a pert. ISLAM OLLEGE SGR-97978, : oppT. ISLAMIA € LLE BOOK BANK BOO UNIT — 1445 Léchires) Programming Lang Q Discuss the History and Role of Programm A Programming languages are tools that allov people to give in: s of rules and symbols that comput ructions to computer fers can int perform tas @ languages have a I 1 complex history, and have played an importar pment of computing formation technolog The first programming fages were developed in the early 1950s. and were mostly used for scientific and engineering purposes. These languages were low-level a difficult to use, and required a deep understanding of computer architecture. Some of the earliest Programming s included FORTRAN, CORC »L langua; and Lisp. i) BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMLA c ‘OLLEGE SGR. Sat 9906400729We Way (85s BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE SGR-9797865343 In the 1960s and 197 1s and 1970s, a new generation of programming languages emerged, ned to be easier to use and including C, Pascal, and BASIC. These languages were de re accessible, and were used for a wider range of applications, including busine In the 1980s and 1990s, object-oriented programming languages like C++, Javd aud, Pythe ame popular. These languages allowed programmers to create corb pie ystems using modular, able components, making, it eagi op oftware applications T ere are hundreds of programming languages in use-each with its own weaknesses, Some languages are designed fos Specific af ns, like F alysis or Swift for iOS app development. Others dire more general-f ge Of Applicatior Java, and can be used for a wide fi uages play a crucial role iff tig development of software and ammers to express comp! uuter systems. They allow pro; form a wide range of uters can understand, and to create s6 tinues to evolve, prograrnmi will continue to pl technol hnolo, tant role in shaping th@dutilre of computing and information t Peer anita’ eS i 3 Key points about Programming Lang Here are some keypoints about programming languay 1 Programming Janguages are sets of rules and symbols that allow people to comffitnitate with computers dre hundreds of programming lar ¢ in use today, each with its own 13 and weaknesses. story, and have evolved o 3 Programming langua ng needs and technological advances. while ¢ ges are designed for specific applications, 4 Some programming lan |-purpose TE SGR- Meee 9905 100205 SGR-9797865 34 ant categories, Such as proc, i 5 Programming languages can be classified into dif ns object-oriented, o functional, based on their design princi le . 6-The choice of programming language can have a significant imp . ; | niainability of software systems. 7 performance, efficiency, and main age requires both theoretical kno 7 Leaming a programmin e for beginners ar ani experience, and there are many resources available for beginner: A fen ° alike. di e development, and "Will ¢¢ es are a crucial tool for soft b 8 Programming lang to play an important role in shaping the future of technology. ndobject code, antics, source code Q Define the Syntax and se AS Syntax refers to the rules t ntax and semanti vern the structure and” language statements. These niles define how ttvarlous elements of a program, d to crea alid state keywords, operators, and variables, can be combin errors occur when the program violates thé tatements. It defines w Semantics refers to the meaning of\programming languag the program is supposed to do and how it will behave when executed, Semantics s not behave as intended occur when the progranfts syntictically correct but do Source code ‘inl object code: am that is written in a Soureg cage fefers to the human-readable version of a prog proggamming language. It is the original code that is written by the programmer and sontains instructions that the computer can execute, Object code refers to the machine-readable version of the program that is produced after the:source code is compiled or interpreted, It is a binaty representation of the source code that the « a code that the eompitier can directly execute, Object code is not human-readable and cannot be easily modified by humans. BOOK BANK Oppy, ISLAMIA COLLEGE SGR- a, 4 9906400729SGR-9797865343 ~~ BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEG The process of converting source code into object code is called compilation or interpretation, depending on the type of programming, language used, Compiled languages are translated into object code before execution, while interpreted language are translated line by line ditring execution bles, const % Q Explain the Briefly datatypes, va ~ | ! 