Draft Working Plan

for the forests of

Paonta Sahib Forest Division

FOR THE PERIOD 2023-24 TO 2032-33

AISHWARYA RAJ
WPO-cum-DFO , PAONTA SAHIB
 Preface
Working Plans are the liber primus of the Forest Department and hold an almost sanctimonious
importance. They are also the vade mecum or the guiding document that detail the scientific
management of forests and the prescriptions given therein are the backbone on which sustainable
management of our forests rests.

Considering its immense importance, authoring a Working Plan is an opportunity of great

privilege for a forester. In the days of yore, when forests were worked for timber needs, writing a
working plan called for an expertise in the scientific discipline of forestry to prescribe sustained
yields in what are essentially very long-term operations. However, in the current paradigm of
mega global challenges of climate change, unprecedented biodiversity loss and a consequent call
to action therein, scripting a working plan requires an even wider set of qualities comprising not
only the rigours of science but also the sensitivities of art to understand and prescribe for the deep
“web-of-life” that a forest is!

Paonta Sahib Forest Division for which the current working plan has been written is a crucial
forest division of the state abounding in Sal Forests. It formed one of the three areas where
experimental Silvicultural Felling has been carried out under the direct monitoring of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court of India in the very recent past. The prescriptions detailed in the Working Plan
chart the road-ahead for carrying out the scientific management of these forests that is premised
on the core issues of improved regeneration, biodiversity conservation and increased carbon
sequestration, apart from realizing their ecotourism potential and above all deepening the connect
of forests and the people.

It gives me pleasure to approve this Working Plan of the Paonta Sahib Forest Division, execution
of which shall enhance the ecosystem services provided by these forests. I congratulate the team
of foresters for this commendable effort executed amidst various challenging constraints but
nonetheless completed within the prescribed time.

It is my hope that the tradition of writing such Working Plans that are alive and responsive to the
dynamics of the ever-changing, complex needs of the anthropocosm gets reinvigorated. Afterall,
our aspirations of realizing a more sustainable future depend on this. This present Working Plan
is one such important step in that direction.

Rajiv Kumar, IFS

PCCF(HoFF), H.P.

[1]
 Message
Paonta Sahib Forest Division is one among the three forest divisions in Himachal Pradesh where
experimental silvicultural felling has been carried out under the monitoring of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court of India in the recent past. The results of the same on the regeneration of Sal have
been very encouraging.

It is in this context that this Working plan acquires greater salience and the prescriptions given
here provide the way forward regarding the scientific working of Sal forests in this important
division. Alongside the silvicultural prescriptions, the Working Plan also caters to the changing
paradigm of forestry as regards provisioning of ecosystem services, realizing ecotourism potential
of the division, and deepening the communities-forests connect.

I heartily congratulate the team of foresters of Paonta Sahib Forest Division for their laudable and
timely execution of this Working Plan and I hope the dedication and professionalism shown by
this team inspires other divisions where the Working Plans are due for revision.

Pradeep Thakur, IFS

Member Secretary,
Standing Consultative Committee-cum-
APPCF (WP&S) HP at Mandi

[2]
 Message
It is a matter of great joy to see the revised Working Plan of Paonta Sahib Forest Division,
one that had been due for revision for more than two decades. For this, I heartily congratulate the
team of dedicated foresters at Paonta Sahib Forest Division who have worked despite various
constraints to nonetheless complete the Working Plan within the stipulated time.

Paonta Sahib Forest Division under Nahan Circle is indeed unique for being the home of rich Sal
forests – the only division to have them in Himachal Pradesh. This is also one of the areas where
experimental silvicultural program has been carried out, monitored directly by the Hon’ble
Supreme Court. The results of experimental felling have been very encouraging and proves the
merit of silviculture to improve regeneration of natural forests. In this context, this Working Plan
provides the way forward for scientific management of Sal forests.

It is also pertinent to note that scientific management in today’s context has expanded from
sustainable harvesting of timber to a holistic provisioning of ecosystem services. It gives me
delight to state that the prescriptions given herein stand true to these changing needs.

This Working Plan for Paonta Sahib Forest Division is thus a welcome addition to the long
tradition of the management of Sal forests in the state and paves the way for the sustainable future
that we all are aspiring for.

Vasantha Kiran Babu, IFS

CF Nahan

[3]
 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge the following persons who have been instrumental in the making of
this draft working plan. Firstly, I would like to thank Sh. Rajiv Kumar, IFS, PCCF (HoFF) for
giving us this valuable opportunity to write the Draft Working Plan and his insightful and sharp
guidance in writing of the Plan. Sh. GS Goraya, IFS, PCCF (HoFF) (Retd.) for kindly revisiting
and revising the flora list of the Division for this plan. Smt. Sarita IFS, then CCF Nahan and Sh.
Vasantha Kiran Babu, CF Nahan for their valuable guidance and insights in writing of the plan.
Sh. H.V. Kathuria, IFS (then APCCF Working Plan) and Sh. Abhilash Damodaran IFS (CF,
Chamba) for guiding us regarding the sampling techniques. I would also like to convey gratitude
to Sh. Pradeep Thakur IFS (APCCF Working Plan & Settlement) and IFS, Smt. Parul Sood HPFS
for their guidance in the drafting of the Plan as well as members of the State Consultative
Committee for their inputs.

The making of this plan would not have been possible without the guidance, work-experience &
knowledge sharing of Sh. Kunal Angrish, IFS (DCF Solan). His role has been highly instrumental
including field working & documentation of experimental silviculture works done during his
tenure in the Division. His comprehensive working in the silvilculture program and field data
collection has been the baseline for analysis conducted in this Plan especially for Sal Working
Circle. Similar is the case for Water Resource management, Wildlife Management chapters. In
the context of the making of Yamuna Van Vihar and ongoing Sirmaur Van Vihar, he has opened
the window for us to write a new chapter on Ecotourism Working Circle.

The team at Paonta Sahib Forest Division has been the backbone of making this plan in such a
short span of time by putting days and nights together that too with a significant change as per
New Working Plan Code 2014. Sh. Suprabhat Thakur, HPFS, ACF, for his constant support, keen
interest, initiative and inputs in the writing of this plan. Sh. Suresh Pal Thakur, Supdt. Gr. II, for
his immaculate compilation in record-keeping and his dedication all through, managing the
delegation of work.

I also heartily acknowledge the following members of our Working Plan team for the amazing
dedication and delivery of work: Ms. Rekha, JOA (I.T.), Ms. Leela Sharma, JOA (I.T.), Ms. Pooja,
Fgd, Sh. Aniket Sharma, Fgd, Sh. Balwinder Singh, Fgd, Sh. Gurmeet Singh, Fgd, Sh. Hitesh
Chauhan, Fgd, Sh. Virender Sharma, Fgd, Sh. Virender Fgd, Sh. Rakesh Kumar, Fgd, Sh. Satish
[4]
Kumar, JOA (IT) & Sh. Parveen Kumar, JOA (IT). I would also thank Sh. Navanath Mane IFS
(on OJT) and Sh. Gurharsh Singh IFS (on OJT) for immediately getting onto the task and
incorporating modifications in the chapters.

My special thanks to Dr. D.R. Bhardwaj, Head, Department of SAF, CoF, Dr.YSP, UHF, Nauni
for his invaluable contribution and insights on Chil Working circle. Dr. V K Dhawan, Scientist at
ICFRE, Dehradun for his technical inputs in Part II of the Working Plan & Sh. Prashant, GIS Cell
for providing with the maps on priority. Finally, all Range Officers and field staff of Paonta Sahib
Forest Division deserve appreciation and gratitude for their dedication in carrying out field
exercises and helping put the plan all together within a short time period & with a sharp learning
curve.

Aishwarya Raj
DFO-cum-WPO
Paonta Sahib

[5]
 Abbreviations

Sr. No Abbreviations Full forms

1 ACF Assistant Conservator of Forest
2 ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration
3 BO Block Officer
4 BEF Biomass Expansion Factor
5 CAMPA Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management
and Planning Authority
6 CEC Central Empowered Committee
7 CH Compartment History
8 DFO Divisional Forest Officer
9 Dia. Diameter
10 DMFT District Mineral Foundation Trust
11 FCA Forest Conservation Act
12 FDA Forest Development Agencies
13 FRA Forest Rights Act
14 GIS Group Insurance Scheme
15 HPSFDC Himachal Pradesh State Forest Development
Corporation
16 JFM Joint Forest Management
17 MCR Master Control Rooms
18 NCAP National Clean Air Programme
19 NPV Net Present Value
22 NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce
23 RF Reserve Forest
24 RO Range Officer
25 Spp. Species
26 WC Working Circle

[6]
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
I Executive Summary 10

II Glossary of Terms (Technical & Local) 18

III List of Flora 31

IV List of Fauna 38

PART I: SUMMARY OF FACTS ON WHICH PROPOSALS ARE MADE

1 The Tract Dealt With 45-53

2 Maintenance / Increase in the extent of Tree Cover 54-69

3 Maintenance, Conservation and Enhancement of Biodiversity 70-82

4 Maintenance and Enhancement of Forest Health and Vitality 83-91

5 Conservation and Maintenance of Soil and Water Resources 92-99

6 Maintenance and Enhancement of Forest Resource Productivity 100-113

7 Optimization of Forest Resources Utilization 114-122

8 Maintenance of Social, Economic, Cultural and Spiritual 123-130

Benefits

9 Adequacy of Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 131-139

10 Five Year Plans 140-157

11 Past Systems and Management 158-200

12 Statistics of Growth and Yield 201-208

PART II: FUTURE MANAGEMENT

1 Basis of Proposals 209-220

2 Sal Working Circle 221-269

3 Coppice Working Circle 270-278

4 Chil Working Circle 279-289

5 Protection cum- Rehabilitation Working Circle 290-304

6 305-316
Eucalyptus Plantation Restoration & Rehabilitation
Management Plan

7 Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle 317-329

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 8 Water Resource Management & Soil Conservation 330-344
(Overlapping) Working Circle

9 Forest Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle 345-391

10 Wildlife Management & Biodiversity Conservation 392-431

(Overlapping) Working Circle

11 Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle 432-443

12 Ecotourism (Overlapping) Working Circle 444-453

13 General Financial Forecast and Financial Plan of Operation 454-461

14 Miscellaneous Regulations 462-466

15 Science and Research 467-470

16 Weed Management 471-483

17 Climate Change 484-494

18 Monitoring, Assessment & Reporting 495-498

19 Summary of Prescriptions 499-502

20 Signature of Officers 503

APPENDIX (ATTACHED AS A SEPARATE VOLUME)

Sr. No. Title Appendix

1 Divisional Area Statement Appendix

I

2 Enumeration and its results Appendix

IIA

3 Biodiversity Assessment Appendix

IIB

4 Regeneration Surveys Appendix

IIC

5 Rights, concessions, grazing regulations and notifications Appendix

III

6 Current schedule of rates of timber, compensation etc. Appendix

IV

7 Leases contracts and transfers Appendix

A) Information of Approved FCA cases B) Information of V
Approved FRA cases

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8 Buildings and Rest houses Appendix
VI

9 Divisional Forest Officers Appendix

VII

10 List of JFMs Appendix

VIII

11 List of Fire incidences Appendix

IX

12 List of Graziers Appendix

X

13 List of Kokath Tree (Exempted Species) Appendix

XI

14 Species for religious, medicinal, culinary and aesthetic Appendix

importance XII

15 Nursery seed manual prepared for 38 species in Paonta Sahib Appendix

Forest Division XIII

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 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The working plan for Paonta Sahib Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, for the period 2023-24 to
2032-2033 has been prepared as per National Working Plan Code-2014. The previous Working
Plan was written by Sh. Vineet Kumar (1998-99 to 2012-13 and extended up to 2017-18). The
plan was for a period of 15 years beginning from 1998-99 to 2012-13 which was extended up to
2017-18 and approved by MoEF&CC. It is also noteworthy that the current Working Plan is the
1st being written exclusively for Paonta Sahib Forest Division, since previously it was combined
with Nahan Division, having being carved out only in 1984.

