IFE Level 3 – March 2019

Question 1

Explain the risks to human health associated with the inhalation of smoke. (6 marks)

Damage to the lungs / respiratory system.

Asphyxiation

Poisoning and toxic

Risk of death

Damage to the throat and trachea which can affect breathing short and long term.

Risk of passing out and becoming unconscious.

Question 2
In relation to means of escape, explain what is meant by the following terms:
a) evacuation time (2 marks)

The amount of time for occupants to evacuate the building to a place of safety from the time of the
alarm being raised.

Evacuation time can be different depending on the type of building and it’s use for example a care
home that may have disabled or elderly people with limited physical capacity.

b) occupancy (2 marks)
How many people that are within the building and what the building is used for.

Question 3
a) Explain what is meant by the term “passive fire protection”. (2 marks)

Built into the fabric of the building and helps control or stop the spread of fire, smoke and flame to
different compartments and escape routes within the building.

b) Identify two components of the building envelope and explain how each of these
components can affect the fire resistance of a building. (6 marks)

Walls, Structural Integrity of the walls, insulation to prevent heat transmitting between compartments
and load bearing where appropriate.

Cladding, the cavity inside the cladding should be fire stopped around each window and compartment
line to stop the spread of fire between floors. Needs to be made from a non-combustible material.
Open state and closed cavity barriers.

Roof, requires separation for compartmentation to stop the spread of smoke and flame. Cavity barrier,
walls etc.

Question 4
In relation to fire resistance, explain what is meant by the term “insulation” and explain why this is
important. (4 marks)

Stops the thermal transfer of heat from one compartment to another this can stop the ignition of fuels
and materials.
Insulation is required along escape routes or zones to protect occupants during a fire evacuation.
Question 5
One of the measures used in assessing the way in which a material will react to fire is the extent to
which it is combustible. Identify three other factors that can be used in measuring how a material
reacts to fire. (3 marks)

- Ignition, will it ignite and go on fire.

- Spread of flame over the materials surface.
- Release of heat and rate of fire propagation.
- Production of flaming droplets and smoke.

Question 6
In terms of product testing, assessment and certification, explain the following:
a) Certification from a Third-Party Certification Body. (3 marks)

Certification involves product approvals to a testing standard with appropriate test reports from a
UKAS accredited body (in the UK).

b) An assessment from an accredited fire test laboratory or suitably qualified fire consultant.
(3 marks)

A technical judgement based on experience or similar test data where a tested solution is not
available or falls outside the scope of the testing standard.

Question 7
Identify five locations where emergency lighting should be located. (5 marks)

- evacuation routes / corridors

- stairwells
- evacuation signs above doorways and in corridors
- Floors if required, example in aircraft.
- Toilets and restrooms
- Car parks
- At every junction in a corridor
- Changes in floor levels, ramps etc
- Motor rooms / plantrooms
- Areas of specific high risk, kitchens, chemicals rooms etc
- Elevators
- First aid rooms and refuge areas.
- Fire call points

Question 8
Explain what is meant by the term “Responsible Person” in the context of fire safety and state three of
the activities they are required to carry out. (4 marks)

The person who looks after the building and is in charge of the fire strategy, fire risk assessment,
maintenance, fire stopping and compartmentation and is responsible for the upkeep to the latest
building and fire safety regulations.

Maintenance scheduling and inspection, for example fire alarm testing, fire doors functionality.

Question 9
Describe the insulating materials that can be used to protect structural timber and state the factors
that affect the required thickness of the protective layer. (4 marks)

Fire boarding and cladding systems for example plasterboard and calcium silicate boards.

Impregnation with fire retardant treatments which goes inside of the timber.

Fire retardant chemicals to treat the wood.

The factors include the thickness and type (hardwood/ softwood) of the timber, the fire rating required
and the shape of the timber.

**Not related but extra info. Sacrificial timber which can burn to give additional time before the
structure is affected.

Question 10
a) Explain why the thickness and shape of a steel structure need to be considered when
planning for appropriate fire resistance. (2 marks)

Thermal properties of steel are reduced at high temperature and the thickness and shape of steel has
a large effect on the fire performance. The tensile strength of steel is drastically reduced at high
temperatures. Thicker steel has greater strength, and the shape is significant such as I beams for
structures that are load bearing compared to hollow steel sections.

b) State and explain the “sector factor” formula used when determining the length of fire
resistance. (3 marks)

HP (heated parameter) / A (area) of the steel cross-sectional section.

The area of the steel which is under fire attack divided by the cross-sectional area of the steel section.
Used to calculate how thick the coating needs to be to protect the steel member cross section in a fire
depending on the fire rating.

Question 11
State the three main types of intumescent coatings used on steel structural designs and give an
example of a situation where each would be used. (6 marks)

Water based intumescent coatings which is used predominantly for internal steel work.

Solvent based intumescent coatings in exposed environments.

Epoxy based intumescent coatings are used for caustic environments with strong corrosive chemicals
such as oil and gas industries.

Question 12
Explain why it is considered best practice for sections of steel or structural elements to be protected
by the same fire protection intumescent paint system. (4 marks)

Compatibility as it is tested as a complete system with tested evidence and 3rd party certifications.

Compatibility with primers, base coats, topcoats to ensure adhesion and it performs as tested.

Prevents cross-contamination from one product to another.

Aesthetics of the final finish to be consistent.

Question 13
Describe the process of impregnation treatments used for timber and wood-derived building materials
and state the limitations with this type of treatment. (4 marks)

Injection of the timber

Vacuum pressure impregnation.

Limitations with the natural materials/wood grain which is not homogeneous and therefore the
impregnation material may not be providing full coverage on a cellular level.

Not all types of wood are compatible with impregnation treatments.

Treated wood products can be cut and sanded down which may remove the protection.

Question 14
Describe four functions of fire resisting partitions. (4 marks)

Stability, integrity, insulation and load bearing

Insulation, Stopping the heat transfer.

Stability so the walls maintain their function and do not collapse.

Integrity, stop the spread of smoke and flame from one compartment to another.

Containing the fire in the original room.

Load bearing, ability to withstand the fire attack and maintain structural integrity of the building.

Question 15
a) Explain how composite floors behave in fire. (4 marks)

Good thermal transfer properties.

Don’t burn so do not give off toxic fumes and smoke.
Low thermal conductivity so heat doesn’t transfer within the building or through the floor.
Don’t decompose in a fire so will not disintegrate and collapse such as wooden flooring.

b) Describe two factors affecting the fire resistance of concrete. (2 marks)

The thickness of the concrete.

If it is reinforced and the condition of the concrete. If it is reinforced the coverage of the concrete
above or below the steel.

Low thermal conductivity to limit thermal transfer and the tensile strength at high temperature will not
drastically for example steel.

Support conditions and density of the concrete

Question 16
Describe the factors to be taken into account when determining and installing fire protection for
compartment walls. (6 marks)

Integrity and insulation

Integrity to maintain it’s structural integrity and stop the passage of fire, smoke and hot flames passing
through the compartment for the duration of time/fire rating it is rated for.

Insulation, to stop thermal and heat transfer from one compartment to another and limit the potential
for combustibility of nearby objects.

Compartment walls can be load bearing and fire protection may be required to maintain the ability to
withstand structural loads.

Services passing through the compartment wall will need to be fire stopped to the appropriate ratings
using the correct 3rd party approved materials.

