What is React?

React(aka React.js or ReactJS) is an open-source front-end

JavaScript library that is used for building composable user
interfaces, especially for single-page applications. It is used for
handling view layer for web and mobile apps based on components in
a declarative approach.

React was created by Jordan Walke, a software engineer working for

Facebook. React was first deployed on Facebook's News Feed in 2011
and on Instagram in 2012.

1. What is the history behind React evolution?

The history of ReactJS started in 2010 with the creation of XHP. XHP is
a PHP extension which improved the syntax of the language such that
XML document fragments become valid PHP expressions and the
primary purpose was used to create custom and reusable HTML
elements.

The main principle of this extension was to make front-end code easier
to understand and to help avoid cross-site scripting attacks. The
project was successful to prevent the malicious content submitted by
the scrubbing user.

But there was a different problem with XHP in which dynamic web
applications require many roundtrips to the server, and XHP did not
solve this problem. Also, the whole UI was re-rendered for small
change in the application. Later, the initial prototype of React is
created with the name FaxJ by Jordan inspired from XHP. Finally after
 sometime React has been introduced as a new library into JavaScript
world.

Note: JSX comes from the idea of XHP

2. What are the major features of React?

The major features of React are:

o Uses JSX syntax, a syntax extension of JS that allows developers

to write HTML in their JS code.
o It uses Virtual DOM instead of Real DOM considering that Real
DOM manipulations are expensive.
o Supports server-side rendering which is useful for Search
Engine Optimizations(SEO).
o Follows Unidirectional or one-way data flow or data binding.
o Uses reusable/composable UI components to develop the
view.

3. What is JSX?
JSX stands for JavaScript XML and it is an XML-like syntax extension to
ECMAScript. Basically it just provides the syntactic sugar for
the React.createElement(type, props, ...children) function, giving us
expressiveness of JavaScript along with HTML like template syntax.
In the example below, the text inside <h1> tag is returned as JavaScript
function to the render function.
export default function App() {
return (
<h1 className="greeting">{"Hello, this is a JSX Code!"}</h1>
);
}

If you don't use JSX syntax then the respective JavaScript code should
be written as below,

import { createElement } from 'react';

export default function App() {

return createElement(
'h1',
{ className: 'greeting' },
'Hello, this is a JSX Code!'
 );
}

See Class

Note: JSX is stricter than HTML

4. What is the difference between Element and

Component?
An Element is a plain object describing what you want to appear on the
screen in terms of the DOM nodes or other components. Elements can
contain other Elements in their props. Creating a React element is
cheap. Once an element is created, it cannot be mutated.

The JavaScript representation(Without JSX) of React Element would be

as follows:

const element = React.createElement("div", { id: "login-btn" },

"Login");

and this element can be simiplified using JSX

<div id="login-btn">Login</div>

The above React.createElement() function returns an object as below:

{
type: 'div',
props: {
children: 'Login',
id: 'login-btn'
}
}

Finally, this element renders to the DOM using ReactDOM.render().

Whereas a component can be declared in several different ways. It
can be a class with a render() method or it can be defined as a
function. In either case, it takes props as an input, and returns a JSX
tree as the output:
const Button = ({ handleLogin }) => (
<div id={"login-btn"} onClick={handleLogin}>
Login
</div>
);

Then JSX gets transpiled to a React.createElement() function tree:

const Button = ({ handleLogin }) =>
React.createElement(
"div",
 { id: "login-btn", onClick: handleLogin },
"Login"
);

5. How to create components in React?

Components are the building blocks of creating User Interfaces(UI) in
React. There are two possible ways to create a component.

i. Function Components: This is the simplest way to create a

component. Those are pure JavaScript functions that accept
props object as the first parameter and return React elements to
render the output:

ii. function Greeting({ message }) {

iii. return <h1>{`Hello, ${message}`}</h1>;
}

iv. Class Components: You can also use ES6 class to define a
component. The above function component can be written as a
class component:

v. class Greeting extends React.Component {

vi. render() {
vii. return <h1>{`Hello, ${this.props.message}`}</h1>;
viii. }
}

6. When to use a Class Component over a Function

Component?
After the addition of Hooks(i.e. React 16.8 onwards) it is always
recommended to use Function components over Class components in
React. Because you could use state, lifecycle methods and other
features that were only available in class component present in
function component too.

But even there are two reasons to use Class components over Function
components.

i. If you need a React functionality whose Function component

equivalent is not present yet, like Error Boundaries.
ii. In older versions, If the component needs state or lifecycle
methods then you need to use class component.
 Note: You can also use reusable react error boundary third-party
component without writing any class. i.e, No need to use class
components for Error boundaries.

The usage of Error boundaries from the above library is quite straight
forward.

Note when using react-error-boundary: ErrorBoundary is a client

component. You can only pass props to it that are serializeable or use
it in files that have a "use client"; directive.
"use client";

import { ErrorBoundary } from "react-error-boundary";

<ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Something went wrong</div>}>

<ExampleApplication />
</ErrorBoundary>

7. What are Pure Components?

Pure components are the components which render the same output
for the same state and props. In function components, you can achieve
these pure components through memoized React.memo() API wrapping
around the component. This API prevents unnecessary re-renders by
comparing the previous props and new props using shallow
comparison. So it will be helpful for performance optimizations.

But at the same time, it won't compare the previous state with the
current state because function component itself prevents the
unnecessary rendering by default when you set the same state again.

The syntactic representation of memoized components looks like

below,

const MemoizedComponent = memo(SomeComponent, arePropsEqual?);

Below is the example of how child component(i.e., EmployeeProfile)

prevents re-renders for the same props passed by parent
component(i.e.,EmployeeRegForm).

import { memo, useState } from 'react';

const EmployeeProfile = memo(function EmployeeProfile({ name,

email }) {
return (<>
<p>Name:{name}</p>
<p>Email: {email}</p>
 </>);
});
export default function EmployeeRegForm() {
const [name, setName] = useState('');
const [email, setEmail] = useState('');
return (
<>
<label>
Name: <input value={name} onChange={e =>
setName(e.target.value)} />
</label>
<label>
Email: <input value={email} onChange={e =>
setEmail(e.target.value)} />
</label>
<hr/>
<EmployeeProfile name={name}/>
</>
);
}

In the above code, the email prop has not been passed to child
component. So there won't be any re-renders for email prop change.

In class components, the components

extending React.PureComponent instead of React.Component become the
pure components. When props or state changes, PureComponent will
do a shallow comparison on both props and state by
invoking shouldComponentUpdate() lifecycle method.
Note: React.memo() is a higher-order component.

8. What is state in React?

State of a component is an object that holds some information that
may change over the lifetime of the component. The important point is
whenever the state object changes, the component re-renders. It is
always recommended to make our state as simple as possible and
minimize the number of stateful components.
Let's take an example of User component with message state.
Here, useState hook has been used to add state to the User
component and it returns an array with current state and function to
update it.

import React, { useState } from "react";

function User() {
const [message, setMessage] = useState("Welcome to React world");

return (
<div>
<h1>{message}</h1>
</div>
);
}

See Class

State is similar to props, but it is private and fully controlled by the

component ,i.e., it is not accessible to any other component till the
owner component decides to pass it.
 9. What are props in React?
Props are inputs to components. They are single values or objects
containing a set of values that are passed to components on creation
similar to HTML-tag attributes. Here, the data is passed down from a
parent component to a child component.

The primary purpose of props in React is to provide following

component functionality:

i. Pass custom data to your component.

ii. Trigger state changes.
iii. Use via this.props.reactProp inside component's render() method.

For example, let us create an element with reactProp property:

<Element reactProp={"1"} />

This reactProp (or whatever you came up with) attribute name then
becomes a property attached to React's native props object which
originally already exists on all components created using React library.
props.reactProp

For example, the usage of props in function component looks like

below:

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const ChildComponent = (props) => {

return (
<div>
<p>{props.name}</p>
<p>{props.age}</p>
</div>
);
};

const ParentComponent = () => {

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent name="John" age="30" />
<ChildComponent name="Mary" age="25" />
</div>
);
};

The properties from props object can be accessed directly using destructing
feature from ES6 (ECMAScript 2015). The above child component can be
simplified like below.

const ChildComponent = ({name, age}) => {

 return (
<div>
<p>{name}</p>
<p>{age}</p>
</div>
);
};

See Class

10. What is the difference between state and

props?
In React, both state and props are plain JavaScript objects and used to
manage the data of a component, but they are used in different ways
and have different characteristics. state is managed by the component
itself and can be updated using the setState() function. Unlike props,
state can be modified by the component and is used to manage the
internal state of the component. Changes in the state trigger a re-
render of the component and its children. props (short for "properties")
are passed to a component by its parent component and are read-only,
meaning that they cannot be modified by the component itself. props
can be used to configure the behavior of a component and to pass
data between components.

11. Why should we not update the state directly?

If you try to update the state directly then it won't re-render the
component.

//Wrong
this.state.message = "Hello world";

Instead use setState() method. It schedules an update to a

component's state object. When state changes, the component
responds by re-rendering.
//Correct
this.setState({ message: "Hello World" });

Note: You can directly assign to the state object either

in constructor or using latest javascript's class field declaration syntax.
12. What is the purpose of callback function as an
argument of setState()?
The callback function is invoked when setState finished and the
component gets rendered. Since setState() is asynchronous the
callback function is used for any post action.

Note: It is recommended to use lifecycle method rather than this

callback function.

setState({ name: "John" }, () =>

console.log("The name has updated and component re-rendered")
);

13. What is the difference between HTML and

React event handling?
Below are some of the main differences between HTML and React
event handling,

i. In HTML, the event name usually represents in lowercase as a

convention:

<button onclick="activateLasers()"></button>

Whereas in React it follows camelCase convention:

<button onClick={activateLasers}>

ii. In HTML, you can return false to prevent default behavior:

iii. <a
iv. href="#"
v. onclick='console.log("The link was clicked."); return false;'
/>

Whereas in React you must call preventDefault() explicitly:

function handleClick(event) {
event.preventDefault();
console.log("The link was clicked.");
}

vi. In HTML, you need to invoke the function by

appending () Whereas in react you should not append () with
the function name. (refer "activateLasers" function in the first
point for example)
14. How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX
callbacks?
There are 3 possible ways to achieve this in class components:

i. Binding in Constructor: In JavaScript classes, the methods are

not bound by default. The same rule applies for React event
handlers defined as class methods. Normally we bind them in
constructor.

ii. class User extends Component {

iii. constructor(props) {
iv. super(props);
v. this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
vi. }
vii. handleClick() {
viii. console.log("SingOut triggered");
ix. }
x. render() {
xi. return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>SingOut</button>;
xii. }
}

xiii. Public class fields syntax: If you don't like to use bind
approach then public class fields syntax can be used to correctly
bind callbacks. The Create React App enables this syntax by
default.

xiv. handleClick = () => {

xv. console.log("SingOut triggered", this);
};
<button onClick={this.handleClick}>SingOut</button>

xvi. Arrow functions in callbacks: It is possible to use arrow

functions directly in the callbacks.

xvii. handleClick() {
xviii. console.log('SingOut triggered');
xix. }
xx. render() {
xxi. return <button onClick={() =>
this.handleClick()}>SignOut</button>;
}

Note: If the callback is passed as prop to child components, those

components might do an extra re-rendering. In those cases, it is
preferred to go with .bind() or public class fields syntax approach
considering performance.
15. How to pass a parameter to an event handler
or callback?
You can use an arrow function to wrap around an event handler and
pass parameters:

<button onClick={() => this.handleClick(id)} />

This is an equivalent to calling .bind:

<button onClick={this.handleClick.bind(this, id)} />

Apart from these two approaches, you can also pass arguments to a
function which is defined as arrow function

<button onClick={this.handleClick(id)} />;

handleClick = (id) => () => {
console.log("Hello, your ticket number is", id);
};

16. What are synthetic events in React?

SyntheticEvent is a cross-browser wrapper around the browser's native
event. Its API is same as the browser's native event,
including stopPropagation() and preventDefault(), except the events
work identically across all browsers. The native events can be
accessed directly from synthetic events using nativeEvent attribute.

Let's take an example of BookStore title search component with the

ability to get all native event properties

function BookStore() {
handleTitleChange(e) {
console.log('The new title is:', e.target.value);
// 'e' represents synthetic event
const nativeEvent = e.nativeEvent;
console.log(nativeEvent);
e.stopPropogation();
e.preventDefault();
}

return <input name="title" onChange={handleTitleChange} />

}

17. What are inline conditional expressions?

 You can use either if statements or ternary expressions which are
available from JS to conditionally render expressions. Apart from these
approaches, you can also embed any expressions in JSX by wrapping
them in curly braces and then followed by JS logical operator &&.
<h1>Hello!</h1>;
{
messages.length > 0 && !isLogin ? (
<h2>You have {messages.length} unread messages.</h2>
) : (
<h2>You don't have unread messages.</h2>
);
}

18. What is "key" prop and what is the benefit of

using it in arrays of elements?
A key is a special attribute you should include when mapping over
arrays to render data. Key prop helps React identify which items have
changed, are added, or are removed.

Keys should be unique among its siblings. Most often we use ID from
our data as key:

const todoItems = todos.map((todo) => <li

key={todo.id}>{todo.text}</li>);

When you don't have stable IDs for rendered items, you may use the
item index as a key as a last resort:

const todoItems = todos.map((todo, index) => (

<li key={index}>{todo.text}</li>
));

Note:

i. Using indexes for keys is not recommended if the order of

items may change. This can negatively impact performance and
may cause issues with component state.
ii. If you extract list item as separate component then
apply keys on list component instead of li tag.
iii. There will be a warning message in the console if the key prop is
not present on list items.
iv. The key attribute accepts either string or number and internally
convert it as string type.
 19. What is the use of refs?
The ref is used to return a reference to the element. They should be
avoided in most cases, however, they can be useful when you need a
direct access to the DOM element or an instance of a component.

20. How to create refs?

There are two approaches

i. This is a recently added approach. Refs are created

using React.createRef() method and attached to React elements
via the ref attribute. In order to use refs throughout the
component, just assign the ref to the instance property within
constructor.
ii. class MyComponent extends React.Component {
iii. constructor(props) {
iv. super(props);
v. this.myRef = React.createRef();
vi. }
vii. render() {
viii. return <div ref={this.myRef} />;
ix. }
}

x. You can also use ref callbacks approach regardless of React

version. For example, the search bar component's input element
is accessed as follows,

xi. class SearchBar extends Component {

xii. constructor(props) {
xiii. super(props);
xiv. this.txtSearch = null;
xv. this.state = { term: "" };
xvi. this.setInputSearchRef = (e) => {
xvii. this.txtSearch = e;
xviii. };
xix. }
xx. onInputChange(event) {
xxi. this.setState({ term: this.txtSearch.value });
xxii. }
xxiii. render() {
xxiv. return (
xxv. <input
xxvi. value={this.state.term}
xxvii. onChange={this.onInputChange.bind(this)}
xxviii. ref={this.setInputSearchRef}
xxix. />
xxx. );
xxxi. }
}

You can also use refs in function components using closures. Note:
You can also use inline ref callbacks even though it is not a
recommended approach.

21. What are forward refs?

Ref forwarding is a feature that lets some components take a ref they
receive, and pass it further down to a child.

const ButtonElement = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => (

<button ref={ref} className="CustomButton">
{props.children}
</button>
));

// Create ref to the DOM button:

const ref = React.createRef();
<ButtonElement ref={ref}>{"Forward Ref"}</ButtonElement>;

22. Which is preferred option with in callback refs

and findDOMNode()?
It is preferred to use callback refs over findDOMNode() API.
Because findDOMNode() prevents certain improvements in React in the
future.
The legacy approach of using findDOMNode:
class MyComponent extends Component {
componentDidMount() {
findDOMNode(this).scrollIntoView();
}

render() {
return <div />;
}
}

The recommended approach is:

class MyComponent extends Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.node = createRef();
}
 componentDidMount() {
this.node.current.scrollIntoView();
}

render() {
return <div ref={this.node} />;
}
}

23. Why are String Refs legacy?

If you worked with React before, you might be familiar with an older
API where the ref attribute is a string, like ref={'textInput'}, and the
DOM node is accessed as this.refs.textInput. We advise against it
because string refs have below issues, and are considered legacy.
String refs were removed in React v16.

i. They force React to keep track of currently executing

component. This is problematic because it makes react module
stateful, and thus causes weird errors when react module is
duplicated in the bundle.

ii. They are not composable — if a library puts a ref on the passed
child, the user can't put another ref on it. Callback refs are
perfectly composable.

iii. They don't work with static analysis like Flow. Flow can't guess
the magic that framework does to make the string ref appear
on this.refs, as well as its type (which could be different).
Callback refs are friendlier to static analysis.

iv. It doesn't work as most people would expect with the "render
callback" pattern (e.g. )

v. class MyComponent extends Component {

vi. renderRow = (index) => {
vii. // This won't work. Ref will get attached to DataTable rather
than MyComponent:
viii. return <input ref={"input-" + index} />;
ix.
x. // This would work though! Callback refs are awesome.
xi. return <input ref={(input) => (this["input-" + index] =
input)} />;
xii. };
xiii.
xiv. render() {
xv. return (
 xvi. <DataTable data={this.props.data}
renderRow={this.renderRow} />
xvii. );
xviii. }
}

24. What is Virtual DOM?

The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory representation of Real DOM.
The representation of a UI is kept in memory and synced with the
"real" DOM. It's a step that happens between the render function being
called and the displaying of elements on the screen. This entire
process is called reconciliation.

25. How Virtual DOM works?

The Virtual DOM works in three simple steps.

i. Whenever any underlying data changes, the entire UI is re-

rendered in Virtual DOM representation.

ii. Then the difference between the previous DOM representation

and the new one is calculated.
 iii. Once the calculations are done, the real DOM will be updated
with only the things that have actually changed.

26. What is the difference between Shadow DOM

and Virtual DOM?
 The Shadow DOM is a browser technology designed primarily for
scoping variables and CSS in web components. The Virtual DOM is a
concept implemented by libraries in JavaScript on top of browser APIs.

27. What is React Fiber?

Fiber is the new reconciliation engine or reimplementation of core
algorithm in React v16. The goal of React Fiber is to increase its
suitability for areas like animation, layout, gestures, ability to pause,
abort, or reuse work and assign priority to different types of updates;
and new concurrency primitives.

28. What is the main goal of React Fiber?

The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like
animation, layout, and gestures. Its headline feature is incremental
rendering: the ability to split rendering work into chunks and spread it
out over multiple frames.

from documentation

Its main goals are:

i. Ability to split interruptible work in chunks.

ii. Ability to prioritize, rebase and reuse work in progress.
iii. Ability to yield back and forth between parents and children to
support layout in React.
iv. Ability to return multiple elements from render().
v. Better support for error boundaries.

29. What are controlled components?

A component that controls the input elements within the forms on
subsequent user input is called Controlled Component, i.e, every
state mutation will have an associated handler function.

For example, to write all the names in uppercase letters, we use

handleChange as below,
 handleChange(event) {
this.setState({value: event.target.value.toUpperCase()})
}

30. What are uncontrolled components?

The Uncontrolled Components are the ones that store their own
state internally, and you query the DOM using a ref to find its current
value when you need it. This is a bit more like traditional HTML.

In the below UserProfile component, the name input is accessed using

ref.
class UserProfile extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.handleSubmit = this.handleSubmit.bind(this);
this.input = React.createRef();
}

handleSubmit(event) {
alert("A name was submitted: " + this.input.current.value);
event.preventDefault();
}

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<label>
{"Name:"}
<input type="text" ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}
}

In most cases, it's recommend to use controlled components to

implement forms. In a controlled component, form data is handled by a
React component. The alternative is uncontrolled components, where
form data is handled by the DOM itself.

