DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH

Name: _____________________________ Roll No: __________________________________

Signature of Lab Tutor: ____________________ Date: ________________________________

LAB 5: ARRAYS AND CONTROL STATEMENTS REVISITED

OBJECTIVES

 To demonstrate the use of methods, classes and objects in Java.

Class Fundamentals

The most important thing to understand about a class is that it defines a new data type. Once
defined, this new type can be used to create objects of that type. Thus, a class is a template for an
object, and an object is an instance of a class.
A class is declared by use of the class keyword. The classes that have been used up to this point
are actually very limited examples of its complete form. Classes can (and usually do) get much
more complex. A simplified general form of a class definition is shown here:
class classname {
type instance-variable1;
type instance-variable2;
// ...
type instance-variableN;
type methodname1(parameter-list) {
// body of method
}
type methodname2(parameter-list) {
// body of method
}
// ...
type methodnameN(parameter-list) {
// body of method
}
}
The data, or variables, defined within a class are called instance variables. The code is contained
within methods. Collectively, the methods and variables defined within a class are called
members of the class.
A Simple Class
Let’s begin our study of the class with a simple example. Here is a class called Box that defines
three instance variables: width, height, and depth. Currently, Box does not contain any methods .
class Box {
double width;
double height;

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH
double depth;
}
To actually create a Box object, you will use a statement like the following:
Box mybox = new Box(); // create a Box object called mybox
After this statement executes, mybox will be an instance of Box. Thus, it will have “physical”
reality. For the moment, don’t worry about the details of this statement.

Declaring Objects

As just explained, when you create a class, you are creating a new data type. You can use this
type to declare objects of that type. However, obtaining objects of a class is a two-step process.
First, you must declare a variable of the class type. This variable does not define an object.
Instead, it is simply a variable that can refer to an object. Second, you must acquire an actual,
physical copy of the object and assign it to that variable. You can do this using the new operator.
The new operator dynamically allocates (that is, allocates at run time) memory for an object
allocated by new. This reference is then stored in the variable. Thus, in Java, all class objects
must be dynamically allocated.

Introducing Methods

There are some fundamentals that you need to learn now so that you can begin to add methods to
your classes. This is the general form of a method:
type name(parameter-list) {
// body of method
}
Here, type specifies the type of data returned by the method. This can be any valid type,
including class types that you create. If the method does not return a value, its return type must
be void. The name of the method is specified by name. This can be any legal identifier other than
those already used by other items within the current scope. The parameter-list is a sequence of
type and identifier pairs separated by commas. Parameters are essentially variables that receive
the value of the arguments passed to the method when it is called. If the method has no
parameters, then the parameter list will be empty.
Methods that have a return type other than void return a value to the calling routine using the
following form of the return statement:
return value;
Here, value is the value returned.
In the next few sections, you will see how to create various types of methods, including those
that take parameters and those that return values.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH
Constructors

A constructor initializes an object immediately upon creation. It has the same name as the class
in which it resides and is syntactically similar to a method. Once defined, the constructor is
automatically called immediately after the object is created, before the new operator completes.
Constructors look a little strange because they have no return type, not even void. This is because
the implicit return type of a class’ constructor is the class type itself. It is the constructor’s job to
initialize the internal state of an object so that the code creating an instance will have a fully
initialized, usable object immediately.

Task 1: Write a program to print the area of a rectangle by creating a class named 'Area' having
two methods. First method named as 'setDim' takes length and breadth of rectangle as parameters
and the second method named as 'getArea' returns the area of the rectangle. Length and breadth
of rectangle are entered through keyboard.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH
Task 2: Assign and print the roll number, phone number and address of two students having
names "Sam" and "John" respectively by creating two objects of class 'Student'.

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Task 3: Write a program to print the area of two rectangles having sides (4,5) and (5,8)
respectively by creating a class named 'Rectangle' with a method named 'Area' which returns the
area and length and breadth passed as parameters to its constructor.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH
Task 4: Print the average of three numbers entered by user by creating a class named 'Average'
having a method to calculate and print the average.

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Task 5: Add two distances in inch-feet (entered by user) by creating a class named
'AddDistance'.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH
Task 6: Write a Java method to find the smallest number among three numbers. Go to the editor
Test Data:
Input the first number: 25
Input the Second number: 37
Input the third number: 29
Expected Output:
The smallest value is 25.0.

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Task 7: Write a program with a method named getTotal that accepts two integers as an argument
and return its sum. Call this method from main( ) and print the results.

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