1 Gear Pumps • Gear pumps are less expensive but limited to pressures below 140 bar. It is noisy in operation than either vane or piston pumps. • Gear pumps are invariably of fixed displacement type, which means that the amount of fluid displaced for each revolution of the drive shaft is theoretically constant.
2 External Gear Pumps • External gear pumps are the most popular hydraulic pumps in low-pressure ranges due to their long operating life, high efficiency and low cost. • They are generally used in a simple machine. The most common form of external gear pump is shown in Fig.
3 External Gear Pumps • The advantages are as follows: 1.They are self-priming. 2.They give constant delivery for a given speed. 3. They are compact and light in weight. 4. Volumetric efficiency is high. • The disadvantages are as follows: 1. The liquid to be pumped must be clean, otherwise it will damage pump. 2. Variable speed drives are required to change the delivery. 3. If they run dry, parts can be damaged because the fluid to be pumped is used as lubricant. 4 Expression for the theoretical flow rate of an external gear pump Theoretical discharge is Do =the outside diameter of gear teeth QT m 3 min V D m 3 rev N (rev min ) Di= the inside diameter of gear teeth L =the width of gear teeth If the gear is specified by its module and N=the speed of pump in RPM number of teeth, then the theoretical VD=the displacement of pump in m/rev discharge can be found by M= module of gear 2 cos 2 20 3 QT m min 2 Lm N z 1 3 2 m min z=number of gear teeth 12 Α = pressure angle Volume displacement is
VD 4 o i L D 2 D 2
5 Internal Gear Pumps • They consist of two gears: An external gear and an internal gear. • The crescent placed in between these acts as a seal between the suction and discharge. • When a pump operates, the external gear drives the internal gear and both gears rotate in the same direction. The fluid fills the cavities formed by the rotating teeth and the stationary crescent.
6 Internal Gear Pumps • The fluid volume is directly proportional to the degree of separation and these units may be reversed without difficulty. • The major use for this type of pump occurs when a through shaft is necessary, as in an automatic transmission. • These pumps have a higher pressure capability than external gear pumps.
7 Gerotor Pumps • Gerotor pumps operate in the same manner as internal gear pumps. The inner gear rotor is called a gerotor element. • The teeth of the two elements engage at just one place to seal the pumping chambers from each other. • The geometric volume of the gerotor pump is given as VD= bZ (Amax- Amin)
where b is the tooth height, Z is the number of rotor teeth, Amax is the maximum area between male and female gears (unmeshed – occurs at inlet) and Amin is the minimum area 8 between male and female gears (meshed – occurs at outlet). Example • A gear pump has an outside diameter of 80mm, inside diameter of 55mm and a width of 25mm. If the actual pump flow is 1600 RPM and the rated pressure is 95 LPM what is the volumetric displacement and theoretical discharge. • Solution: We have Theoretical flow rate Outside diameter Do= 80mm QT = π/4 x (D2o – D2i ) x L x N Inside diameter Di= 55 mm QT = π/4 x (0.08 2 -0.055 2 ) x 0.025 x1600 Width d= 25mm QT = 0.106 m3 /min Speed of pump N = 1600 RPM Actual flow rate = 95 LPM Now QA= 95 LPM = 95 x 10-3 m3 /min VD= π/4 x (D2o – D2i ) x L VD= π/4 x (0.08 2 -0.055 2 ) x 0.025 VD = 6.627 x 10-5 m3 /rev 9 Lobe Pumps • The operation of lobe pump is similar to that of external gear pump, but they generally have a higher volumetric capacity per revolution. • The output may be slightly greater pulsation because of the smaller number of meshing elements. • Lobe pumps, unlike external gear pumps, have both elements externally driven and neither element has any contact with the other. For this reason, they are quieter when compared to other types of gear pumps. • Lobe pumps are frequently used in food applications because they are good at handling solids without inflicting damage to the product. 10 Lobe Pumps Advantages 1. Lobe pumps can handle solids, slurries, pastes and many liquid. 2. No metal-to-metal contact. Applications 3. Superior CIP(Cleaning in Place) 1. Polymers. /SIP(Sterilization in Place) capabilities. 2. Paper coatings. 4. Long-term dry run (with lubrication to 3. Soaps and surfactants. seals). 4. Paints and dyes. 5. Non-pulsating discharge. 5. Rubber and adhesives. Disadvantages 6. Pharmaceuticals. 1. Require timing gears. 7. Food applications. 2. Require two seals. 3. Reduced lift with thin liquids. 11 Screw Pumps • These pumps have two or more gear-driven helical meshing screws in a closefitting case to develop the desired pressure. These screws mesh to form a fluid-type seal between the screws and casing. • Here the fluid does not rotate but moves linearly as a nut on threads. Thus, there are no pulsations at a higher speed; it is a very quiet operating • The volumetric displacement sin 2 V D D d s D 2 2 2 s 4 2 2 D d the stroke length cos 2D
12 Screw Pumps • Advantages 1. They are self-priming and more reliable. 2. They are quiet due to rolling action of screw spindles. 3. They can handle liquids containing gases and vapor. 4. They have long service life. The disadvantages are as follows: 1. They are bulky and heavy. 2. They are sensitive to viscosity changes of the fluid. 3. They have low volumetric and mechanical efficiencies. 4. Manufacturing cost of precision screw is high.
