MALAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Motag, Malay, Aklan
Most Essential Learning Competency in Technical Drafting
Grade 9
(Quarter 1 Week 1)
MODULE 1: DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND DETAILS
LEARNING CONTENT
Drafting Tools, Materials and Equipment
Drafting tools refers to a set of tools that are used in all drafting works or activities
especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation. Before the start of any
activity, it is expected that all drawing tools needed must be available in the work
station.
Drafting materials are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in drafting
works or activities. The draftsman cannot perform his drafting task without these items.
Drawing Equipment are the instruments, attachments, and other equipment used to
make mechanical drawings.
Classification of Drawing Tools, Materials and Equipment
Classificatio
Name Function Illustration
n
This is where the
drawing paper is laid
and fastened. Their
Drafting working edge should
Table or be perfectly straight
Drafting Tool
Drawing and their surface
Board trim and smooth as
this is the place
which the T-square
is moved.
This is made of
plastic, wood, or
combination of both.
Drafting Tool T-square It is used for drawing
horizontal lines and
serves as a guide for
triangles when
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drawing other kinds
of lines.
Used for drawing
vertical and oblique
lines. The most
Drafting Tool Triangles
commonly used are
the 45o and the 30o
by 60o.
The type of scale
commonly used for
general drawing. The
scale has various
divisions.
Its sole purpose is to
Triangular
Drafting Tool reproduce the
Scale
dimensions of an
object full size on a
drawing or to reduce
or enlarge them to
some regular
proportion.
A technical pen is a
specialized
instrument used by
an engineer,
architect, or drafter
Technical
Drafting Tool to make lines of
Pen
constant width for
architectural,
engineering,
or technical drawing
s
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A mechanical pencil,
also known as a
clutch pencil, is
a pencil with a
replaceable and
mechanically
extendable solid
pigment core called a
Drafting Tool Mechanic "lead". The lead,
al Pencil often made
of graphite, is not
bonded to the outer
casing, and can be
mechanically
extended as its point
is worn away as it is
being used.
The drawing pencil is
one of the
draftsman’s most
important tool. They
Come in different
grades of hardness
indicated by
numbers and letters
found on one end.
They range in grade
Drafting Tool Pencil
of hardness from 9B,
the softest, to the
medium grade F, and
9H, the hardest. The
grade of the pencil to
be used depends
upon the nature of
work being done as
well as the kind of
paper to be used.
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Pencils should be
sharpened whenever
Pencil they show signs of
Sharpener dullness. A pen knife
Drafting Tool
or or pencil sharpener
Penknife is usually used to
remove the wood
from the lead.
A drafting
template is a flat
piece of plastic with
Drawing standard symbols
Drafting Tool cut in it. The drafting
Templates
templates shapes are
used as guides for
drawing symbols on
plans.
A semi-circular scale
divided into 180
equal parts, each of
which is called a
degree (o). It is used
for measuring and
Drafting Tool Protractor
laying out arcs and
circles as well as
angles that cannot
be measured with
either the 45o or the
30o x 60o triangles.
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These dusting
brushes feature
wooden handles for
the easy removal of
Dusting
Drafting Tool eraser shavings, dust
Brush
and dirt from
drawings and/or
drafting surfaces
without smudging.
The erasing shield is
a useful tool to
Erasing
Drafting Tool protect the rest of
Shield
the drawing when
making an erasure.
Used for drawing
Drafting Tool Compass arcs or circles.
A flexible tape that
slides into a
Push Pull material case and it
Drafting Tool
is used to measure
Rule
irregular and
regular shapes.
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Bond paper is a
durable paper that
is especially suitable
Bond
for electronic
Drafting
Paper printing and use in
Material (Short and office machines,
Long) including copiers
and network and
desktop printers.
Tracing paper is paper
made to havelow
opacity, allowinglight
to pass through. It is
namedas such for its
ability for
an image to
Drafting be traced onto it. It
Tracing
was originally
Material Paper
developed for
architects and design
engineers tocreate
drawings which could
be copied precisely.
