GANGJUNG DRIVING CENTRE OF

EXCELLENCE

THEORY REFERENCE BOOK

FOR TRAINEE
 Pre-Driving Check

Three ways to conduct Pre-Driving Check:

Exterior Check:
1. Registration plate (Numbers clearly visible of number)
2. Body damage
3. Tire pressure, safe tread depth & wheel nuts
4. Check your lighting system regularly
5. Wind screen, windows & side mirrors
6. Any leakage of water & Lubricant
Under Bonnet Check:
1. Check the level of engine oil, coolant , brake fluid, clutch fluid & Power steering oil.
2. Fan belt condition and tension
3. Clean battery, terminal poles
4. Level of electrolyte in the battery
5. Air filter element
Interior Check:
1. Working condition of wind screen wipers
2. Condition of seat belt
3. Free play of clutch and brake pedal
4. Steering wheel free play
5. Seat Belt
6. Vehicle documents while travelling:
a. Registration certificate
b. Driving license
c. Certificate of roadworthiness
d. Insurance certificate and
e. Emission test certificate
7. Tools & Spare tires
8. Rear view mirror
9. First Aid Box
 Vehicle Control System

Accelerator:
* A pedal for increasing or decreasing engine speed.
Brake:
* Its an essential safety element of the vehicle and they are intended to reduce the speed and to stop the vehicle.
Clutch:
* It is a mechanism by means of which engine is connected or disconnect from the rest of the transmission.
Gear:
* A device for changing the ratio between engine revolution and driving wheels revolution.
Steering:
*To control the directions of the vehicle ( Right & Left ).

Lighting System
1. Head Light
2. Brake light
3. Reverse gear light
4. Side light
5. Right hand side indicator
6. Left hand side indicator
7. Hazard light
8. Number plate light
9. Roof /Door light
10. Panel/Warning lamp
11. Fog light (Optional)
1. Side light:
* Side lights are used while stopping/standing at the side of the road at night.
* Always make sure to put off your head lights and keep the side lights ON when you stop for short
duration, like talking in the cell phone, waiting for your friends OR drop your friends in order to give
clear way to vehicle coming from opposite direction or vehicles behind you.
2. Head light:
▪ Head lights are used while driving at night
There are two beams in the head light:
▪ High beam & Low beam (150M & 110M)
▪ High beams are used while driving in the high way.
▪ Low beams are used when driving in city/town and when there is a vehicle coming from opposite direction
to give way with in 200 meters.
▪ You must also have red rear lights (Tail Lamp) that can be seen 150 meters away and a white light lighting
the rear license plate (Number plate light) when headlights are on.
3. Brake:
▪ Brake lights are also a part of indicator to the vehicle coming from behind.
▪ If the brake lights are not in condition there is chance of accident when you make a sudden stop/braking.
▪ Always keep the brake lights in good condition.

4. Right Indicator 5. Left Indicator

1. Before turning towards right. 1. Before turning to left side.
2. While coming out from left hand side parking slot. 2. To enter in a parking slot (LHS).
3. Lane change towards right. 3. To let pass the vehicle from behind.
4. To change the lane on highways.
Reverse Gear Light:
▪ Reverse gear lights are used when you intend to reverse your car.
▪ Reverse gear is also a indication to the other drivers.
▪ It is also a type of alarm to the other road users while reversing your car.

Hazard Light:
▪ Hazard lights are known as the emergency light.
▪ Hazard lights are used while you are in emergency.

Performing Parking
&
Post Parking Procedure

➢ Parking is done when you intend to stop your vehicle other than to allow passengers to get in or alight, or
for rapid loading and unloading of goods.
➢ Parking must be done only in those areas where it is permitted.
➢ If the parking area is marked, the vehicle must remain within that area, otherwise the vehicle should be
parked as close as possible to the footpath or edge of the road as possible.
➢ Before parking all driver should be aware of parking space.
➢ Do not waste space, but park so as to allow others to open doors or move off.

Types of Parking
1. Angle parking
2. Perpendicular Parking
3. Parallel or Block parking
 Traffic Light Signal
▪ In developed countries, the movement of vehicles is controlled with the traffic lights installed at
various junction and intersection, which may be automatic but operated by human being. Traffic
lights are usually RED,YELLOW and GREEN in colors. Different colors of traffic light gives
different information to the road users as follows:
* RED – STOP
* YELLOW – GET READY
* GREEN - MOVE

Traffic Hand Signal

▪ Some times we have use the hand signal looking into the situation of the road condition and
vehicle either from oncoming OR from behind.

