1.

Development

NCERT Book EXERCISE

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by

a) Its per capita income
b) Its average literacy level
c) Health status of its people
d) All the above

Ans. d) All the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms human
development than India?
a) Bangladesh
b) Sri Lanka
c) Nepal
d) Pakistan

Ans. b) Sri Lanka

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these
families is Rs. 5000. If the income of three families is Rs. 4000, Rs. 7000 and Rs. 3000
respectively. What is the income of the fourth family?
a) Rs. 7500
b) Rs. 3000
c) Rs. 2000
d) Rs. 6000

Ans. d) Rs. 6000

4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries?
What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Ans. Per capita income has been brought out by the World Bank to classify different
countries-

1) Countries with per capita income of US $ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017 are
called rich countries.

2) Countries with per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
 3) India comes in the category of low-middle income countries because its per capita
income in 2017 was just US $ 1820 per annum.

4) While average income method is useful for comparison it does not tell us how this
income is distributed among people.

5. In what respects is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development different
from the one used by the World Bank?

Ans.

1) The World Bank uses only one criterion i.e. Per Capita Income to classify the countries.
2) The UNDP uses many criteria which include per capita income, health status,
education etc. to classify the countries.
3) This means that the UNDP criteria are more broad-based and give better view of
development than the World Bank.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your
own examples related to development.

Ans.

A. Reasons for using Average income for comparison-

1) While taking total income as comparison, it is the total population that
makes variation and big countries have always higher value than the smaller
countries.
2) So, the average is taken to measure the density of percentages of
improvement.
3) Average income shows per capita income that is average income of a citizen.
It gives an edge over counting total income.
B. Limitations of Average Income-
1) Average value has its limitations as it neglects inequalities. So, the real
situation of improvement is not reflected.
2) While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities.
C. Illustration related to development-
Consider two countries A and B assuming that they have only five citizens each.
Based on the data given in the table below, let us calculate the average income for
both the countries-

Country Monthly income of citizens in2012 (in Rupees)

 I II III IV V Average

A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200 10,000

B 500 500 500 500 48000 10,000

D. Conclusions-
1) Some of us may like to live in country B, if we are assured of being its fifth
citizen. But if there would be a chance to decide our citizenship number, then
most of us will prefer to live in country A.
2) Both the countries have an identical average income, country A is preferred
because it has more equal distribution.
3) In this country, people are neither very rich nor extremely poor, while in
country B most of the citizens are poor and one person is extremely rich.
4) Hence, the average income is useful for comparison; but it does not tell us
how this income is distributed among the people.
7. Kerala with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than
Punjab/Maharashtra. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and
should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Disscuss.

Ans.

1) No, I do not agree, that means income or per capita income alone should not be
used to compare states.
2) Along with per capita income other factors like Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate
and Net Attendance Ratio are also very crucial for overall development.
3) With keeping these factors in mind along with per capita income, Kerala is better
than Punjab or Maharashtra.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could
be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Ans.

1) Present source of energy used by people in India are coal, cow dung, kerosene oil,
petroleum, natural gas, LPG, electricity etc.
2) Fifty years from now, there is a possibility that people will be making use of non-
conventional sources of energy like nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy hydro-
energy etc.
 9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans.

1) Sustainable Development is the process of economic development which aims at

maintaining the quality of life of both present and future generations without
harming natural resources and environment.
2) Currently, reckless exploitation of non- renewable resources is going on to bring
development by all countries developed or developing countries.
3) The stock of natural resources like oil and forests is limited; developing should not
take place at the cost of these scarce natural resources, as they are not renewable in
the near future.
10. “The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the
greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to discussion of
development? Discuss.

Ans.

1) This statement implies that human beings are overusing the natural resources of the
earth in the name of development.
2) Earth provides enough resources to meet the needs of all.
3) But man has become so greedy that for his progress and development involved in
the activities like deforestation, unsustainable fuel wood and fodder extraction,
shifting cultivation, encroachment to forest land, extraction of groundwater in
excess of recharge capacity.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around
you.

Ans. The few examples of environmental degradation that have been observed around us are-

1) Soil erosion
2) Water pollution by use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
3) Groundwater depletion
4) Air pollution and noise pollution by vehicles and factories
5) Felling of trees
6) Uncollected garbage
12. For each of the items given below in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and
which is at the bottom.

Table 1.6 Some Data Regarding India and its Neighbours for 2017:
 Country Per Capita Income Life Expectancy at Mean years of HDI Rank in the Wo
Country in US$ birth schooling
Sri Lanka 11,326 75.5 10.9 76

India 6,353 68.8 6.4 130

Myanmar 5,567 66.7 4.9 148

Pakistan 5,331 66.6 5.2 150

Nepal 2,471 70.6 4.9 149

Bangladesh 3,677 72.8 5.8 136

Ans.

