RINGS AND MODULES

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Lecture 1 :
-( 3 01 202P
-

· -

- -

On a set , we
put different -

2 structured
& see how it is useful to develop
mathematics
. For example : -

In Calculus : with the concept of

Sets
distance between two
pointe & continuax make .

Linear
In
Algebra := Vector space over
a
field & Linear trans .

Group Set with

Theory
In - A

binary/
operation &

gam Emomaphim
.

this
In course-we
study Rings
& module. Note that the concept
the concept
of sings a modules
generalize
of vectr space over a field .
(ii) a .
(b) + a .
b =

= a
a

.
.
(b + b)
o = o
(dstributive
law in

bring
a
3
-b)i theinverse
of -b)
a .
·

have

.
a (b) = -
(9 b).

·
Simo (a) · b = -

(a b)
-

Civil twice
Apply follows
(ii) an .

( a) . ( b)
-

= -

(a) b) .

= a .
b .

-friA singf
(R , +, ) ·

is called
ab = ba yabe i

It is said to be
identity
ting
with

If there is a multiplicative identity in

R , that is , I HER s .
t -

.
1
.
a = a .

1 = a XatR .

Example isa
commutati
e
is

② (Ex ,
+,
) is a commo
sing
with
identity
·