership. Legal events, well established fuel supply infrastructure,
requirements are focused on significant emission and and its capability to use a wide variety of fuels.
fuel consumption reductions. Additional
Despite the green hype, internal-combustion engines
manufacturing cost reductions will be essential to
will keep powering vehicles for the foreseeable
maintain, or better grow the business in a very
future.
competitive environment.
Key Words: I.C.Engine, Compressibility, recyclability
The challenge for the diesel engine will be to meet
the future emission standards at affordable cost, 1. Introduction
while maintaining its fuel economy advantages.
“It is type of heat engine in which the chemical energy
Regarding the emissions, advanced diesel of the fuel is released inside the engine and used
technologies will have to focus mainly on NOx directly from chemical work, as opposed to an external
combustion engine in which a separate combustor is
reduction. New combustion system concepts in
used to burn the fuel.”
combination with advanced air handling/boosting
A heat engine is a device which transforms the
and control systems offer a promising potential.
chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and
uses this energy to produce mechanical work. Heat
The focus for future gasoline engine development engines are classified into two types
will be on fuel economy improvements through
The internal combustion engine is an engine in
improved combustion systems and reduced throttle which the combustion of a fuel (normally fossil fuel)
losses at part load operation. This can be achieved occurs with an oxidizer (usually air)in a combustion
chamber .In an internal combustion engine the
through e.g. direct fuel injection with Stratified lean
expansion of the high-temperature and-pressure gases
part load operation. Downsizing in combination with produced by combustion applies direct force to some
boosting offers an additional potential. Internal component of the engine, such as pistons, turbine
blades ,or a nozzle. This force moves the component
combustion engines still have a huge potential to
over a distance, generating use fuel mechanical energy.
deal with the challenges of the future. In comparison
The term internal combustion engine usually refers
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such engine, and the existence of repair and maintenance
as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston industries associated with piston engines provides
engines, along with variants, such as the Winkle rotary strong incentives to remain with this technology
engine .A second class of internal combustion engine until fuel cells are proven reliable and cost
uses continuous combustion gas turbines, jet engines competitive. In addition, while the fuel cell enjoy
and most, each of which are internal combustion high public relations appeal, it seems possible that
engines on the same principles previously described. it may not offer significant efficiency advantages
relative to an optimized combustion system. In
The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite light of these factors, the capabilities of internal
different from external combustion engines, such as combustion engines have been reviewed.
steam or Sterling engines, in which the energy is
delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed In regards to thermodynamic efficiency, the Otto
with, or contaminated by combustion products. cycle for an I.C.Engine cycle. This is due to the fact
Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water that the fuel energy is converted to heat at constant
volume when the working fluid is at maximum
or even liquid sodium, heat and some kind of boiler.
compression. This combustion condition leads to
the highest possible peak temperatures, and thus
Automotive engineering has seen a spate of
the highest possible thermal efficiencies.
innovations in the past decade, MV's (Multiple valve’s),
DOHC's (Double overhead cams), MPFI (Multi-port fuel
injection) and DFI (Direct fuel injection) which, when III. Working and description of combustion
combined with stronger and lighter carbon composites engine-
and metal alloys, are rapidly bringing reciprocating We define an engine ‘simple machine that converts
internal combustion engine technology, as we know it, heat energy to mechanical energy. The engine does
to a point where the full potential of the engine has this through either internal or external combustion.
almost been realized. Extensive coverage in magazines Combustion is the act of burning. Internal means
and other media have reported on almost every aspect inside or enclosed. Thus, in internal combustion
of the working of these innovations and the engines, the burning of fuel takes place inside the
advantages their implementation has resulted in, such engine; that is, burning takes place within the same
as better fuel economy, more power and a cleaner cylinder that produces energy to turn the
engine. What is less widely known is the fact that in crankshaft. In external combustion engines, such as
spite of the huge amounts of money and man hours steam engines, the burning of fuel takes place
spent on researching and implementing these outside the engine. The external combustion engine
products the overall efficiency of the RI engine has contains a boiler that holds water heat applied to
been increased by a mere 5%. The engine is now less the boiler causes the water to boil which produces
than 25% efficient as compared to an original steam. The steam passes into the engine cylinder
efficiency of less than 20%. The expected under pressure and forces the piston to move
improvement in performance has fallen far below downward.
expectations.
Within internal combustion engine the combustion
2. Background takes place inside the cylinder and is directly
Electrical generators capable of high conversion responsible for forcing the piston to move
efficiencies and extremely low exhaust emissions downward. The change of heat energy to
will no doubt power advanced hybrid vehicles and mechanical energy by the engine is based on a
stationary power systems. Fuel cells are generally fundamental law of physics. It states that gas will
considered to be ideal devices for the applications expand upon the application of heat. The law also
where hydrogen or methane is used as fuel. states that the compression of gas will increase its
However, the extensive development of the IC temperature. If the gas is confined with no outlet
for expansion, the application of heat will increase
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

the pressure of the gas .In an engine, this pressure whose electric range is less critical having internal
acts against the head of a piston, causing to move combustion for unlimited range.
downward
4. CONCLUSIONS

The traditional advantages of internal combustion (IC)

engines refer to:

A. The high power density (power to volume and

weight).
B. The high energy content and the ease of
onboard storage of liquid fuels.
C. The well-established manufacturing processes
that has been optimized through many years.
D. The driving distance between two refueling

3. Implementation and application- events (which is typically much longer with IC

Internal combustion engines are most commonly engines than with many of the discussed
used for mobile propulsion systems. In mobile
future alternatives).
scenarios internal combustion is advantageous,
since it can provide high power to weight ratios E. The well-established worldwide fuel supply
together with excellent fuel energy-density. These infrastructure.
engines have appeared in almost all automobiles,
F. The capability to effectively use a variety of
motorbikes, many boats, and in a wide variety of
aircraft and locomotives. Where very high power is alternative gaseous and liquid fuels.
required, such as jet aircraft, helicopters and large G. IC engines still have a huge potential to
ships, they appear mostly in the form of gas
effectively deal with most of the sometimes
turbines. They are also used for electric generators
and by industry. conflicting requirements for future automotive
power trains.
For low power mobile and many non-mobile
In particular they can achieve:
applications an electric motor is a competitive
alternative. In the future, electric motors may also
i. Further increase of power and torque.
become competitive for most mobile applications.
However, the high cost, weight, and poor energy ii. Further size and weight reductions.
density of lead-acid batteries and even NiMH iii. Further improved fuel economy.
batteries and lack of affordable on board electric
iv. Further reduced emissions.
generators such as fuel cells has largely restricted
their use to specialist applications. However recent
battery advancements in lightweight Li-ion and Li- REFERENCES
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electric vehicles began to demonstrated 300 miles [3] http://www.uq.edu.au/~e4nsrdja/teaching/e42
of range on Lithium, now improved power makes 13/Related/Cycles/Diesel.htm
them appealing for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles [4] http://www.merlin.net.au/~bhampton/holdfast/
howengines.html
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[5] http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/DIESE
L.HTM

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