Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc....

Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

Strategy for integrating

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

We use substitution:
If n is odd (that is if the power of cosine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = sin x, du = cos xdx and convert the remaining factors of cosine using
cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x. This will work even if m = 0.
Example Z
sin5 x cos3 xdx

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

Strategy for integrating

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

We use substitution:
If n is odd (that is if the power of cosine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = sin x, du = cos xdx and convert the remaining factors of cosine using
cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x. This will work even if m = 0.
Example Z
sin5 x cos3 xdx

I Let u = sin(x), du = cos x dx, cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x = 1 − u 2 .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

Strategy for integrating

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

We use substitution:
If n is odd (that is if the power of cosine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = sin x, du = cos xdx and convert the remaining factors of cosine using
cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x. This will work even if m = 0.
Example Z
sin5 x cos3 xdx

I Let u = sin(x), du = cos x dx, cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x = 1 − u 2 .

sin5 x cos3 xdx = sin5 x cos2 x cos x dx = (sin5 x)(1 − sin2 x) cos x dx.
R R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

Strategy for integrating

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

We use substitution:
If n is odd (that is if the power of cosine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = sin x, du = cos xdx and convert the remaining factors of cosine using
cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x. This will work even if m = 0.
Example Z
sin5 x cos3 xdx

I Let u = sin(x), du = cos x dx, cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x = 1 − u 2 .

sin5 x cos3 xdx = sin5 x cos2 x cos x dx = (sin5 x)(1 − sin2 x) cos x dx.
R R R
I
6 8 6 8
= u 5 (1 − u 2 ) du = u 5 − u 7 du = u6 − u8 + C = sin6 x − sin8 x + C .
R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

The substitution u = sin x works even if m = 0 and we have an odd power of

cosine. R
Example cos5 x dx.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

The substitution u = sin x works even if m = 0 and we have an odd power of

cosine. R
Example cos5 x dx.
5
= cos4 x cos x dx = (cos2 x)2 cos x dx =
R R R
R cos x dx
I
2 2
(1 − sin x) cos x dx.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

The substitution u = sin x works even if m = 0 and we have an odd power of

cosine. R
Example cos5 x dx.
5
= cos4 x cos x dx = (cos2 x)2 cos x dx =
R R R
R cos x dx
I
2 2
(1 − sin x) cos x dx.
I Let u = sin x, du = cos x dx.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where n is odd.

R

The substitution u = sin x works even if m = 0 and we have an odd power of

cosine. R
Example cos5 x dx.
5
= cos4 x cos x dx = (cos2 x)2 cos x dx =
R R R
R cos x dx
I
2 2
(1 − sin x) cos x dx.
I Let u = sin x, du = cos x dx.
I Then
cos5 x dx = (1 − sin2 x)2 cos x dx = (1 − u 2 )2 du = 1 − 2u 2 + u 4 du
R R R R

u3 u5 sin3 x sin5 x
=u−2 + + C = sin x − 2 + + C.
3 5 3 5

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where m is odd.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If m is odd (that is if the power of sine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = cos x, du = − sin xdx and convert the remaining factors of sine using
sin2 x = 1R− cos2 x. This will work even if n = 0.
Example sin5 x cos4 xdx . (Note that the power of cosine is even here, so the
substitution u = sin x will not work.)

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where m is odd.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If m is odd (that is if the power of sine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = cos x, du = − sin xdx and convert the remaining factors of sine using
sin2 x = 1R− cos2 x. This will work even if n = 0.
Example sin5 x cos4 xdx . (Note that the power of cosine is even here, so the
substitution u = sin x will not work.)
I Let u = cos(x), du = − sin x dx, sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x = 1 − u 2 .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where m is odd.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If m is odd (that is if the power of sine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = cos x, du = − sin xdx and convert the remaining factors of sine using
sin2 x = 1R− cos2 x. This will work even if n = 0.
Example sin5 x cos4 xdx . (Note that the power of cosine is even here, so the
substitution u = sin x will not work.)
I Let u = cos(x), du = − sin x dx, sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x = 1 − u 2 .
sin5 x cos4 xdx = sin4 x cos4 x sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 (cos4 x) sin x dx.
R R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where m is odd.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If m is odd (that is if the power of sine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = cos x, du = − sin xdx and convert the remaining factors of sine using
sin2 x = 1R− cos2 x. This will work even if n = 0.
Example sin5 x cos4 xdx . (Note that the power of cosine is even here, so the
substitution u = sin x will not work.)
I Let u = cos(x), du = − sin x dx, sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x = 1 − u 2 .
sin5 x cos4 xdx = sin4 x cos4 x sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 (cos4 x) sin x dx.
R R R
I