STOP LEFT RIGHT

 Traffic Sign and Signal
▪ There are Three types of internationally accepted road signs which is mandatory for all the driver to follow
while driving a motor vehicle.
▪ They are found erected on the road side with appropriate height as set by Authority.

MANDATORY
Mandatory/Regulatory Signs:
• These signs are either mandatory or prohibitory. The Mandatory signs give instruction to road user about what
they must do and must not do.
• The mandatory signs are found in round/circular shape.
CAUTIONARY SIGN:
• These Signs call for your attention/warning regarding the conditions of the road, which are dangerous for
traffic. Road user must get alerted with these signs and take adequate caution to avoid accidents.
• Cautionary signs are all triangular in shape.
INFORMATION SIGN
Information/Guidance sign:
• This sign provides information to the drivers on the direction, destination, distances, road side facilities and etc.
• Informatory signs are all rectangular in shape.

▪ Culvert C39/1
▪ Brace Wall B39/1
▪ Retaining Wall R39/1

❖ To identify or locate the accident spot

 MANDATORY SIGNS

U-turn No Parking No standing

Tractors Prohibited
Prohibite
d

Restriction Ends One Way

Right turn Prohibited Trucks Prohibited

No Entry Bullock Carts Prohibited Right & U turn Prohibited All motor vehicle
Prohibited
 Length Limit Axle load limit Load Limit
Buses
Prohibited

Maximum width limit Cycles Prohibited Hand Carts Tonga's Prohibited

Prohibited

Horn Prohibited Height Limit

Left Turn Prohibited
Two Wheelers Prohibited Pedestrian prohibited
Overtaking prohibited Straight prohibited

Stop Maximum speed limit Minimum Speed limit Bus way

Compulsory cyclist and Compulsory turn right Pass either side Compulsory Turn Left
Pedestrian route
 Compulsory Ahead OR
Compulsory Horn Compulsory Ahead or
Compulsory Straight turn left
Ahead turn right

Compulsory Cycle track Compulsory keep left Compulsory Snow Chain

 CAUTIONARY SIGN

Cross roads Ahead Two way traffic on cross Queues Likely Ahead Deaf people likely
roads ahead on road

Staggered Intersection Narrow Bridge Ahead Sudden side winds Danger Warning ahead
ahead

Opening or Swing
Road Widens ahead Falling Rocks ahead Y–Intersection ahead Bridge ahead
Traffic Signals ahead Run Way Left hand curve T- intersection ahead
ahead

Rough road OR Speed

Lane closed Right reverse bends Pedestrian
Breaker ahead
(Four lane carriageway) ahead Crossing ahead

Tunnel ahead Y-Intersection-RHS Loose gravels Major Road Ahead

Cattle crossing Blind person likely on road River Bank Ahead
Slippery Road ahead

Dangerous ditch Merging Traffic Ahead Start of Dual

Staggered Intersection Carriageway

Cycle crossing Gap in median Two way operations Steep Ascent ahead
 Y-Intersection-LHS End of dual carriageway Barrier ahead Narrow Road ahead

Dangerous Dip ahead Left Hairpin Bend ahead Ferry crossing ahead Right Hairpin Bend

Overhead Cables Trams Crossing Wild Animals Left reverse bend ahead
 Roundabout Major Road crossing School ahead Built up area
Ahead

Slippery Road Due Steep Descent Playground Ahead Men at Work ahead
to Ice

Unguarded rail way track Guarded rail way track

 INFORMATORY SIGN

Police Station Ahead Ramped Entrance Airport Hospital

to Subway Over
Bridge

Toll Road ahead Eating Place Railway & Metro Station Bus Stop
Resting Place No through Side Road Exit Ramp for End of Expressway
Expressway

Taxi Stand Golf Course Taxi Parking U Turn Ahead

 Expressway Home Zone Repair Facility No through Road

Country Border Two wheelers Parking Picnic Site Emergency Exit

Telephone booth Light refreshment Different lane

 Identify Road Marking
Road Marking:
▪ The main function of road marking are to guide the safe and smooth flow of traffic.
ZEBRA CROSSING STOP/SPEED BRAKER CENTER LINE LANE LINES

GIVE WAY

No over taking

Edge Lines

BARRIER LINES Danger zone

Fuel Filters:
A fuel filter is a filter in a fuel line that screens out dirt and dust particles from the fuel, and is normally made
into cartridges containing a filter paper. They are found in most internal combustion engines.

