Available online at http://www.journalijdr.

com

International Journal of Development Research

ISSN: 2230-9926 Vol. 14, Issue, 04, pp. 65410-65415, April, 2024
https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.27840.04.2024

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANIC DE-LIMER AND POLISHER USING THE ACID

FROM AVERRHOA BILIMBI (KAMIAS FRUIT): A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR
INDUSTRIAL CLEANING
*Cachero, Alma Mae B., Locus, Victor Emmanuel, Malabanan, Jayson M., Marasigan, Ciello Mae
P., Samiano Jr, Manuel, Velasco, Kelley B., Palacol, John Carlo B. and Perez, Maureen D.
LPU-Laguna, Philippines

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The central aim of this research was to explore the feasibility of utilizing an organic cleaning solution as an
Received 10th January, 2024 alternative to chemical agents for eliminating watermark stains on stainless steel kitchen countertops,
Received in revised form windows, and equipment. The primary objective was to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts associated
24th February, 2024 with descaling agents. The research employed an experimental design to test formulations of Kamias delimer
Accepted 16th March, 2024 solutions for their total acidity and the reduction of pathogens such as salmonella, E. coli, and staphylococcus.
Published online 30th April, 2024 Maintenance employees and culinary students familiar with standard cleaning processes were surveyed to
gauge their opinions on the product's use. Averrhoa bilimbi, with its high citric acid content, presented as an
Key Words: effective solution for removing tarnish, stains, and oxidation from metals, leaving a remarkable shine. The
Organic de-limer, Sustainability, Effectiveness, Kamias Delimer, with a total acidity of 5.69 pH, proved effective in reducing pathogens by up to 99.99%
Organic chemical and Kamias. within a 10-minute contact period. Survey respondents positively endorsed the use of the kamiasdelimer
solution. The findings from this research initiative will provide valuable insights in Barangay San Ildefonso,
*Corresponding author: Alaminos Laguna, contributing to the development of eco-friendly and sustainable cleaning solutions suitable
for the local community. This investigation adds to the expanding knowledge about sustainable cleaning
methods, aiming to optimize the utilization of Kamias fruit.

Copyright©2024, Cabuco, Camille D et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Citation: Cachero, Alma Mae B., Locus, Victor Emmanuel, Malabanan, Jayson M., Marasigan, Ciello Mae P., Samiano Jr, Manuel, Velasco, Kelley B.,
Palacol, John Carlo B. and Perez, Maureen D. 2024. “Development of an organic de-limer and polisher using the acid from averrhoa bilimbi (kamias
fruit): a sustainable solution for industrial cleaning”. International Journal of Development Research, 14, (04), 65410-65415.

INTRODUCTION cared for. The mature Kamias tree can reach between 5 and 10 meters
in height; its trunk is relatively short and can quickly divide into
several branches. The trunk and branches must be exposed to sunlight
The researchers’ concerns about environmental damage and the need for fruits to form. In addition, the Kamias tree blooms in February
for sustainable ways have increased the emphasis on developing eco- and continues to blossom and produce fruits until December (Yap,
friendly solutions in various businesses. The creation of cleaning 2018). This constant and protracted fruiting cycle demonstrates the
goods and Delimer formulations is one sector that is undergoing Kamiastree’s sustainability, demonstrating its capacity to supply
tremendous change. Many typical cleaning solutions include harsh fruits consistently throughout the year. This attribute emphasizes the
chemicals that can harm the environment, from manufacturing tree’s remarkable environmental resilience. Furthermore, according to
through disposal. As a result, there is a growing effort to develop Seebaluck-Sandoram et al. (2019), the extracts from Kamias fruit can
greener alternatives that employ natural materials and can degrade stop the growth of certain types of bacteria, including Escherichia
without causing harm. Kamias Fruit offers an ecologically friendly coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, Kamias
alternative to typical cleaning procedures. In contrast to chemical- contains active compounds such as saponins, glucosides, tannins,
laden cleaning solutions, Kamias fruit, with its natural acidic flavonoids, citric acid, formic acid, pectin compounds, flavonoids,
qualities, provides an efficient and biodegradable cleaning choice. vitamin C, minerals, calcium oxalate, and potassium (Julianti and
Using Kamias as a cleaning agent can help reduce traditional cleaning Sinaga., 2021). According to the British Stainless-Steel Association
practices’ environmental concerns. This shift is taking place because (2023), Citric acid can be used for cleaning and passivating stainless
consumers are becoming more aware of the negative impacts of steel as an alternative to nitric acid. Solution strengths of 5–10% citric
traditional methods and desire healthier items for the environment. acid are used for passivation treatments. This study suggested an
Developing an organic Delimer harnessed from a naturally occurring opportunity for locally sourced, ecologically friendly, sustainable
source offers a promising solution to mitigate these concerns. Kamias solutions. Developing an all-natural product emerged as one possible
fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi) is a fruit-bearing tree of the genus Averrhoa, solution for eliminating limescale and polishing surfaces. From the
family Oxalid Acid; it lives for many years, particularly when well researcher’s perspective, it was evident that Barangay San Ildefonso
65411 Cachero, Alma Mae et al., Development of an organic de-limer and polisher using the acid from averrhoa bilimbi (Kamias Fruit):
A sustainable solution for industrial cleaning

