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Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

2.1 Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
1. In general, quadratic equations can can be written as:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0
2. To solutions of a quadratic equation can be obtained by using the following methods:
A. Completing The Square
Example 1 Example 2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 7 = 0 −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 7 −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 1
4 2 4 2 6 1
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + ( ) = 7 + ( ) 𝑥2 + 𝑥=
2 2 −3 −3
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + (2)2 = 7 + (2)2 1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = −
3
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 7 + 4 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 22 = (𝑥 + 2)2 1
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 11 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = −
3
𝑥 + 2 = ±√11 2
−2 2 1 2 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + ( ) = − + (− )
2 3 2
𝑥 = −2 ± √11
2
∴ 𝑥 = −2 + √11 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 − √11 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + (−1)2 =
3
∴ 𝑥 = 1.3166 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −5.317 2
(𝑥 − 1) 2 =
3
技术总结
2
𝑥 − 1 = ±√
i. 先把 c 搬过去右边 3

ii. 确定𝑥 2 前面的 coefficient 是 1

2
𝑥 =1±√
⬚ 2 3
iii. 左右两边各加一个( ) 再把 b 的
⬚

⬚ 2 2
coefficient 放进去 ∴ 𝑥 = 1 + √ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 − √
2
3 3
iv. 把左边的 EQN factorise

v. 最后 solve 找𝑥 ∴𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =

*Square Root 永远答案都会是±√⬚*

B. Formula
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

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1. Solve the following quadratic equations by using completing the square and formula method. Give
your answers in three decimal places.
(a) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 9 = 0

(b) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0

(c) −𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0

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(d) 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0

(e) 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1 = 0

(f) −2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 = 0

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(g) 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0

(h) 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0

(i) 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1 = 0

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(j) 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6 = 0

(k) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 5

(l) (2𝑥 − 3)2 = 6

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2. Solve the quadratic equation, 5x(x – 2) = 3x + 7. Give the answer correct to three significant figures.

3. Given a quadratic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘 .State the effect on the graph f(x) when the
positive value of a increased and the value of k decreased. State the function f(x) when the graph is
reflected about the straight-line y = k.

4. The length of the diagonal of a rectangle is 10 cm. If the length is 2 cm longer than its width, find
the length and the width of the rectangle. Hence, find the measurements of a rectangle with a
perimeter of 26 cm and an area of 40 cm2

5. The diagram on the right shows a trapezium PQRS where

PQ = (x – 1) cm, PS = (x + 3) cm and QR = (3x + 2) cm.
Given the area of the trapezium is 17 cm2, find the value of
x.

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Forming Quadratic Equations from Given Roots

Refresh Back
2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15

2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 4

𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) = 0

Sum of roots Product of roots

𝑏 𝑐
𝛼+𝛽 =− 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎 𝑎
Let α and β are the roots of a quadratic equation.
1. Form quadratic equations which have the following roots.
(a) 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6 (b) −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4

(c) 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 5 (d) 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3

(e) −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 6 (f) −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 7

1 1 3
(g) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 5 (h) 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2
5

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2. The quadratic equation𝑥 + (𝑝 − 5)𝑥 + 2𝑞 has roots of –3 and 6. Find the value of p and of q.
SOR POR

3. If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 5𝑥 2 – 10𝑥 – 9 = 0, form quadratic equations
with the following roots.
α β
(a) α + 2 and β + 2 (b) 5α and 5β (c) α – 1 and β – 1 (d) and 3
3

4. If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation2x 2 + 5x = 1, find the quadratic equations with
the following roots.

5. A quadratic equation 2x 2 = 6x + 3 has two roots p and q. Find the quadratic equations with roots
p2q and pq2.

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6. One of the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 5)𝑥 + 𝑛 − 1 = 0 is negative to the other
root. Find the product of roots.

7. Given α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 7 . Find the new quadratic
equations which have the following roots.
(a) α + 1, β + 1
α β
(b) ,
β α

8. The two roots of the equation 𝑥 2 – 8𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are α and α + 3d. Express c in terms of d.

