Answer sheet
Paper solving-2
Section-A
1. C. Iv, ii, iii,I
2. B) I, II III, IV
3. The Napoleonic Code
4. Matternich
5. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
6. Poona pact
Section-B
1. (i) The Greek war of independence was the major event that mobilised the nationalist
feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greek had been part of the Ottoman
Empire since the fifteenth century.
(ii) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks, which began in 1821.
(iii) The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in war, where he died of
fever in 1824.
(iv) Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople officially recognised Greece as an independent nation
in 1832.
2. Through the spread of a predominantly English Culture a new British Nation was
created.
(i) The ancient nations only survived as subordinate partners in this union because the symbols
of the new Britain- the British flag, the national song, and the English language-were extensively
promoted.
(ii) The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a
protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation- state, with England at its centre,
came to be forged.
(iii) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the
United kingdom of Great Britain.
3. (i) The main objective of the treaty was to restore the monarchies that had been
overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe. According to this
treaty, the Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was
restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in
future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set in the north and
Genoa 105 was added to Piedmont in the south.
4. (i) The first Satyagraha movement inspired by Mahatma Gandhi occurred in Champaran
district of Bihar in the year 5. 1917.
(ii) In 1917, Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against
the oppressive planation system.
5. Following were the two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) Failure of the Simon Commission: The Simon Commission was constituted in
response to the nationalist movement. But the Commission failed to satisfy the Indian people
and the leaders. All the parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in
the demonstrations.
(ii) Rejection of Gandhi's Eleven Demands: On 31st January, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi,
in a statement, put forward eleven demands to correct the wrongs done to gais the Indians. He
cautioned the Viceroy that the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign, if these
demands were not fulfilled by 11th March, 1930. However, Gandhi's demands were declared to
be unrealistic by the Viceroy.
6. (i) FICCI wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign
exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(ii) FICCI supported the Civil Disobedience Movement for criticising the colonial control over the
Indian economy.
(iii) FICCI believed that the force of this movement and self-determination would end the
colonial restrictions on business.
7. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag with red, green and yellow
colours was designed. It had 8 lotuses which represented 8 provinces and a crescent moon
representing Hindus and Muslims.
Section-C
1. Ans. (i) Otto Von Bismarck, the chief minister of Prussia, was the architect of unification
process, which he carried out with the assistance of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
(ii) Three wars over a period of seven years with Austria, Denmark and France
were won by Prussia and completed the process of unification.
(iii) In January 1871, the Prussian King William I was proclaimed as German Emperor in a
ceremony hold at Versailles.
2. ) (i) Rich Peasantry Group: The Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh
demanded reduction in revenue and participated in the boycott programmes.
(ii) Poor Peasantery Group: They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted and
joined a variety of radical movements often led by socialists and communists.
(iii) Merchants and Industrialists: Under the leadership of prominant industrialists like
Purashottamdas Thakardas and G.D. Birla, they formed the FICCI in 1927. They wanted
protection against imports of foreign goods and a Rupee- Sterling foreign exchange ratio. They
gave financial assistance to the movement and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
(iv) Industrial Workers: They did not participate in this movement in large numbers, except in the
Nagpur region. They adopted boycott of foreign goods, against law wages and poor working
conditions.
(v) Women: They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth
and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
3. Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw theNon-Cooperation Movement because:
(i) In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful mob turned violent and non clashed with
the police resulting in the death of several policemen.
(ii) Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and satyagrahis needed. proper training
before they were ready for a mass struggle.
Due to these reasons, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation on
Movement in 1922.
4. The First Word War created a new economic and political situation in India because:
(i) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans.
(ii) Taxes were increased, custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
(iii) Through the war years, prices increased doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading
to hardship for common people.
(iv) The failure of crops in many parts of India had created food shortage.
(v) The Nationalist Movement grew stronger during the war years.
5. Plantation workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's thoughts and
the notion of Swaraj.
(i) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers of Assam were not permitted to
leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.
(ii)For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village twhich
they belonged.
(iii) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be granted land in their own
village
6.. The implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India are
discussed below:
Economic
(i) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(ii) Through the war years prices increased-doubled between 1913 and E 1918-leading to
extreme hardship for the common people.
(iii) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas
caused widespread anger.
Political
(i)Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
(ii) The failure of the crops in many parts of India had created food shortages, leading to the
added misery of the people.
(iii) There was the outbreak of the great influenza epidemic. Millions of people perished due to
influenza and starvation.
Conclusion : As a result nationalist movements grew in the country.
7
7. Ans. Great economic hardships were faced bythe people of Europe in 1930s. Some of
thedifficulties that they faced were:
(i) The ratio of the rise of population was larger than that of employment generation. People
from rural areas were migrating to cities in search of employment, which was not easily
ubor available because of overcrowding.
(ii) Small producers in towns (especially textile producing industries) were often
overthrown by the cheap machines. They faced stiff competition from the imports from England.
(iii) Peasants still suffered under the burden of feudal dues and obligations in some regions of
Europe. Rise of food prices and unemployment led to widespread pauperism in the country.
8. Ans. In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlatt Act (1919). Despite opposition by Indian National Congress, the Act was passed and it
gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities.
(i) in This act had been hurriedly passed though the Imperial Legislative Council
despite the united opposition from the Indian members.
(ii) It gave the goverment enormous powers repress political activities.
