Electromagnetics - Fall 2023

Chapter 8: Magnetostatic Forces

The following subjects will be discussed

• Magnetization.
• Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions.
• Magnetic Energy Density.
• Definition of Inductance.
 Magnetostatic Fields in Material

Materials can be classified based on the effect of external magnetostatic fields as

magnetic and non-magnetic.
Magnetic materials are characterized by the ability of the internal random magnetic
diploes to align parallel to applied external magnetic fields.

Non-magnetic materials have random magnetic dipoles that stay in random directions
even with the presence of applied external magnetic fields.

External
magnetic
field

Non-magnetic Weak magnetic Magnetic

Material Material Material
 Magnetization

When Magnetic materials are subjected to external magnetostatic fields, they become
Magnetized.
This magnetization vector is proportional to the applied external field. 𝑀 ∝ 𝐻
𝑀 = 𝛾! 𝐻 𝛾! : Magnetic susceptibility

Magnetic Flux Density inside a material is given by,

The magnetic flux inside
𝐵 = 𝜇" 𝐻 + 𝑀 (Wb/m2) the material is increased
due to magnetization.
Magnetic Flux Density becomes,
𝐵 = 𝜇" 1 + 𝛾! 𝐻 = 𝜇" 𝜇# 𝐻 = 𝜇𝐻 𝜇# = 1 + 𝛾!
is the relative permeability
The the relative permeability is a property of the material. (unitless)

Most materials in nature are non-magnetic (𝜇# ≈ 1), even some good metals (𝜇#_%& ≈
0.999991, 𝜇#_'( ≈ 1.00002). The class of materials that have high relative permeability
is called ferromagnetics (𝜇#_)* ≈ 5000).
 Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

The relation between the magnetic 𝐻"

𝐻"% 𝜃
field vector at the interface between ∆𝑆 !
𝐻"$ 𝜇!"
two different media is given by the
”boundary conditions”. 𝐻# 𝜃" 𝐻#$
Su
𝐻#% rfa
To relate the normal components de ce c
ns ur
across the interface, evaluate the closed ity re
𝐾 nt
𝜇!#
surface integral over some enclosure.
Normal component of B continuous Interface

/ 𝐵 0 𝑑𝑆 = 0 → 𝐵,- ∆𝑆 − 𝐵.- ∆𝑆 = 0 𝐵,- = 𝐵.- and 𝜇#,𝐻,- = 𝜇#.𝐻.-

+

To relate the tangential components across the interface, evaluate Ampere’s law
around some contour.
∆2 ∆2 ∆2 ∆2
∮ 𝐻 0 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼*-/( → 𝐻,0 ∆𝑤 + 𝐻,- .
+ 𝐻.-
.
− 𝐻.0 ∆𝑤 − 𝐻,-
.
− 𝐻.-
.
= 𝐾 ∆𝑤

The interface is defined as lim 𝐻,×𝑎⃑- − 𝐻.×𝑎⃑- = 𝐾

∆"→$ Also
For no surface current 𝐻,0 = 𝐻.0 and 𝐵,0 𝐵.0 tan 𝜃, 𝜇#,
= =
𝜇#, 𝜇#. tan 𝜃. 𝜇#.
Tangential component of H continuous
 Examples

(1) The plane 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 separates two magnetic materials. Given 𝐾=0 and,
𝐻, = −2 𝑎⃑4 + 6 𝑎⃑5 + 4 𝑎⃑6 (A/m)
Medium 2
Find the magnetization vector in medium 1. 𝜇!# = 2
𝑦
ce
𝑀, = 𝛾!,𝐻, = (5 − 1)(−2 𝑎⃑4 + 6 𝑎⃑5 + 4 𝑎⃑6 ) terfa
In
𝑀, = −8 𝑎⃑4 + 24 𝑎⃑5 + 16 𝑎⃑6 (A/m) 𝑎⃑% 𝜇!" = 5
2 Medium 1
Find the magnetic flux density in medium 1.
−2 𝑥
𝐵, = 𝜇" 𝜇# 𝐻, = 𝜇" −10 𝑎⃑4 + 30 𝑎⃑5 + 20 𝑎⃑6 (Wb/m2)

Find the magnetic field across the interface in medium 2.

𝑎⃑- = − 𝑎⃑4 + 𝑎⃑5 / 2 → 𝐻,- = 𝐻, 0 𝑎⃑- 𝑎⃑- = −4𝑎⃑4 + 4𝑎⃑5
→ 𝐻,0 = 𝐻, − 𝐻,- = 2𝑎⃑4 + 2𝑎⃑5 + 4𝑎⃑6
Apply B. C.
𝐻.0 = 𝐻,0 = 2𝑎⃑4 + 2𝑎⃑5 + 4𝑎⃑6
𝜇#, 𝐻. = −8 𝑎⃑4 + 12 𝑎⃑5 + 4 𝑎⃑6 (A/m)
𝐻.- = 𝐻 = −10𝑎⃑4 + 10𝑎⃑5
𝜇#. ,-
 Examples