Building regulations, Approved Document B. Height/use of building and occupancy.

Question 17
Describe four factors that influence the fire resistance of glazing systems when used as non-
loadbearing compartment walls. (4 marks)

The size of the panels

The required fire resistance

The frames that the glazed system is mounted in.

The substrate it will be fixed to and supports.

Test standard and 3rd party approval which is allowed by the building regulations.

• Maximum pane area

• Glass pane aspect ratio
• Type of glazing seal
• Frame material
• Frame design and construction
• Type and shape of beads
• Extent of glass edge cover (for example, for modified toughened soda-lime glass)
• Type location and application of fixings for both frame and beads
• Type of door materials and construction

Question 18
Describe six factors to be taken into account when selecting and installing fire stopping. (6 marks)

The required fire rating.

The size of the aperture/penetration seal

Services passing through.

Type of wall construction/fire rating,

Integrity or integrity and insulation requirements

Is the fire stopping required to be load bearing.

Temporary or permanent solution required?

Is the fire stopping required to crush or seal an opening in the event of a fire i.e pipe wraps/closures

Is the fire stopping open-state or closed state such as cavity barriers.

Approvals / local jurisdiction for example London Underground where only select products may be
used.

Question 19
One method of fire stopping is bags/pillows.
a) Describe this method of fire stopping and explain the installation process. (4 marks)

Bags and pillows are compression fitted around the opening/services as per manufacturer details.
Build them up like bricks using staggered joints around services as per tested manufacturer details.

b) Describe the circumstances when this would be an appropriate option and state why this is
the case. (4 marks)

Temporary solution

Where services are changing for example new project and different M&E services being built before a
final permanent solution is installed.

Data centres where services are being continually changed and updated require a temporary solution.

Question 20
a) Explain the purpose of fire-resisting ductwork. (2 marks)
Allows for the ventilation of air throughout a building and the escape of fire and smoke during
a fire. Provides compartmentation to stop the passage of fire and smoke from one compartment to
another.

b) Describe two methods of maintaining the fire resistance of compartment walls and floors
when penetrated by ductwork. (2 marks)

Fire stopping by stone wool products.

Fire stopping by structural compound products.

Dampers

Question 21
a) Explain the purpose of a damper. (2 marks)

To stop the passage of fire and smoke from one compartment to another. To open in the event of the
fire to extract smoke through smoke extract ductwork.

b) One type of damper is a smoke control damper. Explain how this type of damper differs
from standard fire dampers. (2 marks)
Opens in the event of a fire rather than closes as compared to a fire damper to allow the extraction of
smoke through the building.

c) State two other types of damper. (2 marks)

Multi-Blade Control Dampers

Single Blade Dampers

Volume control dampers

Intumescent dampers.

Fire dampers

Smoke dampers

Mechanical dampers

Active dampers

Question 22
Describe the factors to take into consideration when selecting and installing hinges. (6 marks)

The fire rating of the hinge

The weight of the door

Size of the door

3rd party certification as part of doorset or assembly

Does it require intumescent pads behind the hinges.

Compatibility with door closure devices.

Question 23
State the checks that you would carry out when completing the installation of fire and smoke seals. (6
marks)

Are the gaps between the door and the frame within tolerance of 3rd party instructions.

Is the threshold level at the floor and bottom of the door.

Does the door close correctly to allow smoke seals to operate as intended.

General condition of the fire door, frame and seals.

Does the door close and lock correctly.

October 2021
Question 1
In relation to fire development, explain what is meant by the term “flashover”. (4 marks)

When all combustible items in the fire zone will ignite simultaneously. This will normally occur at 1100
degrees c.

Question 2
Identify two toxic gases that can be generated during fires and explain the effects of toxic gases on
human health. (4 marks)

Carbon monoxide

A brief exposure to small amounts of carbon monoxide may cause headache, flushing, nausea,
dizziness, vertigo, muscle pain or personality changes. Exposure to higher amounts may cause
movement problems, weakness, confusion, lung and heart problems, loss of consciousness and
death

Hydrogen cyanide

Exposure to hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be rapidly fatal. It has whole-body (systemic) effects,
particularly affecting those organ systems most sensitive to low oxygen levels: the central nervous
system (brain), the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels), and the pulmonary system
(lungs).

Question 3
In relation to means of escape, explain what is meant by the following terms:
a) “evacuation time” (2 marks)
The time required to get all occupants out of the building to a designated place of safety.
b) “travel distance” (2 marks)
The distance required to exit the building during a fire along designated escape routes. The layout of
the building can affect the travel distance.
Question 4
Explain how the use of fire retardants contributes to passive fire protection in a building. (4 marks)

Limits the spread and combustibility of building elements for example structural beams or cladding
which can aid the evacuation from the building for all occupants.

Can also slow the spread of fire and reduce it’s intensity.

Question 5
In relation to fire resistance, explain the difference between “insulation” and “integrity”. (4 marks)

Integrity is the ability to resist a fire for a period of time and will maintain it’s function for example
holes, cracks which can enable fire and hot gas to escape.

Insulation stops the thermal heat transfer from the fire side to the non-fire side.

Refer to EN13501-3 for definitions

Question 6
a) In relation to building materials, explain what is meant by the term “reaction to fire.” (1
mark)
How a material reacts when it is exposed to fire or heat. Will it combust for example, produce
toxic gases or fuel the fire further.

b) Identify three factors that can be used in measuring how a material reacts to fire. (3 marks)

Surface spread of flame is how the material reacts and potentially stops, limits or slows the growth of
fire spreading.

Combustibility is how the material may potentially ignite in a fire.

Thermal transfer / insulation the ability to conduct heat from the fire side to the non-fire side.

Production of smoke and flaming droplets (fire propagation)

Question 7
In terms of product testing, assessment and certification, explain the following:
a) Certification from a Third-Party Certification Body.(4 marks)
An independent body which tests and certifies products for fire resistance and stability. 3rd
party certification must be UKAS or NAMAS approved.

b) an assessment from an accredited fire test laboratory or suitably qualified fire consultant.
(4 marks)

An assessment is used where a tested solution is not possible or available for example limitations in a
testing standard which cannot cover the scenario using information from similar tests and information
from a manufacturer. Assessments are also carried by 3rd party certification bodies or qualified
consultants.

Question 8
In relation to building safety:
a) explain how signage is used to improve the fire safety in a building. (4 marks)
Evacuation routes, fire exits, fire extinguisher points, muster(evacuation safety point) points, wet and
dry riser locations for emergency services. Refuge points where people can wait in an emergency and
are heavily protected.

b) identify four locations in a building where emergency lighting would be provided. (4 marks)
in a corridor with a change in direction, change in elevation (ramps/stairs etc). Refuge points,
emergency exits, protected stairwells. Places of specific risk for example kitchens or toilets.

Question 9
Describe the factors that affect the fire resistance of concrete frames and describe two methods to
add additional fire protection. (5 marks)

Size of the concrete, condition of the concrete, is it reinforced, the depth of the reinforcement inside
the concrete. How the concrete is supported, is it a composite concrete floor/metal decking?

Boarding & cladding to encase the concrete inside in line with manufacturer guidelines.

Cementitious spray materials.

Question 10
Describe each of the following methods of providing protection to structural timber:
a) sacrificial timber (3 marks)

additional timber that encases the structural timber and will burn in place of the structural timber
therefore increasing the fire resistance period.

b) insulating boards (3 marks)

boarding can be installed around the structural timber and will resist the effects of fire and stop flames
reaching the timber. This can provide integrity and insulation protection.