The current initiative is undertaken to efficiently plan and sustainably manage, improve, conserve
and utilize the state forests & the biodiversity. This technical document being prepared for 10
years contains details of information about forest type, flora, fauna, soil and water resources,
management practices to be adopted, growth & yield statistics of different forest, interference and
interdependence of biotic and abiotic factors etc. Further, the working plan aims to steer processes
to guide the increase in the percentage of forest area both in qualitative and quantitative terms.
The key driver is also to link the village level development issues (local livelihoods) with the
improvement and protection of ecosystem services of the forest. This needs to be done by
integrating environmental, social and economic issues into a holistic framework based on the
livelihoods of the natural resource dependent community. The data of forest attributes in new
working plan code will help foresters in delineation of drivers of degradation and to implement
correct prescriptions in future for improvement and management of ecosystem services of Paonta
Sahib Forest Division.

The Working Plan has been prepared for sustainable management of Paonta Sahib Forest Division
keeping in mind the availability of resources and the issues therein along with measures to control
the pressure on the forest reservesand increase the green cover of the division. The reserved forests
covered by this Working Plan lie within the geographical limits. The area is situated between 30⁰
22' 37" and 30⁰ 41' 36" North latitude and 77⁰ 7' 19" and 77⁰ 49' 48" East Latitude.

Measures to control pressures on forest reserves and enhance the green cover and forest
productivity of the division have been emphasized in the working plan.

[10]
The total forest area covered by the present plan is 28791.69 ha. The Division comprises of 4
ranges namely Majra, Girinagar, Paonta Sahib and Bhagani Ranges.The area is bounded by Nahan
and Renukaji Forest Divisions in North, Dehradun district of Uttarakhand in the East, separated
by Tons and Yamuna rivers and Yamunanagar district of Haryana in the South.The Divisional
Head Quarter of Paonta Sahib Forest Division is located at Paonta Sahib falling in Doon Valley,
on the banks of Yamuna river, at an elevation of about 389 mts.

The forests of Paonta Sahib Forest Division have long attracted the keen-eyes of foresters through
planned management of the rich Sal forests. Forestry, however has traversed many cross-roads in
the last few decades here, ranging from complete ban on green felling in Himachal Pradesh since
1980s to its part uplifting under experimental felling program in Paonta Sahib Range of the
Division in 2018-2020. Today, the Division finds itself in a critical phase. The forests’ health, due
to the ban on felling and in a way ban on scientific management of forests through silviculture
have been affected with over-aged stock, higher diameter classes of trees and impacted
regeneration. A whole range of biological resources, utilized in many different ways, are also
under immense pressure with increasing biotic pressures, encroachments and fragmentation. The
issue therefore is to find out a comprehensive ‘Sustainable forest /eco-system Management’
practice for revitalizing the forests of Paonta Sahib in terms of silviculture inputs and
implementation, as well as to produce enough goods & services to fulfill the ever-increasing
demand of all the stakeholders as well as garner their support in protecting the forests, biodiversity
within and mitigation of human-wildlife conflicts.

A) VISION STATEMENT
Revival of scientific forest management in the forests of Paonta Sahib Forest Division based on
‘Ecosystem Approach to Forest Management’, eco-restoration of degraded forest areas and to
ensure participation of local communities along with Forest department in controlling and
prevention of any degradation of the forests

B) GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT:

The objectives of the Working Plan are based on Ecosystem Approach to Forest Management
(EAFM) principles: -
I. To restore scientific management of the forests and revive forest health
II. To identify the right silvicultural systems for various working circles with the goal to move
towards normality of forests and sustainable yield regulation

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 III. To enhance the forest/tree cover through various forestry interventions and to assist in
derivation of all kinds of provisioning, regulatory and supporting Ecosystem Services
(ES).
IV. To restore the ecological balance and to address the demand of the local community
without destroying the natural ecosystem
V. To develop forests as carbon sink for absorption of toxic carbon contents of industry and
other polluting agents to enhance the role of regulatory Ecosystem Services.
VI. To protect and conserve the large and compact areas of forests to ensure environmental
services such as perennial supply of water, wildlife migration
VII. To ensure sufficient carbon sink storage through eco-restoration and plantation meeting
India’s Sustainable Development Goals
VIII. To replace the exotic species planted in the Paonta Sahib Forest Division with
native/indigenous species.
IX. To minimize the damage to ecology and environment through the various threats that
forests face through proper landscape and ecosystem management
X. To facilitate a Revival Action Plan for water resource management practices in the
Division
XI. To mitigate human-animal conflicts and to increase community participation in
conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of conflict
XII. To tap on the success models in the Division pertaining to water security and enhancement
of forest cover including eco-restoration by looking at scalability and replicability.
C) SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE DIVISION
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

• The largest Sal working circle of • Multiple exit points for illegal
Himachal Pradesh activities
• Rich biodiversity – floral and faunal • Increased anthropogenic interferences
• Altitude and accessibility: Complete • Fragmentation and encroachments
forests checking and 100% • River bank erosion and susceptibility
enumeration possible • Inadequate training and lack of
• Proper forest management and firearms with field-staff
monitoring feasibility • Lack of patrolling vehicles and
• Successful people-led forestry resources for sensitive areas
activities – Amboya, Chandpur etc.

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

• Success of experimental felling for • Continued ban on scientific

Sal – scope for revival of forest management of forests

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 health, revenue generation and • Bordering areas with three states -
employment creation in the state high threat of illegal transit of forest
• Scope for creation and management of produce
wildlife corridors for safe passage and • Illicit mining prone with Yamuna,
enrichment Giri and Bata river systems
• Ecotourism circuit development with • Human-elephant conflict scenarios on
riverfront, diverse forests, National the rise in recent years
Park and wetland in the vicinity • Grazing and biotic pressures
• Untapped spring sheds and water- • Calamities: Forest fires and landslides
conservation potential

D) EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The expected outcomes of the current Working Plan include: –
1. Improvement of quality of existing forests and movement towards normality and better
regeneration
2. Increase in forest cover through various forestry interventions and improved carbon sink
in the Division to add to India’s commitments under Sustainable Development Goals
3. Promotion of people-led participation and SHGs strengthening viz forest protection and
conservation through increased livelihood opportunities, ecotourism, and plantations.
4. Improved hydrological regime in the Division basis planned interventions of revival of
water resources and equitable, regulated flow of water in streams and tapping of spring-
sheds
5. Mitigation of human-wildlife conflicts through informed practices and cooperation of
communities as well as through technical interventions

BRIEF ON THE WORKING PLAN & FORMAT

The focus of forest management has shifted from forest product harvesting to environmental
stability, biodiversity monitoring and management, restoration of ecological balance of the
disturbed areas, protective function of the forest resources and Joint Forest Management of village
communities. Considering all these aspects of forest management, New Working Plan Code-2014
(NWPC) has been developed by MOEF & CC with the main focus on sustainable forest
management, biodiversity conservation, JFM and to initiate action to mitigate climate change.

The New Working Plan Code-2014 has been divided into two parts; PART-I and PART-II. There
are 12 chapters in PART-1 of the Working Plan. As per NWPC 2014, the following seven thematic
elements of Sustainable Forest Management (Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2005) have
been incorporated in the Working Plan of Paonta Sahib Forest Division. These have been

[13]
acknowledged by FAO member countries and the UNFF (chapter numbers in brackets are from
the NWPC 2014, followed in this Working Plan):

1. Extent of Forest Resources (Chapter 1 & 2)

2. Biological Diversity (Chapter 3)

3. Forest Health and Vitality (Chapter 4)

4. Productive Functions of Forest Resources (Chapter 5 & 6)

5. Protective Functions of Forest Resources (Chapter 7)

6. Socio-Economic Functions (Chapter 8)

7. Legal, Policy and Institutional Framework (Chapter 9)

The forests are providing ecosystem services to mankind. NWPC 2014 focuses on sustainable
management of ecosystem services. The ecosystem services that humans derived from the forests
are provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. The provisioning services are water
for drinking and irrigation, food, fuel, timber, fodder and NTFPs of economic importance. The
regulatory services are control of diseases and pests, control of soil erosion, control of natural
disasters, supply of perennial water, climate regulation, pollination and air quality regulation. The
supporting services include soil formation, primary production, nutrient cycling, water cycling,
photosynthesis and provision of habitat. The cultural services include cultural habitat, ecotourism,
spiritual tourism and social relations in context of nature-dependence.

The present Working Plan of Paonta Sahib is therefore prepared on the basis of sustainable
management of ecosystem services as accordance with NWPC 2014. The preparation of NWPC
2014 Working Plan is done with collection of field data from more than 600 grid points based on
Grid Map of Paonta Sahib Forest Division provided by GIS Cell. The field inventory data were
collected in forms (Form 1: Plot Approach Form; Form 2: Plot Description Form; Form 3: Plot
Enumeration Form etc.) in line with the NWPC 2014. Forest Inventory data have been collected
by the field staff of Paonta Sahib Forest Division for all ranges in the form of Sample Point Data.

The following Chapters are prepared for Paonta Sahib Forest Division working plan according to
NWPC. The elements of the working plan are summarized in the following chapters:

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PART-I CHAPTERS OF CURRENT WORKING PLAN:

Chapters 1 and 2: The extent of forest area, forest cover, forest types, land use patterns, supply
of water sources, types of soils, rocks, topography, altitudinal variation and climate and threats to
the forests. The numbers of forest ranges in Paonta Sahib Forest Division are 4. The field data
were collected from the compartments of the forest ranges.

Chapter 3: The assessment and conservation efforts of biological diversity of Paonta Sahib
Division. In this chapter importance value index of flora and diversity indexes of different forest
ranges are assessed. The IVI revealed the importance of particular species in the compartments
and diversity indices revealed the diversity of species in the Division.

Chapter 4: Methods and techniques of protection of forest health from natural hazards (flood,
soil erosion, drought etc.) and biotic pressure (grazing, lopping, forest fires, illicit felling,
encroachment, invasive species and insects –pests).

Chapter 5: Soil and water conservation of the division. The areas treated under soil and water
conservation in different ranges have shown in the chapter. The chapter highlighted the
importance of water tables and water harvesting in Paonta Sahib Forest division.

Chapter 6: The wealth of the forest is assessed through growing stock. The management of
growing stock has given rise to the concept of sustained yield which envisages that during a period
the cut from a forest should not exceed its growth. The growing stock of forests of Paonta Sahib
Forest Division is assessed in this chapter. Carbon stock of Paonta Sahib is estimated as per IPCC
guideline and formula to mitigate climate change.

Chapter 7: Utilization of forest resources of Paonta Sahib Division by the people living in close
proximity to forests based on rights. Both timber and non-timber products from the forests have
real value for these communities. They have market values and also socio-cultural values.
Extraction in context of FRA/FCA and salvage removals has also been discussed.

Chapter 8: Participation of local communities in protection and conservation of forests under

JFM. Utilization of forest resources for livelihood opportunities has been briefed.

Chapter 9: Forest policies, acts, rules and guidelines implemented by the State Forest
departments help in making various decisions of forest protection and management. The
implementation of policies, acts and rules for management of Paonta Sahib Forests are highlighted
in the chapter. The acts and rules of Central as well HPFD level are addressed in the chapter.

[15]
Chapter 10: History of India’s Five-year plans concomitant with Paonta Sahib’s Forest working
plans has been traced in the chapter.

Chapter 11: The chapter revealed the past system of management and their implication on the
forests of Paonta Sahib Forest Division. This chapter also guides the improvement of works and
constitution of working circles for PART-II of the working plan.