31. What is the difference between createElement

and cloneElement?
 JSX elements will be transpiled to React.createElement() functions to
create React elements which are going to be used for the object
representation of UI. Whereas cloneElement is used to clone an element
and pass it new props.

32. What is Lifting State Up in React?

When several components need to share the same changing data then
it is recommended to lift the shared state up to their closest common
ancestor. That means if two child components share the same data
from its parent, then move the state to parent instead of maintaining
local state in both of the child components.

33. What are the different phases of component

lifecycle?
The component lifecycle has three distinct lifecycle phases:

i. Mounting: The component is ready to mount in the browser

DOM. This phase covers initialization
from constructor(), getDerivedStateFromProps(), render(),
and componentDidMount() lifecycle methods.
ii. Updating: In this phase, the component gets updated in two
ways, sending the new props and updating the state either
from setState() or forceUpdate(). This phase
covers getDerivedStateFromProps(), shouldComponentUpdate(), render(
), getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidUpdate() lifecycle
methods.
iii. Unmounting: In this last phase, the component is not needed
and gets unmounted from the browser DOM. This phase
includes componentWillUnmount() lifecycle method.

It's worth mentioning that React internally has a concept of phases

when applying changes to the DOM. They are separated as follows

iv. Render The component will render without any side effects. This
applies to Pure components and in this phase, React can pause,
abort, or restart the render.

v. Pre-commit Before the component actually applies the changes

to the DOM, there is a moment that allows React to read from
the DOM through the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate().
vi. Commit React works with the DOM and executes the final
lifecycles respectively componentDidMount() for
mounting, componentDidUpdate() for updating,
and componentWillUnmount() for unmounting.

React 16.3+ Phases (or an interactive version)

Before React 16.3
34. What are the lifecycle methods of React?
Before React 16.3

o componentWillMount: Executed before rendering and is used

for App level configuration in your root component.
o componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and here
all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set up event
listeners should occur.
o componentWillReceiveProps: Executed when particular prop
updates to trigger state transitions.
o shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will
be updated or not. By default it returns true. If you are sure that
the component doesn't need to render after state or props are
updated, you can return false value. It is a great place to
improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if
component receives new prop.
o componentWillUpdate: Executed before re-rendering the
component when there are props & state changes confirmed
by shouldComponentUpdate() which returns true.
o componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in
response to prop or state changes.
o componentWillUnmount: It will be used to cancel any
outgoing network requests, or remove all event listeners
associated with the component.

React 16.3+

o getDerivedStateFromProps: Invoked right before

calling render() and is invoked on every render. This exists for
rare use cases where you need a derived state. Worth reading if
you need derived state.
o componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and where
all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set up event
listeners should occur.
o shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will
be updated or not. By default, it returns true. If you are sure that
the component doesn't need to render after the state or props
are updated, you can return a false value. It is a great place to
improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if
component receives a new prop.
 o getSnapshotBeforeUpdate: Executed right before rendered
output is committed to the DOM. Any value returned by this will
be passed into componentDidUpdate(). This is useful to capture
information from the DOM i.e. scroll position.
o componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in
response to prop or state changes. This will not fire
if shouldComponentUpdate() returns false.
o componentWillUnmount It will be used to cancel any outgoing
network requests, or remove all event listeners associated with
the component.

35. What are Higher-Order Components?

A higher-order component (HOC) is a function that takes a component
and returns a new component. Basically, it's a pattern that is derived
from React's compositional nature.

We call them pure components because they can accept any

dynamically provided child component but they won't modify or copy
any behavior from their input components.

const EnhancedComponent = higherOrderComponent(WrappedComponent);

HOC can be used for many use cases:

i. Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction.

ii. Render hijacking.
iii. State abstraction and manipulation.
iv. Props manipulation.

36. How to create props proxy for HOC

component?
You can add/edit props passed to the component using props
proxy pattern like this:

function HOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Test extends Component {
render() {
const newProps = {
title: "New Header",
footer: false,
 showFeatureX: false,
showFeatureY: true,
};

return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} {...newProps} />;

}
};
}

37. What is context?

Context provides a way to pass data through the component tree
without having to pass props down manually at every level.

For example, authenticated users, locale preferences, UI themes need

to be accessed in the application by many components.

const { Provider, Consumer } = React.createContext(defaultValue);

38. What is children prop?

Children is a prop (this.props.children) that allows you to pass
components as data to other components, just like any other prop you
use. Component tree put between component's opening and closing
tag will be passed to that component as children prop.
There are several methods available in the React API to work with this
prop. These
include React.Children.map, React.Children.forEach, React.Children.count,
React.Children.only, React.Children.toArray.

A simple usage of children prop looks as below,

const MyDiv = React.createClass({

render: function () {
return <div>{this.props.children}</div>;
},
});

ReactDOM.render(
<MyDiv>
<span>{"Hello"}</span>
<span>{"World"}</span>
</MyDiv>,
node
);
39. How to write comments in React?
The comments in React/JSX are similar to JavaScript Multiline
comments but are wrapped in curly braces.

Single-line comments:

<div>
{/* Single-line comments(In vanilla JavaScript, the single-line
comments are represented by double slash(//)) */}
{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}
</div>

Multi-line comments:

<div>
{/* Multi-line comments for more than
one line */}
{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}
</div>

40. What is the purpose of using super

constructor with props argument?
A child class constructor cannot make use of this reference until
the super() method has been called. The same applies to ES6 sub-
classes as well. The main reason for passing props parameter
to super() call is to access this.props in your child constructors.

Passing props:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);

console.log(this.props); // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }

}
}

Not passing props:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super();

console.log(this.props); // prints undefined

 // but props parameter is still available
console.log(props); // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }
}

render() {
// no difference outside constructor
console.log(this.props); // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }
}
}

The above code snippets reveals that this.props is different only within
the constructor. It would be the same outside the constructor.

41. What is reconciliation?

Reconciliation is the process through which React updates the Browser
DOM and makes React work faster. React use a diffing algorithm so
that component updates are predictable and faster. React would first
calculate the difference between the real DOM and the copy of
DOM (Virtual DOM) when there's an update of components. React
stores a copy of Browser DOM which is called Virtual DOM. When we
make changes or add data, React creates a new Virtual DOM and
compares it with the previous one. This comparison is done by Diffing
Algorithm. Now React compares the Virtual DOM with Real DOM. It finds
out the changed nodes and updates only the changed nodes in Real
DOM leaving the rest nodes as it is. This process is
called Reconciliation.

42. How to set state with a dynamic key name?

If you are using ES6 or the Babel transpiler to transform your JSX code
then you can accomplish this with computed property names.

handleInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ [event.target.id]: event.target.value })
}

43. What would be the common mistake of

function being called every time the component
renders?
 You need to make sure that function is not being called while passing
the function as a parameter.

render() {
// Wrong: handleClick is called instead of passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick()}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}

Instead, pass the function itself without parenthesis:

render() {
// Correct: handleClick is passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}

44. Is lazy function supports named exports?

No, currently React.lazy function supports default exports only. If you
would like to import modules which are named exports, you can create
an intermediate module that reexports it as the default. It also ensures
that tree shaking keeps working and don’t pull unused components.
Let's take a component file which exports multiple named components,
// MoreComponents.js
export const SomeComponent = /* ... */;
export const UnusedComponent = /* ... */;

and reexport MoreComponents.js components in an intermediate

file IntermediateComponent.js
// IntermediateComponent.js
export { SomeComponent as default } from "./MoreComponents.js";

Now you can import the module using lazy function as below,

import React, { lazy } from "react";

const SomeComponent = lazy(() => import("./IntermediateComponent.js"));

45. Why React uses className over class attribute?

The attribute class is a keyword in JavaScript, and JSX is an extension
of JavaScript. That's the principle reason why React
uses className instead of class. Pass a string as the className prop.
render() {
return <span className={'menu navigation-menu'}>{'Menu'}</span>
}
46. What are fragments?
It's a common pattern or practice in React for a component to return
multiple elements. Fragments let you group a list of children without
adding extra nodes to the DOM. You need to use either or a shorter
syntax having empty tag (<></>).

Below is the example of how to use fragment inside Story component.

function Story({title, description, date}) {

return (
<Fragment>
<h2>{title}</h2>
<p>{description}</p>
<p>{date}</p>
</Fragment>
);
}

It is also possible to render list of fragments inside a loop with the

mandatory key attribute supplied.

function StoryBook() {
return stories.map(story =>
<Fragment key={ story.id}>
<h2>{story.title}</h2>
<p>{story.description}</p>
<p>{story.date}</p>
</Fragment>
);
}

Ususally you don't need to use until unless there is a need

of key attribute. The usage of shorter syntax looks like below.

function Story({title, description, date}) {

return (
<>
<h2>{title}</h2>
<p>{description}</p>
<p>{date}</p>
</>
);
}

47. Why fragments are better than container

divs?
 Below are the list of reasons to prefer fragments over container DOM
elements,

i. Fragments are a bit faster and use less memory by not creating
an extra DOM node. This only has a real benefit on very large
and deep trees.
ii. Some CSS mechanisms like Flexbox and CSS Grid have a special
parent-child relationships, and adding divs in the middle makes it
hard to keep the desired layout.
iii. The DOM Inspector is less cluttered.

48. What are portals in React?

Portal is a recommended way to render children into a DOM node that
exists outside the DOM hierarchy of the parent component.

ReactDOM.createPortal(child, container);

The first argument is any render-able React child, such as an element,

string, or fragment. The second argument is a DOM element.

49. What are stateless components?

If the behaviour of a component is independent of its state then it can
be a stateless component. You can use either a function or a class for
creating stateless components. But unless you need to use a lifecycle
hook in your components, you should go for function components.
There are a lot of benefits if you decide to use function components
here; they are easy to write, understand, and test, a little faster, and
you can avoid the this keyword altogether.

50. What are stateful components?

If the behaviour of a component is dependent on the state of the
component then it can be termed as stateful component.
These stateful components are either function components with hooks
or class components.
 Let's take an example of function stateful component which update the
state based on click event,

import React, {useState} from 'react';

const App = (props) => {

const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
handleIncrement() {
setCount(count+1);
}

return (
<>
<button onClick={handleIncrement}>Increment</button>
<span>Counter: {count}</span>
</>
)
}

See Class

51. How to apply validation on props in React?

When the application is running in development mode, React will
automatically check all props that we set on components to make sure
they have correct type. If the type is incorrect, React will generate
warning messages in the console. It's disabled in production mode due
to performance impact. The mandatory props are defined
with isRequired.

The set of predefined prop types:

i. PropTypes.number
ii. PropTypes.string
iii. PropTypes.array
iv. PropTypes.object
v. PropTypes.func
vi. PropTypes.node
vii. PropTypes.element
viii. PropTypes.bool
ix. PropTypes.symbol
x. PropTypes.any

We can define propTypes for User component as below:

import React from "react";
import PropTypes from "prop-types";
 class User extends React.Component {
static propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired,
};

render() {
return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${this.props.name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${this.props.age}`}</h2>
</>
);
}
}

Note: In React v15.5 PropTypes were moved

from React.PropTypes to prop-types library.

The Equivalent Functional Component

import React from "react";

import PropTypes from "prop-types";

function User({ name, age }) {

return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${age}`}</h2>
</>
);
}

User.propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired,
};

52. What are the advantages of React?

Below are the list of main advantages of React,

i. Increases the application's performance with Virtual DOM.

ii. JSX makes code easy to read and write.
iii. It renders both on client and server side (SSR).
iv. Easy to integrate with frameworks (Angular, Backbone) since it is
only a view library.
v. Easy to write unit and integration tests with tools such as Jest.
53. What are the limitations of React?
Apart from the advantages, there are few limitations of React too,

i. React is just a view library, not a full framework.

ii. There is a learning curve for beginners who are new to web
development.
iii. Integrating React into a traditional MVC framework requires
some additional configuration.
iv. The code complexity increases with inline templating and JSX.
v. Too many smaller components leading to over engineering or
boilerplate.

54. What are error boundaries in React v16?

Error boundaries are components that catch JavaScript errors
anywhere in their child component tree, log those errors, and display a
fallback UI instead of the component tree that crashed.

A class component becomes an error boundary if it defines a new

lifecycle method called componentDidCatch(error, info) or static
getDerivedStateFromError() :
class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
// You can also log the error to an error reporting service
logErrorToMyService(error, info);
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>{"Something went wrong."}</h1>;
}
return this.props.children;
 }
}

After that use it as a regular component:

<ErrorBoundary>
<MyWidget />
</ErrorBoundary>

55. How are error boundaries handled in React

v15?
React v15 provided very basic support for error
boundaries using unstable_handleError method. It has been renamed
to componentDidCatch in React v16.

56. What are the recommended ways for static

type checking?
Normally we use PropTypes library (React.PropTypes moved to a prop-
types package since React v15.5) for type checking in the React
applications. For large code bases, it is recommended to use static
type checkers such as Flow or TypeScript, that perform type checking
at compile time and provide auto-completion features.

57. What is the use of react-dom package?

The react-dom package provides DOM-specific methods that can be
used at the top level of your app. Most of the components are not
required to use this module. Some of the methods of this package are:

i. render()
ii. hydrate()
iii. unmountComponentAtNode()
iv. findDOMNode()
v. createPortal()

58. What is the purpose of render method of react-

dom?
 This method is used to render a React element into the DOM in the
supplied container and return a reference to the component. If the
React element was previously rendered into container, it will perform
an update on it and only mutate the DOM as necessary to reflect the
latest changes.

ReactDOM.render(element, container, [callback])

If the optional callback is provided, it will be executed after the

component is rendered or updated.

59. What is ReactDOMServer?

The ReactDOMServer object enables you to render components to static
markup (typically used on node server). This object is mainly used
for server-side rendering (SSR). The following methods can be used in
both the server and browser environments:

i. renderToString()
ii. renderToStaticMarkup()

For example, you generally run a Node-based web server like Express,
Hapi, or Koa, and you call renderToString to render your root
component to a string, which you then send as response.
// using Express
import { renderToString } from "react-dom/server";
import MyPage from "./MyPage";

app.get("/", (req, res) => {

res.write(
"<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>My Page</title></head><body>"
);
res.write('<div id="content">');
res.write(renderToString(<MyPage />));
res.write("</div></body></html>");
res.end();
});

60. How to use innerHTML in React?

The dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute is React's replacement for
using innerHTML in the browser DOM. Just like innerHTML, it is risky to use
this attribute considering cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. You just
need to pass a __html object as key and HTML text as value.
 In this example MyComponent uses dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute
for setting HTML markup:
function createMarkup() {
return { __html: "First &middot; Second" };
}

function MyComponent() {
return <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={createMarkup()} />;
}

61. How to use styles in React?

The style attribute accepts a JavaScript object with camelCased
properties rather than a CSS string. This is consistent with the DOM
style JavaScript property, is more efficient, and prevents XSS security
holes.
const divStyle = {
color: "blue",
backgroundImage: "url(" + imgUrl + ")",
};

function HelloWorldComponent() {
return <div style={divStyle}>Hello World!</div>;
}

Style keys are camelCased in order to be consistent with accessing the

properties on DOM nodes in JavaScript (e.g. node.style.backgroundImage).

62. How events are different in React?

Handling events in React elements has some syntactic differences:

i. React event handlers are named using camelCase, rather than

lowercase.
ii. With JSX you pass a function as the event handler, rather than a
string.

63. What will happen if you use setState() in

constructor?
When you use setState(), then apart from assigning to the object state
React also re-renders the component and all its children. You would get
 error like this: Can only update a mounted or mounting component. So
we need to use this.state to initialize variables inside constructor.

64. What is the impact of indexes as keys?

Keys should be stable, predictable, and unique so that React can keep
track of elements.

In the below code snippet each element's key will be based on

ordering, rather than tied to the data that is being represented. This
limits the optimizations that React can do.

{
todos.map((todo, index) => <Todo {...todo} key={index} />);
}

If you use element data for unique key, assuming todo.id is unique to
this list and stable, React would be able to reorder elements without
needing to reevaluate them as much.

{
todos.map((todo) => <Todo {...todo} key={todo.id} />);
}

65. Is it good to
use setState() in componentWillMount() method?
Yes, it is safe to use setState() inside componentWillMount() method. But
at the same it is recommended to avoid async initialization
in componentWillMount() lifecycle method. componentWillMount() is invoked
immediately before mounting occurs. It is called before render(),
therefore setting state in this method will not trigger a re-render. Avoid
introducing any side-effects or subscriptions in this method. We need
to make sure async calls for component initialization happened
in componentDidMount() instead of componentWillMount().
componentDidMount() {
axios.get(`api/todos`)
.then((result) => {
this.setState({
messages: [...result.data]
})
})
}
66. What will happen if you use props in initial
state?
If the props on the component are changed without the component
being refreshed, the new prop value will never be displayed because
the constructor function will never update the current state of the
component. The initialization of state from props only runs when the
component is first created.

The below component won't display the updated input value:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);

this.state = {
records: [],
inputValue: this.props.inputValue,
};
}

render() {
return <div>{this.state.inputValue}</div>;
}
}

Using props inside render method will update the value:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);

this.state = {
record: [],
};
}

render() {
return <div>{this.props.inputValue}</div>;
}
}

67. How do you conditionally render components?

In some cases you want to render different components depending on
some state. JSX does not render false or undefined, so you can use
conditional short-circuiting to render a given part of your component
only if a certain condition is true.
const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (
 <div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address && <p>{address}</p>}
</div>
);

If you need an if-else condition then use ternary operator.

const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (
<div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address ? <p>{address}</p> : <p>{"Address is not available"}</p>}
</div>
);

68. Why we need to be careful when spreading

props on DOM elements?
When we spread props we run into the risk of adding unknown HTML
attributes, which is a bad practice. Instead we can use prop
destructuring with ...rest operator, so it will add only required props.

For example,

const ComponentA = () => (

<ComponentB isDisplay={true} className={"componentStyle"} />
);

const ComponentB = ({ isDisplay, ...domProps }) => (

<div {...domProps}>{"ComponentB"}</div>
);

69. How you use decorators in React?

You can decorate your class components, which is the same as passing
the component into a function. Decorators are flexible and readable
way of modifying component functionality.

@setTitle("Profile")
class Profile extends React.Component {
//....
}

/*
title is a string that will be set as a document title
WrappedComponent is what our decorator will receive when
put directly above a component class as seen in the example above
*/
 const setTitle = (title) => (WrappedComponent) => {
return class extends React.Component {
componentDidMount() {
document.title = title;
}

render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} />;
}
};
};

Note: Decorators are a feature that didn't make it into ES7, but are
currently a stage 2 proposal.

70. How do you memoize a component?

There are memoize libraries available which can be used on function
components.

For example moize library can memoize the component in another

component.
import moize from "moize";
import Component from "./components/Component"; // this module exports
a non-memoized component

const MemoizedFoo = moize.react(Component);

const Consumer = () => {

<div>
{"I will memoize the following entry:"}
<MemoizedFoo />
</div>;
};

Update: Since React v16.6.0, we have a React.memo. It provides a

higher order component which memoizes component unless the props
change. To use it, simply wrap the component using React.memo
before you use it.
const MemoComponent = React.memo(function MemoComponent(props) {
/* render using props */
});
OR;
export default React.memo(MyFunctionComponent);
71. How you implement Server Side Rendering or
SSR?
React is already equipped to handle rendering on Node servers. A
special version of the DOM renderer is available, which follows the
same pattern as on the client side.

import ReactDOMServer from "react-dom/server";

import App from "./App";

ReactDOMServer.renderToString(<App />);

This method will output the regular HTML as a string, which can be
then placed inside a page body as part of the server response. On the
client side, React detects the pre-rendered content and seamlessly
picks up where it left off.