= R (1 − cos2 x)2 cos4 x sin x dx = (1 − u 2 )2 u 4 (−1 du) =

R R
I
2 4 4
− (1 − 2u + u )u du

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where m is odd.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If m is odd (that is if the power of sine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = cos x, du = − sin xdx and convert the remaining factors of sine using
sin2 x = 1R− cos2 x. This will work even if n = 0.
Example sin5 x cos4 xdx . (Note that the power of cosine is even here, so the
substitution u = sin x will not work.)
I Let u = cos(x), du = − sin x dx, sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x = 1 − u 2 .
sin5 x cos4 xdx = sin4 x cos4 x sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 (cos4 x) sin x dx.
R R R
I

= R (1 − cos2 x)2 cos4 x sin x dx = (1 − u 2 )2 u 4 (−1 du) =

R R
I
2 4 4
− (1 − 2u + u )u du
h 5 7 9
i
= − u 4 − 2u 6 + u 8 du = − u5 − 2 u7 + u9 + C
R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where m is odd.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If m is odd (that is if the power of sine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = cos x, du = − sin xdx and convert the remaining factors of sine using
sin2 x = 1R− cos2 x. This will work even if n = 0.
Example sin5 x cos4 xdx . (Note that the power of cosine is even here, so the
substitution u = sin x will not work.)
I Let u = cos(x), du = − sin x dx, sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x = 1 − u 2 .
sin5 x cos4 xdx = sin4 x cos4 x sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 (cos4 x) sin x dx.
R R R
I

= R (1 − cos2 x)2 cos4 x sin x dx = (1 − u 2 )2 u 4 (−1 du) =

R R
I
2 4 4
− (1 − 2u + u )u du
h 5 7 9
i
= − u 4 − 2u 6 + u 8 du = − u5 − 2 u7 + u9 + C
R
I
h 5 7 9
i
I = − cos5 x − 2 cos7 x + cos9 x + C .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where m is odd.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If m is odd (that is if the power of sine is odd) we can use substitution with
u = cos x, du = − sin xdx and convert the remaining factors of sine using
sin2 x = 1R− cos2 x. This will work even if n = 0.
Example sin5 x cos4 xdx . (Note that the power of cosine is even here, so the
substitution u = sin x will not work.)
I Let u = cos(x), du = − sin x dx, sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x = 1 − u 2 .
sin5 x cos4 xdx = sin4 x cos4 x sin x dx = (sin2 x)2 (cos4 x) sin x dx.
R R R
I

= R (1 − cos2 x)2 cos4 x sin x dx = (1 − u 2 )2 u 4 (−1 du) =

R R
I
2 4 4
− (1 − 2u + u )u du
h 5 7 9
i
= − u 4 − 2u 6 + u 8 du = − u5 − 2 u7 + u9 + C
R
I
h 5 7 9
i
I = − cos5 x − 2 cos7 x + cos9 x + C .
I Note the substitution u = Rcos x will work for odd powers of the sine
function. See for example sin3 x dx in the extra examples at the end of
your notes.
Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals
Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If both powers are even we reduce the powers using the half angle formulas:
1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
Alternatively, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using
cos2 x + sin 2
R x 2= 1 and use the reduction formulas from the previous section.
Example sin x cos2 xdx .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If both powers are even we reduce the powers using the half angle formulas:
1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
Alternatively, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using
cos2 x + sin 2
R x 2= 1 and use the reduction formulas from the previous section.
Example sin x cos2 xdx .
2 2
R R 1 1
Rsin x cos 2xdx = [ 2 (1 − cos 2x)][ 2 (1 + cos 2x)] dx =
I
1
4
[1 − cos (2x)] dx

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If both powers are even we reduce the powers using the half angle formulas:
1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
Alternatively, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using
cos2 x + sin 2
R x 2= 1 and use the reduction formulas from the previous section.
Example sin x cos2 xdx .
2 2
R R 1 1
Rsin x cos 2xdx = [ 2 (1 − cos 2x)][ 2 (1 + cos 2x)] dx =
I
1
4
[1 − cos (2x)] dx
I Now we can use the half angle formula again: cos2 (2x) = 12 (1 + cos 4x).