Chapter 12: The chapter highlighted the growth and yield of forest products and important
commercial tree species of Paonta Sahib Forest Division.

Besides these, GIS maps of different layers of the resources of Paonta Sahib Forest Division are
prepared and presented in the working plan. The new approach of sustainable management of
ecosystem services approach has been incorporated in this Working Plan to manage forests based
on the application of appropriate modern scientific methodologies of Remote Sensing, GIS and
using other tools focused on equitable sharing of resources and sustainable forest management of
the Division.

PART-II CHAPTERS OF CURRENT WORKING PLAN:

Part-II of NWPC reflects the proposals of working circles for the management of forests of Paonta
Sahib Forest Division. It contained the following elements:

(i) Object of Management: For achievement goal of working plan, the following have also been
considered:

A. Interventions to manage, monitor, protect, and enhance the natural habitats and resources
through scientific management of forests of the Paonta Sahib Forest Division, and

B. Provide an administrative framework to facilitate community participation and enhancement

of natural resources.

(ii) Management Strategy: The main objective of the management is to maintain and restore
ecosystem integrity. Sustainability and ecosystem restoration (or eco-restoration) remains the goal
of the management where ecosystem functions have been hampered, forest stocking and
biodiversity have been reduced, soil nutrients have depleted due to erosion or forest fires or heavy
removal of wood and non-wood forest products. The treatment methods are based on principles
of restoration ecology. It would, however, be not possible to restore the degraded ecosystems to
their pristine structure and composition, which may not necessarily a goal. But it is possible to
undertake treatment to bring them close to nature which could be done mimicking the nature and

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learning from similar least disturbed areas of similar forest types elsewhere either in a protected
area or outside it.

(iii) Constitution of Working Circles: The management is a continuum as are ecosystems.

Applying adaptive management principles, the working circles of the previous working plan (by
Sh. Vineet Kumar) are readjusted and new working circles are also included in view of new facts
and new evolving management approaches. The following Working Circles were proposed:

Sr. No. Name of Working Circles

1. Sal Working Circle

2. Coppice Working Circle

3. Chil Working Circle

4. Protection cum- Rehabilitation Working Circle

5. Eucalyptus Plantation, Restoration & Rehabilitation Management Plan

6. Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle

7. Water Resource Management & Soil Conservation (Overlapping) Working Circle

8. Forest Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle

9. Wildlife Management & Biodiversity Conservation (Overlapping) Working Circle

10. Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle

11. Ecotourism (Overlapping) Working Circle

Additionally, Chapter 17 under ‘Weed Management’ discusses the common weeds of Paonta
Sahib Forest Area and Chapter 18 discusses the background of ‘Climate Change’ and its visibile
impacts in mountainous ecosystems and Paonta Sahib Division area.

[17]
 II-A Glossary of Technical Terms

Term Explanation
Above-ground The AGB carbon pool consists of all living vegetation above the soil,
biomass inclusive of stems, stumps, branches, bark, seeds and foliage.

Afforestation Artificial establishment of forest on lands which previously did not carry
forest within living memory

ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration

Aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock

fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, silt and sand). Groundwater
can be extracted using a water well.

Bank Erosion Bank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. This
is distinguished from erosion of the bed of the watercourse, which is
referred to as scour. The roots of trees growing by a stream are undercut
by such erosion.

Below-ground The BGB carbon pool consists of the biomass contained within live roots
Biomass

Biomass Expansion The ratio of aboveground biomass and bole biomass (defined by a
Factor (BEF) merchantable measure or a minimum DBH). It is used to quantify carbon
stock in forests.

Biotic Factor Any influence of living organisms. Usually restricted to the influence of
animals including man.

Block Plantation Tree plantations in compact blocks of more than 0.1 ha on lands outside
recorded forest areas.

Borers Any of various insects, insect larvae make holes in tree trunks, barks etc.

CAMPA CAMPA Act or Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act is an Indian

legislation that seeks to provide an appropriate institutional mechanism,
both at the Centre and in each State and Union Territory, to ensure
expeditious utilization in efficient and transparent manner of amounts
released in lieu of forest land diverted for non-forest purpose which would
mitigate impact of diversion of such forest land.

Canopy The cover of branches and foliage formed by the crowns of trees in a
wood.

Canopy Density The relative completeness of canopy usually expressed as a decimal

coefficient, taking closed canopy as unity. The following classification of
canopy density is in vogue: Closed when the density is 1.0; dense when
the density is between 0.75 and 1.0.; thin when the density is between 0.5
and 0.7; and open when the density is under 0.5

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Capacity Building It is the process by which individuals and organizations obtain, improve,
and retain the skills, knowledge, tools, equipment, and other resources
needed to do their jobs competently. It improves individual or
organization capacity to do works in efficient way.

Carbon The uptake and storage of carbon. Trees and plants, for example, absorb
Sequestration carbon dioxide, release the oxygen and store the carbon.

CEC Central Empowered Committee

Check Dam A small low dam constructed in a gully or other water-course to decrease
the velocity of stream flow and thereby to minimize channel scour and
promote deposition of eroded material.

Clay Loam A heavy soil intermediate in texture between clay and loam.

Clear Felling Strictly the felling of the whole standing crop in one operation.

Climax Forest The final stage of successional development on a forest site under specific
climatic and other environmental conditions, leading to a more or less
stable equilibrium underlying only minor changes in species composition.

Compartment A territorial unit of a forest permanently defined for the purposes of

administration, description and record. (Preferably designated by Arabic
numerals, 1, 2, 3, etc.).

Compartment A record of all events effecting the forestry of an individual compartment.

History

Controlled Burning Any deliberate use of fire whereby burning is restricted to a predetermined
area and intensity.

Controlled Grazing Conservative grazing through controlling the period and incidence by the
movement of livestock in different parts of the area in prescribed
sequence.

Coppice with Silviculture system where forest or stand consists of coppice among
Standards which a number of trees (standards), that are generally of seedling origin,
are retained for a longer rotation to provide large material and seeds to
regenerate the forests.

Coppice Shoot A shoot arising from an adventitious bud at the base of a woody plant that
has been cut near the ground or burnt back. Sometimes (incorrectly) used
to include root suckers.

Coupe Defined felling area in forest compartment

Defoliators An adult or larval insect which strips all the leaves from a tree or shrub.

Deforestation Change of land cover with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10
percent. Changes within the forest class (e.g. from closed to open forest)
which negatively affect the stand or site and, in particular, lower the
production capacity, are termed forest degradation.

[19]
Dense Forest All lands with a forest cover having a canopy density of 40 percent and
above.

Diameter Class One of the intervals into which the range of stem diameters, e.g., of trees
or logs, is divided for classification and use; also, the trees, logs, etc.,
falling into such an interval.

DMFT District Mineral Foundation Trust

Dominant species The species that predominates in an ecological community, particularly

when they are most numerous or form the bulk of the biomass.

Ecosystem The sum of plants, animals, environmental influences, and their

interactions within a particular habitat

Ecosystem Services Ecosystem services, outputs, conditions, or processes of natural systems

that directly or indirectly benefit humans or enhance social welfare. ... For
example, the pollination of crops provided by bees and other organisms
contributes to food production and is thus considered an ecosystem
service.

Ecotourism It is tourism with an ecological conscience. It involves visiting fragile,

pristine, and relatively untouched natural areas, with the intention to
support conservation efforts.

Emissions factor Emissions factor gives gains and losses in carbon stock as a standard rate
of emissions per unit activity. It is used to scale emissions to activity data.

Enumeration The counting, singly or together, of individuals of one or more species in

a forest crop and their classification by species, size, condition, etc.
Enumeration may be complete (total) or partial (sample); a partial
enumeration may by carried out on separate sample plots or in strips or
lines.

Evenness A value for evenness approaching zero reflects large differences in

abundance of species, whereas an evenness of one means all species are
equally abundant

FDA Forest Development Agencies are to be registered as Federation of all

Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) within a territorial/
wildlife forest division under the Societies’ Registration Act

Felling Cycle Felling cycle is defined as the time that elapses between successive –
fellings

Felling Series Annual felling of trees in Forest Campartment

Fire Lines Containment lines or fire breaks in Forest Compartments to check forest
fires. Width of Fire lines are kept as 10-15 m.

Fire Protection All activities concerned with protection of a forest area from damage by
fire; comprises prevention, detection, pre-suppression and suppression.

[20]
Flagship species A flagship species is a species selected to act as an ambassador, icon or
symbol for a defined habitat, issue, campaign or environmental cause.

Flood Plains A flood plain is an area of flat land alongside a river. This area gets
covered in water when the river floods. Flood plains are naturally very
fertile due to the river sediment which is deposited there.

Forest a) An area set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce,
or maintained under woody vegetation for certain indirect benefits which
it provides, e.g., climatic or protective.

(b) A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody

vegetation, usually with a closed canopy.

(c) An area of land proclaimed to be a forest under a forest law.

Forest Area The area recorded as a forest in the Government records. It is also referred
to as “Recorded Forest Area”.

Forest Cover All trees and other plants occupying the ground in a forest.

Forest Crop The entire collection of trees (including bamboos) growing on a given
area. Forest crops may be classified in terms of their stages of
development as seedling crops, thickets or sapling crops, pole crops and
tree crops.

Forest Diversion Forest land is usually recommended for diversion by state governments
for the development of various infrastructure projects or mining, and then
given a final approval by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MoEF &CC)

Forest Division A forest division is a term used to signify an area containing one or more
(usually) demarcated and (usually) protected or resource-
managed forests, for administrative purposes.

Forest Fire Fire mitigation is a series of steps that you can take to reduce the risk of a
Mitigation wildfire consuming your property. It includes assessing the risks around
your property, recognizing the wildfire dangers and your responsibility
in mitigating them, thereby creating a defensible space.

Forest Fringe The villages located in the proximity of forest areas.

Villages

Forest inventory A survey of a forest area to collect information on timber and a variety of
other resource values.

Forest management A general plan for the management of a forest area, usually for a full
plan rotation cycle, including the objectives, prescribed management activities
and standards to be employed to achieve specified goals. Commonly
supported with more detailed development plans.

Forest Policy The general principles determined according to social and economic
objects adopted or the creation and/or maintenance of forests and their
use.

[21]
Forest Produce All material yielded by a forest estate. Generally defined in forest acts,
regulations, etc., and may include earth, stone, gravel and minerals.
Classified as
(a) Major Forest Produce – timber, smallwood and fire wood and
(b) Minor Forest Produce – all forest produce, other than major forest
produce, including grass, fruit, leaves, animal products, soil and minerals.
Forest Range An executive territorial unit, usually the charge of a forest ranger.

Forest Regulation (a) A branch of forestry concerned with the technical aspects of
organizing and maintaining a forest for sustained yield.
(b) A legal ordinance affecting forests.
Forest Right A legally recognized claim, possessed by a person, community or
property, to share in the enjoyment of some or all of the benefits of the
forest property of another.
Forest Type A category of forest defined generally with reference to its geographical
location, climatic and edaphic features, composition and condition
Forest Utilization The branch of forestry concerned with the harvesting, conversion,
disposal and use of forest produce.
General Volume Volume table designed to cover the whole natural range and dimensions
Table of a species

Geographic A computer-based mapping system which combines different types of

information system resource information. Often used to make forest management decisions.
(GIS)

Girth Class One of the intervals into which the range of girth of trees or logs is divided
for classification or use; also, the trees of logs falling into such an interval.

Grassland A community in which grasses predominate; trees are either altogether

absent or present in relatively small number.

Grazing Incidence The amount of grazing in an area expressed as number of animals or

equivalent cow units per acre.

Ground Water The body of water in the ground, accumulated above impermeable layers
that completely fills the pore space to a level whose depth below the
surface varies from place to place and, generally from time to time.
Growing Stock The sum (by number or volume) of all the trees growing in the forest or a
specified part of it.