72. How to enable production mode in React?

You should use Webpack's DefinePlugin method to
set NODE_ENV to production, by which it strip out things like propType
validation and extra warnings. Apart from this, if you minify the code,
for example, Uglify's dead-code elimination to strip out development
only code and comments, it will drastically reduce the size of your
bundle.

73. What is CRA and its benefits?

The create-react-app CLI tool allows you to quickly create & run React
applications with no configuration step.

Let's create Todo App using CRA:

# Installation
$ npm install -g create-react-app

# Create new project

$ create-react-app todo-app
$ cd todo-app

# Build, test and run

$ npm run build
$ npm run test
$ npm start
 It includes everything we need to build a React app:

i. React, JSX, ES6, and Flow syntax support.

ii. Language extras beyond ES6 like the object spread operator.
iii. Autoprefixed CSS, so you don’t need -webkit- or other prefixes.
iv. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for
coverage reporting.
v. A live development server that warns about common mistakes.
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with
hashes and sourcemaps.

74. What is the lifecycle methods order in

mounting?
The lifecycle methods are called in the following order when an
instance of a component is being created and inserted into the DOM.

i. constructor()
ii. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
iii. render()
iv. componentDidMount()

75. What are the lifecycle methods going to be

deprecated in React v16?
The following lifecycle methods going to be unsafe coding practices
and will be more problematic with async rendering.

i. componentWillMount()
ii. componentWillReceiveProps()
iii. componentWillUpdate()

Starting with React v16.3 these methods are aliased

with UNSAFE_ prefix, and the unprefixed version will be removed in
React v17.

76. What is the purpose

of getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method?
 The new static getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method is invoked
after a component is instantiated as well as before it is re-rendered. It
can return an object to update state, or null to indicate that the new
props do not require any state updates.
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {
// ...
}
}

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use
cases of componentWillReceiveProps().

77. What is the purpose

of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method?
The new getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method is called right
before DOM updates. The return value from this method will be passed
as the third parameter to componentDidUpdate().
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
// ...
}
}

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use
cases of componentWillUpdate().

78. Do Hooks replace render props and higher

order components?
Both render props and higher-order components render only a single
child but in most of the cases Hooks are a simpler way to serve this by
reducing nesting in your tree.

79. What is the recommended way for naming

components?
It is recommended to name the component by reference instead of
using displayName.
Using displayName for naming component:
export default React.createClass({
displayName: "TodoApp",
 // ...
});

The recommended approach:

export default class TodoApp extends React.Component {

// ...
}

also

const TodoApp = () => {

//...
};
export default TodoApp;

80. What is the recommended ordering of

methods in component class?
Recommended ordering of methods from mounting to render stage:

i. static methods
ii. constructor()
iii. getChildContext()
iv. componentWillMount()
v. componentDidMount()
vi. componentWillReceiveProps()
vii. shouldComponentUpdate()
viii. componentWillUpdate()
ix. componentDidUpdate()
x. componentWillUnmount()
xi. click handlers or event handlers
like onClickSubmit() or onChangeDescription()
xii. getter methods for render
like getSelectReason() or getFooterContent()
xiii. optional render methods
like renderNavigation() or renderProfilePicture()
xiv. render()

81. What is a switching component?

 A switching component is a component that renders one of many
components. We need to use object to map prop values to
components.

For example, a switching component to display different pages based

on page prop:
import HomePage from "./HomePage";
import AboutPage from "./AboutPage";
import ServicesPage from "./ServicesPage";
import ContactPage from "./ContactPage";

const PAGES = {
home: HomePage,
about: AboutPage,
services: ServicesPage,
contact: ContactPage,
};

const Page = (props) => {

const Handler = PAGES[props.page] || ContactPage;

return <Handler {...props} />;

};

// The keys of the PAGES object can be used in the prop types to catch
dev-time errors.
Page.propTypes = {
page: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.keys(PAGES)).isRequired,
};

82. Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

The reason behind for this is that setState() is an asynchronous
operation. React batches state changes for performance reasons, so
the state may not change immediately after setState() is called. That
means you should not rely on the current state when calling setState()
since you can't be sure what that state will be. The solution is to pass a
function to setState(), with the previous state as an argument. By
doing this you can avoid issues with the user getting the old state
value on access due to the asynchronous nature of setState().

Let's say the initial count value is zero. After three consecutive
increment operations, the value is going to be incremented only by
one.

// assuming this.state.count === 0

this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
 // this.state.count === 1, not 3

If we pass a function to setState(), the count gets incremented

correctly.
this.setState((prevState, props) => ({
count: prevState.count + props.increment,
}));
// this.state.count === 3 as expected

(OR)

Why function is preferred over object for setState()?

React may batch multiple setState() calls into a single update for
performance. Because this.props and this.state may be updated
asynchronously, you should not rely on their values for calculating the
next state.

This counter example will fail to update as expected:

// Wrong
this.setState({
counter: this.state.counter + this.props.increment,
});

The preferred approach is to call setState() with function rather than

object. That function will receive the previous state as the first
argument, and the props at the time the update is applied as the
second argument.
// Correct
this.setState((prevState, props) => ({
counter: prevState.counter + props.increment,
}));

83. What are React Mixins?

Mixins are a way to totally separate components to have a common
functionality. Mixins should not be used and can be replaced
with higher-order components or decorators.

One of the most commonly used mixins is PureRenderMixin. You might

be using it in some components to prevent unnecessary re-renders
when the props and state are shallowly equal to the previous props
and state:
const PureRenderMixin = require("react-addons-pure-render-mixin");

const Button = React.createClass({

mixins: [PureRenderMixin],
// ...
 });

84. Why is isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is

the proper solution?
The primary use case for isMounted() is to avoid calling setState() after
a component has been unmounted, because it will emit a warning.
if (this.isMounted()) {
this.setState({...})
}

Checking isMounted() before calling setState() does eliminate the

warning, but it also defeats the purpose of the warning.
Using isMounted() is a code smell because the only reason you would
check is because you think you might be holding a reference after the
component has unmounted.
An optimal solution would be to find places where setState() might be
called after a component has unmounted, and fix them. Such
situations most commonly occur due to callbacks, when a component
is waiting for some data and gets unmounted before the data arrives.
Ideally, any callbacks should be canceled in componentWillUnmount(),
prior to unmounting.

85. What are the Pointer Events supported in

React?
Pointer Events provide a unified way of handling all input events. In the
old days we had a mouse and respective event listeners to handle
them but nowadays we have many devices which don't correlate to
having a mouse, like phones with touch surface or pens. We need to
remember that these events will only work in browsers that support
the Pointer Events specification.

The following event types are now available in React DOM:

i. onPointerDown
ii. onPointerMove
iii. onPointerUp
iv. onPointerCancel
v. onGotPointerCapture
vi. onLostPointerCapture
vii. onPointerEnter
viii. onPointerLeave
 ix. onPointerOver
x. onPointerOut

86. Why should component names start with

capital letter?
If you are rendering your component using JSX, the name of that
component has to begin with a capital letter otherwise React will throw
an error as an unrecognized tag. This convention is because only HTML
elements and SVG tags can begin with a lowercase letter.

class SomeComponent extends Component {

// Code goes here
}

You can define component class which name starts with lowercase
letter, but when it's imported it should have capital letter. Here
lowercase is fine:

class myComponent extends Component {

render() {
return <div />;
}
}

export default myComponent;

While when imported in another file it should start with capital letter:

import MyComponent from "./myComponent";

What are the exceptions on React component naming?

The component names should start with an uppercase letter but there
are few exceptions to this convention. The lowercase tag names with a
dot (property accessors) are still considered as valid component
names. For example, the below tag can be compiled to a valid
component,

render() {
return (
<obj.component/> // `React.createElement(obj.component)`
)
}
87. Are custom DOM attributes supported in
React v16?
Yes. In the past, React used to ignore unknown DOM attributes. If you
wrote JSX with an attribute that React doesn't recognize, React would
just skip it.

For example, let's take a look at the below attribute:

<div mycustomattribute={"something"} />

Would render an empty div to the DOM with React v15:

<div />

In React v16 any unknown attributes will end up in the DOM:

<div mycustomattribute="something" />

This is useful for supplying browser-specific non-standard attributes,

trying new DOM APIs, and integrating with opinionated third-party
libraries.

88. What is the difference between constructor

and getInitialState?
You should initialize state in the constructor when using ES6 classes,
and getInitialState() method when using React.createClass().

Using ES6 classes:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
/* initial state */
};
}
}

Using React.createClass():
const MyComponent = React.createClass({
getInitialState() {
return {
/* initial state */
};
},
});
 Note: React.createClass() is deprecated and removed in React v16.
Use plain JavaScript classes instead.

89. Can you force a component to re-render

without calling setState?
By default, when your component's state or props change, your
component will re-render. If your render() method depends on some
other data, you can tell React that the component needs re-rendering
by calling forceUpdate().
component.forceUpdate(callback);

It is recommended to avoid all uses of forceUpdate() and only read

from this.props and this.state in render().

90. What is the difference

between super() and super(props) in React using ES6
classes?
When you want to access this.props in constructor() then you should
pass props to super() method.
Using super(props):
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
console.log(this.props); // { name: 'John', ... }
}
}

Using super():
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super();
console.log(this.props); // undefined
}
}

Outside constructor() both will display same value for this.props.

91. How to loop inside JSX?

You can simply use Array.prototype.map with ES6 arrow function syntax.
 For example, the items array of objects is mapped into an array of
components:
<tbody>
{items.map((item) => (
<SomeComponent key={item.id} name={item.name} />
))}
</tbody>

But you can't iterate using for loop:

<tbody>
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
<SomeComponent key={items[i].id} name={items[i].name} />
}
</tbody>

This is because JSX tags are transpiled into function calls, and you
can't use statements inside expressions. This may change thanks
to do expressions which are stage 1 proposal.

92. How do you access props in attribute quotes?

React (or JSX) doesn't support variable interpolation inside an attribute
value. The below representation won't work:

<img className="image" src="images/{this.props.image}" />

But you can put any JS expression inside curly braces as the entire
attribute value. So the below expression works:

<img className="image" src={"images/" + this.props.image} />

Using template strings will also work:

<img className="image" src={`images/${this.props.image}`} />

93. What is React proptype array with shape?

If you want to pass an array of objects to a component with a particular
shape then use React.PropTypes.shape() as an argument
to React.PropTypes.arrayOf().
ReactComponent.propTypes = {
arrayWithShape: React.PropTypes.arrayOf(
React.PropTypes.shape({
color: React.PropTypes.string.isRequired,
fontSize: React.PropTypes.number.isRequired,
})
 ).isRequired,
};

94. How to conditionally apply class attributes?

You shouldn't use curly braces inside quotes because it is going to be
evaluated as a string.

<div className="btn-panel {this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}">

Instead you need to move curly braces outside (don't forget to include
spaces between class names):

<div className={'btn-panel ' + (this.props.visible ? 'show' :

'hidden')}>

Template strings will also work:

<div className={`btn-panel ${this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}`}>

95. What is the difference between React and

ReactDOM?
The react package
contains React.createElement(), React.Component, React.Children, and
other helpers related to elements and component classes. You can
think of these as the isomorphic or universal helpers that you need to
build components. The react-dom package contains ReactDOM.render(),
and in react-dom/server we have server-side rendering support
with ReactDOMServer.renderToString() and ReactDOMServer.renderToStaticM
arkup().

96. Why ReactDOM is separated from React?

The React team worked on extracting all DOM-related features into a
separate library called ReactDOM. React v0.14 is the first release in
which the libraries are split. By looking at some of the packages, react-
native, react-art, react-canvas, and react-three, it has become clear that
the beauty and essence of React has nothing to do with browsers or
the DOM.
 To build more environments that React can render to, React team
planned to split the main React package into two: react and react-dom.
This paves the way to writing components that can be shared between
the web version of React and React Native.

97. How to use React label element?

If you try to render a <label> element bound to a text input using the
standard for attribute, then it produces HTML missing that attribute
and prints a warning to the console.
<label for={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />

Since for is a reserved keyword in JavaScript, use htmlFor instead.

<label htmlFor={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />

98. How to combine multiple inline style objects?

You can use spread operator in regular React:

<button
style={{ ...styles.panel.button, ...styles.panel.submitButton }}>
{"Submit"}
</button>

If you're using React Native then you can use the array notation:

<button style={[styles.panel.button, styles.panel.submitButton]}>

{"Submit"}
</button>

99. How to re-render the view when the browser

is resized?
You can use the useState hook to manage the width and height state
variables, and the useEffect hook to add and remove the resize event
listener. The [] dependency array passed to useEffect ensures that the
effect only runs once (on mount) and not on every re-render.
import React, { useState, useEffect } from "react";
function WindowDimensions() {
const [dimensions, setDimensions] = useState({
 width: window.innerWidth,
height: window.innerHeight,
});

useEffect(() => {
function handleResize() {
setDimensions({
width: window.innerWidth,
height: window.innerHeight,
});
}
window.addEventListener("resize", handleResize);
return () => window.removeEventListener("resize", handleResize);
}, []);

return (
<span>
{dimensions.width} x {dimensions.height}
</span>
);
}

Using Class Component

101. What is the difference

between setState() and replaceState() methods?
When you use setState() the current and previous states are
merged. replaceState() throws out the current state, and replaces it
with only what you provide. Usually setState() is used unless you really
need to remove all previous keys for some reason. You can also set
state to false/null in setState() instead of using replaceState().

102. How to listen to state changes?

The componentDidUpdate lifecycle method will be called when state
changes. You can compare provided state and props values with
current state and props to determine if something meaningful
changed.
componentDidUpdate(object prevProps, object prevState)
Note: The previous releases of ReactJS also
uses componentWillUpdate(object nextProps, object nextState) for state
changes. It has been deprecated in latest releases.
103. What is the recommended approach of
removing an array element in React state?
The better approach is to use Array.prototype.filter() method.
For example, let's create a removeItem() method for updating the state.
removeItem(index) {
this.setState({
data: this.state.data.filter((item, i) => i !== index)
})
}

104. Is it possible to use React without rendering

HTML?
It is possible. Below are the possible options:

render() {
return false
}
render() {
return true
}
render() {
return null
}

React version >=16.0.0:

render() {
return []
}
render() {
return ""
}

React version >=16.2.0:

render() {
return <React.Fragment></React.Fragment>
}
render() {
return <></>
}

React version >=18.0.0:

render() {
 return undefined
}

105. How to pretty print JSON with React?

We can use <pre> tag so that the formatting of the JSON.stringify() is
retained:
const data = { name: "John", age: 42 };

class User extends React.Component {

render() {
return <pre>{JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)}</pre>;
}
}

React.render(<User />, document.getElementById("container"));

106. Why you can't update props in React?

The React philosophy is that props should be immutable and top-down.
This means that a parent can send any prop values to a child, but the
child can't modify received props.

107. How to focus an input element on page load?

You can do it by creating ref for input element and using it
in componentDidMount():
class App extends React.Component {
componentDidMount() {
this.nameInput.focus();
}

render() {
return (
<div>
<input defaultValue={"Won't focus"} />
<input
ref={(input) => (this.nameInput = input)}
defaultValue={"Will focus"}
/>
</div>
);
}
}
 ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("app"));

Also in Functional component (react 16.08 and above)

import React, { useEffect, useRef } from "react";

const App = () => {

const inputElRef = useRef(null);

useEffect(() => {
inputElRef.current.focus();
}, []);

return (
<div>
<input defaultValue={"Won't focus"} />
<input ref={inputElRef} defaultValue={"Will focus"} />
</div>
);
};

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("app"));

108. What are the possible ways of updating

objects in state?
i. Calling setState() with an object to merge with state:
 Using Object.assign() to create a copy of the object:
 const user = Object.assign({}, this.state.user, { age:
42 });
this.setState({ user });

 Using spread operator:

 const user = { ...this.state.user, age: 42 };

this.setState({ user });

ii. Calling setState() with a function:

iii. this.setState((prevState) => ({
iv. user: {
v. ...prevState.user,
vi. age: 42,
vii. },
}));

110. How can we find the version of React at

runtime in the browser?
 You can use React.version to get the version.
const REACT_VERSION = React.version;

ReactDOM.render(
<div>{`React version: ${REACT_VERSION}`}</div>,
document.getElementById("app")
);

111. What are the approaches to include polyfills in

your create-react-app?
There are approaches to include polyfills in create-react-app,

i. Manual import from core-js:

Create a file called (something like) polyfills.js and import it
into root index.js file. Run npm install core-js or yarn add core-
js and import your specific required features.
import "core-js/fn/array/find";
import "core-js/fn/array/includes";
import "core-js/fn/number/is-nan";

ii. Using Polyfill service:

Use the polyfill.io CDN to retrieve custom, browser-specific

polyfills by adding this line to index.html:
<script src="https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?
features=default,Array.prototype.includes"></script>

In the above script we had to explicitly request

the Array.prototype.includes feature as it is not included in the
default feature set.

112. How to use https instead of http in create-

react-app?
You just need to use HTTPS=true configuration. You can edit
your package.json scripts section:
"scripts": {
"start": "set HTTPS=true && react-scripts start"
}

or just run set HTTPS=true && npm start

113. How to avoid using relative path imports in
create-react-app?
Create a file called .env in the project root and write the import path:
NODE_PATH=src/app
After that restart the development server. Now you should be able to
import anything inside src/app without relative paths.

114. How to add Google Analytics for React

Router?
Add a listener on the history object to record each page view:
history.listen(function (location) {
window.ga("set", "page", location.pathname + location.search);
window.ga("send", "pageview", location.pathname + location.search);
});

115. How to update a component every second?

You need to use setInterval() to trigger the change, but you also need
to clear the timer when the component unmounts to prevent errors
and memory leaks.
componentDidMount() {
this.interval = setInterval(() => this.setState({ time:
Date.now() }), 1000)
}

componentWillUnmount() {
clearInterval(this.interval)
}

116. How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline

styles in React?
React does not apply vendor prefixes automatically. You need to add
vendor prefixes manually.

<div
style={{
transform: "rotate(90deg)",
WebkitTransform: "rotate(90deg)", // note the capital 'W' here
msTransform: "rotate(90deg)", // 'ms' is the only lowercase vendor
prefix
 }}
/>

117. How to import and export components using

React and ES6?
You should use default for exporting the components

import React from "react";

import User from "user";

export default class MyProfile extends React.Component {

render() {
return <User type="customer">//...</User>;
}
}

With the export specifier, the MyProfile is going to be the member and
exported to this module and the same can be imported without
mentioning the name in other components.

119. Why is a component constructor called only

once?
React's reconciliation algorithm assumes that without any information
to the contrary, if a custom component appears in the same place on
subsequent renders, it's the same component as before, so reuses the
previous instance rather than creating a new one.

120. How to define constants in React?

You can use ES7 static field to define constant.
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
static DEFAULT_PAGINATION = 10;
}

121. How to programmatically trigger click event in

React?
 You could use the ref prop to acquire a reference to the
underlying HTMLInputElement object through a callback, store the
reference as a class property, then use that reference to later trigger a
click from your event handlers using the HTMLElement.click method.

This can be done in two steps:

i. Create ref in render method:

<input ref={(input) => (this.inputElement = input)} />

ii. Apply click event in your event handler:

this.inputElement.click();

122. Is it possible to use async/await in plain

React?
If you want to use async/await in React, you will
need Babel and transform-async-to-generator plugin. React Native
ships with Babel and a set of transforms.