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If both powers are even we reduce the powers using the half angle formulas:
1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
Alternatively, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using
cos2 x + sin 2
R x 2= 1 and use the reduction formulas from the previous section.
Example sin x cos2 xdx .
2 2
R R 1 1
Rsin x cos 2xdx = [ 2 (1 − cos 2x)][ 2 (1 + cos 2x)] dx =
I
1
4
[1 − cos (2x)] dx
I Now we can use the half angle formula again: cos2 (2x) = 12 (1 + cos 4x).
R“ ” R“ ”
sin2 x cos2 xdx = 14 1 − cos2 (2x) dx = 41 1 − [ 12 (1 + cos 4x)] dx
R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If both powers are even we reduce the powers using the half angle formulas:
1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
Alternatively, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using
cos2 x + sin 2
R x 2= 1 and use the reduction formulas from the previous section.
Example sin x cos2 xdx .
2 2
R R 1 1
Rsin x cos 2xdx = [ 2 (1 − cos 2x)][ 2 (1 + cos 2x)] dx =
I
1
4
[1 − cos (2x)] dx
I Now we can use the half angle formula again: cos2 (2x) = 12 (1 + cos 4x).
R“ ” R“ ”
sin2 x cos2 xdx = 14 1 − cos2 (2x) dx = 41 1 − [ 12 (1 + cos 4x)] dx
R
I

= 14 12 − 12 cos 4x dx = 18 1 − cos 4x dx = x8 − sin324x + C

R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

If both powers are even we reduce the powers using the half angle formulas:
1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x) cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2
Alternatively, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using
cos2 x + sin 2
R x 2= 1 and use the reduction formulas from the previous section.
Example sin x cos2 xdx .
2 2
R R 1 1
Rsin x cos 2xdx = [ 2 (1 − cos 2x)][ 2 (1 + cos 2x)] dx =
I
1
4
[1 − cos (2x)] dx
I Now we can use the half angle formula again: cos2 (2x) = 12 (1 + cos 4x).
R“ ” R“ ”
sin2 x cos2 xdx = 14 1 − cos2 (2x) dx = 41 1 − [ 12 (1 + cos 4x)] dx
R
I

= 14 12 − 12 cos 4x dx = 18 1 − cos 4x dx = x8 − sin324x + C

R R
I

See also the examples sin4 x cos2 x dx and sin2 x dx in the extra
R R
I
problems at the end of your notes.
Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals
Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

Note If both powers are even, as an alternative to using the half angle
formulas, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
and use the reduction formulas which can be derived using integration by parts:
Z Z
1
cosn x = [cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1) cosn−2 xdx]
n
Z Z
−1
sinn xdx = [sinn−1 x cos x − (n − 1) sinn−2 xdx]
n
sin2 x cos2 xdx .
R
Example

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

Note If both powers are even, as an alternative to using the half angle
formulas, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
and use the reduction formulas which can be derived using integration by parts:
Z Z
1
cosn x = [cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1) cosn−2 xdx]
n
Z Z
−1
sinn xdx = [sinn−1 x cos x − (n − 1) sinn−2 xdx]
n
Example sin2 x cos2 xdx .
R

sin2 x cos2 xdx = [1 − cos2 x][cos2 x] dx = [cos2 x − cos4 (x)] dx

R R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and n are even.