Question 11
a) Explain how the thickness of a steel structure affects its fire resistance and the amount of
structural fire protection required. (2 marks)

The thicker the steel that is being heated the longer it takes to heat up and therefore has greater fire
resistance and does not require as much fire protection.

Surface area / volume

b) Explain, using examples, how the shape of a steel structure can affect the performance of
fire protection systems. (3 marks)

The shape can affect the fire performance for example an I-beam or square or circular-hollow section
will have a greater volume that a beam of the same thickness which is in a C-channel section shape
or Rolled steel angle. The greater the volume the greater the fire resistance.
Surface area / volume

Question 12
Explain the factors to be taken into account when using board systems for the fire protection of
structural steel work. (4 marks)
The thickness of the steel, shape of the steel, specific fire performance required for the steel.

Is the steel beam structural, in a wall for example.

• type of fixing and whether fixed by adhesive systems or mechanical means

• joints and whether sealing is required

• board dimension required

• regulatory requirements

• durability of boards in different environments/ resistance to damage

• period of fire resistance

• aesthetics

Question 13
Identify two types of intumescent coatings used on steel structural designs and explain, with the aid of
an example, where each would be used. (4 marks)

Intumescent paint – water and solvent based paints.

Depending on the environment the choice is different for example an external environment or
corrosive environment a solvent based paint may be used, a topcoat would be required also.

Thin coat water based and intumescent coatings. For use in general building works, factories, offices,
and hotels etc.

Two part Thick-coat epoxy based intumescent coatings. For use in maritime projects and
petrochemical environments due to the resistance to corrosion and insulates the steel structures to
the environment.

Fire resisting walls, floors and ceilings and fire-resistant glazing

Question 14
Describe fire-resisting suspended ceilings and describe the materials from which they are usually
constructed. (5 marks)

Grid-systems, MF ceilings,

Suspended ceilings, which give a contribution to the fire resistance of load bearing elements
(protective systems) These ceilings, called “horizontal protective membrane”, have the ability to
contribute to the fire resistance of horizontal structural building members up to 1 hour, 2 hours or
more (R 60 – R 120).

Types of passive fire protection ceilings. Ceiling can be continuous lining or tile and grid systems (600
x 600 mm or 600 x 1200 mm) and can be a simple board or a combination of different products (such
as a rigid board and mineral wool, etc.).

Services in the roof/void have compartmentation above the space which will be occupied. For
example pipework, fire rated ductwork and electrical cables may be in the roof space/void above the
suspended ceiling.

Question 15
 a) Define “active fire curtain” and state the purpose of active fire curtains. (2 marks)

Fire curtains which are activated when an alarm or heat triggers them to be deployed. The purpose is
to stop the spread of smoke and flame from the fire zone to surrounding areas/compartments.

b) Describe the factors to be taken into account when selecting an active fire curtain for
installation. (4 marks)
The specific fire performance of the compartment.
Is the requirement to provide integrity only or insulation in addition.
Orientation for example horizontal or vertical.
If the purpose is for an escape route.
Number of motors required to life the fire curtain.
The size of the fire curtain.
Is there a requirement for smoke sealing.

Question 16
Describe the factors to be taken into account when determining and installing fire protection for
compartment walls. (4 marks)

The fire rating of the wall

Integrity and insulation or integrity only.
The makeup of the wall, concrete, plasterboard, brick etc
The wall thicknesses.
The size of the openings
Friction fitted or surface mounted.
Temporary solution of permanent solution required i.e. fire pillows etc
Types of service penetrations for example pvc pipes or ductwork etc.

Question 17
a) Describe how non-fire rated glass behaves in fire. (2 marks)
Glass melts, it can shatter and crack.

b) Explain what is meant by “integrity only glazing” and give two examples of this type of
glass. (3 marks)

Integrity only is to maintain the compartmentation only by preventing the passage of fire and smoke.
Does not stop thermal transfer i.e. insulation.

polished wired glass and ceramic glass

Fire stopping and penetration seals, cavity barriers, ductwork and dampers and the building
envelope
There were 24 marks available for this section of the examination. The average mark scored was 13.

Question 18
Describe the situations where each of the following would be used to achieve fire stopping and give
two examples of the fire stopping products that would be used:
a) penetration seals (4 marks)
To close voids and walls and prevent the passage of fire and smoke and toxic gases from one
compartment to another.

Where services are penetrating fire walls / compartment walls in a building and fire stopping products
such as:

Ablative coated Batt

Acrylic Intumescent or high expansion graphite mastic
Pipe collars and wraps

b) linear joint seals (4 marks)

deflection heads of walls

expansion joints in walls and floors
cavity barriers, horizontal and vertical

Insulation and mastic

Modified rubber base filled with graphite and combustion modified foam.
Open and closed state cavity barriers

Question 19
One method of fire stopping is bags/pillows.
a) Describe this method of fire stopping and explain the installation process. (4 marks)
pillows and bags are compression fitted with staggered joints. They are placed tightly around service
openings and penetrations.

b) Describe the circumstances when this would be an appropriate option and state why this is
the case. (2 marks)
temporary solution or where services are continually being changed. Gives flexibility to adjust and
move the products.

Can be used where access is difficult for easier installation.

Question 20
Describe the purpose of a pressurisation ductwork system and explain the considerations in
determining protection for this ductwork when penetrating fire resisting barriers. (5 marks)

Pressurisation ductwork is smoke extract ductwork. Is used to create pressure in protected lobbies
and stairwells to prevent smoke from entering. The distance to occupants and corridors and therefore
if insulation is required.

Must maintain the ability to circulate clean air for ventilation for occupants for the period of fire
resistance it is rated for.

As the air supply creating the pressurisation must be maintained for the duration of a fire, fire dampers
cannot be used within the ductwork to prevent the spread of fire.

Any duct penetrating fire resisting barriers must be fire resisting.

The fire rating of the ductwork must be equal to or greater than the fire resisting barriers that is passes
through and tested to the type of wall i.e. concrete or plasterboard.

Question 21
Explain the difference in design and operation between curtain fire dampers and intumescent fire
dampers. (5 marks)

Intumescent fire dampers will have coated blades which intumesce in the event of a fire and swell to
prevent the passage of fire and smoke.

Curtain fire dampers can be activated by either the detection of fire and when the fire alarm is raised
or mechanical activation by thermal/fusible links. The blades will drop and close the internal area of
the damper off to prevent the passage of fire and smoke.
Fire resisting doors, industrial shutters and associated hardware
There are 12 marks available for this section of the examination. The average mark scored was 6
and, in terms of the percentage of marks per section, this was the lowest scoring section of the paper.
Some questions, particularly the last one, appeared to be rushed.

Question 22
Describe the characteristics of steel fire doors and state two locations where steel fire doors may be
used. (4 marks)

Can have fire resistance up to 6 hours.

They can also be used as security fire doors.

They can have a honeycomb construction or mineral wool core.

Can be fitted with automatic door opening and closure devices.

May or may not require intumescent strips as metal doors can expand in a fire to close any gaps
between the door leaf and the door frame.

Locations can be petrol chemical facilities, basement car parks, plant rooms.