123. What are the common folder structures for

React?
There are two common practices for React project file structure.

i. Grouping by features or routes:

One common way to structure projects is locate CSS, JS, and

tests together, grouped by feature or route.

common/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ APIUtils.js
└─ APIUtils.test.js
feed/
├─ index.js
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
└─ FeedAPI.js
profile/
├─ index.js
 ├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
├─ ProfileHeader.css
└─ ProfileAPI.js

ii. Grouping by file type:

Another popular way to structure projects is to group similar files

together.

api/
├─ APIUtils.js
├─ APIUtils.test.js
├─ ProfileAPI.js
└─ UserAPI.js
components/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
└─ ProfileHeader.css

124. What are the popular packages for animation?

React Transition Group and React Motion are popular animation
packages in React ecosystem.

125. What is the benefit of styles modules?

It is recommended to avoid hard coding style values in components.
Any values that are likely to be used across different UI components
should be extracted into their own modules.

For example, these styles could be extracted into a separate

component:

export const colors = {

white,
black,
blue,
};

export const space = [0, 8, 16, 32, 64];

 And then imported individually in other components:

import { space, colors } from "./styles";

126. What are the popular React-specific linters?

ESLint is a popular JavaScript linter. There are plugins available that
analyse specific code styles. One of the most common for React is an
npm package called eslint-plugin-react. By default, it will check a
number of best practices, with rules checking things from keys in
iterators to a complete set of prop types.
Another popular plugin is eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y, which will help fix
common issues with accessibility. As JSX offers slightly different syntax
to regular HTML, issues with alt text and tabindex, for example, will not
be picked up by regular plugins.

127. How to make AJAX call and in which

component lifecycle methods should I make an
AJAX call?
You can use AJAX libraries such as Axios, jQuery AJAX, and the browser
built-in fetch. You should fetch data in the componentDidMount() lifecycle
method. This is so you can use setState() to update your component
when the data is retrieved.

For example, the employees list fetched from API and set local state:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
employees: [],
error: null,
};
}

componentDidMount() {
fetch("https://api.example.com/items")
.then((res) => res.json())
.then(
(result) => {
this.setState({
employees: result.employees,
});
},
(error) => {
 this.setState({ error });
}
);
}

render() {
const { error, employees } = this.state;
if (error) {
return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
} else {
return (
<ul>
{employees.map((employee) => (
<li key={employee.name}>
{employee.name}-{employee.experience}
</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}
}
}

128. What are render props?

Render Props is a simple technique for sharing code between
components using a prop whose value is a function. The below
component uses render prop which returns a React element.

<DataProvider render={(data) => <h1>{`Hello ${data.target}`}</h1>} />

Libraries such as React Router and DownShift are using this pattern.

React Router

129. What is React Router?

React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React that
helps you add new screens and flows to your application incredibly
quickly, all while keeping the URL in sync with what's being displayed
on the page.
130. How React Router is different from history
library?
React Router is a wrapper around the history library which handles
interaction with the browser's window.history with its browser and hash
histories. It also provides memory history which is useful for
environments that don't have global history, such as mobile app
development (React Native) and unit testing with Node.

131. What are the <Router> components of React

Router v4?
React Router v4 provides below 3 <Router> components:

i. <BrowserRouter>
ii. <HashRouter>
iii. <MemoryRouter>

The above components will create browser, hash, and memory history
instances. React Router v4 makes the properties and methods of
the history instance associated with your router available through the
context in the router object.

132. What is the purpose

of push() and replace() methods of history?

A history instance has two methods for navigation purpose.

i. push()
ii. replace()

If you think of the history as an array of visited locations, push() will

add a new location to the array and replace() will replace the current
location in the array with the new one.

133. How do you programmatically navigate using

React Router v4?
There are three different ways to achieve programmatic
routing/navigation within components.

i. Using the withRouter() higher-order function:

 The withRouter() higher-order function will inject the history
object as a prop of the component. This object
provides push() and replace() methods to avoid the usage of
context.
import { withRouter } from "react-router-dom"; // this also works
with 'react-router-native'

const Button = withRouter(({ history }) => (

<button
type="button"
onClick={() => {
history.push("/new-location");
}}
>
{"Click Me!"}
</button>
));

ii. Using <Route> component and render props pattern:

The <Route> component passes the same props as withRouter(),
so you will be able to access the history methods through the
history prop.
import { Route } from "react-router-dom";

const Button = () => (

<Route
render={({ history }) => (
<button
type="button"
onClick={() => {
history.push("/new-location");
}}
>
{"Click Me!"}
</button>
)}
/>
);

iii. Using context:

This option is not recommended and treated as unstable API.

const Button = (props, context) => (

<button
type="button"
onClick={() => {
context.history.push("/new-location");
}}
>
{"Click Me!"}
</button>
);
 Button.contextTypes = {
history: React.PropTypes.shape({
push: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired,
}),
};

134. How to get query parameters in React Router

v4?
The ability to parse query strings was taken out of React Router v4
because there have been user requests over the years to support
different implementation. So the decision has been given to users to
choose the implementation they like. The recommended approach is to
use query strings library.

const queryString = require("query-string");

const parsed = queryString.parse(props.location.search);

You can also use URLSearchParams if you want something native:

const params = new URLSearchParams(props.location.search);
const foo = params.get("name");

You should use a polyfill for IE11.

135. Why you get "Router may have only one child
element" warning?
You have to wrap your Route's in a <Switch> block because <Switch> is
unique in that it renders a route exclusively.
At first you need to add Switch to your imports:
import { Switch, Router, Route } from "react-router";

Then define the routes within <Switch> block:

<Router>
<Switch>
<Route {/* ... */} />
<Route {/* ... */} />
</Switch>
</Router>

136. How to pass params to history.push method in

React Router v4?
 While navigating you can pass props to the history object:
this.props.history.push({
pathname: "/template",
search: "?name=sudheer",
state: { detail: response.data },
});

The search property is used to pass query params in push() method.

137. How to implement default or NotFound page?

A <Switch> renders the first child <Route> that matches. A <Route> with
no path always matches. So you just need to simply drop path
attribute as below
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home} />
<Route path="/user" component={User} />
<Route component={NotFound} />
</Switch>

138. How to get history on React Router v4?

Below are the list of steps to get history object on React Router v4,

i. Create a module that exports a history object and import this

module across the project.
For example, create history.js file:
import { createBrowserHistory } from "history";

export default createBrowserHistory({

/* pass a configuration object here if needed */
});

ii. You should use the <Router> component instead of built-in

routers. Import the above history.js inside index.js file:
iii. import { Router } from "react-router-dom";
iv. import history from "./history";
v. import App from "./App";
vi.
vii. ReactDOM.render(
viii. <Router history={history}>
ix. <App />
x. </Router>,
xi. holder
);

xii. You can also use push method of history object similar to built-in
history object:
 xiii. // some-other-file.js
xiv. import history from "./history";
xv.
history.push("/go-here");

139. How to perform automatic redirect after

login?
The react-router package provides <Redirect> component in React
Router. Rendering a <Redirect> will navigate to a new location. Like
server-side redirects, the new location will override the current location
in the history stack.
import React, { Component } from "react";
import { Redirect } from "react-router";

export default class LoginComponent extends Component {

render() {
if (this.state.isLoggedIn === true) {
return <Redirect to="/your/redirect/page" />;
} else {
return <div>{"Login Please"}</div>;
}
}
}

React Internationalization

140. What is React Intl?

The React Intl library makes internationalization in React
straightforward, with off-the-shelf components and an API that can
handle everything from formatting strings, dates, and numbers, to
pluralization. React Intl is part of FormatJS which provides bindings to
React via its components and API.

141. What are the main features of React Intl?

Below are the main features of React Intl,

i. Display numbers with separators.

ii. Display dates and times correctly.
 iii. Display dates relative to "now".
iv. Pluralize labels in strings.
v. Support for 150+ languages.
vi. Runs in the browser and Node.
vii. Built on standards.

142. What are the two ways of formatting in React

Intl?
The library provides two ways to format strings, numbers, and dates:

i. Using react components:

ii. <FormattedMessage
iii. id={"account"}
iv. defaultMessage={"The amount is less than minimum balance."}
/>

v. Using an API:

vi. const messages = defineMessages({

vii. accountMessage: {
viii. id: "account",
ix. defaultMessage: "The amount is less than minimum balance.",
x. },
xi. });
xii.
formatMessage(messages.accountMessage);

143. How to use <FormattedMessage> as placeholder using

React Intl?
The <Formatted... /> components from react-intl return elements, not
plain text, so they can't be used for placeholders, alt text, etc. In that
case, you should use lower level API formatMessage(). You can inject
the intl object into your component using injectIntl() higher-order
component and then format the message
using formatMessage() available on that object.
import React from "react";
import { injectIntl, intlShape } from "react-intl";

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => {

const placeholder = intl.formatMessage({ id: "messageId" });
return <input placeholder={placeholder} />;
};
 MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired,
};

export default injectIntl(MyComponent);

144. How to access current locale with React Intl?

You can get the current locale in any component of your application
using injectIntl():
import { injectIntl, intlShape } from "react-intl";

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => (

<div>{`The current locale is ${intl.locale}`}</div>
);

MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired,
};

export default injectIntl(MyComponent);

145. How to format date using React Intl?

The injectIntl() higher-order component will give you access to
the formatDate() method via the props in your component. The method
is used internally by instances of FormattedDate and it returns the string
representation of the formatted date.
import { injectIntl, intlShape } from "react-intl";

const stringDate = this.props.intl.formatDate(date, {

year: "numeric",
month: "numeric",
day: "numeric",
});

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => (

<div>{`The formatted date is ${stringDate}`}</div>
);

MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired,
};

export default injectIntl(MyComponent);

React Testing

146. What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?

Shallow rendering is useful for writing unit test cases in React. It lets
you render a component one level deep and assert facts about what its
render method returns, without worrying about the behavior of child
components, which are not instantiated or rendered.

For example, if you have the following component:

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<span className={"heading"}>{"Title"}</span>
<span className={"description"}>{"Description"}</span>
</div>
);
}

Then you can assert as follows:

import ShallowRenderer from "react-test-renderer/shallow";

// in your test
const renderer = new ShallowRenderer();
renderer.render(<MyComponent />);

const result = renderer.getRenderOutput();

expect(result.type).toBe("div");
expect(result.props.children).toEqual([
<span className={"heading"}>{"Title"}</span>,
<span className={"description"}>{"Description"}</span>,
]);

147. What is TestRenderer package in React?

This package provides a renderer that can be used to render
components to pure JavaScript objects, without depending on the DOM
or a native mobile environment. This package makes it easy to grab a
snapshot of the platform view hierarchy (similar to a DOM tree)
rendered by a ReactDOM or React Native without using a browser
or jsdom.
import TestRenderer from "react-test-renderer";

const Link = ({ page, children }) => <a href={page}>{children}</a>;

 const testRenderer = TestRenderer.create(
<Link page={"https://www.facebook.com/"}>{"Facebook"}</Link>
);

console.log(testRenderer.toJSON());
// {
// type: 'a',
// props: { href: 'https://www.facebook.com/' },
// children: [ 'Facebook' ]
// }

148. What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils

package?
ReactTestUtils are provided in the with-addons package and allow you
to perform actions against a simulated DOM for the purpose of unit
testing.

149. What is Jest?

Jest is a JavaScript unit testing framework created by Facebook based
on Jasmine and provides automated mock creation and
a jsdom environment. It's often used for testing components.

150. What are the advantages of Jest over

Jasmine?
There are couple of advantages compared to Jasmine:

o Automatically finds tests to execute in your source code.

o Automatically mocks dependencies when running your tests.
o Allows you to test asynchronous code synchronously.
o Runs your tests with a fake DOM implementation (via jsdom) so
that your tests can be run on the command line.
o Runs tests in parallel processes so that they finish sooner.

151. Give a simple example of Jest test case

Let's write a test for a function that adds two numbers in sum.js file:
 const sum = (a, b) => a + b;

export default sum;

Create a file named sum.test.js which contains actual test:

import sum from "./sum";

test("adds 1 + 2 to equal 3", () => {

expect(sum(1, 2)).toBe(3);
});

And then add the following section to your package.json:

{
"scripts": {
"test": "jest"
}
}

Finally, run yarn test or npm test and Jest will print a result:
$ yarn test
PASS ./sum.test.js
✓ adds 1 + 2 to equal 3 (2ms)

React Redux

152. What is flux?

Flux is an application design paradigm used as a replacement for the
more traditional MVC pattern. It is not a framework or a library but a
new kind of architecture that complements React and the concept of
Unidirectional Data Flow. Facebook uses this pattern internally when
working with React.

The workflow between dispatcher, stores and views components with

distinct inputs and outputs as follows:
153. What is Redux?
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps based on
the Flux design pattern. Redux can be used together with React, or
with any other view library. It is tiny (about 2kB) and has no
dependencies.

154. What are the core principles of Redux?

Redux follows three fundamental principles:

i. Single source of truth: The state of your whole application is

stored in an object tree within a single store. The single state
tree makes it easier to keep track of changes over time and
debug or inspect the application.
ii. State is read-only: The only way to change the state is to emit
an action, an object describing what happened. This ensures that
neither the views nor the network callbacks will ever write
directly to the state.
 iii. Changes are made with pure functions: To specify how the
state tree is transformed by actions, you write reducers.
Reducers are just pure functions that take the previous state and
an action as parameters, and return the next state.

155. What are the downsides of Redux compared

to Flux?
Instead of saying downsides we can say that there are few
compromises of using Redux over Flux. Those are as follows:

i. You will need to learn to avoid mutations: Flux is un-

opinionated about mutating data, but Redux doesn't like
mutations and many packages complementary to Redux assume
you never mutate the state. You can enforce this with dev-only
packages like redux-immutable-state-invariant, Immutable.js, or
instructing your team to write non-mutating code.
ii. You're going to have to carefully pick your
packages: While Flux explicitly doesn't try to solve problems
such as undo/redo, persistence, or forms, Redux has extension
points such as middleware and store enhancers, and it has
spawned a rich ecosystem.
iii. There is no nice Flow integration yet: Flux currently lets you
do very impressive static type checks which Redux doesn't
support yet.

156. What is the difference

between mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps()?
mapStateToProps() is a utility which helps your component get updated
state (which is updated by some other components):
const mapStateToProps = (state) => {
return {
todos: getVisibleTodos(state.todos, state.visibilityFilter),
};
};

mapDispatchToProps() is a utility which will help your component to fire

an action event (dispatching action which may cause change of
application state):
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => {
return {
onTodoClick: (id) => {
dispatch(toggleTodo(id));
 },
};
};

It is recommended to always use the “object shorthand” form for

the mapDispatchToProps.

Redux wraps it in another function that looks like (…args) =>

dispatch(onTodoClick(…args)), and pass that wrapper function as a
prop to your component.

const mapDispatchToProps = {
onTodoClick,
};

157. Can I dispatch an action in reducer?

Dispatching an action within a reducer is an anti-pattern. Your
reducer should be without side effects, simply digesting the action
payload and returning a new state object. Adding listeners and
dispatching actions within the reducer can lead to chained actions and
other side effects.

158. How to access Redux store outside a

component?
You just need to export the store from the module where it created
with createStore(). Also, it shouldn't pollute the global window object.
store = createStore(myReducer);

export default store;

159. What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern?

i. DOM manipulation is very expensive which causes applications
to behave slow and inefficient.
ii. Due to circular dependencies, a complicated model was created
around models and views.
iii. Lot of data changes happens for collaborative applications(like
Google Docs).
 iv. No way to do undo (travel back in time) easily without adding so
much extra code.

160. Are there any similarities between Redux and

RxJS?
These libraries are very different for very different purposes, but there
are some vague similarities.

Redux is a tool for managing state throughout the application. It is

usually used as an architecture for UIs. Think of it as an alternative to
(half of) Angular. RxJS is a reactive programming library. It is usually
used as a tool to accomplish asynchronous tasks in JavaScript. Think of
it as an alternative to Promises. Redux uses the Reactive paradigm
because the Store is reactive. The Store observes actions from a
distance, and changes itself. RxJS also uses the Reactive paradigm, but
instead of being an architecture, it gives you basic building blocks,
Observables, to accomplish this pattern.

161. How to dispatch an action on load?

You can dispatch an action in componentDidMount() method and
in render() method you can verify the data.
class App extends Component {
componentDidMount() {
this.props.fetchData();
}

render() {
return this.props.isLoaded ? (
<div>{"Loaded"}</div>
) : (
<div>{"Not Loaded"}</div>
);
}
}

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({

isLoaded: state.isLoaded,
});

const mapDispatchToProps = { fetchData };

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(App);

162. How to use connect() from React Redux?
You need to follow two steps to use your store in your container:

i. Use mapStateToProps(): It maps the state variables from your

store to the props that you specify.
ii. Connect the above props to your container: The object
returned by the mapStateToProps function is connected to the
container. You can import connect() from react-redux.
iii. import React from "react";
iv. import { connect } from "react-redux";
v.
vi. class App extends React.Component {
vii. render() {
viii. return <div>{this.props.containerData}</div>;
ix. }
x. }
xi.
xii. function mapStateToProps(state) {
xiii. return { containerData: state.data };
xiv. }
xv.
export default connect(mapStateToProps)(App);

163. How to reset state in Redux?

You need to write a root reducer in your application which delegate
handling the action to the reducer generated by combineReducers().
For example, let us take rootReducer() to return the initial state
after USER_LOGOUT action. As we know, reducers are supposed to return
the initial state when they are called with undefined as the first
argument, no matter the action.
const appReducer = combineReducers({
/* your app's top-level reducers */
});

const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

if (action.type === "USER_LOGOUT") {
state = undefined;
}

return appReducer(state, action);

};

In case of using redux-persist, you may also need to clean your

storage. redux-persist keeps a copy of your state in a storage engine.
First, you need to import the appropriate storage engine and then, to
 parse the state before setting it to undefined and clean each storage
state key.
const appReducer = combineReducers({
/* your app's top-level reducers */
});

const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

if (action.type === "USER_LOGOUT") {
Object.keys(state).forEach((key) => {
storage.removeItem(`persist:${key}`);
});

state = undefined;
}

return appReducer(state, action);

};

164. Whats the purpose of at symbol in the Redux

connect decorator?
The @ symbol is in fact a JavaScript expression used to signify
decorators. Decorators make it possible to annotate and modify
classes and properties at design time.

Let's take an example setting up Redux without and with a decorator.

o Without decorator:

o import React from "react";

o import * as actionCreators from "./actionCreators";
o import { bindActionCreators } from "redux";
o import { connect } from "react-redux";
o
o function mapStateToProps(state) {
o return { todos: state.todos };
o }
o
o function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
o return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators,
dispatch) };
o }
o
o class MyApp extends React.Component {
o // ...define your main app here
o }
o
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
(MyApp);
 o With decorator:

o import React from "react";

o import * as actionCreators from "./actionCreators";
o import { bindActionCreators } from "redux";
o import { connect } from "react-redux";
o
o function mapStateToProps(state) {
o return { todos: state.todos };
o }
o
o function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
o return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators,
dispatch) };
o }
o
o @connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
o export default class MyApp extends React.Component {
o // ...define your main app here
}

The above examples are almost similar except the usage of decorator.
The decorator syntax isn't built into any JavaScript runtimes yet, and is
still experimental and subject to change. You can use babel for the
decorators support.

165. What is the difference between React context

and React Redux?
You can use Context in your application directly and is going to be
great for passing down data to deeply nested components which what
it was designed for.

Whereas Redux is much more powerful and provides a large number

of features that the Context API doesn't provide. Also, React Redux
uses context internally but it doesn't expose this fact in the public API.