Habitat The place where an organism lives and/or the conditions of that
environment including the soil, vegetation, water, and food.

Hardwood A conventional term, used irrespective of physical hardness or softness,

for broadleaved trees and their timber, as distinguished from conifers and
their timber which are known as softwoods. In countries where conifers
are of little commercial importance, however, the terms are commonly
used in their literal sense. In India the lighter hardwoods are often called
'light' or 'soft' hardwoods

Harvesting The cutting and removal of trees from a forested area.

[22]
Hazard A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health
effects on something or someone.

Heart Rot In trees, heart rot is a fungal disease that causes the decay of wood at the
center of the trunk and branches.

Hillocks Narrow hills separated from larger hills

Humus The organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves

and other plant material by soil microorganisms.

Infiltration It is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

Irregular Silviculture system in which the advance growth (saplings and poles) are
Shelterwood System retained for compensating deficiency of natural regeneration, resulting in
irregular crop

Invasive Species The species not native to a specific location (an introduced species) and
tends to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment,
human economy or human health.

JFM Joint Forest Management

Land Use, Land-Use It is a category within UNFCCC accounting framework for greenhouse
Change and Forestry gas (GHG) emissions. LULUCF includes carbon pools of living biomass
(LULUCF) (above and below ground), dead organic matter (dead wood and litter) and
organic soil carbon.

Landslide The sudden sliding of masses of rock soil or other superficial deposits on
steep slopes.

Livelihood A means of supporting one's existence, especially financially or

vocationally.

Loamy Includes all sandy loams, clay loams, loam, silt and silt-loam textures.
Sometimes subdivided into moderately, coarse-textured, medium-
textured, and moderately fine-textured groups

Location Map Location map means a map depicting the location of the resource
referenced in the application delineated in relation to the resource in its
entirety and enough surrounding area to locate the resource on
other map sources.

Log The stem of a tree or a length of stem or branch after felling and trimming.

Logging (Synonym: A method by which the growing stock (or part of it) of a stand is removed.
Harvesting) Includes the procedure from felling to long-distance transport.

MAI (mean annual The average annual increase in volume of individual trees or stands up ro
increment) the specified point in time. The MAI changes with different growth phases
in a tree’s life, being highest in the middle years and then slowly
decreasing with age. The point at which the MAI peaks is commonly used
to identify the biological maturity of the stand and its readiness for
harvesting.

[23]
Management A management information system (MIS) is a computer system
Information System consisting of hardware and software that serves as the backbone of an
organization’s operations.

MCR Master Control Rooms; established in forest division to release

information bulletin on Forest Fire Danger Rating to all beats.

Micro-plans Micro-plans are prepared for execution of various developmental

activities of villages under JFM.

Mixed Forest A forest composed of trees of two or more species intermingled in the
same canopy; in practice and by convention, at least 20 per cent of the
canopy must consist of species other than principal one.

Moderately Dense All lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 40 to 70
Forest percent.

NAP National Afforestation Plan of Govt of India to decentralised powers to

JFMCs and FDA for protection of forests, plantation activities and
capacity building.

NCAP National Clean Air Programme, launched in 2019, and India's flagship
program for better air quality in 122 cities.

Native species A "native" plant is one that is living, growing, and reproducing naturally
in a particular region.

Natural The renewal of a forest crop by self-sown seed, or by coppice or root

Regeneration suckers; also, the crop so obtained.

Net present value A stand’s present worth before harvesting once costs associated with its
(NPV) establishment and tending have been subtracted.

Non-forest land Land not primarily intended for growing or supporting a forest.

Non-Timber Forest It is defined as product or service other than timber that is produced in
Products (NTFPs) forests. NTFPs are useful materials or commodities obtained from forests
without harvesting (logging) of trees.

Normal Forest A forest which for a given site and given objects of management, is ideally
constituted as regards growing stock, age class distribution and increment,
and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce equal to the
increment can be continued indefinitely without endangering future
yields. A forest which by reason of its normalcy in these respects serves
as a standard of comparison, for sustained yield management.

Open Forest Lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 10 to 40 percent.

Overlapping Overlap across more than one Working Circle of a Forest Division
Working Circle

[24]
Panchayat Forest Any forest whose management is vested in a village panchayat, i.e., a
body of men elected by the villagers from among themselves for specific
administrative or other purposes pertaining to the village.

Panwis The forests other than RF, DPFS and UF having no tree growth and
which contain grasses only

Perennial rivers The rivers flow in all seasons.

Permanent pastures Land used to grow grasses or other herbaceous forage naturally (self-
seeded) or through cultivation (sown) and that is not included in the crop
rotation of the holding for five years or longer

Physiographic Zone A physiographic zone constitutes geographical areas that exhibit broad
similarities in factors responsible for the growth of tree vegetation.
Physiographic zones have been used as strata for assessing tree cover in
the country.

Pole crop 5 to 9.9 cm DBH trees

Pollution A change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air,

water, or soil that can affect the health, survival, or activities of humans
in an unwanted way. Some expand the term to include harmful effects on
all forms of life.

Preservation Plot A sample area of natural forest or plantation set apart for preservation in
perpetuity mainly for purposes of ecological observations and growth
studies covering the full life of the trees and crops.

Reducing Emissions A framework to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation,

from Deforestation conservation of existing carbon stocks and enhancement of carbon stocks.
and Forest
Degradation

Reforestation Artificial (planting, seeding) or natural re-establishment of forest after

harvesting/cutting on previously forest or other wooded land.

Regeneration The renewal of a tree crop, either by natural or artificial means

Regeneration Survey A survey for the assessment of established and unestablished regeneration
generally by sample enumeration.

Remote sensing Remote sensing is the acquisition of data, such as total forest area, forest
type, canopy cover and height, from sensors on board aircraft or space-
based platforms.

Reserved Forest An area so constituted under the forest act or other law.

Root Rot Any of various plant diseases characterized by decay of the roots and
caused especially by fungi.

Root stock Rootstock varieties may come from naturally growing trees, unique
naturally occurring plant mutations, or be genetically bred for the purpose
of being rootstock.

[25]
Rotation The planned number of years between the formation or regeneration of a
crop and its final felling. In the case of a selection forest, the average age
at which a tree is considered mature for felling.

Sample Plot A plot chosen as representative of a larger area. In forestry, sample plots
are used mainly in enumeration surveys and for studies of growth.

Sampling The selection of sample units from a population and the measurement
and/or recording of information on these units to obtain estimates of
population characteristics.

Sapling A young tree from the time when it reaches 3 feet in height till the lower
branches begin to fall. A sapling is characterized by the absence of dead
bark and its vigorous height growth.

Scrub Inferior growth consisting chiefly of small or stunted trees and shrubs

Seasonal rivers Seasonal rivers are the rivers which flow only in rainy seasons and remain
dry mostly.

Seedlings A young plant, especially one raised from seed and not from a cutting
usually less than 1 m of height

Selection System The system in which regeneration and felling carried out in whole
compartment but not in specific areas as in other systems. Dead,
decaying, diseased and mature trees are selected for felling.

Shannon-Weiner A measure of species richness and abundance. It is used for comparing

Index diversity of species between various habitats.

Shelterwood System Shelterwood systems are those high forests system in which the young
crop is established under the shelter (overhead or lateral) of the old one,
the latter at the same time affords protection to the soil. It includes the
various systems of successive regeneration felling together with the
selection system.

Silvicultural System A method of silvicultural procedure worked out in accordance with

accepted sets of silvicultural principles, by which crops constituting
forests are tended, harvested and replaced by new crops of distinctive
forms.

Silviculture The art and science of cultivating forest crops.

Soil Organic Matter It is the organic component of soil containing small plants residues, small
(SOM) living soil organism and decomposed organic matter.

Species richness Species richness is the number of different species represented in an

ecological community, landscape or region

Stand density A relative measure of the amount of stocking on a forest area. Often
described in terms of stems per hectare.

[26]
Standard Volume A volume table in which the contents are given as volume measured down
Table to the limits for standard timber, and, if necessary, smallwood, with stump
included. Mainly of use as a basis for reference and for deriving, by the
application of suitable conversion factors, subordinate volume tables in
units and modes of measurement for specific local purposes

Stratification Stratification is the division of the area into more homogenous units of
carbon density. The purpose of stratification is to increase the accuracy
and precision of accounting by reducing field data variability.

Succession The gradual replacement of one community by another in the

development of vegetation towards a climax; succession is primary on
sites which have previously not borne vegetation and secondary after
destruction of whole or part of original vegetation.

Sustainable Preservation and protection of diverse ecosystems—the soil, plants,

Development animals, insects and fungi while maintaining the forest’s productivity

Sustainable Use of Sustainable management is the prerequisite for the sustainable use of
Forests forests.
Sustainable management means the stewardship and use of forests and
forest lands in such a way and at such a rate that maintains their
biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their
potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic
and social functions at local, national, and global levels and that does not
cause damage to other ecosystems.

Thinning A felling made in an immature stand for the purpose of improving the
growth and form of the trees that remain, without permanently breaking
the canopy.

Timber Categories of wood other than fire wood.

Trenching Trenching is a construction method that involves digging a

narrow trench/ nali in the ground for protection of forest resources or
water harvesting for plants.

Un-classed Forests An area recorded as forest but not included in reserved or protected forest

Undergrowth The lowest stratum of woody and other vegetation above the ground cover

Understorey The lower storey of a forest crop, e.g., a young crop under seedbearers,
coppice under standards, or the lower storeys in a multi-storeyed high
forest.

Very Dense Forest Lands with forest cover having a canopy density of 70 per cent and above.

Vitality Making forest resources strong

Volume Table A table showing for a given species the average contents of trees, logs or
sawn timber for one or more given dimensions. The given dimensions
may be (a) d.b.h. alone, (b) d.b.h. and height or (c) d.b.h. height and some

[27]
 measure of form or taper. Volume tables may be (a) general, (b) regional
or (c) local, depending on the scope of their applicability.

Water logging A condition in which the soil pores get filled with water to the exclusion
of air. A consequence of inadequate soil drainage.

Watershed Strictly a water parting, the dividing line between catchment areas. The
use of this term as a synonym for catchment or drainage area is
deprecated.

Watershed The administration and regulation of the aggregate resources of a drainage

Management basin for the conservation of water and the control of erosion, streamflow
and floods.

Yield The volume or number of stems that can be removed annually or

periodically or the area over which fellings may pass annually or
periodically, consistent with the attainment of the objects of management.

Yield Table A tabular statement which summarizes on an acre or other unit area basis
all the essential data relating to the development of a fully-stocked and
regularly thinned even-aged crop at periodic intervals covering the greater
part of its useful life.