4 Datatypes: hold. Programein® lanBiuage of data that a variable can h tr types define the t several built-in datatypes, including integers, floating-point numbgrsyefiaracter and atype pecifjaratigegf value booleans, arrays, and objects. Each da operations that can be performed on it. Variables: pecifie d 4 variable is a named memory location that sfines a'value of a ammers to assign values to a named entity and then allows pro} value later in t rogram. Variables can bé declared and initi; same time, or they can be declareditsiyand then a: Constants: PSe/cannot be changed during the execution of a program A constant is anamed value nt fixed values, such as mathematical constants, Constants are typically“ased to repr ation settings. They are d maximum or miipifnum values, or program configur am and as: jgned a value that cannot be modified Inter the beginning OP ro Declaration? of defining a variable or constant in a program. It Déelaratipn refers to the proc involves specifying the name of the variable or constant, its datatype, and optionally its LO initial value. Declarations can occur at various points in a program but are typically nts are defined = done at the beginning to ensure that all necessary variables and co before they are used. Programming languages may require explicit declarations, of BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE SGR: H9DHA00729< OPPT. ISLAMI 2R-9795 BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAM 97978, ecliirations where the datatype is inferred from the may allow implicit declarations where the datatyp m the va HOOK BA Q Define the Structured Data Types A Structured data types are data typ. that are composed of other data ty, You to group related data together, making it easier to 0 anize, manipultite, ap Fe are several types of structured data types, including 1 Arrays: An array is a collection of data elements that are st red togcthe a con block of memory. The elements in an array are decksse@busing an in ot specifies the position of the element within the array 2 Lists: A list is ac tion of data elements thatgr stored ts ther, but unlik array, the elements in a list are not stored in contiguous i ory locations. Inst element ina list contains a reference to the 1 ent in the list. 3 Sets lection of unique elements that are uno: ed. Each ar one. ection of elements, similar to an array. Hi have different data Sth. Yuple A record iscolltion of related data ¢lements that are stored to in a regord is calfed a field, and each field is identified by a unique nami 5 Objects: An, contained data structure th contains data element (calle 1 methods (c Jed functions or procedures) that atyibi imental building blocks of object-oriented Structyréd data types are used in many programmi anguages, in Java, Python, and Ruby, © ng others. They provide a powerful ganize and manipulate data in a structured and efficient Q Describe the Sequence Control: {S) BOOK BANK OP?T. ISLAMIA COLLEGE SGR-Gs=9906400729 «BOOK BANK OPPT. ISL AMIA COLLEGE S¢ K As: State machines are mo and the t involve multip ications. ign to ensure that the reliably Q what is Implicit and Explicit BOOK BANK OPPT, ISLAMIA COLLEG) ential component of many autor p ESGR j =4990640072°a s of information or a describe different tyPe A Implicit and explicit are terms tsed | knowledg tated, written ¢ Explicit information or knowledge is information that is directly Otherwise communicated ita clear and unambiguous Way This inforrnation can b exaily communicated and shared, and is(oflen stored in document Hataisnaea, or: ty sirucvared formats, Biamyites of explicit information bnelude text ooks, manual technical specifications, and guidelines hand, is information shit Hot cit information or knawledge, on the other hand, (or experience stated, but is implied or inferred from context or i difficult to aritculanes and they. not be ensily communicated orghted Examples of ntuition, cultural norp® and tdeit knowled; implicit knowledge include skills, acquired through experience. i licit knowledge, a: implicit knowledge can be more yalyable than explicit know! >, ad is difficult to learn or teach ars of experience and prgett ditional methods. F craftsman may have imp! example, a master of the best way to work with cértain materials, even not able to explain it in detail and transferred, mak In contrast, explicit knowledge“tan be more easily more useful in situation ® Where standardized approach is required. For example, in a manufacturing plant, eXplicit knowledge of production processes and quality control tency and effic procedures is é&sedtial to ensure all, both(explieit and implicit knowledge are important in different contexts and Overa ituationd, antl a combination of both can lead to more