166. Why are Redux state functions called

reducers?
Reducers always return the accumulation of the state (based on all
previous and current actions). Therefore, they act as a reducer of
state. Each time a Redux reducer is called, the state and action are
passed as parameters. This state is then reduced (or accumulated)
 based on the action, and then the next state is returned. You
could reduce a collection of actions and an initial state (of the store) on
which to perform these actions to get the resulting final state.

167. How to make AJAX request in Redux?

You can use redux-thunk middleware which allows you to define async
actions.

Let's take an example of fetching specific account as an AJAX call

using fetch API:

export function fetchAccount(id) {

return (dispatch) => {
dispatch(setLoadingAccountState()); // Show a loading spinner
fetch(`/account/${id}`, (response) => {
dispatch(doneFetchingAccount()); // Hide loading spinner
if (response.status === 200) {
dispatch(setAccount(response.json)); // Use a normal function
to set the received state
} else {
dispatch(someError);
}
});
};
}

function setAccount(data) {
return { type: "SET_Account", data: data };
}

168. Should I keep all component's state in Redux

store?
Keep your data in the Redux store, and the UI related state internally
in the component.

169. What is the proper way to access Redux

store?
The best way to access your store in a component is to use
the connect() function, that creates a new component that wraps
 around your existing one. This pattern is called Higher-Order
Components, and is generally the preferred way of extending a
component's functionality in React. This allows you to map state and
action creators to your component, and have them passed in
automatically as your store updates.
Let's take an example of <FilterLink> component using connect:
import { connect } from "react-redux";
import { setVisibilityFilter } from "../actions";
import Link from "../components/Link";

const mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps) => ({

active: ownProps.filter === state.visibilityFilter,
});

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch, ownProps) => ({

onClick: () => dispatch(setVisibilityFilter(ownProps.filter)),
});

const FilterLink = connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Link);

export default FilterLink;

Due to it having quite a few performance optimizations and generally

being less likely to cause bugs, the Redux developers almost always
recommend using connect() over accessing the store directly (using
context API).
class MyComponent {
someMethod() {
doSomethingWith(this.context.store);
}
}

170. What is the difference between component

and container in React Redux?
Component is a class or function component that describes the
presentational part of your application.

Container is an informal term for a component that is connected to a

Redux store. Containers subscribe to Redux state updates
and dispatch actions, and they usually don't render DOM elements;
they delegate rendering to presentational child components.

171. What is the purpose of the constants in

Redux?
 Constants allows you to easily find all usages of that specific
functionality across the project when you use an IDE. It also prevents
you from introducing silly bugs caused by typos – in which case, you
will get a ReferenceError immediately.
Normally we will save them in a single file
(constants.js or actionTypes.js).
export const ADD_TODO = "ADD_TODO";
export const DELETE_TODO = "DELETE_TODO";
export const EDIT_TODO = "EDIT_TODO";
export const COMPLETE_TODO = "COMPLETE_TODO";
export const COMPLETE_ALL = "COMPLETE_ALL";
export const CLEAR_COMPLETED = "CLEAR_COMPLETED";

In Redux, you use them in two places:

i. During action creation:

Let's take actions.js:

import { ADD_TODO } from "./actionTypes";

export function addTodo(text) {

return { type: ADD_TODO, text };
}

ii. In reducers:

Let's create reducer.js:

import { ADD_TODO } from "./actionTypes";

export default (state = [], action) => {

switch (action.type) {
case ADD_TODO:
return [
...state,
{
text: action.text,
completed: false,
},
];
default:
return state;
}
};

172. What are the different ways to

write mapDispatchToProps()?
There are a few ways of binding action
creators to dispatch() in mapDispatchToProps().
 Below are the possible options:

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({

action: () => dispatch(action()),
});
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({
action: bindActionCreators(action, dispatch),
});
const mapDispatchToProps = { action };

The third option is just a shorthand for the first one.

173. What is the use of the ownProps parameter

in mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps()?
If the ownProps parameter is specified, React Redux will pass the props
that were passed to the component into your connect functions. So, if
you use a connected component:
import ConnectedComponent from "./containers/ConnectedComponent";

<ConnectedComponent user={"john"} />;

The ownProps inside

your mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() functions will be an
object:
{
user: "john";
}

You can use this object to decide what to return from those functions.

174. How to structure Redux top level directories?

Most of the applications has several top-level directories as below:

i. Components: Used for dumb components unaware of Redux.

ii. Containers: Used for smart components connected to Redux.
iii. Actions: Used for all action creators, where file names
correspond to part of the app.
iv. Reducers: Used for all reducers, where files name correspond to
state key.
v. Store: Used for store initialization.

This structure works well for small and medium size apps.
175. What is redux-saga?
redux-saga is a library that aims to make side effects (asynchronous
things like data fetching and impure things like accessing the browser
cache) in React/Redux applications easier and better.

It is available in NPM:

$ npm install --save redux-saga

176. What is the mental model of redux-saga?

Saga is like a separate thread in your application, that's solely
responsible for side effects. redux-saga is a redux middleware, which
means this thread can be started, paused and cancelled from the main
application with normal Redux actions, it has access to the full Redux
application state and it can dispatch Redux actions as well.

177. What are the differences

between call() and put() in redux-saga?
Both call() and put() are effect creator functions. call() function is
used to create effect description, which instructs middleware to call
the promise. put() function creates an effect, which instructs
middleware to dispatch an action to the store.

Let's take example of how these effects work for fetching particular
user data.

function* fetchUserSaga(action) {
// `call` function accepts rest arguments, which will be passed to
`api.fetchUser` function.
// Instructing middleware to call promise, it resolved value will be
assigned to `userData` variable
const userData = yield call(api.fetchUser, action.userId);

// Instructing middleware to dispatch corresponding action.

yield put({
type: "FETCH_USER_SUCCESS",
userData,
});
}
178. What is Redux Thunk?
Redux Thunk middleware allows you to write action creators that
return a function instead of an action. The thunk can be used to delay
the dispatch of an action, or to dispatch only if a certain condition is
met. The inner function receives the store
methods dispatch() and getState() as parameters.

179. What are the differences between redux-

saga and redux-thunk?
Both Redux Thunk and Redux Saga take care of dealing with side
effects. In most of the scenarios, Thunk uses Promises to deal with
them, whereas Saga uses Generators. Thunk is simple to use and
Promises are familiar to many developers, Sagas/Generators are more
powerful but you will need to learn them. But both middleware can
coexist, so you can start with Thunks and introduce Sagas when/if you
need them.

180. What is Redux DevTools?

Redux DevTools is a live-editing time travel environment for Redux
with hot reloading, action replay, and customizable UI. If you don't
want to bother with installing Redux DevTools and integrating it into
your project, consider using Redux DevTools Extension for Chrome and
Firefox.

181. What are the features of Redux DevTools?

Some of the main features of Redux DevTools are below,

i. Lets you inspect every state and action payload.

ii. Lets you go back in time by cancelling actions.
iii. If you change the reducer code, each staged action will be re-
evaluated.
iv. If the reducers throw, you will see during which action this
happened, and what the error was.
v. With persistState() store enhancer, you can persist debug
sessions across page reloads.
182. What are Redux selectors and why to use
them?
Selectors are functions that take Redux state as an argument and
return some data to pass to the component.

For example, to get user details from the state:

const getUserData = (state) => state.user.data;

These selectors have two main benefits,

i. The selector can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store

the minimal possible state
ii. The selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments
changes

183. What is Redux Form?

Redux Form works with React and Redux to enable a form in React to
use Redux to store all of its state. Redux Form can be used with raw
HTML5 inputs, but it also works very well with common UI frameworks
like Material UI, React Widgets and React Bootstrap.

184. What are the main features of Redux Form?

Some of the main features of Redux Form are:

i. Field values persistence via Redux store.

ii. Validation (sync/async) and submission.
iii. Formatting, parsing and normalization of field values.

185. How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

You can use applyMiddleware().
For example, you can add redux-thunk and logger passing them as
arguments to applyMiddleware():
 import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from "redux";
const createStoreWithMiddleware = applyMiddleware(
ReduxThunk,
logger
)(createStore);

186. How to set initial state in Redux?

You need to pass initial state as second argument to createStore:

const rootReducer = combineReducers({

todos: todos,
visibilityFilter: visibilityFilter,
});

const initialState = {
todos: [{ id: 123, name: "example", completed: false }],
};

const store = createStore(rootReducer, initialState);

187. How Relay is different from Redux?

Relay is similar to Redux in that they both use a single store. The main
difference is that relay only manages state originated from the server,
and all access to the state is used via GraphQL queries (for reading
data) and mutations (for changing data). Relay caches the data for you
and optimizes data fetching for you, by fetching only changed data and
nothing more.

188. What is an action in Redux?

Actions are plain JavaScript objects or payloads of information that
send data from your application to your store. They are the only source
of information for the store. Actions must have a type property that
indicates the type of action being performed.

For example, let's take an action which represents adding a new todo
item:

{
type: ADD_TODO,
text: 'Add todo item'
}
React Native

188. What is the difference between React Native

and React?
React is a JavaScript library, supporting both front end web and being
run on the server, for building user interfaces and web applications.

React Native is a mobile framework that compiles to native app

components, allowing you to build native mobile applications (iOS,
Android, and Windows) in JavaScript that allows you to use React to
build your components, and implements React under the hood.

189. How to test React Native apps?

React Native can be tested only in mobile simulators like iOS and
Android. You can run the app in your mobile using expo app
(https://expo.io) Where it syncs using QR code, your mobile and
computer should be in same wireless network.

190. How to do logging in React Native?

You can use console.log, console.warn, etc. As of React Native v0.29 you
can simply run the following to see logs in the console:
$ react-native log-ios
$ react-native log-android

191. How to debug your React Native?

Follow the below steps to debug React Native app:

i. Run your application in the iOS simulator.

ii. Press Command + D and a webpage should open up
at http://localhost:8081/debugger-ui.
iii. Enable Pause On Caught Exceptions for a better debugging
experience.
 iv. Press Command + Option + I to open the Chrome Developer tools,
or open it via View -> Developer -> Developer Tools.
v. You should now be able to debug as you normally would.

React supported libraries & Integration

192. What is reselect and how it works?

Reselect is a selector library (for Redux) which
uses memoization concept. It was originally written to compute derived
data from Redux-like applications state, but it can't be tied to any
architecture or library.

Reselect keeps a copy of the last inputs/outputs of the last call, and
recomputes the result only if one of the inputs changes. If the the
same inputs are provided twice in a row, Reselect returns the cached
output. It's memoization and cache are fully customizable.

193. What is Flow?

Flow is a static type checker designed to find type errors in JavaScript.
Flow types can express much more fine-grained distinctions than
traditional type systems. For example, Flow helps you catch errors
involving null, unlike most type systems.

194. What is the difference between Flow and

PropTypes?
Flow is a static analysis tool (static checker) which uses a superset of
the language, allowing you to add type annotations to all of your code
and catch an entire class of bugs at compile time.

PropTypes is a basic type checker (runtime checker) which has been

patched onto React. It can't check anything other than the types of the
props being passed to a given component. If you want more flexible
typechecking for your entire project Flow/TypeScript are appropriate
choices.
195. How to use Font Awesome icons in React?
The below steps followed to include Font Awesome in React:

i. Install font-awesome:
$ npm install --save font-awesome

ii. Import font-awesome in your index.js file:

import "font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css";

iii. Add Font Awesome classes in className:

iv. render() {
v. return <div><i className={'fa fa-spinner'} /></div>
}

196. What is React Dev Tools?

React Developer Tools let you inspect the component hierarchy,
including component props and state. It exists both as a browser
extension (for Chrome and Firefox), and as a standalone app (works
with other environments including Safari, IE, and React Native).

The official extensions available for different browsers or

environments.

i. Chrome extension
ii. Firefox extension
iii. Standalone app (Safari, React Native, etc)

197. Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for

local files?
If you opened a local HTML file in your browser ( file://...) then you
must first open Chrome Extensions and check Allow access to file
URLs.

198. How to use Polymer in React?

You need to follow below steps to use Polymer in React,

i. Create a Polymer element:

 ii. <link
iii. rel="import"
iv. href="../../bower_components/polymer/polymer.html"
v. />;
vi. Polymer({
vii. is: "calendar-element",
viii. ready: function () {
ix. this.textContent = "I am a calendar";
x. },
});

xi. Create the Polymer component HTML tag by importing it in a

HTML document, e.g. import it in the index.html of your React
application:
xii. <link
xiii. rel="import"
xiv. href="./src/polymer-components/calendar-element.html"
/>

xv. Use that element in the JSX file:

xvi. import React from "react";

xvii.
xviii. class MyComponent extends React.Component {
xix. render() {
xx. return <calendar-element />;
xxi. }
xxii. }
xxiii.
export default MyComponent;

199. What are the advantages of React over

Vue.js?
React has the following advantages over Vue.js:

i. Gives more flexibility in large apps developing.

ii. Easier to test.
iii. Suitable for mobile apps creating.
iv. More information and solutions available.

Note: The above list of advantages are purely opinionated and it vary based
on the professional experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.
 200. What is the difference between React and
Angular?
Let's see the difference between React and Angular in a table format.

React Angular

React is a library and has only the Angular is a framework and has complete
View layer MVC functionality

React handles rendering on the AngularJS renders only on the client side but
server side Angular 2 and above renders on the server side

React uses JSX that looks like Angular follows the template approach for
HTML in JS which can be HTML, which makes code shorter and easy to
confusing understand

React Native, which is a React

Ionic, Angular's mobile native app is relatively
type to build mobile applications
less stable and slower
are faster and more stable

In Angular, data flows both way i.e it has two-

In React, data flows only in one
way data binding between children and parent
way and hence debugging is easy
and hence debugging is often difficult

Note: The above list of differences are purely opinionated and it vary based
on the professional experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.

201. Why React tab is not showing up in DevTools?

When the page loads, React DevTools sets a global
named __REACT_DEVTOOLS_GLOBAL_HOOK__, then React communicates with
that hook during initialization. If the website is not using React or if
React fails to communicate with DevTools then it won't show up the
tab.

202. What are Styled Components?

 styled-components is a JavaScript library for styling React applications. It
removes the mapping between styles and components, and lets you
write actual CSS augmented with JavaScript.

203. Give an example of Styled Components?

Lets create <Title> and <Wrapper> components with specific styles for
each.
import React from "react";
import styled from "styled-components";

// Create a <Title> component that renders an <h1> which is centered,

red and sized at 1.5em
const Title = styled.h1`
font-size: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
color: palevioletred;
`;

// Create a <Wrapper> component that renders a <section> with some

padding and a papayawhip background
const Wrapper = styled.section`
padding: 4em;
background: papayawhip;
`;

These two variables, Title and Wrapper, are now components that you
can render just like any other react component.
<Wrapper>
<Title>{"Lets start first styled component!"}</Title>
</Wrapper>

204. What is Relay?

Relay is a JavaScript framework for providing a data layer and client-
server communication to web applications using the React view layer.

205. How to use TypeScript in create-react-

app application?
Starting from react-scripts@2.1.0 or higher, there is a built-in support
for typescript. i.e, create-react-app now supports typescript natively.
You can just pass --typescript option as below
npx create-react-app my-app --typescript

# or
 yarn create react-app my-app --typescript

But for lower versions of react scripts, just supply --scripts-

version option as react-scripts-ts while you create a new
project. react-scripts-ts is a set of adjustments to take the
standard create-react-app project pipeline and bring TypeScript into the
mix.

Now the project layout should look like the following:

my-app/
├─ .gitignore
├─ images.d.ts
├─ node_modules/
├─ public/
├─ src/
│ └─ ...
├─ package.json
├─ tsconfig.json
├─ tsconfig.prod.json
├─ tsconfig.test.json
└─ tslint.json

Miscellaneous

206. What are the main features of Reselect

library?
Let's see the main features of Reselect library,

i. Selectors can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the

minimal possible state.
ii. Selectors are efficient. A selector is not recomputed unless one
of its arguments changes.
iii. Selectors are composable. They can be used as input to other
selectors.

207. Give an example of Reselect usage?

Let's take calculations and different amounts of a shipment order with

the simplified usage of Reselect:

import { createSelector } from "reselect";

const shopItemsSelector = (state) => state.shop.items;

 const taxPercentSelector = (state) => state.shop.taxPercent;

const subtotalSelector = createSelector(shopItemsSelector, (items) =>

items.reduce((acc, item) => acc + item.value, 0)
);

const taxSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxPercentSelector,
(subtotal, taxPercent) => subtotal * (taxPercent / 100)
);

export const totalSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxSelector,
(subtotal, tax) => ({ total: subtotal + tax })
);

let exampleState = {
shop: {
taxPercent: 8,
items: [
{ name: "apple", value: 1.2 },
{ name: "orange", value: 0.95 },
],
},
};

console.log(subtotalSelector(exampleState)); // 2.15
console.log(taxSelector(exampleState)); // 0.172
console.log(totalSelector(exampleState)); // { total: 2.322 }

209. Does the statics object work with ES6 classes

in React?
No, statics only works with React.createClass():
someComponent = React.createClass({
statics: {
someMethod: function () {
// ..
},
},
});

But you can write statics inside ES6+ classes as below,

class Component extends React.Component {

static propTypes = {
// ...
};
 static someMethod() {
// ...
}
}

or writing them outside class as below,

class Component extends React.Component {

....
}

Component.propTypes = {...}
Component.someMethod = function(){....}

210. Can Redux only be used with React?

Redux can be used as a data store for any UI layer. The most common
usage is with React and React Native, but there are bindings available
for Angular, Angular 2, Vue, Mithril, and more. Redux simply provides a
subscription mechanism which can be used by any other code.

211. Do you need to have a particular build tool to

use Redux?
Redux is originally written in ES6 and transpiled for production into ES5
with Webpack and Babel. You should be able to use it regardless of
your JavaScript build process. Redux also offers a UMD build that can
be used directly without any build process at all.

212. How Redux Form initialValues get updated from

state?
You need to add enableReinitialize : true setting.
const InitializeFromStateForm = reduxForm({
form: "initializeFromState",
enableReinitialize: true,
})(UserEdit);

If your initialValues prop gets updated, your form will update too.

213. How React PropTypes allow different types for

one prop?
 You can use oneOfType() method of PropTypes.
For example, the height property can be defined with
either string or number type as below:
Component.propTypes = {
size: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.string, PropTypes.number]),
};

214. Can I import an SVG file as react component?

You can import SVG directly as component instead of loading it as a
file. This feature is available with react-scripts@2.0.0 and higher.
import { ReactComponent as Logo } from "./logo.svg";

const App = () => (

<div>
{/* Logo is an actual react component */}
<Logo />
</div>
);

Note: Don't forget about the curly braces in the import.

215. Why are inline ref callbacks or functions not

recommended?
If the ref callback is defined as an inline function, it will get called twice
during updates, first with null and then again with the DOM element.
This is because a new instance of the function is created with each
render, so React needs to clear the old ref and set up the new one.

class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {
console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value);
};

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<input type="text" ref={(input) => (this.input = input)} /> //
Access DOM input in handle submit
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);
}
}
 But our expectation is for the ref callback to get called once, when the
component mounts. One quick fix is to use the ES7 class property
syntax to define the function

class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {
console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value);
};

setSearchInput = (input) => {

this.input = input;
};

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<input type="text" ref={this.setSearchInput} /> // Access DOM
input
in handle submit
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
);
}
}

Note: In React v16.3,

216. What is render hijacking in react?

The concept of render hijacking is the ability to control what a
component will output from another component. It means that you
decorate your component by wrapping it into a Higher-Order
component. By wrapping, you can inject additional props or make
other changes, which can cause changing logic of rendering. It does
not actually enable hijacking, but by using HOC you make your
component behave differently.