in Alaminos, Laguna, faced a challenge in fully capitalizing on the A group of 30 participants from the Lyceum of the Philippines
potential of Kamias. While some residents incorporated Kamias into University Laguna provided insights through a survey questionnaire,
their culinary creations, others harvested the fruit and sun-dried it. using a 4-Likert scale for data collection. The research intended to
Unfortunately, a portion of the fruit went to waste as it fell from the determine the acid's efficiency for cleaning purposes based on the
tree and rotted. The researchers perceived this scenario as a promising feedback from these participants. According to Bartkowski (2022),
opportunity to optimize Kamias usage, not only as a culinary element formulation development holds a pivotal role in product creation,
but also as a valuable Cleaning Agent. Through this study, the impacting patent eligibility, lifespan, and the overall triumph of the
Barangay could have effectively reduced the unnecessary waste of product. Organizations incorporate formulation development
Kamias, yielding tangible benefits. processes and staff into their product development phases through
various approaches, aiming to bring forth their unique offerings.
METHODOLOGY Researchers took safety precautions by wearing safety goggles,
gloves, and protective clothing to prevent exposure to potential
hazards such as chemicals and physical contact. The precautions
The research aimed to assess the effectiveness of Kamias acid in aimed to protect against eye injuries, chemical absorption, and burns.
removing limescale and polishing metal surfaces. It used For the study, respondents were selected based on their experience
experimental methods with two different acidic formulations to study with the product. Maintenance employees, culinary custodians, and
their impact on removing stains from various surfaces. The chosen cafeteria staff participated in a survey to gather insights using a 4-
design compared the acidity levels in these formulations for cleaning Likert scale, focusing on food preferences. Thirty participants from
stainless steel surfaces. Respondents, including maintenance Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna provided their input for
employees, culinary custodians, and cafeteria staff, were selected the researchers' Survey Questionnaire.
based on their product experience and responsibilities for cleanliness.

Table 1. Materials and Equipment

Materials Source Quantity

Kamias Kamias tree (Brgy. San Ildefonso, Alaminos, Laguna) 500grams
Distilled Water Supermarket 500grams
Rubber Spatula Supermarket 1 unit
Clear Spray Bottle (2 oz) Supermarket 2 Bottles
Sauce pot (4.3” x 7”) Appliances Shop 1 unit
Butane Stove Appliances Shop 1 unit
Strainer (0.032, 324 holes/Sq. In., 28% open area) Appliances Shop 1 unit
Ceramic Dish Bowl (H2.1” x D6.8”) Appliances Shop 2 Bowl
Wooden mortar and pestle (10.3cm x 8cm) Appliances Shop 1 unit
Stainless Chef Knife (8inch) Appliances 1 piece
Vinyl Gloves Online Shop 1 Box of 100

Table 2. Kamias Delimer Product A

Qty per Bottle: 60 ml Yield: 5 Bottles
Method: Boiling Category: Product A Delimer
Ingredients Specifications Quantity Unit
Kamias Washed 500 grams
Water Distilled Water 242 grams
Mise en Place & Method of Work:
1. Prepare 500g Kamias by washing and rinsing under cold running water.
2. Weigh 242g of water, then transfer it to a clean ceramic dish bowl.
3. Using a Knife and Chopping board, chop the kamias into small pieces and transfer in other dish bowl.

Extracting Acid:
1. Using the mortar and pestle, pound the chopped Kamias until all the solution have been extracted.
2. Strain all the extracted solution and make sure no traces of flesh from Kamias.
3. After extracting the solution, transfer it into a clean sauce pot.
4. Boil the juice for 10–15 minutes at 212°F or until watery paste can be seen.
5. Once observed, let it cool down for at least 5 minutes or until room temperature.
6. Fill the bottle with the solution, the acid to the bottle 30%=21.1 grams of Acid and 70% = 48.4 grams of water.