Data Top (Country) Bottom (Country)

a) Per capita income Sri Lanka Nepal
b) Life Expectancy Sri Lanka Pakistan
c) Mean Years…… Sri Lanka Myanmar/Nepal
d) HDI Rank in the world Sri Lanka Pakistan

13. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India(aged 15-49
years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI < 18.5/m² in India. It is based on a survey of
various states for the year 2015/16. Look at the table and answer the following
questions.

State Male (%) Female (%)

Kerala 8.5 10
Karnataka 17 21
Madhya Pradesh 28 28
All States 20 23

1) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

Ans.
 1) Kerala has less percentage of people who are undernourished as compared to
Madhya Pradesh. This means people are able to get required food requirement
in Kerala but not in Madhya Pradesh.
2) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are
undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the
country? Describe in your words.

Ans. There is enough food in the country even then 40 per cent of the people in the
country are under nourished because of the following reasons-

a) There is lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of country. So

many people remain backward and poor so they are unable to get nutritional
food.
b) In most of states, the Public Distribution System does not function properly
and the poor cannot get cheap items, so they remain undernourished.

Additional Questions-

I Very Short Answer Type Questions-

1. Define development.

Ans. Development is a comprehensive term which includes improvement in human welfare,

quality of life, social, political and economic well being.

2. Mention any two developmental goals of landless worker.

Ans.

i. More days of work and better wages

ii. Local schools to provide quality education for their children
iii. No social discrimination
iv. To become leaders in the village
3. What is national development?

Ans. National Development is the ability of a country to improve social, economic and
political well being of its citizens.

4. Define per capita income.

 Ans. When the total national income is divided by the total population, it is called Per
Capita Income or Average Income.

5. What is sustainable development?

Ans. Sustainable Development is the process of economic development which aims at

maintaining the quality of life of both present and future generations without harming
natural resources and environment.

6. Which criterion is used in World Development Report in classifying countries?

Ans. World Bank uses per capita income in classifying countries.

7. Why is per capita income counted in dollar rather than our rupee?

Ans. Dollar is an international currency and better one for comparative analysis than using
rupee because of worldwide acceptance.

8. Mention one single major reason for more dropout ratio in Bihar.

Ans. Poverty may be the single major reason for more dropout ratio in Bihar.

9. Why does Kerala have low Infant Mortality Rate?

Ans. Adequate provision of basic healthcare and educational facilities along with good
infrastructure of healthcare centres are the reasons behind low IMR in Kerala.

10. What does BMI stand for?

Ans. BMI stands for Body Mass Index.

11. Name the international organisation that publishes Human Development Report.

Ans. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) publishes Human Development

Report.

II Short Answer Type Questions-

1. For development people have mix goals. Justify.

Ans.

• Beside seeking more income, people also seek equal treatment, freedom, education,
security, respect for their jobs, peace, a pollution free environment and so on.
• In some cases, other components may become more important than income because
material goods are not all that we need to live.

• It is quality of life that matters most. Quality of life depends on non-material and thus,
for development people look at mixed goals.

• There are many things that are not easily measured, but they mean a lot to our lives.

2. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. Explain by
giving examples.

Ans.

1. Various categories of people will have different set of developmental goals which are
often conflicting. A girl expects equal freedom and opportunities like her brother. Her
brother may not like this.

2. Development perspective is contrasting and conflicting. One such example is, local
public raise voice against Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada River in Gujarat because of
contrast and conflicting aspiration.

3. The industrialists may want more dams but the local community may resent this and
may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their lands.

3. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national
development?

Ans.

1) National Development is the ability of a country to improve social, economic and

political well being of its citizens.
2) Under national development priority is given to those goals which benefit a large
number of people.
3) Economic welfare includes better and equal economic opportunities whereas
political welfare includes providing basic rights to vote, rights to freedom etc.
4) Social welfare includes providing basic amenities like education, potable water,
transportation infrastructure, medical care, etc.

4. Why countries of the Middle-East are not called developed in spite of high per capita
income?
Ans.

1) The countries of Middle East may have very high per capita income due to
revenues from crude oil, but they are otherwise not developed in each sector
except Israel.
2) Their literacy rate, life expectancy at birth and other similar parameters do
no match those of developed countries of the west.
3) Most of the wealth is accumulated in a few hands, so the society has
widespread inequality.
5. Describe any three public facilities needed for development.