217. What are HOC factory implementations?

There are two main ways of implementing HOCs in React.

i. Props Proxy (PP) and

ii. Inheritance Inversion (II).

But they follow different approaches for manipulating

the WrappedComponent.
 Props Proxy

In this approach, the render method of the HOC returns a React

Element of the type of the WrappedComponent. We also pass through
the props that the HOC receives, hence the name Props Proxy.

function ppHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class PP extends React.Component {
render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} />;
}
};
}

Inheritance Inversion

In this approach, the returned HOC class (Enhancer) extends the

WrappedComponent. It is called Inheritance Inversion because instead
of the WrappedComponent extending some Enhancer class, it is
passively extended by the Enhancer. In this way the relationship
between them seems inverse.

function iiHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Enhancer extends WrappedComponent {
render() {
return super.render();
}
};
}

218. How to pass numbers to React component?

You should be passing the numbers via curly braces({}) where as
strings in quotes

React.render(
<User age={30} department={"IT"} />,
document.getElementById("container")
);

219. Do I need to keep all my state into Redux?

Should I ever use react internal state?
It is up to the developer's decision, i.e., it is developer's job to
determine what kinds of state make up your application, and where
each piece of state should live. Some users prefer to keep every single
 piece of data in Redux, to maintain a fully serializable and controlled
version of their application at all times. Others prefer to keep non-
critical or UI state, such as “is this dropdown currently open”, inside a
component's internal state.

Below are the thumb rules to determine what kind of data should be
put into Redux

i. Do other parts of the application care about this data?

ii. Do you need to be able to create further derived data based on
this original data?
iii. Is the same data being used to drive multiple components?
iv. Is there value to you in being able to restore this state to a given
point in time (ie, time travel debugging)?
v. Do you want to cache the data (i.e, use what's in state if it's
already there instead of re-requesting it)?

220. What is the purpose of registerServiceWorker

in React?
React creates a service worker for you without any configuration by
default. The service worker is a web API that helps you cache your
assets and other files so that when the user is offline or on a slow
network, he/she can still see results on the screen, as such, it helps
you build a better user experience, that's what you should know about
service worker for now. It's all about adding offline capabilities to your
site.

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import App from "./App";
import registerServiceWorker from "./registerServiceWorker";

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("root"));

registerServiceWorker();

221. What is React memo function?

Class components can be restricted from re-rendering when their input
props are the same using PureComponent or
shouldComponentUpdate. Now you can do the same with function
components by wrapping them in React.memo.
 const MyComponent = React.memo(function MyComponent(props) {
/* only rerenders if props change */
});

222. What is React lazy function?

The React.lazy function lets you render a dynamic import as a regular
component. It will automatically load the bundle containing
the OtherComponent when the component gets rendered. This must
return a Promise which resolves to a module with a default export
containing a React component.
const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import("./OtherComponent"));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
);
}

Note: React.lazy and Suspense is not yet available for server-side

rendering. If you want to do code-splitting in a server rendered app, we
still recommend React Loadable.

223. How to prevent unnecessary updates using

setState?
You can compare the current value of the state with an existing state
value and decide whether to rerender the page or not. If the values are
the same then you need to return null to stop re-rendering otherwise
return the latest state value.

For example, the user profile information is conditionally rendered as

follows,

getUserProfile = (user) => {

const latestAddress = user.address;
this.setState((state) => {
if (state.address === latestAddress) {
return null;
} else {
return { title: latestAddress };
}
});
};
224. How do you render Array, Strings and
Numbers in React 16 Version?
Arrays: Unlike older releases, you don't need to make
sure render method return a single element in React16. You are able
to return multiple sibling elements without a wrapping element by
returning an array.

For example, let us take the below list of developers,

const ReactJSDevs = () => {

return [
<li key="1">John</li>,
<li key="2">Jackie</li>,
<li key="3">Jordan</li>,
];
};

You can also merge this array of items in another array component.

const JSDevs = () => {

return (
<ul>
<li>Brad</li>
<li>Brodge</li>
<ReactJSDevs />
<li>Brandon</li>
</ul>
);
};

Strings and Numbers: You can also return string and number type
from the render method.

render() {
return 'Welcome to ReactJS questions';
}
// Number
render() {
return 2018;
}

225. How to use class field declarations syntax in

React classes?
 React Class Components can be made much more concise using the
class field declarations. You can initialize the local state without using
the constructor and declare class methods by using arrow functions
without the extra need to bind them.

Let's take a counter example to demonstrate class field declarations

for state without using constructor and methods without binding,

class Counter extends Component {

state = { value: 0 };

handleIncrement = () => {
this.setState((prevState) => ({
value: prevState.value + 1,
}));
};

handleDecrement = () => {
this.setState((prevState) => ({
value: prevState.value - 1,
}));
};

render() {
return (
<div>
{this.state.value}

<button onClick={this.handleIncrement}>+</button>
<button onClick={this.handleDecrement}>-</button>
</div>
);
}
}

226. What are hooks?

Hooks is a special JavaScript function that allows you use state and
other React features without writing a class. This pattern has been
introduced as a new feature in React 16.8 and helped to isolate the
stateful logic from the components.

Let's see an example of useState hook:

import { useState } from "react";

function Example() {
// Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count"
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
 return (
<>
<p>You clicked {count} times</p>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Click me</button>
</>
);
}

Note: Hooks can be used inside an existing function component

without rewriting the component.

227. What rules need to be followed for hooks?

You need to follow two rules in order to use hooks,

i. Call Hooks only at the top level of your react

functions: You shouldn’t call Hooks inside loops, conditions, or
nested functions. This will ensure that Hooks are called in the
same order each time a component renders and it preserves the
state of Hooks between multiple useState and useEffect calls.
ii. Call Hooks from React Functions only: You shouldn’t call
Hooks from regular JavaScript functions. Instead, you should call
them from either function components or custom hooks.

The eslint plugin named eslint-plugin-react-hooks can be used to

enforce these two rules.

228. How to ensure hooks followed the rules in

your project?
React team released an ESLint plugin called eslint-plugin-react-
hooks that enforces these two rules. You can add this plugin to your
project using the below command,

npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks@next

And apply the below config in your ESLint config file,

// Your ESLint configuration

{
"plugins": [
// ...
"react-hooks"
],
 "rules": {
// ...
"react-hooks/rules-of-hooks": "error"
}
}

For example, the linter enforce proper naming convention for hooks. If
you rename your custom hooks which as prefix "use" to something
else then linter won't allow you to call built-in hooks such as useState,
useEffect etc inside of your custom hook anymore.

Note: This plugin is intended to use in Create React App by default.

229. What are the differences between Flux and

Redux?
Below are the major differences between Flux and Redux

Flux Redux

State is mutable State is immutable

The Store contains both state and change

The Store and change logic are separate
logic

There are multiple stores exist There is only one store exist

All the stores are disconnected and flat Single store with hierarchical reducers

It has a singleton dispatcher There is no concept of dispatcher

Container components uses connect

React components subscribe to the store
function

230. What are the benefits of React Router V4?

Below are the main benefits of React Router V4 module,
 i. In React Router v4(version 4), the API is completely about
components. A router can be visualized as a single
component(<BrowserRouter>) which wraps specific child router
components(<Route>).
ii. You don't need to manually set history. The router module will
take care history by wrapping routes
with <BrowserRouter> component.
iii. The application size is reduced by adding only the specific router
module(Web, core, or native)

231. Can you describe about componentDidCatch

lifecycle method signature?
The componentDidCatch lifecycle method is invoked after an error
has been thrown by a descendant component. The method receives
two parameters,

i. error: - The error object which was thrown

ii. info: - An object with a componentStack key contains the
information about which component threw the error.

The method structure would be as follows

componentDidCatch(error, info);

232. In which scenarios error boundaries do not

catch errors?
Below are the cases in which error boundaries doesn't work,

i. Inside Event handlers

ii. Asynchronous code using setTimeout or
requestAnimationFrame callbacks
iii. During Server side rendering
iv. When errors thrown in the error boundary code itself

233. Why do you not need error boundaries for

event handlers?
 Error boundaries do not catch errors inside event handlers.

React doesn’t need error boundaries to recover from errors in event

handlers. Unlike the render method and lifecycle methods, the event
handlers don’t happen during rendering. So if they throw, React still
knows what to display on the screen.

If you need to catch an error inside an event handler, use the regular
JavaScript try / catch statement:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { error: null };
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}

handleClick() {
try {
// Do something that could throw
} catch (error) {
this.setState({ error });
}
}

render() {
if (this.state.error) {
return <h1>Caught an error.</h1>;
}
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</button>;
}
}

Note that the above example is demonstrating regular JavaScript

behavior and doesn’t use error boundaries.

234. What is the difference between try catch

block and error boundaries?
Try catch block works with imperative code whereas error boundaries
are meant for declarative code to render on the screen.

For example, the try catch block used for below imperative code

try {
showButton();
} catch (error) {
// ...
}
 Whereas error boundaries wrap declarative code as below,

<ErrorBoundary>
<MyComponent />
</ErrorBoundary>

So if an error occurs in a componentDidUpdate method caused by

a setState somewhere deep in the tree, it will still correctly propagate
to the closest error boundary.

235. What is the behavior of uncaught errors in

react 16?
In React 16, errors that were not caught by any error boundary will
result in unmounting of the whole React component tree. The reason
behind this decision is that it is worse to leave corrupted UI in place
than to completely remove it. For example, it is worse for a payments
app to display a wrong amount than to render nothing.

236. What is the proper placement for error

boundaries?
The granularity of error boundaries usage is up to the developer based
on project needs. You can follow either of these approaches,

i. You can wrap top-level route components to display a generic

error message for the entire application.
ii. You can also wrap individual components in an error boundary to
protect them from crashing the rest of the application.

237. What is the benefit of component stack trace

from error boundary?
Apart from error messages and javascript stack, React16 will display
the component stack trace with file names and line numbers using
error boundary concept.

For example, BuggyCounter component displays the component stack

trace as below,
238. What is the required method to be defined for
a class component?
The render() method is the only required method in a class component.
i.e, All methods other than render method are optional for a class
component.

239. What are the possible return types of render

method?
Below are the list of following types used and return from render
method,

i. React elements: Elements that instruct React to render a DOM

node. It includes html elements such as <div/> and user defined
elements.
ii. Arrays and fragments: Return multiple elements to render as
Arrays and Fragments to wrap multiple elements
iii. Portals: Render children into a different DOM subtree.
iv. String and numbers: Render both Strings and Numbers as text
nodes in the DOM
v. Booleans or null: Doesn't render anything but these types are
used to conditionally render content.

240. What is the main purpose of constructor?

The constructor is mainly used for two purposes,

i. To initialize local state by assigning object to this.state

ii. For binding event handler methods to the instance For example,
the below code covers both the above cases,
 constructor(props) {
super(props);
// Don't call this.setState() here!
this.state = { counter: 0 };
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}

241. Is it mandatory to define constructor for React

component?
No, it is not mandatory. i.e, If you don’t initialize state and you don’t
bind methods, you don’t need to implement a constructor for your
React component.

242. What are default props?

The defaultProps can be defined as a property on the component to set
the default values for the props. These default props are used when
props not supplied(i.e., undefined props), but not for null props. That
means, If you provide null value then it remains null value.

For example, let us create color default prop for the button component,

function MyButton {
// ...
}

MyButton.defaultProps = {
color: "red",
};

If props.color is not provided then it will set the default value to 'red'.
i.e, Whenever you try to access the color prop it uses the default value
render() {
return <MyButton /> ; // props.color will contain red value
}

243. Why should not call setState in

componentWillUnmount?
You should not call setState() in componentWillUnmount() because once a
component instance is unmounted, it will never be mounted again.
244. What is the purpose of
getDerivedStateFromError?
This lifecycle method is invoked after an error has been thrown by a
descendant component. It receives the error that was thrown as a
parameter and should return a value to update state.

The signature of the lifecycle method is as follows,

static getDerivedStateFromError(error)

Let us take error boundary use case with the above lifecycle method
for demonstration purpose,

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>Something went wrong.</h1>;
}

return this.props.children;
}
}

245. What is the methods order when component

re-rendered?
An update can be caused by changes to props or state. The below
methods are called in the following order when a component is being
re-rendered.

i. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
ii. shouldComponentUpdate()
iii. render()
 iv. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate()
v. componentDidUpdate()

246. What are the methods invoked during error

handling?
Below methods are called when there is an error during rendering, in a
lifecycle method, or in the constructor of any child component.

i. static getDerivedStateFromError()
ii. componentDidCatch()

247. What is the purpose of displayName class

property?
The displayName string is used in debugging messages. Usually, you
don’t need to set it explicitly because it’s inferred from the name of the
function or class that defines the component. You might want to set it
explicitly if you want to display a different name for debugging
purposes or when you create a higher-order component.

For example, To ease debugging, choose a display name that

communicates that it’s the result of a withSubscription HOC.

function withSubscription(WrappedComponent) {
class WithSubscription extends React.Component {
/* ... */
}
WithSubscription.displayName = `WithSubscription(${getDisplayName(
WrappedComponent
)})`;
return WithSubscription;
}
function getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) {
return (
WrappedComponent.displayName || WrappedComponent.name ||
"Component"
);
}
248. What is the browser support for react
applications?
React supports all popular browsers, including Internet Explorer 9 and
above, although some polyfills are required for older browsers such as
IE 9 and IE 10. If you use es5-shim and es5-sham polyfill then it
even support old browsers that doesn't support ES5 methods.

249. What is the purpose of

unmountComponentAtNode method?
This method is available from react-dom package and it removes a
mounted React component from the DOM and clean up its event
handlers and state. If no component was mounted in the container,
calling this function does nothing. Returns true if a component was
unmounted and false if there was no component to unmount.

The method signature would be as follows,

ReactDOM.unmountComponentAtNode(container);

250. What is code-splitting?

Code-Splitting is a feature supported by bundlers like Webpack and
Browserify which can create multiple bundles that can be dynamically
loaded at runtime. The react project supports code splitting via
dynamic import() feature.

For example, in the below code snippets, it will make moduleA.js and
all its unique dependencies as a separate chunk that only loads after
the user clicks the 'Load' button. moduleA.js

const moduleA = "Hello";

export { moduleA };

App.js

import React, { Component } from "react";

class App extends Component {

handleClick = () => {
import("./moduleA")
 .then(({ moduleA }) => {
// Use moduleA
})
.catch((err) => {
// Handle failure
});
};

render() {
return (
<div>
<button onClick={this.handleClick}>Load</button>
</div>
);
}
}

export default App;

252. What are Keyed Fragments?

The Fragments declared with the explicit <React.Fragment> syntax
may have keys. The general use case is mapping a collection to an
array of fragments as below,

function Glossary(props) {
return (
<dl>
{props.items.map((item) => (
// Without the `key`, React will fire a key warning
<React.Fragment key={item.id}>
<dt>{item.term}</dt>
<dd>{item.description}</dd>
</React.Fragment>
))}
</dl>
);
}

Note: key is the only attribute that can be passed to Fragment. In the
future, there might be a support for additional attributes, such as
event handlers.

253. Does React support all HTML attributes?

As of React 16, both standard or custom DOM attributes are fully
supported. Since React components often take both custom and DOM-
 related props, React uses the camelCase convention just like the DOM
APIs.

Let us take few props with respect to standard HTML attributes,

<div tabIndex="-1" /> // Just like node.tabIndex DOM API

<div className="Button" /> // Just like node.className DOM API
<input readOnly={true} /> // Just like node.readOnly DOM API

These props work similarly to the corresponding HTML attributes, with

the exception of the special cases. It also support all SVG attributes.

254. What are the limitations with HOCs?

Higher-order components come with a few caveats apart from its
benefits. Below are the few listed in an order,

i. Don’t use HOCs inside the render method: It is not

recommended to apply a HOC to a component within the render
method of a component.

ii. render() {
iii. // A new version of EnhancedComponent is created on every
render
iv. // EnhancedComponent1 !== EnhancedComponent2
v. const EnhancedComponent = enhance(MyComponent);
vi. // That causes the entire subtree to unmount/remount each time!
vii. return <EnhancedComponent />;
}

The above code impacts on performance by remounting a

component that causes the state of that component and all of its
children to be lost. Instead, apply HOCs outside the component
definition so that the resulting component is created only once.

viii. Static methods must be copied over: When you apply a HOC
to a component the new component does not have any of the
static methods of the original component

ix. // Define a static method

x. WrappedComponent.staticMethod = function () {
xi. /*...*/
xii. };
xiii. // Now apply a HOC
xiv. const EnhancedComponent = enhance(WrappedComponent);
xv.
xvi. // The enhanced component has no static method
typeof EnhancedComponent.staticMethod === "undefined"; // true
 You can overcome this by copying the methods onto the
container before returning it,

function enhance(WrappedComponent) {
class Enhance extends React.Component {
/*...*/
}
// Must know exactly which method(s) to copy :(
Enhance.staticMethod = WrappedComponent.staticMethod;
return Enhance;
}

xvii. Refs aren’t passed through: For HOCs you need to pass
through all props to the wrapped component but this does not
work for refs. This is because ref is not really a prop similar to
key. In this case you need to use the React.forwardRef API

255. How to debug forwardRefs in DevTools?

React.forwardRef accepts a render function as parameter and
DevTools uses this function to determine what to display for the ref
forwarding component.

For example, If you don't name the render function or not using
displayName property then it will appear as ”ForwardRef” in the
DevTools,

const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});

But If you name the render function then it will appear

as ”ForwardRef(myFunction)”

const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef(function myFunction(props,

ref) {
return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});

As an alternative, You can also set displayName property for

forwardRef function,

function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
// ...
}

function forwardRef(props, ref) {

 return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
}

// Give this component a more helpful display name in DevTools.

// e.g. "ForwardRef(logProps(MyComponent))"
const name = Component.displayName || Component.name;
forwardRef.displayName = `logProps(${name})`;

return React.forwardRef(forwardRef);
}

256. When component props defaults to true?

If you pass no value for a prop, it defaults to true. This behavior is
available so that it matches the behavior of HTML.

For example, below expressions are equivalent,

<MyInput autocomplete />

<MyInput autocomplete={true} />

Note: It is not recommended to use this approach because it can be

confused with the ES6 object shorthand (example, {name} which is short
for {name: name})

257. What is NextJS and major features of it?

Next.js is a popular and lightweight framework for static and
server-rendered applications built with React. It also provides styling
and routing solutions. Below are the major features provided by
NextJS,

i. Server-rendered by default
ii. Automatic code splitting for faster page loads
iii. Simple client-side routing (page based)
iv. Webpack-based dev environment which supports (HMR)
v. Able to implement with Express or any other Node.js HTTP server
vi. Customizable with your own Babel and Webpack configurations

258. How do you pass an event handler to a

component?
 You can pass event handlers and other functions as props to child
components. It can be used in child component as below,

<button onClick="{this.handleClick}"></button>

259. Is it good to use arrow functions in render

methods?
Yes, You can use. It is often the easiest way to pass parameters to
callback functions. But you need to optimize the performance while
using it.

class Foo extends Component {

handleClick() {
console.log("Click happened");
}
render() {
return <button onClick={() => this.handleClick()}>Click
Me</button>;
}
}

Note: Using an arrow function in render method creates a new

function each time the component renders, which may have
performance implications

260. How to prevent a function from being called

multiple times?
If you use an event handler such as onClick or onScroll and want to
prevent the callback from being fired too quickly, then you can limit
the rate at which callback is executed. This can be achieved in the
below possible ways,

i. Throttling: Changes based on a time based frequency. For

example, it can be used using _.throttle lodash function
ii. Debouncing: Publish changes after a period of inactivity. For
example, it can be used using _.debounce lodash function
iii. RequestAnimationFrame throttling: Changes based on
requestAnimationFrame. For example, it can be used using raf-
schd lodash function
261. How JSX prevents Injection Attacks?
React DOM escapes any values embedded in JSX before rendering
them. Thus it ensures that you can never inject anything that’s not
explicitly written in your application. Everything is converted to a string
before being rendered.