13 Vane Pumps • There are two types of vane pumps: 1. Unbalanced vane pump: Unbalanced vane pumps are of two varieties: • Unbalanced vane pump with fixed delivery. • Unbalanced vane pump with pressure-compensated variable delivery. 2. Balanced vane pump.
14 Vane Pumps • Unbalanced Vane Pump with Fixed Delivery
15 Vane Pumps • Balanced Vane Pump with Fixed Delivery • balanced vane pump is a very versatile design that has found widespread use in both industrial and mobile applications.
16 Vane Pumps Advantages 1. Vane pumps are self-priming, robust and supply constant delivery at a given speed. 2. They provide uniform discharge with negligible pulsations. 3. Their vanes are self-compensating for wear and vanes can be replaced easily. 4. These pumps do not require check valves. 5. They are light in weight and compact. 6. They can handle liquids containing vapors and gases. 7. Volumetric and overall efficiencies are high. 8. Discharge is less sensitive to changes in viscosity and pressure variations. The disadvantages 1. Relief valves are required to protect the pump in case of sudden closure of delivery. 2. They are not suitable for abrasive liquids. 3. They require good seals. 4. They require good filtration systems and foreign particle can severely damage pump. 17 Vane Pumps Advantages and disadvantages of balanced vane pumps The advantages 1. The balanced pump eliminates the bearing side loads and therefore high operating pressure can be used. 2.The service life is high compared to unbalanced type due to less wear and tear. The disadvantages 1. They are fixed displacement pumps. 2. Design is more complicated. 3. Manufacturing cost is high compared to unbalanced type. 18 Vane Pumps • Expression for the Theoretical Discharge of Vane Pumps : • Let DC be the diameter of a cam ring in m, DR the diameter of rotor in m, L the width of rotor in m, e the eccentricity in m, VD the pump volume displacement in m3/rev and emax the maximum possible eccentricity in m. • The maximum possible eccentricity, DC D R e max • The maximum value of eccentricity 2 produces the maximum volumetric V D max 4 D 2 C D R L 2
displacement V D max Dc D R Dc D R L 4 V D max Dc D R 2e max L 4 The actual volumetric displacement occurs when Theoretical discharge emax =e V D max DC D R eL 3 m rev QT DC D R eL m 3 min 2 2 19 Example • A vane pump has a rotor diameter of 63.5 mm, a cam ring diameter of 88.9 mm and a vane width of 50.8 mm. What must be eccentricity for it to have a volumetric displacement of 115 cm3? V D max DC D R eL m 3 rev 2 115 106 0.0889 0.0635 e 0.0508 2 e 9.456mm
20 Piston Pumps • Piston pumps are of the following two types: 1. Axial piston pump: These pumps are of two designs: • Bent-axis-type piston pump. • Swash-plate-type piston pump. 2. Radial piston pump.
21 Bent-Axis-Type Piston Pump • It contains a cylinder block rotating with a drive shaft. • The piston rods are connected to the drive shaft flange by a ball and socket joints. • The pistons are forced in and out of their bores as the distance between the drive shaft flange and cylinder block changes. • The volumetric displacement of the pump depends on the offset angle θ. • For a fixed displacement, units are usually provided with 230 or 300 offset angles. 22 Swash-Plate-Type Piston Pump • In this type, the cylinder block and drive shaft are located on the same centerline. • The pistons are connected to a shoe plate that bears against an angled swash plate. • This type of pump can also be designed to have a variable displacement capability. The maximum swash plate angle is limited to 17.5° by construction.
23 Volumetric Displacement and Theoretical Flow Rate of an Axial Piston Pump • Let θ be an offset angle, S the piston stroke in m, D the piston circle diameter, Y the number of pistons, A the piston area in m2, N the piston speed in RPM QT and the theoretical flow rate in S D tan m3/min. The displacement volume of one piston = ASm3 Total displacement volume of Y number of pistons = YASm3 VD = YAS V D Y AD tan m 3 rev Theoretical flow rate is QT DANY tan m 3 min 24 Comparison of Hydraulic Pumps