(iii) The colonial government allowed art detention of political prisoners without trial for two
years.
9. Ans. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a vital role
in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle. It can be described in the following points: b
(i) Identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata created by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. He also wrote 'Vande Matram' as a hymn to the motherland.
(ii) In the same way khadi and charkha used to by Mahatma Gandhi became symbol of
agitation and resistance.
10. Follow the notes.
Section-D
1. The business class actively participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(i) Indian merchants and businessmen wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a
rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(ii) To organise their business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial
Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of commerce and Industries
(FICCI) in 1927.
(iii) Under the leadership of Purushottam Thakurdas and G.D. Birla, they attacked colonial
control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) They also gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
(v) Most of them came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business no longer
exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
2. Workers interpreted Mahatma Gandhi's call for Swaraj in diverse ways.
(i) For plantation workers in Assam, the concept of Swaraj meant maintaining their connection to
their home villages and having the freedom to enter and exit the confined area where they were
employed.
(ii) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.
(iii) When they heard of the Non- Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the
authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
(iv) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own
villages.
(v) They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and
steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
3. There are several ways in which the people of different regions combined to form a
national identity:
(i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised by the image of Bharat Mata.
(ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland.
(iii) Later his novel, Anandamath played an important role in spreading nationalist fervour in the
nation.
(iv) Moved by the Swadeshi Movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata and
portrayed it as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
(vi) Icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
(vii) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was
designed.
(viii) Through reinterpretation of history, the Indians began feeling that to instil a sense of pride
in the nation.
4. Ans. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that created
a sense of collective identity amongst the French people:
(i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was inemienor chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the
nation.
(v) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all the
citizens within its territory.
(vi) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
(vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris,
became the common language of the nation.
5. (i) Since the Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited mostly to cities and towns, Gandhiji felt the
need to launch a more broad-based movement in India.
(ii) But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus
and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this was to take up the Khilafat issue.
(iii) Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First world War. There were rumours about a
harsh peace treaty to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor; who was the spiritual head of the
Islamic world (the Khalifa). A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to
defend the Khalifa.
(iv) This Committee had young Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
They began discussing with Gandhiji about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
(v) Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national
movement. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other
leaders about the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for
Swaraj.
6. (i) There was a large-scale participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) During Gandhiji's Salt-March, thousand of women out of their homes to listen to him.
(iii) They participated protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor
shops. Many went to jail.
(iv) In urban areas, belonged to high-caste families, while in rural areas, they belonged to rich
peasant households.
(v) Inspired by Gandhiji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of
women.
7. (i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a in powerful symbol that could unite out the nation. On
31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
(ii) The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
(iii) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most
essential items of food.
(iv) The tax on salt gave the government monopoly over its production. Gandhiji declared Salt
Law as the most oppressive face of British rule.
8. The Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite
across Europe are discussed below:
(i) Greek nationalists received support from other Greeks living in exile.
(ii) Many western Europeans had a natural sympathy due to the ancient Greek culture.
(iii) Greece was viewed as a part of Europe that had been annexed by Ottomans and now
needed to be liberated.
(iv) Greece perceived as the foundation and cradle of civilisation in Europe by poets and artists
and this led to a rise in nationalist consciousness.
(v) The treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
9. The 'Civil Disobedience Movement boycotted foreign cloth and picketed liquor shops.
Peasants refused to pay revenue and taxes, village officials resigned. The Colonial
Government repressed the members participating in movement.
(i) In many places, forest people violated forest laws by going into reserved forests to collect
wood and graze cattle. Worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting
the Congress leader one by one. This lead to violent clashes in many places.
(ii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple was arrested in April 1930. Many people were killed
who protested it.
(iii) When Mahatma Gandhi was arrested, industrial workers of Sholapur attacked police posts,
municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations.
(iv) British government was worried and frightened by these development of movement and it
followed a policy of brutal repression.
(v) Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about one lac
people were arrested.
Section-E
1.) Swadeshi refers to using goods and services from one's own nation. In India, it was a
movement for national independence that promoted the use of native goods like khadi, while
promoting the boycott of imported cloth. It also promoted large-scale demonstrations where a lot
of people gathered to spread awareness and demanded swaraj.
2) From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined because produce from Chinese and
Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to
cloth production. As a result, cotton piece goods production in India doubled between 1900 and
1912.
(3) (i) First World War (1914-1919): The war created a dramatically new situation. With British
mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India
declined. Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
(ii) Swadeshi Movement: As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum, nationalists
mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves to their
collective interests, pressurising the government increase tariff protection and grant other
concessions.
2. (.1) Gandhiji successfully fought against the racist regime with a novel method
of mass agitation, which he called Satyagraha.
(2) Satyagraha is considered as a pure soul- force because the idea of Satyagraha emphasised
the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That
is why this force is called Satyagraha.
3) (i) According to Gandhiji,"Passive resistance is not the weapon of the weak but it can be used
by the Preden strong".
(iii) It was considered as an intense qub activity. He further related it with Satyagraha which was
not based on qo any ill-will.
3. 1 People identified nation on the basis of a combination of shared features such as language,
history, ethnicity, culture and territory.
2 The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many
different groups together and connected to the anti- colonial movement.
.3 In India, people developed a sense tuodenaile of collective belonging which came through the
experience of united struggles against the British rule and colonialism.