For example, you can embed user input as below,

const name = response.potentiallyMaliciousInput;

const element = <h1>{name}</h1>;

This way you can prevent XSS(Cross-site-scripting) attacks in the

application.

262. How do you update rendered elements?

You can update UI(represented by rendered element) by passing the
newly created element to ReactDOM's render method.

For example, lets take a ticking clock example, where it updates the
time by calling render method multiple times,

function tick() {
const element = (
<div>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<h2>It is {new Date().toLocaleTimeString()}.</h2>
</div>
);
ReactDOM.render(element, document.getElementById("root"));
}

setInterval(tick, 1000);

263. How do you say that props are readonly?

When you declare a component as a function or a class, it must never
modify its own props.

Let us take a below capital function,

function capital(amount, interest) {

return amount + interest;
}
 The above function is called “pure” because it does not attempt to
change their inputs, and always return the same result for the same
inputs. Hence, React has a single rule saying "All React components
must act like pure functions with respect to their props."

264. How do you say that state updates are

merged?
When you call setState() in the component, React merges the object
you provide into the current state.

For example, let us take a facebook user with posts and comments
details as state variables,

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
posts: [],
comments: []
};
}

Now you can update them independently with separate setState() calls
as below,
componentDidMount() {
fetchPosts().then(response => {
this.setState({
posts: response.posts
});
});

fetchComments().then(response => {
this.setState({
comments: response.comments
});
});
}

As mentioned in the above code

snippets, this.setState({comments}) updates only comments variable
without modifying or replacing posts variable.

265. How do you pass arguments to an event

handler?
 During iterations or loops, it is common to pass an extra parameter to
an event handler. This can be achieved through arrow functions or bind
method.

Let us take an example of user details updated in a grid,

<button onClick={(e) => this.updateUser(userId, e)}>Update User

details</button>
<button onClick={this.updateUser.bind(this, userId)}>Update User
details</button>

In the both approaches, the synthetic argument e is passed as a

second argument. You need to pass it explicitly for arrow functions and
it will be passed automatically for bind method.

266. How to prevent component from rendering?

You can prevent component from rendering by returning null based on
specific condition. This way it can conditionally render component.

function Greeting(props) {
if (!props.loggedIn) {
return null;
}

return <div className="greeting">welcome, {props.name}</div>;

}
class User extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {loggedIn: false, name: 'John'};
}

render() {
return (
<div>
//Prevent component render if it is not loggedIn
<Greeting loggedIn={this.state.loggedIn} />
<UserDetails name={this.state.name}>
</div>
);
}

In the above example, the greeting component skips its rendering

section by applying condition and returning null value.

267. What are the conditions to safely use the

index as a key?
 There are three conditions to make sure, it is safe use the index as a
key.

i. The list and items are static– they are not computed and do not
change
ii. The items in the list have no ids
iii. The list is never reordered or filtered.

268. Should keys be globally unique?

The keys used within arrays should be unique among their siblings but
they don’t need to be globally unique. i.e, You can use the same keys
with two different arrays.

For example, the below Book component uses two arrays with different
arrays,
function Book(props) {
const index = (
<ul>
{props.pages.map((page) => (
<li key={page.id}>{page.title}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
const content = props.pages.map((page) => (
<div key={page.id}>
<h3>{page.title}</h3>
<p>{page.content}</p>
<p>{page.pageNumber}</p>
</div>
));
return (
<div>
{index}
<hr />
{content}
</div>
);
}

269. What is the popular choice for form handling?

Formik is a form library for react which provides solutions such as
validation, keeping track of the visited fields, and handling form
submission.
 In detail, You can categorize them as follows,

i. Getting values in and out of form state

ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission

It is used to create a scalable, performant, form helper with a minimal

API to solve annoying stuff.

270. What are the advantages of formik over redux

form library?
Below are the main reasons to recommend formik over redux form
library,

i. The form state is inherently short-term and local, so tracking it in

Redux (or any kind of Flux library) is unnecessary.
ii. Redux-Form calls your entire top-level Redux reducer multiple
times ON EVERY SINGLE KEYSTROKE. This way it increases input
latency for large apps.
iii. Redux-Form is 22.5 kB minified gzipped whereas Formik is 12.7
kB

271. Why are you not required to use inheritance?

In React, it is recommended to use composition over inheritance to
reuse code between components. Both Props and composition give you
all the flexibility you need to customize a component’s look and
behavior explicitly and safely. Whereas, If you want to reuse non-UI
functionality between components, it is suggested to extract it into a
separate JavaScript module. Later components import it and use that
function, object, or class, without extending it.

272. Can I use web components in react

application?
Yes, you can use web components in a react application. Even though
many developers won't use this combination, it may require especially
 if you are using third-party UI components that are written using Web
Components.

For example, let us use Vaadin date picker web component as below,
import React, { Component } from "react";
import "./App.css";
import "@vaadin/vaadin-date-picker";
class App extends Component {
render() {
return (
<div className="App">
<vaadin-date-picker label="When were you born?"></vaadin-date-
picker>
</div>
);
}
}
export default App;

273. What is dynamic import?

You can achieve code-splitting in your app using dynamic import.

Let's take an example of addition,

i. Normal Import

import { add } from "./math";

console.log(add(10, 20));

ii. Dynamic Import

import("./math").then((math) => {
console.log(math.add(10, 20));
});

274. What are loadable components?

If you want to do code-splitting in a server rendered app, it is
recommend to use Loadable Components because React.lazy and
Suspense is not yet available for server-side rendering. Loadable lets
you render a dynamic import as a regular component.

Lets take an example,

import loadable from "@loadable/component";

 const OtherComponent = loadable(() => import("./OtherComponent"));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
);
}

Now OtherComponent will be loaded in a separated bundle

275. What is suspense component?

If the module containing the dynamic import is not yet loaded by the
time parent component renders, you must show some fallback content
while you’re waiting for it to load using a loading indicator. This can be
done using Suspense component.

For example, the below code uses suspense component,

const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import("./OtherComponent"));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<OtherComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

As mentioned in the above code, Suspense is wrapped above the lazy

component.

276. What is route based code splitting?

One of the best place to do code splitting is with routes. The entire
page is going to re-render at once so users are unlikely to interact with
other elements in the page at the same time. Due to this, the user
experience won't be disturbed.

Let us take an example of route based website using libraries like

React Router with React.lazy,
 import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch } from "react-router-
dom";
import React, { Suspense, lazy } from "react";

const Home = lazy(() => import("./routes/Home"));

const About = lazy(() => import("./routes/About"));

const App = () => (

<Router>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home} />
<Route path="/about" component={About} />
</Switch>
</Suspense>
</Router>
);

In the above code, the code splitting will happen at each route level.

277. Give an example on How to use context?

Context is designed to share data that can be considered global for a
tree of React components.

For example, in the code below lets manually thread through a

“theme” prop in order to style the Button component.

//Lets create a context with a default theme value "luna"

const ThemeContext = React.createContext("luna");
// Create App component where it uses provider to pass theme value in
the tree
class App extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<ThemeContext.Provider value="nova">
<Toolbar />
</ThemeContext.Provider>
);
}
}
// A middle component where you don't need to pass theme prop anymore
function Toolbar(props) {
return (
<div>
<ThemedButton />
</div>
);
}
// Lets read theme value in the button component to use
class ThemedButton extends React.Component {
 static contextType = ThemeContext;
render() {
return <Button theme={this.context} />;
}
}

278. What is the purpose of default value in

context?
The defaultValue argument is only used when a component does not
have a matching Provider above it in the tree. This can be helpful for
testing components in isolation without wrapping them.

Below code snippet provides default theme value as Luna.

const MyContext = React.createContext(defaultValue);

279. How do you use contextType?

ContextType is used to consume the context object. The contextType
property can be used in two ways,

i. contextType as property of class: The contextType property

on a class can be assigned a Context object created by
React.createContext(). After that, you can consume the nearest
current value of that Context type using this.context in any of
the lifecycle methods and render function.

Lets assign contextType property on MyClass as below,

class MyClass extends React.Component {

componentDidMount() {
let value = this.context;
/* perform a side-effect at mount using the value of
MyContext */
}
componentDidUpdate() {
let value = this.context;
/* ... */
}
componentWillUnmount() {
let value = this.context;
/* ... */
}
render() {
let value = this.context;
 /* render something based on the value of MyContext */
}
}
MyClass.contextType = MyContext;

ii. Static field You can use a static class field to initialize your
contextType using public class field syntax.

iii. class MyClass extends React.Component {

iv. static contextType = MyContext;
v. render() {
vi. let value = this.context;
vii. /* render something based on the value */
viii. }
}

280. What is a consumer?

A Consumer is a React component that subscribes to context changes.
It requires a function as a child which receives current context value as
argument and returns a react node. The value argument passed to the
function will be equal to the value prop of the closest Provider for this
context above in the tree.

Lets take a simple example,

<MyContext.Consumer>
{value => /* render something based on the context value */}
</MyContext.Consumer>

281. How do you solve performance corner cases

while using context?
The context uses reference identity to determine when to re-render,
there are some gotchas that could trigger unintentional renders in
consumers when a provider’s parent re-renders.

For example, the code below will re-render all consumers every time
the Provider re-renders because a new object is always created for
value.

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<Provider value={{ something: "something" }}>
<Toolbar />
 </Provider>
);
}
}

This can be solved by lifting up the value to parent state,

class App extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
value: { something: "something" },
};
}

render() {
return (
<Provider value={this.state.value}>
<Toolbar />
</Provider>
);
}
}

282. What is the purpose of forward ref in HOCs?

Refs will not get passed through because ref is not a prop. It is handled
differently by React just like key. If you add a ref to a HOC, the ref will
refer to the outermost container component, not the wrapped
component. In this case, you can use Forward Ref API. For example, we
can explicitly forward refs to the inner FancyButton component using
the React.forwardRef API.

The below HOC logs all props,

function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
componentDidUpdate(prevProps) {
console.log("old props:", prevProps);
console.log("new props:", this.props);
}

render() {
const { forwardedRef, ...rest } = this.props;

// Assign the custom prop "forwardedRef" as a ref

return <Component ref={forwardedRef} {...rest} />;
}
}
 return React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {
return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});
}

Let's use this HOC to log all props that get passed to our “fancy
button” component,

class FancyButton extends React.Component {

focus() {
// ...
}

// ...
}
export default logProps(FancyButton);

Now let's create a ref and pass it to FancyButton component. In this

case, you can set focus to button element.

import FancyButton from "./FancyButton";

const ref = React.createRef();

ref.current.focus();
<FancyButton label="Click Me" handleClick={handleClick} ref={ref} />;

283. Is ref argument available for all functions or

class components?
Regular function or class components don’t receive the ref argument,
and ref is not available in props either. The second ref argument only
exists when you define a component with React.forwardRef call.

284. Why do you need additional care for

component libraries while using forward refs?
When you start using forwardRef in a component library, you should
treat it as a breaking change and release a new major version of your
library. This is because your library likely has a different behavior such
as what refs get assigned to, and what types are exported. These
changes can break apps and other libraries that depend on the old
behavior.
285. How to create react class components without
ES6?
If you don’t use ES6 then you may need to use the create-react-class
module instead. For default props, you need to define
getDefaultProps() as a function on the passed object. Whereas for
initial state, you have to provide a separate getInitialState method that
returns the initial state.

var Greeting = createReactClass({

getDefaultProps: function () {
return {
name: "Jhohn",
};
},
getInitialState: function () {
return { message: this.props.message };
},
handleClick: function () {
console.log(this.state.message);
},
render: function () {
return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;
},
});

Note: If you use createReactClass then auto binding is available for all
methods. i.e, You don't need to use .bind(this) with in constructor for
event handlers.

286. Is it possible to use react without JSX?

Yes, JSX is not mandatory for using React. Actually it is convenient
when you don’t want to set up compilation in your build environment.
Each JSX element is just syntactic sugar for
calling React.createElement(component, props, ...children).

For example, let us take a greeting example with JSX,

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return <div>Hello {this.props.message}</div>;
}
}

ReactDOM.render(
<Greeting message="World" />,
document.getElementById("root")
);
 You can write the same code without JSX as below,

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return React.createElement("div", null, `Hello $
{this.props.message}`);
}
}

ReactDOM.render(
React.createElement(Greeting, { message: "World" }, null),
document.getElementById("root")
);

287. What is diffing algorithm?

React needs to use algorithms to find out how to efficiently update the
UI to match the most recent tree. The diffing algorithms is generating
the minimum number of operations to transform one tree into another.
However, the algorithms have a complexity in the order of O(n³) where
n is the number of elements in the tree.

In this case, displaying 1000 elements would require in the order of

one billion comparisons. This is far too expensive. Instead, React
implements a heuristic O(n) algorithm based on two assumptions:

i. Two elements of different types will produce different trees.

ii. The developer can hint at which child elements may be stable
across different renders with a key prop.

288. What are the rules covered by diffing

algorithm?
When diffing two trees, React first compares the two root elements.
The behavior is different depending on the types of the root elements.
It covers the below rules during reconciliation algorithm,

i. Elements Of Different Types: Whenever the root elements

have different types, React will tear down the old tree and build

the new tree from scratch. For example, elements to , or

from

to of different types lead a full rebuild.

 ii. DOM Elements Of The Same Type: When comparing two
React DOM elements of the same type, React looks at the
attributes of both, keeps the same underlying DOM node, and
only updates the changed attributes. Lets take an example with
same DOM elements except className attribute,

iii. <div className="show" title="ReactJS" />

iv.
<div className="hide" title="ReactJS" />

v. Component Elements Of The Same Type: When a

component updates, the instance stays the same, so that state is
maintained across renders. React updates the props of the
underlying component instance to match the new element, and
calls componentWillReceiveProps() and componentWillUpdate()
on the underlying instance. After that, the render() method is
called and the diff algorithm recurses on the previous result and
the new result.

vi. Recursing On Children: when recursing on the children of a

DOM node, React just iterates over both lists of children at the
same time and generates a mutation whenever there’s a
difference. For example, when adding an element at the end of
the children, converting between these two trees works well.

vii. <ul>
viii. <li>first</li>
ix. <li>second</li>
x. </ul>
xi.
xii. <ul>
xiii. <li>first</li>
xiv. <li>second</li>
xv. <li>third</li>
</ul>

xvi. Handling keys: React supports a key attribute. When children

have keys, React uses the key to match children in the original
tree with children in the subsequent tree. For example, adding a
key can make the tree conversion efficient,

<ul>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li key="2014">Connecticut</li>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>
289. When do you need to use refs?
There are few use cases to go for refs,

i. Managing focus, text selection, or media playback.

ii. Triggering imperative animations.
iii. Integrating with third-party DOM libraries.

290. Must prop be named as render for render

props?
Even though the pattern named render props, you don’t have to use a
prop named render to use this pattern. i.e, Any prop that is a function
that a component uses to know what to render is technically a “render
prop”. Lets take an example with the children prop for render props,

<Mouse
children={(mouse) => (
<p>
The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}
</p>
)}
/>

Actually children prop doesn’t need to be named in the list of

“attributes” in JSX element. Instead, you can keep it directly inside
element,

<Mouse>
{(mouse) => (
<p>
The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}
</p>
)}
</Mouse>

While using this above technique(without any name), explicitly state

that children should be a function in your propTypes.

Mouse.propTypes = {
children: PropTypes.func.isRequired,
};
291. What are the problems of using render props
with pure components?
If you create a function inside a render method, it negates the purpose
of pure component. Because the shallow prop comparison will always
return false for new props, and each render in this case will generate a
new value for the render prop. You can solve this issue by defining the
render function as instance method.

292. How do you create HOC using render props?

You can implement most higher-order components (HOC) using a
regular component with a render prop. For example, if you would
prefer to have a withMouse HOC instead of a component, you could
easily create one using a regular with a render prop.

function withMouse(Component) {
return class extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<Mouse
render={(mouse) => <Component {...this.props}
mouse={mouse} />}
/>
);
}
};
}

This way render props gives the flexibility of using either pattern.

293. What is windowing technique?

Windowing is a technique that only renders a small subset of your rows
at any given time, and can dramatically reduce the time it takes to re-
render the components as well as the number of DOM nodes created. If
your application renders long lists of data then this technique is
recommended. Both react-window and react-virtualized are popular
windowing libraries which provides several reusable components for
displaying lists, grids, and tabular data.
294. How do you print falsy values in JSX?
The falsy values such as false, null, undefined, and true are valid
children but they don't render anything. If you still want to display
them then you need to convert it to string. Let's take an example on
how to convert to a string,

<div>My JavaScript variable is {String(myVariable)}.</div>

295. What is the typical use case of portals?

React portals are very useful when a parent component has overflow:
hidden or has properties that affect the stacking context (e.g. z-index,
position, opacity) and you need to visually “break out” of its container.

For example, dialogs, global message notifications, hovercards, and

tooltips.

296. How do you set default value for uncontrolled

component?
In React, the value attribute on form elements will override the value
in the DOM. With an uncontrolled component, you might want React to
specify the initial value, but leave subsequent updates uncontrolled. To
handle this case, you can specify a defaultValue attribute instead
of value.

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<label>
User Name:
<input
defaultValue="John"
type="text"
ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}

The same applies for select and textArea inputs. But you need to
use defaultChecked for checkbox and radio inputs.
297. What is your favorite React stack?
Even though the tech stack varies from developer to developer, the
most popular stack is used in react boilerplate project code. It mainly
uses Redux and redux-saga for state management and asynchronous
side-effects, react-router for routing purpose, styled-components for
styling react components, axios for invoking REST api, and other
supported stack such as webpack, reselect, ESNext, Babel. You can
clone the project https://github.com/react-boilerplate/react-
boilerplate and start working on any new react project.

298. What is the difference between Real DOM and

Virtual DOM?
Below are the main differences between Real DOM and Virtual DOM,

Real DOM Virtual DOM

Updates are slow Updates are fast

DOM manipulation is very expensive. DOM manipulation is very easy

You can update HTML directly. You Can’t directly update HTML

It causes too much of memory wastage There is no memory wastage

Creates a new DOM if element updates It updates the JSX if element update

299. How to add Bootstrap to a react application?

Bootstrap can be added to your React app in a three possible ways,

i. Using the Bootstrap CDN: This is the easiest way to add

bootstrap. Add both bootstrap CSS and JS resources in a head
tag.
ii. Bootstrap as Dependency: If you are using a build tool or a
module bundler such as Webpack, then this is the preferred
option for adding Bootstrap to your React application
 npm install bootstrap

iii. React Bootstrap Package: In this case, you can add Bootstrap to
our React app is by using a package that has rebuilt Bootstrap
components to work particularly as React components. Below
packages are popular in this category,
a. react-bootstrap
b. reactstrap

300. Can you list down top websites or applications

using react as front end framework?
Below are the top 10 websites using React as their front-end
framework,

i. Facebook
ii. Uber
iii. Instagram
iv. WhatsApp
v. Khan Academy
vi. Airbnb
vii. Dropbox
viii. Flipboard
ix. Netflix
x. PayPal

301. Is it recommended to use CSS In JS technique

in React?
React does not have any opinion about how styles are defined but if
you are a beginner then good starting point is to define your styles in a
separate *.css file as usual and refer to them using className. This
functionality is not part of React but came from third-party libraries.
But If you want to try a different approach(CSS-In-JS) then styled-
components library is a good option.
302. Do I need to rewrite all my class components
with hooks?
No. But you can try Hooks in a few components(or new components)
without rewriting any existing code. Because there are no plans to
remove classes in ReactJS.