Types of Fuel Filters

1. Petrol Filter p
2. Diesel Filter
The symptoms of bad fuel filter:
1. Poor Engine Performance.
2. Hard Starting.
3. Stalling.
4. Random Misfire or Rough Idle.
5. Fuel System Part Failures.
Note:
▪ If your filter is nylon or paper, you should just replace it with a new one. If it's made of metal and isn't
too grimy, you can clean and reuse it.

Care and maintenance of tire

▪ Changing tire isn`t a difficult job ONLY IF you knows the procedure
▪ Should know the size of the tire
▪ Cause of tire wear
▪ Method of changing tire
▪ Using of jack and handling tools
▪ Position of vehicle is very important before changing tire

Tire Problems to Look For During a Visual Inspection

1. Over inflation: Too much air pressure causes mostly the tire’s middle section to contact the road. This
creates wear primarily in the center of the tread, with less wear at the tire’s edges.
2. Under inflation: Too little air pressure causes mostly the tire’s outer edges to contact the road. This creates
wear primarily on both edges of the tire tread, with less wear in the center.
3. Tread wear on one edge of the tire: This typically occurs when the wheels are out of alignment.
4. Erratic tread wear: This is often called cupping, and may mean the wheel is out of balance, or that the
shock absorbers or other suspension components need to be replaced.
5. Raised portion of the tread or sidewall: May indicate that one of the belts in the tire carcass has separated
from those next to it.
Tire & Wheel Rim Balancing
▪ Properly balanced tires help minimize uneven wear and extend their life. When tires are balanced, small
weights are attached to the wheels to limit vibration of the tire and wheels as they turn. Newly installed tires
should be balanced, and thereafter whenever a vibration is noticed. Balancing is also called for whenever a
tire is removed from the wheel, for example to repair a puncture.

Wheel Alignment
▪ Wheel alignment is the measurement of the position of the wheels compared to specifications that the
vehicle manufacturers recommend. Each vehicle has specific wheel alignment settings. If any alignment
measurement falls outside the specified range, uneven tire wear can result, vehicle handling may be affected
and fuel economy can be diminished.

An incorrectly inflated tire can cause:

➢ Decreased thread life
➢ Decreased fuel mileage
➢ Abnormal thread wear
➢ Ply and thread separations
➢ Sidewall flex breaks
➢ Loose vehicle controls
➢ Accidents

OBSERVE RIGHT WAY OF RULES

❖ Round about
❖ T-junction
❖ Y-Intersection
❖ Cross roads
❖ Zebra crossing
❖ Lane changing
 ROUND ABOUT
While approaching the round about:
▪ Be vigilant to see the movement of vehicles.
▪ Always make sure to slow down your car when you come across the round about.
▪ Minimize your gear.
▪ Give exit signal just before you exit the roundabout.
▪ A driver entering a traffic circle, or rotary, must yield the right of way to drivers already in the circle.
▪ Follow the right of way correctly.

NOTE
Do not stop inside the roundabout.
Do not follow the vehicle too closely.

ROUND ABOUT RULES

▪ A channelized intersection at which all the traffic moves clockwise around a central island.
▪ It helps you but understand it and follow.

PURPOSE OF ROUND ABOUT

▪ To reduce/slow down the speed.

▪ To maintain smooth flow of the traffic.
▪ To provide clear-cut right of ways.
▪ To reduce human errors on traffic controls.
▪ To reduce accidents through confusions ?
At the T-Intersection you must give way to :

❖ Any vehicles on the continuing road.

❖ Any vehicles turning Right.
❖ Any pedestrian crossing the road.
Y-INTERSECTION

At Cross Road
❖ Give way to all vehicles that are approaching from your right. ( It doesn’t matter whether you are
going straight, turning left, right, or whether the vehicle is going straight through turning right)

DISCIPLINE & QUALITY OF GOOD DRIVER DEFINITION OF “DRIVER”