II-B GLOSSARY OF LOCAL TERMS

TERM EXPLANTATION
1 Bajri Gravel
2 Balli A round pole having a diameter of 10-30 cm at butt end
3 Bhediwala A profession grazier of sheep and goats
4 Bigha A measure of area of land. Equals 5/24 of an acre; 1008.3 square
yards; 0.208 acre
5 Chak Demarcated private land in the reserve, Protected, Unclassed or
Mushterqa forest
6 Chhapar A thatched roof or hut
7 Charand Grazing land
8 Chatti A fuelwood land
9 Chauki An out post generally the residence of forest guards
10 Chowkidar Watchman
11 Coolie Labourer
12 Daat Log
13 Darbar Court of the Ruler
14 Dastur-UI- Rates of the sale of various forest produce
Amal rates
15 Dat Darat
16 Devi Hindu goddess
[28]
17 Dhar Ridge or spur
18 Devta Local deity
19 Dochi Temporary field residence
20 Faisala-e- Forest Settlement report
janglat
21 Gaddies Professional sheep and goat graziers.
22 Ghair Mumkin Land under building, roads, paths, streams etc.
23 Gharat Water mill
24 Ghasnies Grass land
25 Ghat Ford along a river
26 Gujjar A professional, nomadic buffalo grazier
27 Hadbast Serial number allotted to a village at the time of revenue
number settlement.
28 Harkries Pieces of unfashioned split wood
29 Hectare Measure of area. Equals 10,000 square meter; 2.471 acre
30 Jagir An estate/grant
31 Jama-bandi Record of land, maintained by the revenue Department.
32 Karam A linear unit of land meausrment equal to 1.4518 m; 57.157
inches
33 Katha Extract form khair heartwood
34 Kokath General terms for miscellaneous broad-leaved species of
comparatively low value
35 Korwa Pole used in the frame work of Chapter
36 Mahkma- Forest Department
janglat
37 Makbooja Possession
38 Mali Gardener
39 Manu Current year’s shoot of bamboo.
40 Missal Revenue document containing information regarding customs
haquiyat rights and concessions.
41 Mauza Unit of revenue village
42 Nadi River/stream
43 Nautor Government waste land granted to an individual for purpose of
cultivation or habitation.
44 Naquabil Land not fit for cultivation
45 Nullah/Khalla Water course
46 Ogal Hole or pit dug in the bed of a Nalla to obtain water for below
the surface.
47 Panchyat A body of panches forming a village management committee.
48 Parao Gujjar grazing/halting
49 Patti A section of a village
50 Rewana A license to fell trees
51 Sehada Trijunction pillar or three mauzas
[29]
52 Shamlat Village common land
53 Shamlat Areas which are not owned individually but owned collectively
Deh/Taraf by the entire village community or by sub-Division of the village
concerned as Pattie or Taraf.
54 Sokhta Dry fuel
55 Takhta Plank
56 Tappar An open grassy area in the midst of a forest
57 Taraf A sub-Division of village
58 Tehsil Sub-Division of district
59 Thach A grassy blank
60 Tibba Hillock
61 Tora Raised edge of a cultivated field
62 Wajab-ul-Araj Revenue settlement record dealing with social customs, rights
concession obligation etc
63 Zamindar A landlord or a cultivating land owner

[30]
 III - LIST OF FLORA
A-TREES

Sr. BOTANICAL NAME HINDI/ VERNACULAR/ ENGLISH

No. NAMES
1. Acacia nilotica (=Vachellia nilotica) Kikkar, Babul, Indian Gum Arabic Tree
2. Acacia catechu (=Senegalia catechu) Khair, Khadira, Cutch Tree
3. Acacia modesta (=Senegalia modesta) Phulahi
4. Acer oblongum Parag, Moli, Putli
5. Adina cordifolia (=Haldenia cordifolia) Haldu
6. Aegle marmelos Bel, Bilva, Indian Quince, Stone
Apple
7. Albizia lebbeck Siris, Shirish, Woman's Tongue
Tree
8. Anogeissus latifolia (=Terminalia Chhal
anogeissiana)
9. Artocarpus lacucha (=A. lakoocha) Dheu
10. Azadirachta indica Neem, Margosa Tree
11. Bauhinia racemosa Jhinjhora, Gurial, Sveta Kanchan,
Kanchan
12. Bauhinia semla (=Phanera roxburghiana; Chakera, Semla, Kandla
B. retusa)
13. Bauhinia variegata Kachnar
14. Boehmeria rugulosa Shingeer, Tushiari
15. Bombax ceiba Semal, Salmali, Silk Cotton Tree
16. Boswellia serrata Sala, Salai
17. Bridelia retusa Gaaj
18. Buchanania lanzan Matindu, Mehru
19. Butea monosperma (=Butea Dhak, Palash, Flame-of-the Forest
frondosa)
20. Careya arborea Kumbhi
21. Cassia fistula Amaltas, Indian Laburnum, Purging
Fistula
22. Casearia tomentosa Chila
23. Celtis tetrandra Kharak
24. Citrus sp Kimbu
25. Cordia dichotoma (=C. obliqua) Lassora
26. Cordia vestita Bareula, Kum
27. Dalbergia lanceolaria Anjan, Takoli
28. Dalbergia sissoo Shisham, Tali, Sissoo, Shinsa
29. Diospyros cordifolia Bis Tendu
30. Diospyros tomentosa Tendu
[31]
31. Ehretia laevis Chamror
32. Elaeodendron glaucum (=Cassine Janga, Jamrasi
glauca)
33. Erythrina suberosa Dhaul-Dhak, Mandara, Pangra, Corky
Coral Tree
34. Falconeria insignis (=Sapium insigne) Chhiran
35. Ficus bengalensis Bargad, Bohar, Vat,
36. Ficus hispida Girmal
37. Ficus neriifolia (=F. nemoralis) Dudhla
38. Ficus palmata Khemri
39. Ficus racemosa (=F. glomerata) Gular, Udumbara
40. Ficus religiosa Pipal, Aswattha, Bodhi Tree
41. Ficus semicordata (=F. cunia) Khano
42. Flacourtia indica Kangoo
43. Garuga pinnata Kharpat
44. Gmelina arborea Gambhar, Kumbhar
45. Grewia tiliifolia Dhaman
46. Grewia optiva (=G. oppositifolia) Behul, Biul
47. Grewia serrulata Beuli
48. Holoptelea integrifolia Papri, Chilbil
49. Lagerstroemia parviflora Dhauri, Sidha
50. Lannea coromandelica (=L. grandis) Jhingan, Kembal
51. Litsea glutinosa (=Litsea chinensis) Chandna, Maida-Lakri
52. Litsea monopetala (=Litsea polyantha) Karka, Markua
53. Mallotus philippensis Rohini
54. Mangifera indica Aam, Amra, Rasala, Mango
55. Mitragyna parvifolia (=Stephegyne Kaem, Phaldu
parvifolia)
56. Miliusa velutina Dom-Sal
57. Moringa oleifera (=M. pterygosperma) Sanjna, Sohanjna, Sigru, Drumstick
Tree
58. Morus alba Tut, Shahtoot, White Mulbery
59. Myrica esculenta Kaphal
60. Naringi crenulata (=Limonia acidissima) Beli
61. Oroxylum indicum Tarlu, Tat-Patanga
62. Ougeinia oojeinensis (=Ougeinia Sandan, Tinsia, Sejandana, Rot
dalbergioides)
63. Phoebe lanceolata Tumri, Bhadrol
[32]
 64. Phoenix humilis Khajur
65. Phyllanthus emblica (=Emblica officinalis) Aamla, Amalak, Dhatri, Indian Goose
Berry
66. Pinus roxburghii (=Pinus longifolia) Chir, Chil
67. Pistacia integerrima Kakkar Singi, Pistachio Wood
68. Premna latifolia Bakar
69. Punica granatum Anar
70. Pyrus pashia Kainth
71. Quercus leucotrichophora (=Q. incana) Ban
72. Rhododendron arboreum Bras
73. Sapindus mukorossi Ritha, Soap Nut Tree of North India
74. Schleichera oleosa (=S. trijuga) Kusum, Lac Tree, Macassar Oil Tree
75. Semecarpus anacardium Bhilawa, Marking Nut Tree
76. Shorea robusta Sal, Sala, Shal
77. Spondias pinnata Amara, Hog-Plum
78. Sterculia villosa Gudgudala, Udal
79. Stereospermum suaveolens Padal
80. Syzygium nervosum (=S. operculatum) Thuthi
81. Syzygium cumini (=Eugenia jambolana) Jamoa, Jaamun, Jamun
82. Tamarix dioica Jhau
83. Toona ciliata (=Cedrela toona) Tun, Red Cedar, Moulmein Cedar
84. Terminalia arjuna Arjun
85. Terminalia bellirica Bahera, Vibhitika, Bahira
86. Terminalia chebula Harar, Haritika
87. Terminalia elliptica (=T. alata/ Sain, Saj, Saja
T.tomentosa)
88. Trevia nudiflora (=Mallotus nudiflorus) Gutel, Tumr
89. Wendlandia exserta Chili
90. Wrightia arborea (W. tomentosa) Dudhi
91. Xylosma longifolia Barach, Silau, Chirindu
92. Ziziphus mauritiana Ber, Badari, Dadara, Jujube
93. Ziziphus jujuba Madhuraphala
94. Ziziphus xylopyrus (Z. glaberrima) Kathber, Mandher

Introduced/ Cultivated Trees

95. Artocarpus heterophyllum Kathal

[33]
96. Callistemon viminalis (=Melaleuca Bottlebrush
viminalis)
97. Delonix regia Gulmohar, Fire Tree
98. Erythrina variegata (=E. indica) Mandara, Pangra, Indian Coral Tree
99. Eucalyptus tereticornis Eucalyptus, Safeda
100. Grevillea robusta Silver Oak
101. Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda
102. Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena, Ku Babul
103. Magnolia champaca (=Michelia Champa
champaca)
104. Melia azedarach Bakain, Drek, Persian Lilac
105. Neolamarckia cadamba (=Anthocephalus Kadam
cadamba)
106. Populus spp. Poplar
107. Prosopis juliflora Prosopis Juliflora, Vilayati Babul,
Mesquite
108. Psidium guyava Amrood
109. Pterospermum acerifolium Kanak Champa
110. Robinia pseudo-acacia Robinia, Black Locust
111. Salix spp. Willow
112. Saraca asoca (=Saraca indica) Ashok
113. Tecoma stans Tecoma
114. Tectona grandis Teak

B- SHRUBS

Sr. Scientific Name Common Name

No.
1 Antidesma acidum (Antidesma diandrum) Khatla
2 Ardisia solanacea Gur-bheli
3 Asparagus adscendens Satamuli, Sataron
4 Berberis asiatica Chatraon
5 Berberis lycium Kasmal
6 Calotropis procera Aak
7 Cannabis sativa Bhanga
8 Carissa opaca Kandlai, Katrarh
9 Capparis sepiaria Hedge Caper
10 Capparis zeylanica Indian Caper
11 Cestrum nocturnum Rat ki Rani, Lady of the Night
12 Catunaregam spinosa (=Randia dumetorum) Maniphal, Rada
[34]
13 Clerodendron viscosum Karu
14 Colebrookea oppositifolia Binda, Binta-lakari
15 Cotinus coggygria (=Rhus cotinus) Tung
16 Debregeasia seneb (D. hypoleuca) Singar, Siaru
17 Dodonaea viscosa Mehandu
18 Euphorbia royleana Thor
19 Flemingia chappar Chhanchra
20 Justicia adhatoda (=Adhatoda vasica) Basooti, Bansa
21 Helicteres isora Marorphali
22 Holarrhena pubescens (H. antidysenterica Kura, Kora
23 Indigofera pulchella Kathi
24 Lantana camara Varzhita, Phuljari
25 Maesa indica Dumani
26 Murraya koenigii Gandhela, Mirchu
27 Murraya paniculata Ban mirchi
28 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Harsingar, Kuri, Parijata, Night
Jasmine
29 Opuntia dillenii Nagphon
30 Orthanthera viminea Sharar
31 Osyris wightiana Lal-lakri
32 Prinsepia utilis Bhekhra
33 Rauwolfia serpentina Sarphgandha
34 Rhus parviflora (=Searsia parviflora) Ban tung
35 Rosa brunonii (=R. moschata) Jangli-gulab
36 Rubus niveus Bhera
37 Rumex hastatus Chulmora, Khatibuti
38 Solanum verbascifolium Ban Tamaku
39 Strobilanthes tomentosa (=Aechmantherea Bharara
gossypina)
40 Vitex negundo Shimalu, Bahna
41 Woodfordia fruticosa (=W. floribunda) Bhaula, Dhawi, Dhai
42 Ziziphus nummularia Jhar ber