303. How to fetch data with React Hooks?

The effect hook called useEffect can be used to fetch data from an API
and to set the data in the local state of the component with the
useState hook’s update function.

Here is an example of fetching a list of react articles from an API using

fetch.

import React from "react";

function App() {
const [data, setData] = React.useState({ hits: [] });

React.useEffect(() => {
fetch("http://hn.algolia.com/api/v1/search?query=react")
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => setData(data))
}, []);

return (
<ul>
{data.hits.map((item) => (
<li key={item.objectID}>
<a href={item.url}>{item.title}</a>
</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

export default App;

A popular way to simplify this is by using the library axios.

We provided an empty array as second argument to the useEffect hook

to avoid activating it on component updates. This way, it only fetches
on component mount.
304. Is Hooks cover all use cases for classes?
Hooks doesn't cover all use cases of classes but there is a plan to add
them soon. Currently there are no Hook equivalents to the
uncommon getSnapshotBeforeUpdate and componentDidCatch li
fecycles yet.

305. What is the stable release for hooks support?

React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks in 16.8 release
for below packages

i. React DOM
ii. React DOM Server
iii. React Test Renderer
iv. React Shallow Renderer

306. Why do we use array destructuring (square

brackets notation) in useState?
When we declare a state variable with useState, it returns a pair — an
array with two items. The first item is the current value, and the
second is a function that updates the value. Using [0] and [1] to access
them is a bit confusing because they have a specific meaning. This is
why we use array destructuring instead.

For example, the array index access would look as follows:

var userStateVariable = useState("userProfile"); // Returns an array

pair
var user = userStateVariable[0]; // Access first item
var setUser = userStateVariable[1]; // Access second item

Whereas with array destructuring the variables can be accessed as

follows:

const [user, setUser] = useState("userProfile");

307. What are the sources used for introducing

hooks?
 Hooks got the ideas from several different sources. Below are some of
them,

i. Previous experiments with functional APIs in the react-future

repository
ii. Community experiments with render prop APIs such as Reactions
Component
iii. State variables and state cells in DisplayScript.
iv. Subscriptions in Rx.
v. Reducer components in ReasonReact.

308. How do you access imperative API of web

components?
Web Components often expose an imperative API to implement its
functions. You will need to use a ref to interact with the DOM node
directly if you want to access imperative API of a web component. But
if you are using third-party Web Components, the best solution is to
write a React component that behaves as a wrapper for your Web
Component.

309. What is formik?

Formik is a small react form library that helps you with the three major
problems,

i. Getting values in and out of form state

ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission

310. What are typical middleware choices for

handling asynchronous calls in Redux?
Some of the popular middleware choices for handling asynchronous
calls in Redux eco system are Redux Thunk, Redux Promise, Redux Saga.
311. Do browsers understand JSX code?
No, browsers can't understand JSX code. You need a transpiler to
convert your JSX to regular Javascript that browsers can understand.
The most widely used transpiler right now is Babel.

312. Describe about data flow in react?

React implements one-way reactive data flow using props which
reduce boilerplate and is easier to understand than traditional two-way
data binding.

313. What is react scripts?

The react-scripts package is a set of scripts from the create-react-app
starter pack which helps you kick off projects without configuring.
The react-scripts start command sets up the development
environment and starts a server, as well as hot module reloading.

314. What are the features of create react app?

Below are the list of some of the features provided by create react app.

i. React, JSX, ES6, Typescript and Flow syntax support.

ii. Autoprefixed CSS
iii. CSS Reset/Normalize
iv. A live development server
v. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for
coverage reporting
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with
hashes and sourcemaps
vii. An offline-first service worker and a web app manifest, meeting
all the Progressive Web App criteria.
315. What is the purpose of renderToNodeStream
method?
The ReactDOMServer#renderToNodeStream method is used to generate
HTML on the server and send the markup down on the initial request
for faster page loads. It also helps search engines to crawl your pages
easily for SEO purposes. Note: Remember this method is not available
in the browser but only server.

316. What is MobX?

MobX is a simple, scalable and battle tested state management
solution for applying functional reactive programming (TFRP). For
reactJs application, you need to install below packages,

npm install mobx --save

npm install mobx-react --save

317. What are the differences between Redux and

MobX?
Below are the main differences between Redux and MobX,

Topic Redux MobX

It is a javascript library for It is a library for reactively

Definition managing the application managing the state of your
state applications

Programmin
It is mainly written in ES6 It is written in JavaScript(ES5)
g

There is only one large store There is more than one store for
Data Store
exist for data storage storage

Mainly used for large and

Usage Used for simple applications
complex applications
 Topic Redux MobX

Performance Need to be improved Provides better performance

How it stores Uses JS Object to store Uses observable to store the data

318. Should I learn ES6 before learning ReactJS?

No, you don’t have to learn es2015/es6 to learn react. But you may
find many resources or React ecosystem uses ES6 extensively. Let's
see some of the frequently used ES6 features,

i. Destructuring: To get props and use them in a component

ii. // in es 5
iii. var someData = this.props.someData;
iv. var dispatch = this.props.dispatch;
v.
vi. // in es6
const { someData, dispatch } = this.props;

vii. Spread operator: Helps in passing props down into a component

viii. // in es 5
ix. <SomeComponent someData={this.props.someData}
dispatch={this.props.dispatch} />
x.
xi. // in es6
<SomeComponent {...this.props} />

xii. Arrow functions: Makes compact syntax

xiii. // es 5
xiv. var users = usersList.map(function (user) {
xv. return <li>{user.name}</li>;
xvi. });
xvii. // es 6
const users = usersList.map((user) => <li>{user.name}</li>);

319. What is Concurrent Rendering?

The Concurrent rendering makes React apps to be more responsive by
rendering component trees without blocking the main UI thread. It
allows React to interrupt a long-running render to handle a high-
 priority event. i.e, When you enabled concurrent Mode, React will keep
an eye on other tasks that need to be done, and if there's something
with a higher priority it will pause what it is currently rendering and let
the other task finish first. You can enable this in two ways,

// 1. Part of an app by wrapping with ConcurrentMode

<React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>
<Something />
</React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>;

// 2. Whole app using createRoot

ReactDOM.unstable_createRoot(domNode).render(<App />);

320. What is the difference between async mode

and concurrent mode?
Both refers the same thing. Previously concurrent Mode being referred
to as "Async Mode" by React team. The name has been changed to
highlight React’s ability to perform work on different priority levels. So
it avoids the confusion from other approaches to Async Rendering.

321. Can I use javascript urls in react16.9?

Yes, you can use javascript: URLs but it will log a warning in the
console. Because URLs starting with javascript: are dangerous by
including unsanitized output in a tag like <a href> and create a security
hole.
const companyProfile = {
website: "javascript: alert('Your website is hacked')",
};
// It will log a warning
<a href={companyProfile.website}>More details</a>;

Remember that the future versions will throw an error for javascript
URLs.

322. What is the purpose of eslint plugin for

hooks?
 The ESLint plugin enforces rules of Hooks to avoid bugs. It assumes
that any function starting with ”use” and a capital letter right after it is
a Hook. In particular, the rule enforces that,

i. Calls to Hooks are either inside a PascalCase function (assumed

to be a component) or another useSomething function (assumed
to be a custom Hook).
ii. Hooks are called in the same order on every render.

323. What is the difference between Imperative

and Declarative in React?
Imagine a simple UI component, such as a "Like" button. When you tap
it, it turns blue if it was previously grey, and grey if it was previously
blue.

The imperative way of doing this would be:

if (user.likes()) {
if (hasBlue()) {
removeBlue();
addGrey();
} else {
removeGrey();
addBlue();
}
}

Basically, you have to check what is currently on the screen and

handle all the changes necessary to redraw it with the current state,
including undoing the changes from the previous state. You can
imagine how complex this could be in a real-world scenario.

In contrast, the declarative approach would be:

if (this.state.liked) {
return <blueLike />;
} else {
return <greyLike />;
}

Because the declarative approach separates concerns, this part of it

only needs to handle how the UI should look in a sepecific state, and is
therefore much simpler to understand.
 324. What are the benefits of using typescript with
reactjs?
Below are some of the benefits of using typescript with Reactjs,

i. It is possible to use latest JavaScript features

ii. Use of interfaces for complex type definitions
iii. IDEs such as VS Code was made for TypeScript
iv. Avoid bugs with the ease of readability and Validation

325. How do you make sure that user remains

authenticated on page refresh while using Context
API State Management?
When a user logs in and reload, to persist the state generally we add
the load user action in the useEffect hooks in the main App.js. While
using Redux, loadUser action can be easily accessed.

App.js

import { loadUser } from "../actions/auth";

store.dispatch(loadUser());

 But while using Context API, to access context in App.js, wrap the
AuthState in index.js so that App.js can access the auth context. Now
whenever the page reloads, no matter what route you are on, the user
will be authenticated as loadUser action will be triggered on each re-
render.

index.js

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import App from "./App";
import AuthState from "./context/auth/AuthState";

ReactDOM.render(
<React.StrictMode>
<AuthState>
<App />
</AuthState>
</React.StrictMode>,
document.getElementById("root")
);

App.js
const authContext = useContext(AuthContext);

const { loadUser } = authContext;

useEffect(() => {
loadUser();
}, []);

loadUser

const loadUser = async () => {

const token = sessionStorage.getItem("token");

if (!token) {
dispatch({
type: ERROR,
});
}
setAuthToken(token);

try {
const res = await axios("/api/auth");

dispatch({
type: USER_LOADED,
payload: res.data.data,
});
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
};

326. What are the benefits of new JSX transform?

There are three major benefits of new JSX transform,

i. It is possible to use JSX without importing React packages

ii. The compiled output might improve the bundle size in a small
amount
iii. The future improvements provides the flexibility to reduce the
number of concepts to learn React.

327. How is the new JSX transform different from

old transform??
 The new JSX transform doesn’t require React to be in scope. i.e, You
don't need to import React package for simple scenarios.

Let's take an example to look at the main differences between the old
and the new transform,

Old Transform:

import React from "react";

function App() {
return <h1>Good morning!!</h1>;
}

Now JSX transform convert the above code into regular JavaScript as
below,

import React from "react";

function App() {
return React.createElement("h1", null, "Good morning!!");
}

New Transform:

The new JSX transform doesn't require any React imports

function App() {
return <h1>Good morning!!</h1>;
}

Under the hood JSX transform compiles to below code

import { jsx as _jsx } from "react/jsx-runtime";

function App() {
return _jsx("h1", { children: "Good morning!!" });
}

Note: You still need to import React to use Hooks.

328. How do you get redux scaffolding using

create-react-app?
Redux team has provided official redux+js or redux+typescript
templates for create-react-app project. The generated project setup
includes,
 i. Redux Toolkit and React-Redux dependencies
ii. Create and configure Redux store
iii. React-Redux <Provider> passing the store to React components
iv. Small "counter" example to demo how to add redux logic and
React-Redux hooks API to interact with the store from
components The below commands need to be executed along
with template option as below,
v. Javascript template:

npx create-react-app my-app --template redux

ii. Typescript template:

npx create-react-app my-app --template redux-typescript

329. What are React Server components?

React Server Component is a way to write React component that gets
rendered in the server-side with the purpose of improving React app
performance. These components allow us to load components from the
backend.

Note: React Server Components is still under development and not

recommended for production yet.

330. What is prop drilling?

Prop Drilling is the process by which you pass data from one
component of the React Component tree to another by going through
other components that do not need the data but only help in passing it
around.

331. What is state mutation and how to prevent it?

State mutationhappens when you try to update the state of a
component without actually using setState function. This can happen
when you are trying to do some computations using a state variable
and unknowingly save the result in the same state variable. This is the
main reason why it is advised to return new instances of state
 variables from the reducers by using Object.assign({}, ...) or spread
syntax.

This can cause unknown issues in the UI as the value of the state
variable got updated without telling React to check what all
components were being affected from this update and it can cause UI
bugs.

Ex:

class A extends React.component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
loading: false
}
}

componentDidMount() {
let { loading } = this.state;
loading = (() => true)(); // Trying to perform an operation and
directly saving in a state variable
}

How to prevent it: Make sure your state variables are immutable by
either enforcing immutability by using plugins like Immutable.js,
always using setState to make updates, and returning new instances in
reducers when sending updated state values.

332. What is the difference between useState and

useRef hook?
i. useState causes components to re-render after state updates
whereas useRef doesn’t cause a component to re-render when
the value or state changes. Essentially, useRef is like a “box”
that can hold a mutable value in its (.current) property.
ii. useState allows us to update the state inside components. While
useRef allows referencing DOM elements.

333. What is a wrapper component?

A wrapper in React is a component that wraps or surrounds another
component or group of components. It can be used for a variety of
purposes such as adding additional functionality, styling, or layout to
the wrapped components.
 For example, consider a simple component that displays a message:

const Message = ({ text }) => {

return <p>{text}</p>;
};

We can create a wrapper component that will add a border to the

message component:

const MessageWrapper = (props) => {

return (
<div style={{ border: "1px solid black" }}>
<Message {...props} />
</div>
);
};

Now we can use the MessageWrapper component instead of the

Message component and the message will be displayed with a border:

<MessageWrapper text="Hello World" />

Wrapper component can also accept its own props and pass them
down to the wrapped component, for example, we can create a
wrapper component that will add a title to the message component:

const MessageWrapperWithTitle = ({title, ...props}) => {

return (
<div>
<h3>{title}</h3>
<Message {...props} />
</div>
);
};

Now we can use the MessageWrapperWithTitle component and pass

title props:

<MessageWrapperWithTitle title="My Message" text="Hello World" />

This way, the wrapper component can add additional functionality,

styling, or layout to the wrapped component while keeping the
wrapped component simple and reusable.

334. What are the differences between useEffect

and useLayoutEffect hooks?
 useEffect and useLayoutEffect are both React hooks that can be used
to synchronize a component with an external system, such as a
browser API or a third-party library. However, there are some key
differences between the two:

o Timing: useEffect runs after the browser has finished painting,

while useLayoutEffect runs synchronously before the browser
paints. This means that useLayoutEffect can be used to measure
and update layout in a way that feels more synchronous to the
user.

o Browser Paint: useEffect allows browser to paint the changes

before running the effect, hence it may cause some visual flicker.
useLayoutEffect synchronously runs the effect before browser
paints and hence it will avoid visual flicker.

o Execution Order: The order in which multiple useEffect hooks are

executed is determined by React and may not be predictable.
However, the order in which multiple useLayoutEffect hooks are
executed is determined by the order in which they were called.

o Error handling: useEffect has a built-in mechanism for handling

errors that occur during the execution of the effect, so that it
does not crash the entire application. useLayoutEffect does not
have this mechanism, and errors that occur during the execution
of the effect will crash the entire application.

In general, it's recommended to use useEffect as much as possible,

because it is more performant and less prone to errors.
useLayoutEffect should only be used when you need to measure or
update layout, and you can't achieve the same result using useEffect.

335. What are the differences between Functional

and Class Components?
There are two different ways to create components in ReactJS. The
main differences are listed down as below,

1. Syntax:
The classs components uses ES6 classes to create the components. It
uses render function to display the HTML content in the webpage.

The syntax for class component looks like as below.

class App extends Reacts.Component {
render(){
return <h1>This is a class component</h1>}
}

Note: The Pascal Case is the recommended approach to provide

naming to a component.

Functional component has been improved over the years with some
added features like Hooks. Here is a syntax for functional component.

function App(){
return <div className="App">
<h1>Hello, I'm a function component</h1>
</div>
}

2. State:
State contains information or data about a component which may
change over time.

In class component, you can update the state when a user interacts
with it or server updates the data using the setState() method. The
initial state is going to be assigned in the Constructor( ) method using
the the this.state object and it is possible to different data types in
the this.state object such as string, boolean, numbers, etc. A simple
example showing how we use the setState() and constructor()
class App extends Component {
constructor() {
super();
this.state = {
message: "This is a class component",
};
}
updateMessage() {
this.setState({t
message: "Updating the class component",
});
}
render() {
return (
<>
<h1>{this.state.message}</h1>
<button
onClick={() => {
this.updateMessage();
}}>
Click!!
</button>
</>
 );
}
}

You not use state in functional components because it was only

supported in class components. But over the years hooks have been
implemented in functional component which enable to use state in
functional component too.

The useState() hook can used to implement state in funcitonal

component. It returns an array with two items: the first item is current
state and the next one is a function (setState) that updates the value
of the current state.

Let's see an example to demonstrate the state in functional

components,

function App() {
const [message, setMessage] = useState("This is a functional
component");
const updateMessage = () => {
setMessage("Updating the functional component");
};
return (
<div className="App">
<h1>{message} </h1>
<button onClick={updateMessage}>Click me!!</button>
</div>
);
}

4. Props:
Props are referred to as "properties". The props are passed into react
component just like arguments passed to a function. In otherwords,
they are similar to HTML attributes.

The props are accessible in child class component using this.props as

shown in below example,
class Child extends React.Component {
render() {
return <h1> This is a functional component and component name is
{this.props.name} </h1>;
}
}

class Parent extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<div className="Parent">
<Child name="First child component" />
 <Child name="Second child component" />
</div>
);
}
}

Props in functional components are similar to that of the class

components but the difference is the absence of 'this' keyword.

function Child(props) {
return <h1>This is a child component and the component name
is{props.name}</h1>;
}

function Parent() {
return (
<div className="Parent">
<Child name="First child component" />
<Child name="Second child component" />
</div>
);
}

336. What is strict mode in React?

`React.StrictMode` is a useful component for highlighting potential problems
in an application. Just like `<Fragment>`, `<StrictMode>` does not render any
extra DOM elements. It activates additional checks and warnings for its
descendants. These checks apply for _development mode_ only.

```jsx harmony
import React from "react";

function ExampleApplication() {
return (
<div>
<Header />
<React.StrictMode>
<div>
<ComponentOne />
<ComponentTwo />
</div>
</React.StrictMode>
<Header />
</div>
);
}
```

In the example above, the _strict mode_ checks apply to `<ComponentOne>` and
`<ComponentTwo>` components only. i.e., Part of the application only.
**[ ](#table-of-contents)**

337. What is the benefit of strict mode?

The will be helpful in the below cases,

i. Whenever the component

ii. Identifying components with unsafe lifecycle methods.

iii. Warning about legacy string ref API usage.

iv. Detecting unexpected side effects.

v. Detecting legacy context API.

vi. Warning about deprecated findDOMNode usage

336. Why does strict mode render twice in React?

StrictMode renders components twice in development mode(not
production) in order to detect any problems with your code and warn
you about those problems. This is used to detect accidental side
effects in the render phase. If you used create-react-app development
tool then it automatically enables StrictMode by default.
ReactDOM.render(
<React.StrictMode>
{App}
</React.StrictMode>,
document.getElementById('root')
);

If you want to disable this behavior then you can remove strict mode.
ReactDOM.render(
{App},
document.getElementById('root')
);

To detect side effects the following functions are invoked twice:

i. Class component constructor, render, and

shouldComponentUpdate methods
ii. Class component static getDerivedStateFromProps method
iii. Function component bodies
iv. State updater functions
 v. Functions passed to useState, useMemo, or useReducer (any
Hook)

Disclaimer
The questions provided in this repository are the summary of frequently
asked questions across numerous companies. We cannot guarantee that
these questions will actually be asked during your interview process, nor
should you focus on memorizing all of them. The primary purpose is for you
to get a sense of what some companies might ask — do not get discouraged
if you don't know the answer to all of them — that is ok!

Good luck with your interview 😊

Source: https://github.com/sudheerj/reactjs-interview-questions