Week 12
1. Taylor series
2. Some important series
ex = 1 + x + 1 x2 + 1 x3 + ... + 1 xn + ...
2 3! n!
sin(x) = x - 1 x3 + 1 x5 + ... + (-1)n x2n+1 + ...
3! 5! (2n+1)!
cos(x) = 1 - 1 x2 + 1 x4 + ... + (-1)n x2n +...
2 4! (2n)!
1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... + xn + ...
1-x
Given the series on the right hand side, we can summarize it and write down the function on the left
Another example: Use the known Maclaurin series for f(x) = ex to obtain the Maclaurin series
for g(x) = e2x+1
Given that
ex = 1 + x + 1 x2 + 1 x3 + ... + 1 xn + ... (1)
2 3! n!
Since e2x+1 = e1e2x and 2x=0 when x=0, we can compute the Maclaurin series for
e2x by replacing x with 2x in Equation (1), and we get
e2x = 1 + (2x) + 1 (2x)2 + 1 (2x)3 + ... + 1 (2x)n + ...
2 3! n!
Thus, the Maclaurin series for g(x) = e2x+1 is
g(x) = e2x+1 = e1e2x = e[ 1 + (2x) + 1 (2x)2 + 1 (2x)3 + ... + 1 (2x)n + ... ]
2 3! n!
2 3 n n
= e + 2ex + 2ex + 4e x + ... + 2 e x + ... , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
3 n!
3. Approximating using Taylor series
Cannot apply l'Hopital's rule to this
(1) Apply to problems with limits
problem as it does not have the
indeterminate form.
4. l'Hopital's rule
Only applicable for
problems with
indeterminate form
Example:
Example:
5. Multivariable Taylor series
Example: Find the 2nd order Taylor polynomial of f(x,y)=(1+4x2+y2)1/2 about (x,y)=(1,2).
Thus, the 2nd order Taylor polynomial of the function at (1, 2) is
p2(x, y)
p2(x, y)
(Extension from previous example, for your interest):
Example: Find the 3rd order Taylor polynomial of f(x,y)=(1+4x2+y2)1/2 about (x,y)=(1,2).