Question 23
Explain the purpose of air transfer grills in fire doors and explain how these would operate in a fire
situation. (4 marks)

The purpose is to allow airflow and ventilation through fire rated constructions i.e. doors and walls. Air
transfer grills can intumesce in a fire which closes off the space and stops the transfer of fire and
smoke.

Question 24
Describe four checks that would be carried out prior to installing the door frame for a fire door. (4
marks)

Is it the correct size for opening?

Does it have the correct fire rating?

The type of wall it will be mounted to

The fixings that will be used

Certification of the products and if it tested as a doorset or assembly.

Competent and trained staff

Damage to the frame and wall.

Manufacturer installation guides

March 2022
Fire and Fire Protection
40 marks were available for this section of the examination. The average score for this section was
25.

Question 1
a) Describe the fire tetrahedron and explain the implications for fire. (4 marks)
Heat, oxygen, fuel, chemical-chain reaction. The implication for fire is the elements of the fire
tetrahedron are required for a fire to occur. Taking away one or more elements and the fire cannot
burn.

b) Explain the term “exothermic reaction”. (2 marks)

An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat or light.

Question 2
Explain the risks to human health associated with the inhalation of smoke. (4 marks)

Asphyxiation

Damage to the lungs and trachea which can be permanent.

Loss of consciousness

Poisoning from toxic gases which may be released depending on the fire or objects involved.

Burns to the mouth, nose and throat which can cause swelling and make it difficult to breathe.

Can cause death.

Question 3
Describe four factors that affect human behaviour when faced with a threat of fire in a building. (4
marks)

Lack of training of knowing the correct actions to take such as evacuation routes and timing.

Awareness of the fire, if the occupant is awake or under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

Desensitized to fire alarms and they may not take it seriously or believe it is another test.

People may panic and become irrational which may lead to poor decision making.

Physical capacity of the occupants such as disabled or elderly or children to exit in a timely manner.

Question 4
a) Define the term “means of escape”. (3 marks)
Protected routes that are accessible from any point within a building where occupants will
travel through to escape a building to a point of safety in the event of a fire. This may be protected
lobbies or stairwells.
The direction of travel should be determined by signage and safety lighting to assist
occupants to escape routes.

b) Explain the role of passive fire protection in relation to means of escape. (4 marks)
passive fire protection is built into the fabric of the building and its purpose is to stop the spread of fire,
smoke and heat travelling into other areas of the building that are designated for escape such as
evacuation routes.
Examples of passive fire protection in relation to means of escape can be fire doors with smoke seals,
fire stopping around service penetrations and fire rated ductwork for smoke extraction and ventilation
of fresh air.

Question 5
In relation to fire resistance, explain what is meant by the term “stability” and explain how passive fire
protection contributes to maintaining stability. (4 marks)

Stability is for the object to maintain its function for example in passive fire protection for ductwork to
maintain it’s shape to allow extraction of smoke or ventilation.

Passive fire protection can be used to protection structural elements for example structural steel
members can be boarded or treated with intumescent paints. Load bearing walls can be fire stopped
to stop the spread of smoke and flame going into cavities which could cause the wall to fail.

Question 6
Explain the issues and limitations that need to be taken into consideration when interpreting fire
testing and assessments. (5 marks)

Fire testing cannot test for every variable or situation that may occur in a real fire situation. Different
variations of products will not all be tested such as thicknesses, densities or dimensions which can
behave differently in a fire.

There are different testing standards, and the consideration needs to be made that the correct test or
assessment information is appropriate for the intended use.

A fire test may be a simulation and does not translate to a real fire.

Question 7
Passive fire protections measures should be taken into account when developing plans for building
projects. One reason for this is to ensure that the correct materials are purchased in time. Identify and
explain two other reasons. (4 marks)

Can the passive fire protection be built correctly. Buildability

So the passive fire protection measures comply with building regulations.

Testing and assessment are valid for all passive fire protection products that be used in the building.

To ensure compatibility of products that will be used in the passive fire protection.

So all services including mechanical and electrical are all sufficiently implemented with no detriment to
the fire safety of the building.

Question 8
Identify and briefly describe three different types of fire suppression equipment available within a
building. (6 marks)

Wet and dry risers so emergency fire crews can gain access and have water for firefighting.

Sprinklers when fire is detected can be automatically activated to cover zones and supress fire.

Inert Gaseous suppression which can remove oxygen from a compartment.

Fire extinguishers that may vary in type depending on the type of fire for example chemical, metal or
electrical fires require a different extinguisher. An example such as a CO2 extinguisher for an
electrical fire or a water extinguisher for a paper or wood fire.

Fire protection to the structural frame of the building and fire retardant coatings

Question 9
Concrete framed buildings are usually designed and constructed in a way that is deemed to satisfy
from a fire resistance perspective.
a) State, with an example, the circumstances when it would it be necessary to provide added
fire resistance to the concrete frame of a building. (2 marks)
Boarding to a concrete soffit where there is car park below.

The use of the building may change and therefore the fire ratings for the new purpose are different.
Existing concrete structures may need provisions to increase the fire ratings.

Where the concrete is structural and has a lower fire rating (for example 60 minutes) than what is
required (120 minutes may be required hypothetically) within a compartment and therefore passive
protection can be used to upgrade the fire resistance such as boarding or cementitious sprays.

b) Describe how additional fire resistance could be achieved. (2 marks)

boarding systems, such as calcium silicate or cementitious boards.

Cementitious spray to increase the thickness of the concrete.

Question 11
In relation to structural steel, explain the purpose and use of cladding systems made from fire-
resisting boards or stone wool products and describe the situations where they may be used. (4
marks)

To stop the thermal transfer to the structural steel from the fire as steel can lose it’s tensile strength at
high temperature.

The situations where structural steel may be clad with boards or stone wool where the structural steel
has load bearing capacity for example within compartment walls or where the structural steel is
supporting concrete slabs in floors or ceilings.

Question 12
One of the factors to be taken into account when determining the choice of fire protection system for
different purposes is the level of fire rating required. State four other factors that would be taken into
account. (4 marks)

3rd party approvals

The type of protection that is required, for example boarding for structural steel or intumescent paint.

Integrity and insulation or integrity only.

What is being protected for example a wall, floor or service penetrations?

Temporary or p[permanent solution is required.

What is the substrate for example concrete or flexible wall therefore the type of product may differ.
Feedback

• Guidance from manufacturers

• The robustness required

• Junctions between different fire protection systems

• Potential future adaptations

• Correct installation

• Regulatory requirements

• Aesthetics

• Whether it would be subject to environmental exposure

Question 13
Describe the following types of fire-retardant treatments used for timber and wood-derived building
materials. For each type of treatment, identify one factor that affects effectiveness:
a) surface coating (3 marks)
Surface coating is coating the timber with a product by either spraying or brushing to cover the
external surface of the timber. Surface coating can improve the non-combustibility and limit the
surface spread of flame in a fire.

The protection is on the surface only therefore is the surface layer is damaged the protection is no
longer in effect.

b) impregnation (3 marks)

Injecting the timber or vacuum impregnation with a product to provide a homogeneous coating to the
entire timber structure.

As the treatment is for the entirety of the timber beam the protection is greater than a surface coating
only as the timber meets a fire the protection is consistent throughout.

Fire resisting walls, floors and ceilings and fire-resistant glazing

Question 14
Describe the purpose and uses of fire resisting partitions. (6 marks)

To provide escape routes

To allow access and egress from a building for occupants

To provide load bearing capacity

To provide compartmentation for the use of the building i.e. offices

To stop the spread of fire, smoke and flame from one area to another.