[35]
 C- CLIMBERS

Sr. Scientific Name Common Name

no.
1 Abrus precatorius Ratti or Gunchi
2 Acacia pennata (=Senegalia pinnata) Agla
3 Atylosia mollis Ban Sem
4 Bauhinia vahlii (=Phanera vahlii) Maljhan
5 Caesalpinia decapetala (C. sepiaria/ Biancaea Heens, Alai
decapetala)
6 Calamus tenuis Baint
7 Celastrus paniculata Malkangi
8 Chonemorpha macrophylla Dudhi
9 Cissampelos pareira Patha
10 Clematis grata -
11 Cryptolepis buchananii Dali Dudhi, Bakar Bel,
Medha Singi
12 Combretum decandrum Roel bel, Patindu, Harjori,
13 Dioscorea bulbifera Githa
14 Ficus hederacea (= F. scandens) Makhota
15 Ichnocarpus frutescens (=Quirivelia frutescens) Pili dudhi
16 Millettia extensa (=M. auriculata) Gaj
17 Mimosa himalayana Alay
18 Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna prurita) Kaunch
19 Pergularia daema Gadaria ki bel
20 Porana paniculata Safed Bel
21 Pueraria tuberosa Sarali
22 Rubia cordifolia Manjit
23 Smilax aspera Ramdataun
24 Tinospora cordifolia Giloe, Gulje
25 Tinospora sinensis Giloe, Gulje
26 Vallaris solanacea Dudhi bel, Safed bel
27 Vitis latifolia (=Ampelocissus latifolia) Panibel
28 Vitis trifolia (=Cayretia trifolia, Causonis trifolia) Amal bel
29 Zizyphus oenoplia Makoh

[36]
 D GRASSES & BAMBOO

Sr. no. Scientific Name Common Name

1 Arundo donax Nal or Nara
2 Chrysopogon montanus Dhaulu
3 Cymbopogon martini Mirchangandh or makora
4 Cynodon dacylon Dub, Durva grass, Haritali
5 Dendrocalamus strictus Bans
6 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Bans
7 Eulailopsis binata Bhabbar
8 Heteropogon contortus Kumeria or Sarala
9 Imperata cylindrical Dab
10 Saccharum munja Munj
11 Sinarundinaria falcata Nigal or Nirgal
12 Sorghum halepense Banchari
13 Thysanoloena maxima Prilu or Aunsh

[37]
 IV - LIST OF FAUNA
I) MAMMALS OF PAONTA SAHIB

Sr. No Local Name English Name Scientific Name

1 Bhaloo Himalayan Black Bear Ursus thibetanus
2 Tendua Leopard Panthera pardus
3 En Koryal Flying Squirrel Belomys pearsoni
4 Ghoral Himalayan Goat Naemorhedus goral
5 Jungli Suar Wild Boar Sus scrofa
6 Kakar Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak
7 Khargosh Common Hare Lepus nigricollis
8 Lomri Red Fox Vulpes bengalensis
9 Sambar Sambar Cervus unicolor
10 Shail Porcupine Hystrix indica
11 Bandar Monkey (Rhesus Macaque) Macaca mulatta
12 Gidar Jackal Canis aureus
13 Gilhari Five striped Palm squirrel Funambulus pennantii
14 Jungli Billi Wild Cat Felis chans
15 Langoor Common Langoor Presbytis entellus
16 Newla Mongoose Urva edwardsii
17 Bagh Royal Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris
18 Hathi Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus

[38]
 II) BIRDS OF PAONTA SAHIB

Sr. No. LOCAL NAME ENGLISH NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

1 Bater Common or Grey Quail Coturnix coturnix
2 Ghugi Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis
3 Harial Yellow-footed green Treron phoenicoptera
Pigeon
4 Jangli Murga Red Jungle Fowl Gallus gallus
5 Kabutar Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia
6 Kaleej Kalij pheasant Lophura leucomelanos
7 Lowwa Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica
8 Peora Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola
9 Kala Teetar Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus
10 Bulbul Crested bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus
11 Cuckoo Large hawk-Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides
12 Gidh Himalayan Griffin Gyps himalayensis
13 Kaua Crow Corvus splendens & culminatus
14 Kath phora Woodpecker Dendrocopos himalayensis
15 Goraiya House sparrow Passer domesticus (indicus)
16 Tota Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri

Other important birds have been pictorially depicted ahead.

[39]
[40]
 III) REPTILES OF PAONTA SAHIB

Sr. No. LOCAL NAME ENGLISH NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

1 Biskhopra Monitor lizard Varanus griseus (daudin)
2 Gobilda Chameleon Chameleon calcaratus
3 Kharpa Indian Cobra Naja naja
4 Krait Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus
5 Daboiya Russell Viper Vipera russelli
6 Kukri Snake Common Kukri Oligodon arnensis
7 Russel Kukri Russel’s Kukri Oligodon taeniolatus
8 Common wolf Common Wolf Lycodon capucinus
9 Teliya/Andha snake Brahminy Worm Indotyphlops braminus
10 Retila snake Common Sand Boa Eryx conicus
11 Dhodiya Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator
12 Hurhur Snake Striped Keelback Xenochrophis vittatus
13 Common Trinket Common Trinket Coelognathus helena
14 Bronzeback Bronzeback Dendrelaphis tristis
15 Dhamman Indian Rat Ptyas mucosa
16 Ajgar Indian Rock Python Python molurus
17 Domuha Red Sand Boa Eryx johnii
18 Harantal Common Vine Ahaetulla nasuta
19 Cat snake Common Cat Snake Boiga trigonata
20 King Cobra King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah

[41]
[42]
IV) BUTTERFLIES OF PAONTA SAHIB

[43]
 V) BUTTERFLIES OF PAONTA SAHIB

Sr. No. LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

1 Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra
2 Club Beak Libythea myrrha
3 Indian jezebel Delias eucharis
4 Baronet Symphaedra nais
5 Common Castor Ariadne merione
6 Psyche Leptosia nina
7 Orange Oakleaf Kallima inachus
8 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus
9 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea
10 Himalayan Five-Ring Ypthima sakra
11 Zebra Blue Leptotes plinius
12 Lemon Emingrant Catopsilia pomona
13 Indian Tortoiseshell Aglais caschmirensis
14 Glassy Bluebottle Graphium cloanthus
15 Red Pierrot Talicada nyseus
16 Grizzled Skipper Spialia galba
17 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace
18 Common Woodbrown Lethe sidonis
19 Common Jester Symbrenthia lilaea
20 Common Leopard/ Spotted rustic Phalanta phalantha
21 Common Baron Euthalia aconthea
22 Common Peacock Papilio bianor
23 Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus
24 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita
25 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta
26 Painted Lady Vanessa cardui
27 Sorrel Sapphire Heliophorus sena
28 Grass Demon Udaspes folus
29 Cheshtnut Angle Odontoptilum angulata
30 Common Gull Cepora nerissa

VI - FISHES

Sr. No. LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

1 Goonch Bagarius yarrelli
2 Lachi Wallago attu
3 Mahseer Tor putitora
4 Rohu Labeo rohita

[44]
 CHAPTER-1
THE TRACT DEALT WITH

1.1 NAME AND SITUATION:

The tract falls in Paonta Sahib Tehsil of Sirmour District. The Paonta Sahib Forest Division
(Territorial) was created on 1st April 1984. There are 4 Ranges namely Paonta Sahib Bhagani,
Majra, and Girinagar ranges.
The total forest area covered by the present plan is 28791.69 ha. The area is bounded by Nahan
and Renuka Forest Division in North, Dehradun district of Uttarakhand in the East, separated
by Tons and Yamuna rivers and Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana in the South.
The Divisional Head Quarter of Paonta Sahib Forest Division is located at Paonta Sahib falling
in Doon Valley, on the bank of Yamuna River, at an elevation of about 389 mts. It is at a
distance of 45km from Nahan Circle headquarters. The Division area is situated between 30⁰-
22'- 37" N and 30⁰- 41'-36" N and 77⁰- 7'- 19" E and 77⁰- 49'- 48" E.

Map No. – 1.1

[45]
Map No. – 1.1 (a)

Map No. – 1.1 (b)

[46]
Map No. – 1.1 (c)

Map No. – 1.1 (d)

[47]
1.2 CONFIGURATION OF THE GROUND:
The tract covered by this working plan is generally plain covering Doon Valley to partly hilly
tracts. The three well defined ranges running almost parallel, form the most striking
geographical feature of the area, they are the ‘Shiwalik Hills’, ‘Kamrau Bharli Dhar’ and
‘Dharti Dhar’. Between the Shiwalik and Dharti Dhar falls a fertile valley known as ‘Kiarda’,
where one of the best Sal Forests is found in the region.
1.2.1 THE SHIWALIK HILLS: TheShiwalik hills cover almost half of the forests of the area
covering Majra Range and consist of numerous hillocks and spurs running in all directions and
draining into various ‘khols’. The Southern and Western slopes of these hillocks are quite steep
and unstable. The Northern slopes fall out into the “Doon”. Most of the area is severely eroded
and supports scrub vegetation and grasses. Bhabar grass is commonly found here. There are
several streams in the tract called ‘khols’, which generally remain dry throughout the year
except in rainy season.
1.2.1.1 THE DOON: This is a level narrow fertile valley also known as ‘Kiarda’. It falls
between main Shiwalik ridge and Dharti Dhar. This valley is about 30km long. It is about
20km wide near Yamuna River and narrows to about 600mt. in width near Paonta Sahib-Nahan
border at Kolar area. This valley bears good deep soil and boulders underneath. The entire area
drains into Bata, Giri and Yamuna rivers. The Doon valley supported the best Sal forests at
one time, large areas of which were clear felled about 130-150 years back to make available
cultivable land for the immigrants and the local Jagirdars.
1.2.1.1.1 In the Doon Valley, there is a detached spindle shaped hillock known as Garibnath.
It is situated to the North-East of Paonta Sahib and bears extensive Sal forests.
1.2.2 KAMRAOO-BHARLI DHAR: It forms an outer Himalyan Range and is situated in
the North and North West of Doon valley. Kamroo-Bharli Dhar rises near Killaur village on
the bank of Tons river and runs west wards through Danda, Nagheta, Bharli etc. The altitude
varies from about 550m. to 2102m. The slopes are steep with poor soil. This area is covered
by poor quality Sal forest in the lower portions and Ban Oak, Chil and Scrub forest as we move
up towards the main Dhar.
1.2.3 The other prominent hill range in the tract is known as Dharti Dhar, which starts from
Rajgarh Forest Division near Sarahan and runs wastwards via Kansar, Parduni, Chandpur
forests of Girinagar range and ends near Rajban in Paonta Sahib Range.
1.3 GEOLOGY, ROCK AND SOIL:
The geological formation of the area can be categorized broadly into two distinct formations;
(i) Sub Himalayan and

[48]
(ii) Himalayan

1.3.1 SUB HIMALAYAN FORMATION: Major portion of the area discussed in this plan
falls under this classification. This consists of Shiwalik Hills, Doon and the Dharti-Dhar.
1.3.1.1 SHIWALIK HILLS:
The Shiwalik hills are formed of alternating beds of hard clay, sand stone, conglomerates and
sand. These alternating tilted bands can be seen at many places in vertical sections of the hills
formed by denudation and sliding land masses. Due to very loose formation, with sparse
vegetational cover which is indiscriminately grazed, browsed and lopped, the Shiwaliks are
easily eroded and as a consequence, bowl-shaped Nalas, locally called ‘Khalas’ have been
formed. Soil is poor in humus, shallow and interbedded with boulders. Naked, vertical edged
hillocks are a common sight in these areas.
Sal and Sain of inferior quality are found singly or in groups in shelters and suitable places.
Outer Southern slopes bear the scrub forest and ‘Bhabar’ grass. Khair, Shisham are found on
Nala banks and riverine tracts. Good quality Sal is found from Katasan to Behral on the
Northern aspect towards Doon, wood and animal fossils are found in areas near Simbalwara.
1.3.1.2 The Doon: This is a flat to gently undulating valley having deep alluvial soil varying
in texture from sandy loam to clayey loam. From adjoining hills, the “Khalas” bring down the
debris and boulders and at places boulders are exposed. Doon valley bears the best quality of
Sal of the tract. Major portion of valley is under cultivation.
1.3.1.3 Dharti Dhar: This is a mixture of Shiwalik and the Sub Himalayan formation.
Greenish grey sandstone is met with as large rocks or small bounders with reddish sandstone
at places. Shales, phyllitic shales and slate also occur inter mixed with sandstone. Iron pyrite
is found in pockets e.g. Kansar and Kando in Giri Nagar Range. Lime stone occurs from Sarah
to Kando at places coming to the surface e.g. near Kansar. This Dhar starts from Rajgarh Forest
Division near Sarahan and enters Nahan Forest Division from there. It runs eastwards via
Banethi, Kansar, Malgi and ends near Rajban in Paonta Sahib Range.
The Northern slopes upto Dhaun bear Chil and area from Dhaun to Sirmouri-Tal bears Chil
and Sal associations. This aspect is well covered with forest vegetation. Fertile lands coming
under this classification having deep soil, are under cultivation.
1.3.2. THE HIMALAYAN FORMATION: The small portion of Bhagani Range of Paonta
Sahib Forest Division from Kandela to Killaur situated in Kamraoo-Bharali Dhar forms the
outer Himalayas. Lime stone is found in varying depth. The lime stone has come up to the
surface at Kandela and Raipur.