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Solving Quadratic Inequalities

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) > 0

Graph Sketching Method

Number Line

Table

If (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 𝑏

If (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏

1. Solve each of the following quadratic inequalities by using graph sketching method, number line
method or table method.
(a) 𝑥 2 < 4

(b) (2 − 𝑥 )(8 − 𝑥 ) < 0

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(c) 𝑥 ≤ 4𝑥 + 12

(d) 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) ≥ 3

(e) (𝑥 + 2)2 < 2𝑥 + 7

(f) (3𝑥 + 1)(5 − 𝑥 ) > 13

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2. Find the range of values of x for 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 ≥ 16 + 𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)

3. Given 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 12 and 𝑦 < 0, if 2 < 𝑥 < 𝑎, find the value of a and of b.

4. Find the value of m and of n for each of the following quadratic inequalities:
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 < 𝑛 which is satisfied by −3 < 𝑥 < 4.

(b) 2𝑥 2 + 𝑚 > 𝑛𝑥 which is satisfied by 𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 5.

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2.2 Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations

𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0

No Real Roots Two Equal Roots Two Different Roots
Does not intersect on x – axis Intersect one point only Intersect on two different points
α and β = No values α=β α≠β

*Types of roots can be determined from 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 which is known as the discriminant, D*

1. Sketch the graph for each of the following quadratic function and determine the types of roots.
(a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 (b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Type of Roots: Type of Roots:

(c) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5 (d) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 24

Type of Roots: Type of Roots:

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2. Find the discriminant and determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations.
(a) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 (b) 𝑥 2 = 8(𝑥 − 2)

Type of Roots: Type of Roots:

(c) 5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6 (d) −3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5

Type of Roots: Type of Roots:

(e) −𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 25 (f) (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 0

Type of Roots: Type of Roots:

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3. Find the range of values of k if the equations have two real and different roots. Hence, state the
values of k if the equation has two real and equal roots.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 3 (b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘

(c) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 − (𝑞𝑥 + 4)𝑥 − 2 (d) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑞 + 2)𝑥 2 + 𝑞 (1 – 2𝑥 ) − 5

4. Find the possible values of h if the graphs of the following quadratic functions touch the x – axis at
only one point.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥 + 2 + ℎ (b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 – (ℎ + 3)𝑥 + 3ℎ + 1

(c) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 6 (d) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ℎ𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + ℎ

5. Find the range of values of r if the following quadratic functions do not intersect the x axis.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑟𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6 (b) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑟𝑥 2 + (2𝑟 + 4)𝑥 + 7 + 𝑟

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2 2 2
(c) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑟𝑥 − 7𝑟𝑥 + 9𝑟 (d) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + (𝑟 − 5)𝑥 + 𝑟 − 1

6. Find the values or range of values of p such that the equation

(a) 9𝑥 2 + 𝑝 + 1 = 4𝑝𝑥 has two equal roots

(b) 𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 + 3)𝑥 = 𝑝 has two real and different roots

(c) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝 − 1)(𝑝 − 3) = 0 has no real roots

7. Find the range of values of k if the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑥 − 3 has two real and different roots. State
the values of k if the equation has two real and equal roots.

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8. The quadratic equation 𝑥 + ℎ𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has roots of –2 and 6, find
(a) the value of h and of k,
(b) the range of values of c such that the equation 𝑥 2 + ℎ𝑥 + 𝑘 = 𝑐 has no real roots.

9. Equation ℎ𝑥 2 + 3ℎ𝑥 + ℎ + 𝑘 = 0, where h ≠ 0, has two real and equal roots. Express k in terms
of h.

10. Given the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 – 5𝑏𝑥 + 4𝑎 = 0, where a and b are constants, has two real and
equal roots, find a : b.

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11. The quadratic equation 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0where c is a positive integer, has no real roots.
(a) Find two possible values of c, that is c1 and c2.
1
(b) Based on the values of c1 and c2in (a), does the equation 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ) = 0 have two
real roots? Explain.

12. The quadratic equation 𝑘𝑥 2 − 7ℎ𝑥 + 9𝑘 = 0 has two equal roots. Find h : k.

13. Ezuddin has a rectangular cardboard with a length of (3𝑥 + 1) cm and a width of x cm. He cuts a
square with sides of x cm from the cardboard. Find the range of values of x if the area of the
remaining cardboard is at least (𝑥 2 + 6)𝑐𝑚2 .

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2.3 Quadratic Functions

General Form

Changes in shape and position of the graph of function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

a>0 Left Hand Rule (Width of Graph)

a
a<0

c Only affects either upwards or downwards.

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𝑏
Axis of Symmetry 𝑥=−
2𝑎

1) Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic function. Sketch the graph and
make generalisation on the position of the graph on the x – axis.
𝑓 (𝑥) = – 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥 – 3 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 3 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥2 – 8𝑥 + 5

Type of roots: Type of roots: Type of roots:

2)
3)
4)
5)

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