To provide additional protection as an extra lining to places of high risk. For example a plant room or
basement.
Question 15
Describe how timber joist floors behave in fire and explain how this affects the type of fire resistance
provided. (4 marks)

Timber joists will burn away in a fire as they are combustible which means they can ignite and release
smoke and gases.

The fire rating is taken into account by the thickness and size of the timber joists for example having a
thicker layer provides a sacrificial amount of material that can char.

Will collapse and be consumed in a fire if sufficient material has burnt away from the timber.

Timber joists can be protected by surface coatings or impregnation or cladding with fire resistant
products.

Question 16
Explain the purpose of compartmentation and give two examples of places within a building where
this would be found. (4 marks)

To limit the spread of fire, smoke and toxic gases within a building and between compartments.

Protected lobbies or communal areas to allow escape in the event of a fire.

Escape routes within a building to allow occupants to escape to a place of safety.

Plant rooms or places of high risk

Question 17
There are three different types of glazing. One type is “integrity only fire glazing, E”. Name and briefly
describe the other two types. (6 marks)

Integrity and insulation ‘EI’ rated glass which provides protection against heat as well as provides
integrity for the given period i.e. 60 minutes.

Specialist Safety Glass - Fire Rated Glass - Fire Resistant Glass (fireglassuk.com)

EW rated glass where the W is a reference to radiated heat which means unlike E rated glass only
provides a degree of heat resistance but not to the same capacity of EI rated glass.

Extra information / Types of glass:

Polished wire and ceramic glass glazing.

Insulated fire proof glass.

Laminated fire proof glass.

Tempered fire proof glass

Fire stopping and penetration seals, cavity barriers, ductwork and dampers and the building
envelope

Question 18
a) Explain the purpose and use of cavity barriers. (3 marks)
To limit the spread of fire, smoke and gases between floors, walls and ceilings within a building.

Can be used in roof spaces, raised floors, walls, ceilings, cavities and cladding.

b) Describe the difference in use and construction between small cavity barriers and large
cavity barriers. (5 marks)

small cavity barriers are passive fire protection elements that may prevent fire and smoke spreading
through walls, raised floors or voids and cladding. Small cavity barriers can be mechanically fixed, or
compression fitted.

Large cavity barriers are used in roof spaces and voids. These can be curtaining form and hung from
a structure and tied together at the joints so if there is a fire in the roof or void space it prevents the
fire from spreading into other compartments.

Question 19
In relation to fire-stopping and sealing systems:
a) describe the composition and use of mortars. (4 marks)
The composition of mortar is a cementitious mixture which requires water to be mixed. They can be
applied with trowel or poured onto a shutter and once dried they can also provide structural integrity.

b) state two examples of places where mortars would be used. (2 marks)

in concrete floors, service risers, walls or voids.

Question 20
State two methods for providing fire resistance to a steel duct and give one example of each. (4
marks)

Insulation from Stone mineral wool with varying densities and thicknesses. Examples from Rockwool.

Coatings such as intumescent paint or cementitious sprays which can provide additional fire
resistance. For example, Flamebar BW11 or BW18

Cladding (calcium silicate or metal composite) boards which can encapsulate the ductwork and
provide fire resistance. Such as Promat boards for example Durasteel.

Question 21
Explain the purpose and operation of a smoke control damper. (6 marks)

A smoke control damper will be activated in the event of a fire and can be used to control the spread
and path of smoke in a fire to exit the building or close to prevent smoke travelling adjacent
compartments.

Often used in addition to fire rated ductwork and works to limit the spread of smoke between
compartments while also evacuating smoke from a building.
The smoke control damper can be activated by the fire alarm.

Fire resisting doors, industrial shutters and associated hardware

Question 22
Describe the purpose and operation of automatic door hold-open/release devices for self-closing fire
doors. (6 marks)

The purpose is to hold fire doors open until the fire alarm is raised at which point the doors will be
released to close to stop the spread of fire, smoke and gases to other compartments.

The operation is usually a magnet in the hold-open/release device which in the event of a fire alarm
being raised will cut the power to the magnet which releases the door so it can close in a controlled
manner. For example, in a care home the door may close at a slower rate taking into account the
occupants’ physical capabilities.

Question 23
State the checks that you would carry out when completing the installation of fire and smoke seals on
fire doors. (6 marks)

Are they compatible and have they been tested with the door frame and door leaf. 3rd party certified?

The condition of the seals to be installed. Are they damaged?

The fire rating of the seals and the door they are being installed onto.

Are they fixed correctly in line with manufacturer guidelines.

Are there any gaps once the door is closed.

Does it allow the door to close correctly.

October 2022
Fire and Fire Protection

Question 1
In relation to the fire tetrahedron, explain how water and dry chemical powders work to
extinguish fire. (4 marks)

Oxygen, heat, fuel and chemical reaction.

Water is to reduce the heat and dry chemical powders is to stop the chemical reaction and removes
oxygen to the fuel. The fire can be extinguished by removing any of the above elements from a fire.

Question 2
Describe the process of smouldering combustion. (4 marks)

Smouldering combustion occurs in the solid surface and is the slow, low temperature and flameless
burning of porous fuels. Examples can be peat fires and occur in the environment such as farmland.

It gives off carbon dioxide

Question 3
In relation to means of escape, explain what is meant by the following terms:
a) “evacuation time” (2 marks)
The time it takes after the fire alarm has been raised the time it takes for all occupants to exit the
building or a point of safety.
b) “travel distance” (2 marks)

The distance required to travel in the event of a fire to reach a point of safety through a building which
includes the layout for example walls, partitions and fittings.

Question 4
Explain how the use of fire retardants contributes to passive fire protection in a building. (4
marks)

Fire retardants contribute to the passive fire protection in a building by slowing down the spread of fire
and smoke therefore slowing down and reducing the effects of the fire. This allows occupants more
time to escape the building.

Fire retardants can be used in places of high risk such as kitchens, plants rooms, protected lobbies
and escape routes.

Question 5
In relation to fire resistance, explain the term “insulation” and explain why this is important. (4
marks)

Insulation is the ability to withstand heat and temperature rises for a specified period of time i.e. fire
rating.

The use is to stop the thermal transfer between elements and compartments within a building. An
example can be cladding to structural elements which stops the effects of the heat reaching the
structural steel therefore providing insulation.

An example of where insulation is important may be an escape corridor where occupants will be
passing through therefore insulation against the temperature/thermal transfer of a fire will required to
protect the people passing through.
Question 6
Describe the content of a fire test report and explain the possible limitations of such a report.
(6 marks)

The formulation/construction of the product. Sampling

The size of the materials

How long it has been tested for i.e. test results for example pass or fail.

The standard it had been tested to.

A test report is tested in very controlled environment and may not correctly simulate a real fire
scenario which may have combustible items in the vicinity and also occupants.

The products in a fire test report are tested in a limited range for example sizes. Ductwork may be
tested at 1000x250mm cross sections but in practice may be all different sizes which have not been
tested.

Question 7
Describe steps that building managers can take to ensure that fire protection provisions in
their premises are maintained. (4 marks)

Carry out continual fire risk assessments.

Ensuring the building has an up-to-date fire strategy plan.

Maintain a maintenance program for the passive fire protection within the building.

Fire alarm tests.