[49]
The precipitous slopes in this tract have hardly any soil. Rock is exposed on steeper slopes.
The soil is shallow and poor, and supports gentle slopes. Level areas with deep clay loam to
loamy soil bears pure Sal forests.
1.4 CLIMATIC PARAMETERS
ALTITUDE: The altitude ranges from 389 m to 2102 mt. (highest on Kamraoo Bharli Dhar).
CLIMATE: The climate is mainly Sub Tropical. The winter, summer and rainy seasons are
well marked. Winter season starts from around November and is generally not very severe.
However, nights are extremely cold in December and January. The summers are hot, and dry,
rising gradually over the year. The onset of Monsoon brings great relief in the area. The
monsoons generally start from the last week of June and continue up tomid-September.
TEMPERATURE: There is variation in altitude and physical features in the tract resulting
in variation in the temperature range. The Shivalik tract has hot summer days and is cooler
during nights. The hot dust storms in the area produce desiccating effect. The southern slopes
of Dharti Dhar and the Doon have very hot summer days but nights are cool and dewy. During
winters, the day temperature is quite low and during nights it often falls to single digit
temperatures.
Table 1.1 TEMPERATURE DATA FROM 2012-13 TO 2022-23

YEAR MAXIMUN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE (0C) (0C)
2012-13 42 0
2013-14 40 1
2014-15 40 5
2015-16 40 4
2016-17 39 3
2017-18 39 5
2018-19 40 4
2019-20 40 4
2020-21 39 4
2021-22 38 5
2022-23 41 6

[50]
 Temperature over the years (0C)
45
42 41
40 40 40 40 39 39 40 40 39 38
35
30
25
20
15
10
5 5 5 5 6
4 3 4 4 4
0 0 1
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
MAX. TEMP MIN. TEMP

FROST: In ‘Doon’ valley the frost is a common occurrence in winters but damage is not high.

RAINFALL: This region receives most of the rainfall during the monsoons. The average
rainfall varies from 1900mm. to 1270mm., winter rains are received during December-January.
The monsoons generally start from last week of June upto mid-September. Pre-monsoon
showers sometimes occur during May-June. Annual rainfall data recorded at Paonta Sahib on
an average is 1424 mm.

Table 1.2: Monthly Temperature and Rainfall Data for Paonta Sahib

As per the 20-year analysis, the variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest
months is almost 448 mm. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is almost 17.4
°C. The month with the most relative humidity is August (85.16 %). The month with the least

[51]
relative humidity is April (38.21 %). The wettest month is July (25.73 days), while the driest
is November (0.60 days).

WATER SUPPLY: Yamuna, Tons, Giri are the perennial rivers flowing in this tract. Others
are Bata and Pilhori Khol which either dry up during summer or have very little water flow,
except in monsoon.
In summer season water supply is scarce in Doon and Shiwalik areas. The ‘Nalas’ remain dry
for most of the year in these regions. Water supply in TransGiri area is better, as the streams
are perennial, through the flow is low during summer.
In the Trans Giri area, irrigation is done by “Kuhls” taken from nalas. An irrigation canal from
Bangran Ghat near Giri has been taken which irrigate Paonta Sahib area. Other Kuhls have
been dug up in the Doon valley for irrigation. Tube wells have also been dug up in the area.
Two canals have been constructed from the reservoir of Giri Bata project, which irrigate the
area of the right and left banks of Bata. One small canal taken from left bank of Giri, irrigates
the Trans-Giri areas of Puruwala, Gorkhuwala etc.

DISTRIBUTION OF AREA
This working plan covers four Ranges whose areas are as under: -

Table 1.3: Area statement of Ranges

Name of Forest Area in ha. No. of Blocks No of Beats

Range
Majra 6713.89 4 15
Girinagar 8173.89 3 15
Paonta Sahib 8208.91 4 17
Bhagani 5695 3 11
Total Area: 28791.69 ha 14 58

[52]
 Area (in ha)

5695 6713.89

8208.91
8173.89

Majra Girinagar Paonta Bhagani

The area figures have been taken from Vineet Kumar’s Plan. Since many years, plantations are
being raised in this Division. These plantations are not restricted to RFs but have also been
done on various Shamlat lands. These Shamlat lands have been vested in the Government. The
further progress regarding their status as forest lands is not clear. The position is yet to be
cleared after completion of the settlement work. Therefore, at this stage all the plantations have
been raised or not, are not taken in the working plan.

All the forests which were named and numbered in Arya’s Plan and were called compartments,
had been treated as forests or block and were further divided into compartments and serially
numbered in Chauhan’s plan continued in Vineet Kumar’s plan. In this Working plan,
generally compartment boundaries have been kept as such for management.

[53]
 CHAPTER- 2
MAINTENANCE/ INCREASE IN THE EXTENT OF FOREST AND
TREE COVER

2.1 Area of forests under different legal classes (RF, PF, UF and others)
Entire forest area is notified as Reserve forest and Shamlats. Area of the forests under different
legal classes as under: -
Table 2.1: Legal classification of land

Forest Classification Area(ha.)

Reserve Forest 28791.69

Shamlats & ceiling land which is entered in 776.47

revenue records of Paonta Sahib Forest
Division in the name of HP and possession is
with Forest Department.

Total 29568.16

2.2 Forest area under different working circles/ management plan: Entire forest area is
covered under Working plan of Paonta Sahib Forest Division and working circle wise
distribution of area range wise is as under: -

Table 2.2: Area-wise distribution (ha) of Working Circles/Management Area

340.1

9540.64 SAL
CHIL
16202.07
COPPICE
PCR
2093.03 EUCALYPTUS MANAGEMENT AREA

627.38

[54]
 Working circle RANGE AREA (Hac.)

Sal Bhagani 2289.43

Paonta Sahib 4947.84
Majra 4040.49
Giri Nagar 4924.31
Total 16202.07
Chil Bhagani 0
Paonta 0
Majra 0
Giri Nagar 627.38

Total 627.38
Coppice Bhagani 0
Paonta Sahib 324.16
Majra 87.13
Giri Nagar 1681.74
Total 2093.03
PCR Bhagani 3289
Paonta Sahib 2917.59
Majra 2415.69
Giri Nagar 918.36
Total 9530.1
Eucalyptus Bhagani 114.47
Management area
Paonta Sahib 31.96
Majra 171.57
Giri Nagar 22.1
Total 340.1

Note for change from Vineet Kumar Plan: Khair working circle (Overlapping) has now been
made completely overlapping in true sense with Sal working circle for an area of 160.84 hac.
The remaining area of 545.47 hac. which was originally in PCR working circle in older
working plans and was shifted to Khair overlapping after plantations were carried out in 1950s
onward, have now been kept back in PCR working circle as per CEC guidelines for Khair
felling (CEC guidelines issued in l.A No. 87648 of 2020 in Writ Petition (C) No. 202 of 1995
TN Godaverman Thirumlkpad Vs UoI and Ors.) and keeping in view the ecological safeguards
of riverine tracts prone to erosion, illicit mining and felling as well as boundaries with states
of Uttarakhand and Haryana. Details have been shared in Khair chapter of Part II of this
working plan.

[55]
2.3 Percentage of forest with secured boundaries
In compliance with the orders of Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in IA No.3840 of 2014 in
Writ Petition (Civil) No 202/1995 of T.N. Godavarman Thirunulpad versus Union of India
&Ors. , all the boundary pillars were constructed in Paonta Sahib Forest Range during 2019-
20.The forests in Paonta Sahib Forest Division are reserved forests and are delineated and
boundaries well defined through boundary pillars and record maintained at range level in
boundary pillar register. The status of pillars is not proper, as they are damaged and broken at
many locations due to increased biotic pressure, natural calamities and sometimes deliberately
displaced by miscreants. The GPS coordinates of boundary pillars are entered in the boundary
pillar register. A general note on the state of existing boundaries and boundary pillars
especially on the status of demarcation and/or need for fresh demarcation should be described.
Locations of the boundary pillars should be shown on the map with latitude/longitude on
village map or such other map of convenient scale.
Table 2.3: Boundary Pillars Works in respect of Paonta Sahib Forest Division since
previous Working Plan

Year of works Working Range No. of Boundary Pillars

constructed/repaired

1999-2000 Bhagani Range 258

2000-2001 Paonta Sahib Range 62
Bhagani Range 54
2003-2004 Bhagani Range 12
2007-2008 Girinagar Range 37
2013-2014 Majra Range 14
Girinagar Range 12
Paonta Sahib Range 5
2014-2015 Girinagar Range 20
2018-2019 Bhagani Range 21
2019-2020 Paonta Sahib Range 575
2020-2021 Girinagar Range 17
Paonta Sahib Range 1534
2021-2022 Bhagani 25
2646

[56]
2.4 Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF): -There is a land use change since
the last working plan due to diversion of forest land for non- forestry purpose under Forest
Conservation Act, `1980 and Forest Rights Act,2006 and some encroachments on the forest
land have been detected and recorded by Divisional Forest Officer. However, over the years,
there is a perceptible change in the forest density classes due to tremendous increase in biotic
and abiotic pressure. A total of 1026.2767 hectares of forest land has been diverted for non-
forestry purpose under FCA since 1980 and 87.533 since 2012-13. Total Area diverted under
Forest Rights Act, 2006 uptill 2021-22 is 37.1794 hectares. Details are available in Appendix
V. Summary of land use change under FCA and FRA cases for the period 2012-13 to 2022-23
is shown below.