(2) The plane 𝑧 = 0 separates two regions. Region 1 (𝑧 < 0) is characterized by a

relative magnetic permeability of 6, while that of region 2 (𝑧 < 0) is 4. The interface
carries a constant current density given by, 1
(mA/m)
𝐾= 𝑎⃑5
𝜇"
Given the flux density in region 2 as
𝐵. = 5 𝑎⃑4 + 8 𝑎⃑6 (mWb/m2)
find the magnetic field in region 1.
1 (mA/m)
The magnetic field in region 2 is 𝐻. = 5 𝑎⃑4 + 8 𝑎⃑6
4𝜇"
5 2
The normal is 𝑎⃑- = 𝑎⃑6 → 𝐻.0 = 𝑎⃑ 𝐻.- = 𝑎⃑
4𝜇" 4 𝜇" 6
8
Assuming that 𝐻, = 𝐻,4 𝑎⃑4 + 𝐻,5 𝑎⃑5 + 𝐻,6 𝑎⃑6 𝐵,- = 𝐵.- → 𝐻,- = 𝑎⃑
6𝜇" 6
8 1 1
𝐻,×𝑎⃑- − 𝐻.×𝑎⃑- = 𝐾 → 𝐻,4 𝑎⃑4 + 𝐻,5 𝑎⃑5 + 𝑎⃑6 ×𝑎⃑6 − 5 𝑎⃑4 + 8 𝑎⃑6 ×𝑎⃑6 = 𝑎⃑
6𝜇" 4𝜇" 𝜇" 5
5 1 1
−𝐻4 𝑎⃑5 + 𝐻5 𝑎⃑4 − 𝐻6 𝑎⃑5 = 𝑎⃑5 → 𝐻4 = 𝐻5 = 0
4𝜇" 𝜇" 4𝜇"
1 1 8
𝐻, = 𝑎⃑4 + 𝑎⃑6 (mA/m)
𝜇" 4 6
 Magnetic Energy Density

In the case of continuous charge distributions, defined by a charge density (𝜌% , 𝜌& or
𝜌' ), the energy stored in the electric field is calculated using an integral equation.

1 𝜇 . 𝜀 .
𝑊! = L 𝐵 0 𝐻 𝑑𝑣 = L 𝐻 𝑑𝑣 → 𝑤! = 𝐻
2 2 2
Magnetostatic energy Magnetostatic energy
stored in the field (J) density (J/m3)

In the case electrostatic and magnetostatic fields exist in the same space, the total
electromagnetic energy is given by.

1 . .
𝑊0"0 = L 𝜀𝐸 +𝜇 𝐻 𝑑𝑣
2
 Definition of Inductance

The amount of magnetic flux that can be generated for every Ampere of current in a
given structure is called Inductance. It measured the ability of a structure to store
magnetic energy as current passes through it.
𝑁𝜓 𝑁 ∫ 𝐵 0 𝑑𝐴 Unit is Henry (H)
𝐿= =
𝐼 𝐼

The ability of a circuit to store magnetic energy in

another circuit is called the mutual inductance.
𝑁.𝜓. 𝑁. ∫ 𝐵, 0 𝑑𝐴.
𝑀., = =
𝐼, 𝐼,
𝐿 depends on
(1) Shape of structure
(2) dimensions
(3) filling material.
 Electromagnetics - Fall 2023

Chapter 9: Maxwell’s Equations

The following subjects will be discussed

• Faraday’s Law of Induction.

• Maxwell’s Equations.
 Summary of Static Fields

Static EM Fields Equations

Continuity Equation
Differential Form Integral Form
𝜕
∇ 0 𝐷 = 𝜌9 , 𝐷 . 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑄 ∇ 0 𝐽⃑ + 𝜌 =0
𝜕𝑡 9

∇×𝐸 = 0 , 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙 = 0 ∇ 0 𝐽⃑ = 0 DC case

EM Boundary Conditions
∇×𝐻 = 𝐽⃑ , 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐸,0 = 𝐸.0 𝐷,- = 𝐷.- + 𝜌;

∇.𝐵 =0 , 𝐻 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼 𝐻,×𝑎⃑- − 𝐻.×𝑎⃑- = 𝐾 𝐵,- = 𝐵.-

Constitutive Relations (material) EM Energy Density

𝜀 . 𝜀 .
𝐽⃑ = 𝜎𝐸 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻 𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 𝑤: = 𝐸 𝑤! = 𝐻
2 2
 Faraday’s Law

Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines crossing a given surface.

Flux equals the surface

integral of the field over 𝐵
𝜙 = < 𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴
the given surface.

If there is a change in the linkage in the

wire (circuit) with respect to time, in any
way, an emf will be generated within the
wire (circuit)
𝑑𝜙 Faraday’s Law Of
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = − induction
𝑑𝑡

Ways to change linkage in time: (1) 𝐵 changing with time.

(2) Area changes with time
(3) Circuit is moving
(4) Combinations of the above.
 Induced Electric Field

Let’s find a direct relation between the change in magnetic field and the
corresponding induced electric field.

For a time-varying magnetic field, we can write

𝑑𝜙
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐵
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = − = −L 0 𝑑𝐴 Maxwell’s
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Equations of
Electromagnetics
We know that 𝜕𝐵
𝑉 = − L 𝐸 0 𝑑𝑙 𝐸𝑚𝑓 = / 𝐸 0 𝑑𝑙 ∇×𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐷
So, we have ∇ ×𝐻 = 𝐽⃑ +
𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐵
/ 𝐸 0 𝑑𝑙 = − = −L 0 𝑑𝐴
Note: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∇0𝐵 =0
The electric field is
generated even in the 𝜕𝐵 ∇ 0 𝐷 = 𝜌9
∇×𝐸 = −
absence of a circuit! 𝜕𝑡
 Q&A

Send me an email if
you have any
questions.