Fire alarm evacuation drills to train staff and occupants.

Signage for emergency exits, evacuation corridors etc

Making sure escape routes are kept clear for example bicycles and prams left outside which can block
the path.

Ensuring fire doors are kept shut and are not wedged open.

Question 8
a) Explain the purpose and operation of “active fire protection” systems. (4 marks)
The purpose of active fire protection systems is to stop or slow down fires within a building.
The operation will include a detection device which will be to detect the fire has started and then
produce a signal to activate the suppression systems such as sprinklers or inert gases, fire barriers
and shutters. Other examples may be to activate the door release systems for fire doors.

b) Explain state how passive fire protection differs from active fire protection. (2 marks)

passive fire protection is built into the fabric of the building and prevents or reduces the spread of fire,
smoke and flame.

Active fire protection is used to suppress or extinguish fires after an alarm is raised and the systems
are activated.

Question 9
Explain how signage can be used to improve fire safety in a building. (4 marks)

Signage can be used to inform occupants of escape routes, fire fighting stations for fire extinguishers.

Fire doors can be highlighted with signage and for example have instructions to keep them shut and
not have them propped open.

Prohibition signs. Signs on a lift can be used to inform occupants not to use them in the event of a fire.

Occupants can be aware not to leave items in escape corridors to block access in the event of a fire.

Locations of wet and dry risers for emergency fire crews to use.

Warning signs for flammable materials and high voltage.

Fire protection to the structural frame of the building and fire

retardant coatings

Question 10
Describe each of the following methods of providing protection to structural timber:
a) Sacrificial timber (3 marks)
Sacrificial timber is used to provide additional material which will burn in place of the structural
timbers. The thickness and size of the sacrificial timbers will determine the fire resistance they can
provide and must be taken into account based on the building’s requirements.

b) Insulating boards (3 marks)

Insulating boards are used to encase the timbers and stop the thermal transfer and flame from the fire
to structural timbers. Examples may include gypsum products, calcium silicate or metal composites
such as Durasteel.

Question 11
a) Explain how the thickness of a steel structure affects its fire resistance and the amount of
structural fire protection required. (2 marks)

The thicker the steel the longer it will take to fail in a fire.

The thicker the steel the greater the fire resistance and therefore may reduce the reduce the
requirements for external fire protection. For example, a small structural steel beam may require more
substantial protection.

b) Explain, using examples, how the shape of a steel structure can affect the performance
of fire protection systems. (4 marks)

The thickness of the steel and the shape affects the fire resistance of the steel structure as the tensile
strength of steel is dependent on the heat as steel loses its strength at high temperature. The shape
also affects the quantity of steel also for example an I-beam which may have a 30mm thick web &
flange compared to a square hollow section which is 10mm thick could have the same surface area
but based on the shape will have substantially less material and fail significantly faster than the I-
beam.

Question 12
State the three main types of intumescent coatings used on steel structural designs and give
an example of a situation where each would be used. (6 marks)

Water based intumescent coatings which is used predominantly for internal steel work.

Solvent based intumescent coatings in exposed environments.

Epoxy based intumescent coatings are used for caustic environments with strong corrosive chemicals
such as oil and gas industries.

Question 13
Describe the inspection processes to be applied during the installation of board systems. (6
marks)
The fire rating of the product in line with the specifications which are required.
What substrate or product will it be used on.
The quality of the board is there any damage.
The type of fixings required.
The spacings which are required by the manufacturer.

Specification
Type of system being constructed.
Compatibility of any framing required.
Centres of steels and fixings.
Any staggering of joints
Does it have to join onto any substrates?
Is it sealed correctly?
Are any services encased within it or passing through?
Is it installed as per manufacturer’s instructions?
Quality of the workmanship

Fire resisting walls, floors and ceilings and fire-resistant glazing

Question 14
Describe how composite floors are constructed and explain how this effects how they
behave in fire. (4 marks)

composite floors are constructed with multiple materials for example metal decking with concrete
poured onto it. The metal decking can act as a diaphragm for the concrete by limiting the thermal
transfer to the concrete which can be damaged and lose its load bearing capacity if unprotected. Can
also prevent the release of toxic gases from the concrete as it provides a layer of protection.

https://www.steelconstruction.info/Design_of_composite_steel_deck_floors_for_fire
Question 15
Explain why active fire curtains may be used to provide compartmentation and give two
examples of locations where they may be used. (4 marks)

Active fire curtains may be preferable in large open areas and once deployed can close or reduce the
areas of fire compartments to limit or stop the spread of fire and smoke to other areas of the building.
Can assist in escape routes for occupants within a building.

Locations where they can be used can be in a shopping centre, voids, large exhibition buildings or
serving hatches in kitchens.

Question 16
a) Explain the purpose of compartmentation. (2 marks)
To limit or control the spread of fire, smoke and gases from one area to another. Used to provide
protection to escape areas and protected lobbies etc

b) Describe four factors to be taken into account when determining and installing fire
protection for compartment walls. (4 marks)

- The fire rating.

- 3rd party approvals for products
- The type of construction
- the size of the walls to be constructed.
- Aesthetics
- The type of services which will pass through.

Question 17
a) Describe how non-fire rated glass behaves in fire. (2 marks)
It can crack and shatter which will allow fire and smoke to pass through and also present hazards to
occupants passing through.
b) Explain what is meant by “integrity only glazing” and give two examples of this type of
glass. (3 marks)
integrity only glazing which is only going to stop the spread of flame and smoke but will not prevent
thermal transfer through the glass.

Examples are:

Polished wire glazing in fire door vision panels.

Ceramic glazing in glazed panels

Fire stopping and penetration seals, cavity barriers, ductwork and

dampers and the building envelope

Question 18
Describe open cavity barriers and state two locations where they would be used. (4 marks)

Open cavity barriers are used where the ventilation and air flow are required and in the even of a fire
will intumesce and close the space in the cavity.

Open cavity barriers can be used in voids between the structure of a building and the external
cladding. Can also be used in floors and ceilings between levels in high rise buildings as well in the
external face in vertical and horizontal orientations to provide compartmentation for example
residential flats.

Question 19
Describe the factors to be taken into account when selecting and installing penetration seals
(4 marks)

The substrate to be installed onto for example masonry or flexible wall.

The type of services being used for example PVC pipes will require high expansion mastic or pipe
wraps or collars.

The fire rating.

Is it integrity or integrity and insulation?

The size of the opening for example products will have a maximum and minimum void size that can
be installed to.

Is it temporary or a permanent solution that is required.

Are there any requirements for the aesthetics / decorative finish.

Question 20
Describe the composition and use of sealants/mastics. (5 marks)

Sealants can be acrylic water based, silicone based, or graphite based. The use depends on the type
of service requirements for example a PVC pipe will require a high expansion graphite mastic rather
than an intumescent to close out any spaces that may form as the PVC pipe melts away and deforms.

Solvent mastics can be used in external locations where they may be exposed to the elements.

Water based or acrylic mastics can be used with non-combustible service penetrations.

Question 21
Stone wool mineral products are supplied in a number of forms when used as firestopping.
State the forms that such products take and state the factors to take into account when.
installing these products. (3 marks)
They can come in wraps, slabs, batts or blanket rolls. The density and thickness play important roles
in the fire resistance.

The factors to take into account when installing them will be the types of pins and washers required to
mechanically fix them.