effective decision-making and pfobjém Solving Q Define the Sequence control between Statements jequence control between statements refers to th In programmin are executed in a program. The order in which statements are w code determines the sequence in which they are executed by the computer. For example, consider the following code ( BOOK BANK OFPT, ISLAMIA COLLEGE scr.UDov06400729 8AY SSA (Cao BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA coL R-9797865343 makefile xty print(z) I code, the first two statements assign values to variables x and y, respectively ' rhe third statement adds x and y, and stores the result in th sable 2. Final ahertcin' e sequence control between statements in this ¢ me yt, Pte Ball J < of be printed Ifth the output 6 Yograt can be affected. For efore thdasstghment of 2, the program will TPyalut he correct functioning of m . dre written in the correct oniler, and th equent statements that rely on its output 1m Control: Simple call return and Q Explain the Briefly Subprog recursive Subprogram. bpheat ubprograms am,control refer agement of within a program, Subprograms are sel 1 from within other parts of t n control: simple call and r ThefSaretwo main types of subprogr subprogram. and Ret ey Simple Cal his type of subprogram control, the subprograr is called from w program, and contr ‘ol is transferred to the s executini code and returns control back to the main progr was called. the subpr: from the point wher hho, p SCR Mees 9 6400722 BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE) SGR. BOOK BANK OPrT. R 776554 simple call and return subprogram in p, Here is an example of Yhoy, python Copy code def muttiply(a, 5) result=a*b umn result multiply(x. y) . print(z) the main program with argur In this example, the multiply function is called and y, The function executes and retums the\gesiit of the multiplication, which tinves executing from the print stater m then con n the variable z. ‘outputs the va onsole. Recursive Subpré ectly of indirect; A recursiv program ia a@hbptogram that call aller This can be usefil fofigol Ving problems that can be broken down into subproblems of the sametype. Here is an exampl@F a recursive subprogram in Pythe aython return | retuirn f * factorial(n = 1) y = factorial(x) print(y) BOOK BANK OPPT, AMIA COLLEGE SGR-0=49906400729 Ww Book In this calling 6, atwh statem Proper Subpro Q De pages 1BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE §GR-9797865343 ms in this eximple, the fhetorial finetion calculates ¢ factorial of a aumber by fe sling itself with 4 smaller value of, The function stops calling Hiself when n £9 h q.avwhich point i retums 1, The program thet continues executing, from the prin suntement, whiel outputs the value af y (the fiitorial of x) 0 the com Jean and efficien proper subprogram contol is important foe writing clean and e % subprograms allow programmers to break down complex tasks into aller, more ' manageable sfeode, making it easier to write and maintain program Q Define the Language Paradigms: Simple Procedural Languliges ( 4 Procedural programining is a programming paradigm that foeyses the use of or subroutines to organize and structur Inythis Paradigm, a pre muctured as a series of pre res, each of which perfortis a pecific task and cat ied from other parts of the Prggrsir P : Simple procedural languages are f iming Wnduisges that are based primarily oF eduritl paradigm, with minimal suppigrt for other pre Pp 7 These languages typically provide features for de Jaring and calling defining variables and data types, and controlling program flow lude ¢ cal, and BASI imple procedyrakfaFiguages ir Some exan In these Languages, procedures dre defined i jmilar to functions, with a de. Procedures can be ca ot of input pafaheters, and a body of © + and passing in any required input er parts of the programy ising their nam: J and used within procedures, with scop iables and data types can also be ¢ and Jifetifye determined by their location within the program. ¢ structur which sithiés Mops and conditional statements are used to he the Block Structured Programming langua| that use block structured programming languages are programming lang related statements together. A block can contain a or structured statements to gr within br ments, and it is usually enclosed single statement or a group of sta The following are some examples of block structured programming lang BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE scr 990640 iOK BAN 1.C: C isa popular block struc BC bedded systems, and game ra aS system programming, syntax and a powerful set of built-in function: rograrming language th 2 Java: Java is another popular block