D- DISCIPLINE

▪ Road & Traffic Discipline

▪ Dress code
▪ Good Manner
▪ Punctuality
▪ Helpful to passengers
R-Responsibility
▪ Keeping vehicle in good conditions
▪ Transport people & goods safely
▪ Timely renewal of vehicle documents.
I-Intelligent
▪ Must have some skills to make minor repairs (changing of Tire etc).
▪ Common sense.
▪ Able to read and write.
▪ To drive vehicle as per the condition of road.
▪ To read the traffic signs.
V-Vigilant
▪ Watchful, always alert while driving.
E-Efficient
▪ Professional, competent driver.
R-ROBUST
▪ Healthy, strong & tough.
FOLLOW TRAFFIC REGULATION
“DOS & DON‘TS”
Areas permitted to STOP vehicle:

➢ Stop Signs
➢ Zebra crossing
➢ Emergency and VIP vehicle
➢ Vehicle coming in convoy
➢ Vehicle coming up hill
➢ Children crossing
➢ Always stop your vehicle when stopped by an authorized person
➢ Ask for identification if desired / RSTA or Traffic police,
➢ Passengers/Drivers seeking help at the time of accident
Areas not permitted to STOP your vehicle:
➢ No stop Signs
➢ Bridges
➢ Sharp turns and bends
➢ Middle of the road
➢ Cross road or road intersection
➢ Near vehicles carrying dangerous goods

Places where you may be permitted to honk:

➢ Horn Signs
➢ Sharp turns & bends
➢ Children crossing
➢ To take over moving vehicle
➢ Men at work
➢ Foggy area

Places where you are not allowed to honk laces where you are not allowed to honk:
➢ No horn Signs
➢ Near Dzongs, Lhakhangs & meditation site
➢ Near Hospital / School
➢ To tease side walkers
➢ Towns
➢ VIP areas
➢ Must not honk when you are behind VIP & emergency vehicle.

Defensive Driving

➢ Organizing and planning all together will groom our future and will have successful life ahead.
➢ If not well planned and organized we may fail in our life time.
Speed Limit as per RSTA act
• 30 Km per hour in built up area.
• 35 Km per hour for MV and HV vehicles.
• 40 Km per hour for TW and Light vehicles or as set by the Authority as per road sign.

FOUR WHEEL DRIVE(4WD)

▪ Four wheel drive are found in vehicles only if equipped.
▪ 4WD is used depending the road conditions.
▪ Method of engaging and disengaging 4WD in different type of vehicle is performed as per the operating manual
book.
▪ Make sure to disengage the 4WD soon after crossing the adverse road.
▪ Usually the 4WD is used in the following roads if necessary:
a) Icy/snow road
b) On the muddy/slippery road
c) Sandy road
d) Rough/loose grabbles road and
e) River crossing

Types of Lubricant and fluid

▪ Engine Oil
▪ Gear Oil
▪ Power Steering Oil
▪ Coolant / Water
▪ Brake & Clutch Fluid
▪ Differential Oil
▪ A C Fluid
▪ Grease (MP & WB)
 FUEL SAVING TIPS FOR DRIVERS
1. Avoid High Speeds
2. Do not accelerate or Brake Hard
3. Keep Tires Properly Inflated
4. Use of A/C
5. Keep Windows Closed
6. Service Vehicle Regularly
7. Avoid Heavy Loads
8. Avoid Long Idles
9. Purchase a Fuel Efficient Vehicle
Main Parts of Vehicle

1. Chassis
2. Engine
3. Gearbox
4. Axel ( Front & Rear )
5. F.I.P ( Fuel Injection Pump )

Evacuation method

➢ Self safety is very important

➢ We should be very cautious
➢ Don’t get nervous
➢ Don’t make noise OR shout
➢ Find out how you can evacuate victims from the spot
➢ You will learn more in the first aid programmed
 Main Causes of Motor Vehicle Accidents

1) Over speeding
2) Driving under influence of alcohol & other abusive substances
3) Over loading / load not secured
4) Mechanical failure
5) Not following traffic rules
6) Fatigue driving
7) Unfavorable weather condition

Managing emergency situation

Report emergencies:
1. Hospital ( Ambulance )
2. Traffic
3. Fire
4. Power

Emergency numbers and help lines Toll Free Number

1. Hospital ( Ambulance ) 112
2. Traffic 111
3. Fire 110
4. Power 1250
5. City police 113
Securing Accident Sites:

Use of 4 Ps
1) Paper
2) Physical
3) People
4) Picture

Safety Factors

❑ Traffic
❑ Power lines
❑ Chemical spillage
❑ Fire
❑ Safety circle

THANK YOU