Table 3. Kamias Delimer Product B

Qty per Bottle: 60 ml Yield: 5 Bottles
Method: Boiling Category: Product B Delimer
Ingredients Specifications Quantity unit
Kamias Washed 500 grams
Water Distilled Water 250 grams
Mise en Place & Method of Work:
1. Prepare 500g Kamias by washing and rinsing under cold running water.
2. Weigh 250g of water, then transfer it to a clean ceramic dish bowl.
3. Using a Knife and Chopping board, chop the kamias into small pieces and transfer in other dish bowl.
Extracting Acid:
1. Using the mortar and pestle, pound the chopped Kamias until all the solutions have been extracted.
2. Strain all the extracted solution and make sure no traces of flesh from Kamias.
3. After extracting the solution, transfer it into a clean sauce pot.
4. Boil the juice for 10–15 minutes at 212°F or until watery paste can be seen.
5. Once observed, let it cool down for at least 5 minutes or until room temperature.
6. Fill the bottle with the solution, the acid to the bottle 18%=10.7 grams of Acid
And 82% = 50grams of water.
65412 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 14, Issue, 04, pp. 65410-65415, April, 2024

The survey test parameters assessed various characteristics of a new eliminate the microorganism. Despite efforts to prevent salmonella
cleaning product derived from Kamias acid. Firstly, it examined the spp infections, it remains a prominent cause of acute diarrheal
product's effectiveness in eliminating dirt, bacteria, and impurities, illnesses, as noted by Gabr Popaet al. (2021). Julie Garden-Robinson's
particularly its ability to remove watermarks, a crucial factor work in 2020 emphasizes that Kamias’ inherent acidity is insufficient
impacting consumer decisions. Secondly, the evaluation focused on to effectively eliminate salmonella spp., unlike commercial De-limers
the product's odor, considering the importance of a pleasant scent in which demonstrate this capability. According to Huang Gua Shu's
the perception of cleanliness. The researchers' product boasted a (2017) research suggests that Kamias extract, like other natural
subtle Kamias citrus fragrance that dissipated after use. Thirdly, the substances, possesses potential antimicrobial properties due to its
texture after using the product was scrutinized, revealing that unlike acidic composition and various acids present. According to Abraham
traditional De-limers, this new product left no oily residue, ensuring a (2017), although Kamias’ acidity within the pH range of 0 to 14
smooth, texture-free surface. Safety was another crucial aspect; the might hinder the growth of certain bacteria, it falls short in
product was found to be safe, not causing skin irritation upon contact. completely eradicating the bacteria itself. This proves that the
However, despite these positive findings, the researchers kamiasdelimer has enough acidity to kill the E.coli bacteria. The
recommended precautionary instructions for safe handling, kamiasdelimer at 5.68 pH acidity has been enough to eradicate
emphasizing factors such as proper storage, keeping it away from 99.99% of the E. coli bacteria after 5 minutes of exposure.According
children, and avoiding eye contact. Finally, the evaluation considered to Carol DerSarkissian (2017), Escherichia coli is present not only
the product's physical appearance, noting that due to its organic within the human intestine but also in contaminated food and
nature, it might not appeal to all users, and the visible powder from beverages. Kamias are known for being naturally rich sources of
the acid in the bottle could impact its visual appeal. Overall, the phytochemicals used for both consumption and natural antimicrobial
evaluation showcased the product's cleaning efficiency, a pleasing but agents that are usually used for cleaning because it has multi-
non-persistent odor, absence of residue, safety for skin contact, while purpose(Pascale Mosoni, 2022). In addition, phytochemicals are
also highlighting concerns about its appearance and the need for known as plant protection agents from microbial infections or pest
careful handling to prevent accidents. Researchers conducted a infestations and serve as a plant defense mechanism (Pant et al.
laboratory test at Lipa Quality Control Inc. to evaluate a homemade 2017). Kamias contain phytochemicals like amino acids that contain a
organic Delimer made from Kamias acid. The aim was to determine pH level from 5.0 to 6.5; amino acid surprisingly can kill E. coli
its acidity level and marketability for consumers, involving a group of (Yan, 2019).
30 participants for the evaluation. Data from this test will be used to
create a comprehensive report that includes methods, analysis, and Table 7. Kamias Delimer against Escherichia Coli
suggestions for future research. Credible sources were emphasized for
accuracy. The Kamias extract was used to create a pH indicator for Contact 5mins 8mins 10mins
subsequent product tests. Understanding Kamias' acidity and time