R

Z
sinm x cosn xdx

Note If both powers are even, as an alternative to using the half angle
formulas, you can switch to powers of sine and cosine using cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
and use the reduction formulas which can be derived using integration by parts:
Z Z
1
cosn x = [cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1) cosn−2 xdx]
n
Z Z
−1
sinn xdx = [sinn−1 x cos x − (n − 1) sinn−2 xdx]
n
Example sin2 x cos2 xdx .
R

sin2 x cos2 xdx = [1 − cos2 x][cos2 x] dx = [cos2 x − cos4 (x)] dx

R R R
I

I We can then integrate cos2 x using the half angle formula and reduce the
integral of cos4 x to that of cos2 x using the reduction formula above.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m is even and m > 0, use substitution with u = tan x, and use one factor of
sec2 x for du = sec2 dx. Use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to convert the remaining
factors of sec2 x to a function of u = tan x. This works even if n = 0 as long as
m ≥ 4. R
Example sec4 x tan xdx

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m is even and m > 0, use substitution with u = tan x, and use one factor of
sec2 x for du = sec2 dx. Use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to convert the remaining
factors of sec2 x to a function of u = tan x. This works even if n = 0 as long as
m ≥ 4. R
Example sec4 x tan xdx
sec4 x tan xdx = sec2 x sec2 x tan x dx.
R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m is even and m > 0, use substitution with u = tan x, and use one factor of
sec2 x for du = sec2 dx. Use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to convert the remaining
factors of sec2 x to a function of u = tan x. This works even if n = 0 as long as
m ≥ 4. R
Example sec4 x tan xdx
sec4 x tan xdx = sec2 x sec2 x tan x dx.
R R
I

I Let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx, sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m is even and m > 0, use substitution with u = tan x, and use one factor of
sec2 x for du = sec2 dx. Use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to convert the remaining
factors of sec2 x to a function of u = tan x. This works even if n = 0 as long as
m ≥ 4. R
Example sec4 x tan xdx
sec4 x tan xdx = sec2 x sec2 x tan x dx.
R R
I

I Let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx, sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.

sec2 x sec2 x tan x dx = [1 + tan2 x] tan x sec2 x dx = [1 + u 2 ]u du
R R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m is even and m > 0, use substitution with u = tan x, and use one factor of
sec2 x for du = sec2 dx. Use sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x to convert the remaining
factors of sec2 x to a function of u = tan x. This works even if n = 0 as long as
m ≥ 4. R
Example sec4 x tan xdx
sec4 x tan xdx = sec2 x sec2 x tan x dx.
R R
I

I Let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx, sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.

sec2 x sec2 x tan x dx = [1 + tan2 x] tan x sec2 x dx = [1 + u 2 ]u du
R R R
I
2 4 2 4
= [u + u 3 ] du = u2 + u4 + C = tan2 x + tan4 x + C .
R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If n is odd and m ≥ 1 use substitution with u = sec x, du = sec x tan x, and

convert remaining powers of tan to a function of u using tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
This works as long as m ≥ 1.

sec3 x tan xdx.

R
Example

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If n is odd and m ≥ 1 use substitution with u = sec x, du = sec x tan x, and

convert remaining powers of tan to a function of u using tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
This works as long as m ≥ 1.

sec3 x tan xdx.

R
Example
sec x tan xdx = sec2 x sec x tan x dx.
3
R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If n is odd and m ≥ 1 use substitution with u = sec x, du = sec x tan x, and

convert remaining powers of tan to a function of u using tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
This works as long as m ≥ 1.

sec3 x tan xdx.

R
Example
sec x tan xdx = sec2 x sec x tan x dx.
3
R R
I

I Let u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If n is odd and m ≥ 1 use substitution with u = sec x, du = sec x tan x, and

convert remaining powers of tan to a function of u using tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
This works as long as m ≥ 1.

sec3 x tan xdx.

R
Example
sec x tan xdx = sec2 x sec x tan x dx.
3
R R
I

I Let u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx.

3
sec2 x sec x tan x dx = u 2 du = u3 + C
R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If n is odd and m ≥ 1 use substitution with u = sec x, du = sec x tan x, and

convert remaining powers of tan to a function of u using tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
This works as long as m ≥ 1.

sec3 x tan xdx.

R
Example
sec x tan xdx = sec2 x sec x tan x dx.
3
R R
I

I Let u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx.

3
sec2 x sec x tan x dx = u 2 du = u3 + C
R R
I

sec3 x
I = 3
+ C.
See also sec3 x tan5 x dx in the extra examples.
R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
boxed secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m odd and n is even we can reduce to powers of secant using the identity
sec2 x = 1 +R tan2 x.
Example sec x tan2 xdx (see integral of sec x and sec3 x below.)