An A3 piece of paper
measures 297 × 420
Drafting A3
mm or 11.7 × 16.5
Drawing
Material inches. Cutting it in
Paper
half will create two
A4 sheets of paper.
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Drafting Erasers are used to
Pen and
remove smears,
Material Ink Eraser
pencil, or ink lines.
Tapes are used for
fastening paper to
the drawing board or
table. It may be used
Drafting
Masking
either by attaching a
Material Tape
short piece across
each corner or by
taping the entire
edge of the paper.
Ink, fluid or paste of
Drafting various colors, but
Ink usually black or dark
Material
blue, used for writing
and printing.
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A drafting machine is
a tool used in
technical drawing,
consisting of a pair
Drafting
Drafting of scales mounted to
Equipment Machine form a right angle on
an articulated
protractor head that
allows an angular
rotation.
Mechanical lettering
is done using tools
such as lettering
guides, templates, or
Drafting
using a small
Leroy
Equipment mechanical
pantograph referred
to by the Keuffel and
Esser trademark
"Leroy".
A computer is a
machine that can be
instructed to carry
Drafting out sequences of
Computer arithmetic or logical
Equipment
operations
automatically
via computer
programming.
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ACTIVITY 1 Is it a Tool, Material or Equipment?
Direction: Name and classify the following figures below.
LEARNING CONTENT
Guidelines and Upper Case Lettering
Lettering is a fundamental part of drawing. It is a combination of different types
of lines. It is closely related to design. In mechanical drafting, architectural lettering is
used. This is characterized by normal upper case letters. Normal upper case letters
are neither too narrow nor too wide and have the same height.
Generally speaking, letters are important because they constitute the words by which
we communicate through the written language. They are important because:
1. They add other information which the regular orthographic or pictorial drawings
cannot show.
2. Graphic presentation by views of structures or other figures cannot be
constructed correctly by workmen unless accompanied by size specifications and
instructions.
3. A legible and plain style lettering in all dimensions and notes in drawing is a good
practice for ease of interpretation and execution.
LETTERING Cap Line
Base Line
Guidelines are very light lines used for drawing letters. For uniformity in letter
construction, they should be used when lettering any part of a drawing. In mechanical
drafting, horizontal guidelines are used. Horizontal guidelines have two parts, the cap
line and the base line.
1. Cap Line – Uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters.
2. Base Line – A horizontal guideline where all letters rest or stand.
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LEARNING CONTENT
Alphabet of Lines
For finished inked drawings, three weights of lines, thick, medium, and thin are
considered desirable and for pencil drawings, the medium and light lines. Line symbols
used in technical drawing are often referred to as alphabet of lines. Certain conventional
lines have been developed and standardized by long usage in industry. Some of the most
used lines in a working plan are:
1. Visible Lines – This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They
are sometimes called object lines. The thickness of the lines may vary to suit the
size of the drawing.
2. Hidden Lines – This type of lines is represented by a series of medium weight
dashes about 1/8” long and spaced 1/16” apart. They show surfaces or edges
hidden from view by other parts of the object.
3. Cutting Plane Lines – These are used to indicate an imaginary cut through an
object along the line. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with two small
dashes. Also, phantom lines.
4. Center Lines – These lines are used to locate centers of objects, arcs, and circles.
They are drawn by a series of lightweight long and short dashes. The short
dashes are about 1/8” long and the long dashes 1” in length and the spaces
between dashes are about 1/16”.
5. Dimension Lines – They are light in weight and broken in the middle to provide
space for dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the middle to provide
dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines to show the points
where the dimension end.
6. Extension Lines – These are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits.
7. Break Lines – These are lines used to show the fact that a part has been cut off or
broken out.
a. Long Break Lines – These lines are light in weight with definite breaks.
b. Short Break Lines – These are indicated with a heavy freehand line.
8. Section Lines – These are light lines used in sectional views. They are evenly
spaced to make shaded effects.
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