The final purpose of the insulation for example fire stopping, cavity barriers or to insulate or protect a
duct.

The type of substrate will affect the type of product and the fixings used.

Is it being hung from the roof.

For wraps the joints need to be closed together or glued for example steel meshes are wrapped
together. The manufacturer instructions must always be considered and followed.

The size and weight of the stone mineral wool slabs will need to be considered also and may require
multiple people to handle.

The structure needs to be strong enough to support the weight of the additional stone mineral wool as
it can be incredibly heavy.

Question 22
Explain the purpose and operation of an intumescent damper. (5 marks)

The purpose of an intumescent damper is to allow the passage of air during normal conditions and
then in the event of a fire to stop the passage of fire and smoke when the blades intumesce to close
the void within the damper.

The blades within the damper are coated with an intumescent that will swell once the temperature
reaches approximately 70 degrees which causes them to swell and expand and close the opening.

The operation is activated by heat and does not require an electronic detection system.

Question 23
In relation to the construction and design of the building envelope, describe how the use of
cladding can affect fire resistance. (3 marks)

The cladding can affect the fire resistance of a building as it should be non-combustible in the event of
a fire, so it does not contribute to the fire load, and so the fire does not spread between compartments
or levels on the exterior or the building. For example, a fire on the cladding on the first floor may travel
upwards to the subsequent levels.

The use of cladding can leave cavities between the cladding and the buildings structure which will
need to be solved by using cavity barriers. Poorly fitted cladding can provide gaps for the fire to travel.

Fire resisting doors, industrial shutters and associated hardware

Question 24
Describe the purpose and the operational features of fire resisting rolling shutters. (6 marks)

The purpose is to close a large void or opening in the event of a fire. The use is dependent on the
traffic and requirement of the building or compartment for example a serving hatch in a kitchen needs
to be open in normal operation but in the event of a fire will need to close to stop the spread of fire
and smoke.

Features of a fire resisting rolling shutter include the motor for lowering and raising the shutter.
The thickness of the steel in the shutter can greatly affect the weight which then carries on to the
motor requirements.

They are usually activated by a fire alarm or fusible link.

In the event of a fire, they will have an audible signal and visual warning light.

The control panels require routine maintenance for example the batteries to ensure the detection
system is live.

The operation of fire shutters will have sensors to detect if occupants or vehicles pass underneath
which will stop the shutter continuing to drop. Also, must close in a controlled manner as to not
provide additional dangers to occupants who may pass through.

Question 25
Describe the checks that you would carry out when inspecting the installation of ironmongery.
fixed to fire doors. (6 marks)

is it compatible with the doorset / assembly?

check for damage for example leaking oil in hinges and closures.

Are they in good working order?

Are they fitted correctly?

are they the correct grade / fire rating for the door set?

Door closures and hinges must be suitable for the doorset / assembly for example a metal door will
require stronger hinges to hold the door to the frame.

does it have 3rd party certification? Is it installed as per the test reports/ classifications.

do the hinges, locks etc require intumescent pads.

Are peep holes and letterboxes installed with intumescent.

Are the door closure and door opening devices compatible as the door can become warped if there is
an imbalance between the two.
March 2023
Fire and Fire Protection

Question 1
a) State the five stages of fire development.
Incipient (ignition), growth, flashover to fully developed fire, fully developed & decay.

(5 marks)
b) Explain how passive fire protection can affect fire development.

(4 marks)

Passive fire protection can limit or control the spread of a fire in a building in a controlled way.

It can stop the spread of flame, stop thermal transfer by compartmentation so other objects cannot
ignite and contribute to the fire load. Can stop smoke and toxic gases. It can protect structural
members and escape routes.

Question 2
In terms of means of escape, explain what is meant by the term “place of reasonable/relative safety”
and give two examples of places of reasonable/relative safety.
(4 marks)

It’s a location that is designated within a building and detailed within a fire strategy plan or fire risk
assessment where occupants can be protected from a fire for a period of time. Relative safety unless
they are completely away from the building as the fire is always a danger until completely diffused.

Examples could be a protected lobby or an escape corridor. A place where disabled occupants can
stop and gain assistance.

Car parks, other buildings and panic rooms.

Question 3
In relation to fire resistance, explain the difference between “insulation” and “integrity”.
(4 marks)

Integrity is the ability to maintain the structural element and intended function. Also, to stop the
passage of flame and smoke from passing through. For example, cracks, leakage and service
penetrations.

Insulation is the ability to stop thermal transfer between objects or compartments from one area of a
building to another. Examples can be protection to structural steel by boarding or cladding. Thermal
resisting glazing.

Question 4
One of the measures used in assessing the way in which a material will react to fire is the extent to
which it is combustible. Identify three other factors that can be used in measuring how a material
reacts to fire.
(3 marks)

Integrity to stop flames or hot gases/smoke passing through it, insulation to stop thermal transfer and
structural load bearing for the material to maintain its strength. Does it give off toxic gases also which
can be hazardous to occupants.
Question 5
Explain the issues and limitations that need to be taken into consideration when interpreting fire
testing and assessments.
(4 marks)

A limited scope of what will occur in a real fire situation. For example, product dimensions.

Tested in a very specific way which may not reflect real conditions.

Tested in a controlled environment i.e no additional objects in the area which may be combustible.

Is the test carried out by a UKAS accredited organisation and valid.

has the test been carried out by a 3rd party to ensure unbiased and valid results.

Formulations may change over time and no longer represent the tested samples.

Question 6
Passive fire protections measures should be taken into account when developing plans for building
projects. One reason for this is to ensure that the correct checks are carried out at the right times.
Identify and explain two other reasons.
(4 marks)

Passive fire protection is built into the fabric of the building and therefore needs to be programmed
correctly to ensure it is done appropriately. For example building walls to the incorrect type or
insufficient thickness and then expecting a rating of 60 minutes and it wasn’t planned.

- That nothing is missed e.g. failing to complete firestopping or provide fire retardants;
- Work is carried out in the correct order;
- That the correct materials are purchased and or used
- Compliance with regulations

Question 7
a) Explain what is meant by the term “active fire protection” and state how active fire protection differs
from passive fire protection. (3 marks)

Active fire protection is triggered by an alarm or sensor and will try to extinguish a fire once activated
or divert smoke from one area to another. For example sprinklers or inert gases.

b) Identify and describe two types of smoke detection system. (4 marks)

Ionization smoke alarms respond more quickly to fast flaming fires. These fires tend to ignite quickly
and produce large flames, but less smoke.

Common causes of flaming fires are combustibles that burn rapidly, such as gasoline or other
flammable liquids, newspapers, cleaning products, and cooking grease.

Photoelectric Smoke Alarms respond faster to slow burning fires. These fires tend to smolder for
hours and produce large amounts of smoke.

Common causes of smoldering fires are cigarettes, fireplace embers, and electrical shorts.
Smoldering fires often occur in drapes, bedding, carpeting, and upholstered furniture.

Question 8
Identify five locations in a building where emergency lighting should be located.
(5 marks)

Escape corridors

Stairs

Changing of directions in escape routes

Changes in levels or elevations in escape routes

Above fire doors and escape doors

Illuminating signage or locations or fire extinguishers

Fire protection to the structural frame of the building and fire retardant coatings

Question 9
Describe the insulating materials that can be used to protect structural timber and state the factors
that affect the required thickness of the protective layer.
(4 marks)

Calcium silicate boards, gypsum-based boards or wood treatments such as impregnation of surface
applied coatings.