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
boxed secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m odd and n is even we can reduce to powers of secant using the identity
sec2 x = 1 +R tan2 x.
Example sec x tan2 xdx (see integral of sec x and sec3 x below.)
sec x tan2 xdx = sec x[sec2 x − 1] dx = sec3 x − sec x dx.
R R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
boxed secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m odd and n is even we can reduce to powers of secant using the identity
sec2 x = 1 +R tan2 x.
Example sec x tan2 xdx (see integral of sec x and sec3 x below.)
sec x tan2 xdx = sec x[sec2 x − 1] dx = sec3 x − sec x dx.
R R R
I

I You will see how to calculate these integrals in the ”powers of Secant”
section below.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
boxed secm x tann xdx

Strategy for integrating

Z
secm x tann xdx

If m odd and n is even we can reduce to powers of secant using the identity
sec2 x = 1 +R tan2 x.
Example sec x tan2 xdx (see integral of sec x and sec3 x below.)
sec x tan2 xdx = sec x[sec2 x − 1] dx = sec3 x − sec x dx.
R R R
I

I You will see how to calculate these integrals in the ”powers of Secant”
section below.
See also sec3 x tan2 x dx in the extra examples.
R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R R R
sin(mx) cos(nx)dx, sin(mx) sin(nx)dx, cos(mx) cos(

To evaluate
Z Z Z
sin(mx) cos(nx)dx sin(mx) sin(nx)dx cos(mx) cos(nx)dx

we reverse the identities

sin((m − n)x) = sin(mx) cos(nx) − cos(mx) sin(nx)
sin((m + n)x) = sin mx cos nx + sin nx cos mx
cos((m − n)x) = cos(mx) cos(nx) + sin(nx) sin(mx)
cos((m + n)x) = cos(mx) cos(nx) − sin(nx) sin(mx)
to get
1ˆ ˜
sin(mx) cos(nx) = sin((m − n)x) + sin((m + n)x
2
1ˆ ˜
sin(mx) sin(nx) = cos((m − n)x) − cos((m + n)x
2
1ˆ ˜
cos(mx) cos(nx) = cos((m − n)x) + cos((m + n)x
2
Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals
Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
sin(mx) cos(nx)dx.

R
Example sin 7x cos 3xdx

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
sin(mx) cos(nx)dx.

R
Example sin 7x cos 3xdx
1
ˆ ˜
I We use sin(mx) cos(nx) = 2
sin((m − n)x) + sin((m + n)x .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
sin(mx) cos(nx)dx.

R
Example sin 7x cos 3xdx
We use sin(mx) cos(nx) = 12 sin((m − n)x) + sin((m + n)x .
ˆ ˜
I

sin 7x cos 3xdx = 21 sin(4x) + sin(10x) dx

R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
sin(mx) cos(nx)dx.

R
Example sin 7x cos 3xdx
We use sin(mx) cos(nx) = 12 sin((m − n)x) + sin((m + n)x .
ˆ ˜
I

sin 7x cos 3xdx = 21 sin(4x) + sin(10x) dx

R R
I
h i
cos(4x) cos(10x)
I = −12 4
+ 10
+ C.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

R
sin(mx) cos(nx)dx.

R
Example sin 7x cos 3xdx
We use sin(mx) cos(nx) = 12 sin((m − n)x) + sin((m + n)x .
ˆ ˜
I

sin 7x cos 3xdx = 21 sin(4x) + sin(10x) dx

R R
I
h i
cos(4x) cos(10x)
I = −12 4
+ 10
+ C.
R R
I Also see cos(8x) cos(2x) dx and sin(x) sin(2x) dx in the extra
examples.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant

Example Z
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C

Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant

Example Z
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C

“ ”
sec x+tan x sec2 x+sec x tan x
R R R
I sec xdx = sec x sec x+tan x
dx = sec x+tan x
dx

Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant

Example Z
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C

“ ”
sec x+tan x sec2 x+sec x tan x
R R R
I sec xdx = sec x sec x+tan x
dx = sec x+tan x
dx
I Using the substitution u = sec x + tan x, we get du = sec2 x + sec x tan x
giving us that the above integral is
Z
1
du = ln |u| = ln | sec x + tan x| + C .
u

Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant
Example Z
sec3 xdx

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant
Example Z
sec3 xdx

I We use integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx. We get

du = sec x tan x dx and v = tan x.