Ans. Facilities for the public are provided by the government called as public facilities.
Examples of such facilities are as following-

1) The Public Distribution System, which provides fair average quality of food
grains and other essential items to weaker sections of the society at
subsidized prices.
2) Government schools which provide elementary education up to class 8
totally free for all children up to the age of 14 years.
3) Healthcare in the government hospitals and dispensaries is provided to all at
subsidized rate. This includes outpatient as well as hospitalization facilities.
6. Describe any three criteria used by Human Development Report to classify various
countries.

Ans. The major attributes in making the Human Development Report are-

1) Per capita income- A nation with more PCI will have a population with high
nutritional levels, have healthy people, healthcare facilities will be good and
have more educated people.
2) Educational levels of the people- they will be able to get better jobs and higher
earnings, due to their higher educational status.
3) Health Status- Health will be good and longevity will increase as they will be able
to afford better healthcare facilities. Infant Mortality Rate will also reduce due to
the better healthcare, resulting in further increase in expectancy at birth.
7. Differentiate between Human Development and Economic Development.

Ans. Difference between Human Development and Economic Development:

Human Development Economic Development

1. It is the broader aspect of development as 1. It is a narrow concept as it includes only
it includes monetary as well as non- monetary aspects.
monetary aspects.

2. It is process of both quantitative and 2. It includes only quantitative growth.

qualitative growth.

3. Human Development is end of the final 3. It is a mean to achieve human

goal of all development. development

8. Describe any three features of a developed country.

Ans.

1) Developed countries have high per capita income.

2) These countries have high standard of living.
3) USA, Japan, UK etc. are considered developed countries.
9. Describe the features of sustainable development.

Ans. Features of sustainable development-

1) Efficient use of natural resources- Sustainable development means that natural

resources and environment should be used in an efficient manner as to achieve
long term objective like increase in income and employment, abolition of
poverty, improvement in standard of living.
2) No reduction in the quality of life of the future generation- Sustainable
development aims at making use of natural resources and environment for
raising the existing standard of living in such a way as not to bring down the
quality of life of future generation.
3) No increase in pollution- According to sustainable development avoiding
activities that increases pollution and decreases in quality of life of the future
generation.
4) Does not limit development- Sustainable development does not aim at limiting
economic development. Its objectives are that natural resources and
environment be used in such a way that maintains not only the present but also
the future rate of economic development.
III Long Answer Type Questions-

1. Explain the concept of development with the help of examples.

Ans.

1) Development is a comprehensive term which includes improvement in human

welfare, quality of life, social, political and economic well being.
2) The society has various aspects of development as a reason multifarious
development is required for different people.
3) Development includes freedom, participative involvement, economic equality,
security, life with dignity, etc. into its diversified aspects.
4) Various categories of people will have different set of developmental goals which
are often conflicting. A girl expects equal freedom and opportunities like her
brother. Her brother may not like this.
5) Development perspective is contrasting and conflicting. One such example is,
local public raise voice against Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada River in Gujarat
because of contrast and conflicting aspiration.

2. Explain the components of human development.

Ans. Human development Index studies the following three basic human capabilities-

1) Longevity: Longevity means life expectancy in years of the people of a country.

The greater the life expectancy, the more developed the country is. Life
expectancy in India is 65 years whereas in case of developed countries like that
of Japan it is more than 70 years.
2) Educational Attainment: Knowledge is the second criteria of human
development. It refers to the education attainment by the people of the country
on an average basis. Knowledge is measured by educational attainment i.e. adult
literacy and combined enrolment ratio in primary, secondary and tertiary level.
3) Real Per Capita Income: Per capita income refers to the average income earned
by the people of a country. Increase in real per capita income is considered the
true indicator of human development though it has many limitations.
4) It is surprising to see that a small country in our neighbourhood, Sri Lanka, is
much ahead of India in every aspect. Also, Nepal has half the per capita income
of India, yet it is not far behind India in life expectancy and literacy levels.
5) Many improvements have been suggested in calculating HDI or the Human
development Index and many new components have been added to the Human
Development Report.
3. “Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state
boundaries”. Justify the statement.

Ans.

1) Environmental degradation is now a global issue and discussed and debated over
decades.
2) The matter is that environmental degradation does not restrict to the national or
state boundary which is causing such degradation.
3) Take the example of air pollution- if India is doing much air pollution through
massive thermal power plant and other sources, people of Pakistan and Sri
Lanka, etc. also experience increase in asthma and other lung diseases.
4) Acid rain, climatic change etc. are some issues which are transcontinental in
consequences. Similarly, deforestation in Brazil has caused distribution in rainfall
throughout South America.
5) Now, environmental protection is a major issue and taken seriously by almost all
countries and discussion takes place internationally and among groups of
nations.

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