structured progran » and mabile applications, web applications, and enter, ig desktop ni independence and its ability to run on multipte Python is a versatite programming language that supports both , c ta afl aming paradigms. It is widely used for dit ented pi mputiny learning, web development, and imming lapfyage tit is oft 4 Ruby: Ruby is ad: faa sitopl 3 web development, scripting, and automation. | yy and a tich set of built-in I 5 PHP: PHP 2 language'that i§ widely used for de F ntax, a powerfill set c working with databa: or object-oriented pro; tured dy just a few examples of thiegmany block stra amming lar available, Each Ia ts OWN knesses, and of language depends off the régiliremems of the project at hand. Q Define the both Object Based Languages, Functional Languages, A Object-based Programming Ia are prog object-oriented progr its femirts, Object-based lai Supp. {Ytorphism, but may not support some advanced OOP fe i eae | act cl ss. Exar ples of object-based programming languages include JavaSerip VBScript, and ActionScript Functional programming languages are pro treat comput as the evaluation of mathematical functi d mutable data. In functional lunctions are treated as first-class citizens, meaning they BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE SGR. 4449906400729 =Languages, 19 © Define the Logic Programming Languagesd let ' Element wir ' Abst th on 50m BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLL EGF SGRAeoe99064007291 Decision symbal: This symbol is used 10 Fe ane pook F condition Where the flow of’control depends 00 a € Wo represent the inp Input/Outpitt syiribol: This symbol is used to rept program onnect different parts of 4 Connector symbol: This symbol is used to ¢ i indicate the flow of contro! of data between ther hol is used to represent a blo Subeutine symbol: Th used repented! iit a program There are many other symbols and connectors tht ean be used iy MOWEAarf, Aiea ng represented. They fay: on the needs of the prograin or process being represent rae snectors should be consistent and clear to ensure that pif Moychart a . the logie of the program or proces Q Explain the Briefly Problem Solving Through Floweharts A Flowcharts can be a valuable too! for protilent$solving and pro mpro Char Here are some steps to follow when using floweharts for problern-solvi efine the problem: The first step js to clearly define the problem and identif scape of the process that needs to.beijiproved 2 Map the current process: Creal flowchart of the current process, including all t step: ions, and iiputefobrput 3 Analyze the process: Apdlyze the flowchart to identify areas of inefficiency, w and opportunitied forimprovement. Look for bottlenecks, unnecessary steps, and ar where errors ure likely to occur. 4 Developsolutions: Brainstorm potential solutions to the identified problems. Use th flowebast to visualize how the proposed changes would impact the proce i 5 Test the solutions: Implement the proposed changes and monitor the process to ensure 9 14 the improvements have the desired effect. Use the flo ind identify any additional areas for improvement ; BOOK BANK OPPT, ISLAMIA COLLEGI sor doo0ea00720Use the BOOK BANK OPPT. ISLAMIA COLLEGE SGI R-IT9TROSIAS palate he Nowchart: {ipa te flowchart i refleet the fnew and inprrved [his will serv ‘rence for future problem-solving effets and Kelp to ensure that 1c process remains efficient and effective fav using Roweharts to Visualize and analyze the problem-sol \ etter understand the underlying issues, develop more effect , Plowcharts can alsd help to comm the changes fo wer time «and enigure that everyone is on the same pay the Algorithms, Characteristics of an Algorithnt Algorithms for basic problems A An algorithm is. 0 step-by-step Set of instructions for sc task. It is » systematic approactt to problem-solving tat Th sure that oritha include: cteristies of an g: The algorithm must terminate after p finite nw of Definiteness; Each step in the algorithm ynust mbiguou: 3 Input: ‘The algorithm must take“igpbt from some sour Output; The algorithm must Butput at the end scithm must be effective, meaning that 4 Effectiveness: Each sigp ib Phe dle to perform if'yyd Thite amount of time duce the correct output rectness: hwy algorithm mu basic problems incl! Some common Sorting: Soryfigtlgorithims ar Cofnmbn Sorting algorithms inclue re used to find a spe Hing: Searching hy and binary search, wn 49 Common searching algorithm include linear numbers where f isa sequence & 2 Fibonacci series The Fibonacci mbers. An al; orithm can be used to Be the sum of the no precedin, number Fibonacei series up toa BOOK BANK OPPT, ISLAMIA COL LEGE SGR 49906400729