The thicker the board and the greater the density will determine the protection level and the fire rating
required.

Question 10
a) Explain why the thickness of a steel structure needs to be considered when planning for
appropriate fire resistance. (2 marks)
The thickness of the steel will affect the fire resistance and the level of protection required. The
products that may be used such as intumescent paints are therefore dependent on the steel thickness
to achieve a specified fire rating.

b) State and explain the “section factor” formula used when determining the length of fire
resistance. (3 marks)

Steel section factor, also known as Hp/A, is the ratio of perimeter to cross sectional area of structural
steel members. Different section sizes heat up at different rates - the section factor is determined by
dividing a section's perimeter by its cross-sectional area.

Question 11
Explain the difference between box, profile and solid application of fire protection to steel.
(6 marks)

Box is creating an envelope around the structural steel to encase it completely.

Profile is fitting fire protection to the specific shape of the steel.

Solid application relates to a system which encases the steel for example intumescent paint of
cementitious spray.
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Question 12
a) State three advantages of applying intumescent coatings off-site. (3 marks)
Controlled environment for example contamination, temperature and humidity.

Can be done under factory production controls.

Ease of access to all faces of the steel as it is not installed.

Site programming can be reduced as the steel does not require additional protection.

b) State two challenges that can arise when intumescent coatings are applied off-site. (2 marks)
Damages during transportation
Traceability from factory to site.
Distance of the application site and the final installation location may present challenges. For
example, overseas.
Damage can happen on site and require repair which needs to be done in line with manufacturer
specifications and with restricted access on site.

Question 13
Describe the process of impregnation treatments used for timber and wood-derived building materials
and state two limitations with this type of treatment.
(4 marks)

Impregnation is accomplished by soaking or by vacuum-pressure to accelerate the impregnating

agent into wood cell walls.

The outcomes of these methods vary in terms of wood properties, especially dimensional stability.
Homogenous application throughout the wood is not uniform and cannot be guaranteed.

Fire resisting walls, floors and ceilings and fire-resistant glazing

Question 14
Identify two different types of fire resisting floors and explain how each of them may be constructed in
order to achieve the required fire resistance.
(6 marks)

Concete flooring.

Composite floors with metal decking and concrete above it. Composite flooring may require an
intumescent coating to increase the fire resistance.

Concrete, for instance, offers a superior level of fire resistance and often does not need additional
protection, whereas certain types of composite and steel flooring will require an intumescent coating –
subject to a specialist review carried out by a designer.

Question 15
Describe the considerations to be taken into account when selecting an active fire curtain for
installation. (5 marks)
The span that needs to be covered.
The weight of the fire curtain and therefore the supporting construction.
The fire rating that is required.
The condition and type of the supporting construction.
The motors required to lift and operate the fire curtain.
Whether it is for compartmentation or means of escape
Mode of operation for example how it is activated by a fire alarm etc
Question 16
State the performance requirements of a fire resisting suspended ceiling.
(3 marks)

Integrity, insulation and smoke

• Provide a minimum of 30 mins fire resistance

• Not easily demountable so it maintains it’s function.
• Not perforated for examples holes and openings.

Question 17
Fire resisting glazing falls within three tested classifications. Explain how each of the classifications
are identified and how they differ from each other.
(6 marks)
Integrity E is the ability to maintain it’s intended function and stop the passage of fire and smoke,

insulation I to stop the thermal transfer from the fire side to the non-fire side.

radiation control EW to stop the radiant heat transfer and is an additional level of protection to EI rated
glazing.

Do you know your E from your EI? - Pyroguard

Fire stopping and penetration seals, cavity barriers, ductwork and dampers and the building
envelope

Question 18
Describe the situations where each of the following would be used to achieve fire stopping and give
two examples of the fire stopping products that would be used:
a) penetration seals (4 marks)
Examples can be for cables, pipes or fire rated ductwork. Example products can be rockwool mineral
wool or Quelfire compounds which can be used to fill voids. Pipe collars, pipe wraps, mastic or high
expansion mastic depending on the pipes.

b) linear joint seals (4 marks)

Linear joint seals can be along deflection heads in floors and are pre-shaped for easy installation by
squeezing into gaps. Example products can be FSI Stopseal, mineral wool, acrylic mastic.

Question 19
One method of fire stopping is bags/pillows.
a) Describe this method of fire stopping and explain the installation process. (4 marks)
Bags and pillows are compression fitted using staggered joints. They are built up between the
services and the sub-structure to close any gaps in opening. These are not ideal for the
spread of smoke but will intumesce and shut any gaps when they come into contact with fire.
They can come in various sizes to suit different openings.

b) Describe the circumstances when this would be an appropriate option and state why this is
the case. (2 marks)
Temporary fire stopping or when services are continually being changed for example a new
build project. They can be removed and rebuilt quickly which is useful in this scenario. This
can be a temporary barrier until a permanent barrier can be installed.

20.
Describe the factors to be considered when carrying out the installation of dampers.
(4 marks)
The intended use of the damper for example is it a fire barrier or required to extract
smoke.
Access to the damper
Installation guidelines from the manufacturer.
What is it being fitted to for example fire rated ductwork or masonry.
The wall/floor type and supporting elements of the structure.
3rd party certification.
The fire rating.

Question 21
Describe the differences between a fire damper and a smoke control damper?
(6 marks)

A Fire damper in the event of a fire will close by heat activation or signalled by the fire alarm. A fire
damper is used to stop the spread of fire, smoke and gases passing from one compartment to
another.

A smoke control is used to stop or control the spread of smoke and is used to evacuate smoke from a
building in conjunction with fire rated ductwork to allow occupants to have clear routes of escape and
fresh air. These will open in certain cases to allow extraction of smoke.

Fire resisting doors, industrial shutters and associated hardware

.
Question 22
Describe four situations when an automatic door hold open/closure device should operate.
(4 marks)

A busy thoroughfare for example a hospital where frequent/continual access is required to

hold open the door and then in the event of a fire alarm the hold open device will be
deactivated to allow the door closure to close the door.

Protected stairwells may have a door closure device to keep the doors closed at all times as
it is a protected location.

Fire rated roller shutters that are activated by a fire alarm which engages the motor to close /
seal the opening.

Escape routes throughout a building will have hold open and closure devices to allow
access and egress for occupants.

For general building use as fire doors with an automatic closure device will close in a controlled
manner and this will protect the fire door and reduce any damage from misuse of the door. Prevents
doors being wedge open.

Question 23
Describe the features of steel fire doors and state two locations where such doors may be
used.
(4 marks)

Can have fire ratings up to 4 hours and even 6 hours in some cases. Can also be used as security
doors. Can be constructed in various ways and have cores which are filled with mineral wool or
composite materials.
Does not require to have intumescent strips as the door will expand and fill the gaps in the frame.
Can be fitted in shopping centres, car parks or industrial units which require a more robust solution.

Question 24
Describe four checks that should be carried out in relation to the intumescent fire and smoke
seals used on a fire door.
(4 marks)

Smoke seals must never be painted and when the door closes it should seal the gaps.

Intumescent strips must be continuous around the perimeter of the door.

Must be compatible with the door assembly or doorset as detailed by the manufacturer and
3rd party certification.

Drop seals must be able to close the gap at the bottom of the door and the threshold.

The condition of the strips & seals and if they are acceptable.