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant
Example Z
sec3 xdx

I We use integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx. We get

du = sec x tan x dx and v = tan x.
sec3 xdx = sec2 x sec x dx = sec x tan x − tan2 x sec x dx
R R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant
Example Z
sec3 xdx

I We use integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx. We get

du = sec x tan x dx and v = tan x.
sec3 xdx = sec2 x sec x dx = sec x tan x − tan2 x sec x dx
R R R
I

= sec x tan x − (sec2 x −1) sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + sec x dx

R R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant
Example Z
sec3 xdx

I We use integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx. We get

du = sec x tan x dx and v = tan x.
sec3 xdx = sec2 x sec x dx = sec x tan x − tan2 x sec x dx
R R R
I

= sec x tan x − (sec2 x −1) sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + sec x dx

R R R
I

Solving for sec3 x dx, we get

R
I
Z Z
sec x tan x 1 sec x tan x 1
sec3 xdx = + sec1 xdx = + ln | sec x+tan x|+C .
2 2 2 2

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Secant
Example Z
sec3 xdx

I We use integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx. We get

du = sec x tan x dx and v = tan x.
sec3 xdx = sec2 x sec x dx = sec x tan x − tan2 x sec x dx
R R R
I

= sec x tan x − (sec2 x −1) sec x dx = sec x tan x − sec3 x dx + sec x dx

R R R
I

Solving for sec3 x dx, we get

R
I
Z Z
sec x tan x 1 sec x tan x 1
sec3 xdx = + sec1 xdx = + ln | sec x+tan x|+C .
2 2 2 2

I In fact for n ≥ 3, we can derive a reduction formula for powers of sec in

this way:

secn−2 x tan x
Z Z
n−2
secn xdx = + secn−2 xdx.
n−1 n−1

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Tangent
Z
tann xdx

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Tangent
Z
tann xdx

sin x
R R
I tan xdx= cos x
dx

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Tangent
Z
tann xdx

sin x
R R
I tan xdx= cos x
dx
I Using the substitution u = cos x, we get du = − sin x we get

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Tangent
Z
tann xdx

sin x
R R
I tan xdx= cos x
dx
I Using the substitution u = cos x, we get du = − sin x we get
dx = −1
R sin x R
I
cos x u
du = − ln |u| = ln | sec x| + C .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Tangent
Z
tann xdx

sin x
R R
I tan xdx= cos x
dx
I Using the substitution u = cos x, we get du = − sin x we get
dx = −1
R sin x R
I
cos x u
du = − ln |u| = ln | sec x| + C .
tan2 xdx= (sec2 x − 1)dx = tan x − x + C
R R
I

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Tangent
Z
tann xdx

sin x
R R
I tan xdx= cos x
dx
I Using the substitution u = cos x, we get du = − sin x we get
dx = −1
R sin x R
I
cos x u
du = − ln |u| = ln | sec x| + C .
tan2 xdx= (sec2 x − 1)dx = tan x − x + C
R R
I

tan3 xdx= (sec2 x − 1) tan xdx = (sec2 x) tan xdx − tan xdx
R R R R
I
2 2
= tan2 x − ln | sec x| + C = tan2 x + ln | cos x| + C .

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals

Mixed powers of sin and cos Mixed Powers of tan and sec sin(mx) sin(nx) etc.... Powers of Secant Powers of Tangent

Powers of Tangent
Z
tann xdx

sin x
R R
I tan xdx= cos x
dx
I Using the substitution u = cos x, we get du = − sin x we get
dx = −1
R sin x R
I
cos x u
du = − ln |u| = ln | sec x| + C .
tan2 xdx= (sec2 x − 1)dx = tan x − x + C
R R
I

tan3 xdx= (sec2 x − 1) tan xdx = (sec2 x) tan xdx − tan xdx
R R R R
I
2 2
= tan2 x − ln | sec x| + C = tan2 x + ln | cos x| + C .
I In fact for n ≥ 2, we can derive a reduction formula for powers of tan x
using this method:

tann−1 x
Z Z
tann xdx = − tann−2 xdx
n−1

Annette Pilkington Trigonometric Integrals