components aids in determining its potential uses. Ethical Escherichia % 99.9% 99.9% 99.9%
considerations include informed participant consent, safeguarding Coli Reduction
identities, and using data solely for research purposes.
This proves that the kamiasdelimer has enough acidity to kill the
Table 4. Formulations of Kamias Delimer E.coli bacteria. The kamiasdelimer at 5.68 pH acidity has been
enough to eradicate 99.99% of the E. coli bacteria after 5 minutes of
Product A Product B exposure.According to Carol DerSarkissian (2017), Escherichia coli
Acid 30% 21.1 g 18% 10.7 g is present not only within the human intestine but also in
Water 70% 48.4 g 82% 50 g contaminated food and beverages. Kamias are known for being
naturally rich sources of phytochemicals used for both consumption
and natural antimicrobial agents that are usually used for cleaning
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS because it has multi-purpose (Pascale Mosoni, 2022). In addition,
phytochemicals are known as plant protection agents from microbial
Table 5. The Acidity of Kamias Delimer infections or pest infestations and serve as a plant defense mechanism
(Pant et al. 2017). Kamias contain phytochemicals like amino acids
Test Parameter Results Replicates Test Method that contain a pH level from 5.0 to 6.5; amino acid surprisingly can
Total Acidity % 5.68 2.04x: 5.84: Titrimetric kill E. coli (Yan, 2019).
5.63 Method
Table 8. Kamias Delimer Against Staphylococcus aureus
The pH (Libretexts, 2023) of the solution experiences a gradual rise.
Close to the equivalence point, which marks the juncture where the Contact time 5mins 8mins 10mins
moles of added acid match the moles of initial acid in the solution, the Staphylococcus % Reduction 82.56% 93.27% 97.89%
aureus
pH ascends more steeply. This is due to the depletion of the majority
of the originally present H+ ions. When titrating a monoprotic strong
It shows the percent reduction of staphylococcus aureus with varying
acid (HCI) with a monobasic strong base (NaOH), it can be computed
contact times with the kamiasdelimer. In just 5 minutes, the solution
to the volume of base required to achieve the equivalence point using
effectively reduced the bacteria by 82.56%. After 8 minutes, 93.27%
the following correlation: Averrhoa bilimbi is a supplement thick, dull
success rate of removing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Ten
natural product that fundamentally develops in the storage
minutes or more is the recommended contact time of the
compartment of tall plants. It contains a great deal of nutrients,
kamiasdelimer as a high reduction rate has been achieved after such
(Vazhacharickal, 2017c). The first will be 15% acidity with 85%
duration. Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria that can not be
measure of water and the subsequent one is 10% sharpness and 90%
easily eliminated by heat treatment and sanitizing chemicals; it is also
of water.
antibiotic-resistant. Therefore, researchers carried out a study that
demonstrates the acid from Kamias fruit may effectively decrease the
Table 6. Kamias Delimer against Salmonella spp
spreading of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus from metal and glass
surfaces. The organic Delimer removes 97.89% of S. aureus and
Contact time 5mins 8mins 10mins
Salmonella spp % Reduction 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
works best when applied in 10 minutes. The summary encompasses
insights from data depicting employee age disclosure rates, showing
higher responses from older workers experienced in cleaning agents.
In the laboratory study focusing on Kamias’ acid, researchers found
It also indicates a predominant male representation in the cleaning
that it only resulted in a 0.00% reduction in salmonella spp. The
industry, reflecting gender-based preferences and traditional
natural acidity of Kamias is graded at 5.68; however, the eradication
perceptions regarding task performance.
of salmonella requires additional chemicals so that it can successfully
65413 Cachero, Alma Mae et al., Development of an organic de-limer and polisher using the acid from averrhoa bilimbi (Kamias Fruit):
A sustainable solution for industrial cleaning

Table 9. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Age Frequency Percent

Lessthan30 8 21.6
31to39 6 16.2
40to49 10 27
50ormore 9 24.3
Notidentified 4 10.8
Total 37 100
Sex Frequency Percent
Male 19 51.4
Female 18 48.6
Total 37 100
Job Frequency Percent
Maintenance 14 37.8
Custodian/ Front desk 6 16.2
Others/Not identified 17 45.9
Total 37 100

Table 10. Summary of Survey Results

Indicator Product A Product B Verbal

Mean Mean Interpretation
1 The product produces a effective result after using it. 3.19 3.24 Agree
2. Odor of the product. 3.30 3.22 Agree
3. The product is safe to use. 3.27 3.30 Agree
4. No oily feel. 3.24 3.32 Agree
5. The product's external appearance is marketable. 3.16 3.24 Agree

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