Land use Change under FCA & FRA

60
54.668
50
40
30
20 22.419
14.935
10 9.7757 8.646
1.8 2.5557 4.049 2.19 4.1893
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Total area diverted under FCA (in ha.) Total Area Diverted under FRA (ha)

Table 2.4: Abstract of Land Use Change under FCA w.e.f. 2012-13 to 2022-23

Year of sanction Total cases approved Total area diverted

under FCA (in ha.)
2012-13 0 0
2013-14 0 0
2014-15 1 1.80
2015-16 0 0
2016-17 0 0
2017-18 0 0
2018-19 0 0
2019-20 0 0
2020-21 1 22.419
2021-22 2 8.646
2022-23 1 54.668
Total 5 87.533

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Table 2.5: Abstract of Land Use Change under F.R.A., 2006 w.e.f. 2016-17 to 2022-23

Total cases approved Total Area

Year of sanction under FRA Diverted (ha)
2016-17 6 2.5557
2017-18 22 9.7757
2018-19 6 4.049
2019-20 0 0
2020-21 3 2.19
2021-22 33 14.935
2022-23 16 4.1893
Total 86 37.6947

Land use change due to encroachment has also occurred in the Division, the details of all of
which have been updated on MOFEES portal of HP Forest Department. The summary of cases
is as follows (It is to be noted in Hon’ble High Court HP Orders, the areas have been evicted
in 6 no. cases after retaining 5 bigha i.e. 2.4 ha).
Table 2.6: Summary of Encroachment cases

Total no. of cases with Total Actually Yet to be Under Trial

Forest Department Area Evicted evicted

Cases Area Cases

188 37.44 hac. 133 32.485 hac. 30

2.5 Threats to the forest

The Forest in Paonta Sahib Forest Division are prone to the following threats: -
a) Forest fires
Forest fires are dangerous for both, the Forest and wildlife. During the dry and hot season fire
breaksin forest blocks where bhabar and other grasses, dry leaves and twigs of lantana and
other weeds are abundant. The problem of forest fire becomes grave when pre-monsoon
showers are either delayed or absent. Fire prevention is undertaken by clearance of fire lines
on the ridges and control burning during winter. Travelers, nomadic graziers, villagers may
carelessly throw unextinguished cigarettes, bidis or match sticks in forest areas and when the
wind picks up these small sparks build into forest fires. The villagers also set fire to their
agricultural fields after harvest which some time spread to the adjoining forest area. In some
cases, miscreants may set the forests on fire in order to settle scores with the forest department
or its staff. Forest fires may also be started in order to hide the stumps of illicit felling. The

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local people set fire to the forest before rainy season in order to get good growth of grass for
their cattle in the monsoon. Whenever fire breaks out in the forest it is controlled by traditional
way of fire beating and counter-fires, it is felt that maximum public awareness may be created
regarding the detrimental effects of forest fire and its consequential environmental losses.
Training of field staff and others engaged in fire prevention and control in modern forest fire
techniques with improved tools is required. Maintenance of the fire lines is of utmost
importance besides creation of new fire lines in one vulnerable area, clearing of all possible
routes inspection path, compartment boundaries before the fire season may be especially
helpful in prevention of spreading of fire. Joint Forest Management Committees may also be
given necessary inputs regarding fire control. In the fire season involvement of JFM
committees is also vital in this respect to forge security for the forests.
With the onset of summers, fires are quite common in the region. They are accidental as well
as deliberate, as the fires occur, burning of areas lead to a clean flush of grass, but of inferior
quality leading to devastating infernos. However, in most of the cases, results are extremely
dangerous. There is a tremendous loss to both flora and fauna. The following table shows the
areas burnt from 2013-14 onwards:

Table 2.7 FIRE INCIDENCES IN DIVISION FOR THE LAST 10 YEARS

Sr. No Year Total No Total Area Percentage of Total loss

of cases burnt in ha. Total area (Rs.)
burnt

1. 2013-14 2 9.5 0.03 10000

2. 2014-15 2 21 0.07 18500

3. 2015-16 13 71 0.24 383750

4. 2016-17 51 407 1.41 238000

5. 2017-18 11 81.5 0.28 350600

6. 2018-19 46 308 1.06 289000

7. 2019-20 18 10 0.03 635885

8. 2020-21 2 22 0.07 10200

9. 2021-22 23 166 0.57 469080

10. 2022-23 36 207.8 0.72 249300

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(b) Area damaged by natural calamities: No such data recorded however the following
factors are responsible for damage to forest crop.

1. Drought
Absence of rains, scanty rainfall, less number of rainy days etc. result in drought like conditions
in these forests which some time persist for long periods. As the soil being well drained and
having low capacity to retain moisture some spells of drought or late arrival of monsoon affects
the growth of young plants badly. The regeneration as well as growth of flora are retarded due
to inadequate moisture. Erratic rainfall also affects the growth of plants. Prolonged drought
also results in heavy mortality of seedlings and due to heavy accumulation of litter on ground
floor risk of fire is considerably enhanced.
2. Frost
Pool frost is common in this area from December to January. The survival of Frost tender
species in young plantations are affected by frost to a great extent. The survival of young
plantation is also affected severely by frost and many casualties are seen in some recent
plantations. Frost tender species covered with locally available grasses help to protect them
against frost. *Severe frost is not common in this tract. However mild frost does occur purely
in winter. Young Sal crop is damaged to a great extent by frost as its frost tender.
3. Soil erosion
Bank and slip erosion is very common in the Forest of Paonta Sahib Forest Division due to its
typical geological formation. This type of erosion is particularly common in Paonta Sahib and
Girinagar Ranges.Sheet erosion is common in many forests especially near habitations, where
it is a result of over grazing. The beds of nallahs has been raised due to deposition of stones
and pebbles brought down from upper slope. The geological formation of Shiwaliks is loose,
unstable and prone to soil erosion. The denuded Shiwalik hill sides, with sub soil exposed, is
an example of destruction and loss of top soil. Heavy landslides and soil erosion occur during
rains. The silt and boulder carried by the hill torrents not only scour the bed and deepen it, but
also cut, and widen the banks.

(c) Grazing, lopping and cutting

The problem of grazing lopping and cutting is very common in the forests of division.
Overgrazing has deteriorated the soil condition by compaction and rendering it unsuitable for
proper growth and regeneration of forest, it also promotes soil erosion illicit grazing and cutting
of bamboos especially in the rainy season does a great harm, stray cattle grazing during the

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rainy season being an impending problem causes irreparable damage to the crop, illicit cutting
of raw and immature trees for fencing, basket making and other purposes also cause damage
to the crop.
There are rules and regulation stipulating freezing the numbers of the animals that are to be
allowed to graze in a particular area, but practically but it is very difficult to control the menace.
All the forests dealt in this plan are Reserve forests and grazing restriction are in vogue in
them. But in reality, unabatedgrazing is going unchecked and uncontrolled. This has adversely
affected the regeneration of forests both natural and artificial.
The graziers include Gujjars, Gadis and local inhabitants. The Gujjars and Gadis are issued
grazing permit in their respective “Paros”. But this restriction is hardly focused. Staff need to
remain vigilant and they should have dialogue with on the stake holders on a regular basis.
Chronic offenders should be lopped under the law.
Lopping of miscellaneous trees is allowed with some restrictions. These restrictions areas
under:
(i) Top 1/3rd crown of a tree will be left intact.
(ii) No branch over 3 cm. in dia will becut out in lopping.
(iii) Heavy cutting instruments, like axe will not be used.
(iv) No tree below 20 cm d.b.h shall be lopped. However; these restrictions are not been
followed in practice. Trees are badly lopped for fodder. Sometimes leading shoot is also
lopped. This leads to several ill effects. Fungus attacks and stuntedness are a few consequences
of this. Restriction number (i) listed above is seldom followed. This leads to a stunted,
malformed and unhealthy crop. This practice must be checked by the field staff. The species
which are badly looped include Sal. Sain, Khair and Chhal etc.
d) Illicit felling
Unauthorized felling by local people for private use as well as a commercial use, have
increased many folds in the last decade. With the increasing demand of timber and Khair wood,
availability of markets their of adjoining areas, illicit felling and smuggling of timber/khair
wood has become a routine feature. There have been instances of organised illicit felling and
smuggling. The field staff will have to be extremely cautious and vigilant to check this menace.
(e) Storms
Mild case of storms in the tract during March, April, September and October. They cause
severing of the crowns and branches of trees. However, sometimes Chil and few other species
are also uprooted by such storms. Generally, storms of severe nature are very rare in the area.
(f) Parasites

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Parasites feed on the sap of the host, weaken the tree, prevents its growth and development and
gradually cause its death. Banda (Loranthus species) is the most common parasites found in
Sal forests.
(g) Fungi Sal trees with developed heartwood are susceptible attack by the heart rotting fungi
Polyporus Species. The sporus of this fungus enter through the wounds. In the crop of coppice
origin, it spreads from the stumps into the poles. The fungi cause the rot in the trees locally
termed as “Goj”. The rot is more common in the forest which are overgrazed, lopped or burnt
annually. The mature and over-mature trees are invariably affected by this rot. This not only
reduces the quality of timber but also useful volume of a tree.
Khair is lopped heavily for fodder, throughout the tract. Heavy lopping makes the tree
susceptible to attck by a heart rot fungi. It is very difficult to find a sound of Khair tree as a
most all the Khair trees are invariably affected by this heart rot.
(h) Climbers
The common climbers found in this tract include Maljan (Bauhinia vahlii), Gauj (Milletia
auriculata), Vallaris sheynei, Pueraria tuberosa, Panibel (Vitis latifola) and Roel (Combretun
decandrum). It is said to note that no climber cutting is done in the forest, as apart of
silvicultural operation. The result, the climbers koel around the trunks or fasten the crowns of
tree which lead to strangulation, bending, forking and stuntedness in the crop. Regular climber
cutting should be done to keep the forests healthy.
(i) Wild Animals
The damage caused by the wild animals is not uncommon. Wild boars, porcupine and monkeys
do cause some damage to the crop, especially the young crop and regeneration by nibbling and
digging. Of late, the threat of crop damage by elephants raiding from Uttarakhand borders have
increased as well.
(j) Insect Pests
(i) During 1948 Sal heart borer (Hoplocerambyx spinicornis) attacked in epidemic form good
quality Sal areas of the division. This beetle breeds in the slash and felling refuse and is the
most important insect pest of Sal trees. In the recent past and currently no appreciable damage
by the Sal heart wood borer has been noticed. Now-a-days the fallen debris is removed as
Fuelwood and the better hygienic conditions are probably responsible for reducing the damage.
(ii) Occasionally swarm of locusts may these localities and attack the foliage of the trees and
cause considerable damage.
(iii) Ordinarily a sporadic attack of geometrid leaf defoliator-Ascotis selenaris takes place
every year. This affects the growth of individual trees but there is never a large-scale damage.

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(iv) Leaf hoppers and scale insects (Monophiebus stebbingii) also attack the young shoots of
Sal and other species during March and April and retard their growth. During the attack of the
scale insect, the floor gets covered with a shining sticky substance exuded by the insect.
(v) Termites are the greatest enemies of the vegetation. These attack the young plants in the
plantations during post-monsoon days in September and also during spring when the moisture
regime is favorable for their spread. They also attack the dead bark of the trees and at times
penetrate to the live bark and thus retard the growth of the trees. The termites damage the
coppiced stumps also.
(k) Infestation by invasive weed species in forests
The forests have been invaded by invasive weed species like Lantana, Parthenium, Ageratum,
Ardisia solanacea etc. which has caused negative impact on native biodiversity causing
economical lose and harming human health. Lantana has done maximum invasion for which
extensive survey for determining the extent of invasion with categorizationup to 25% invasion,
25 to 50%, 50 to 75% and more than 75% categories has been defined and survey reports has
been posted in Compartment History files.
(l) Non-Working of forests
In the past non-working of forest has caused immense damage to the crop due to congestion
and stagnation of new growth. Regular thinning and silviculture operations like seeding and
final felling as per working plan is of utmost importance to keep forest healthy and growing.
However, experimental silviculture felling done in 2018-20 in the Division over app. 284 ha
has yielded encouraging results and is key to justifying the need for proper silviculture
practices in the Division.
(m) Climate Change: Impact
Forests in Himachal Pradesh are an important ecological and natural resource and have been
aptly termed as "Green Pearl" in the Himalayas. About 26% of the State's geographical area is
the repository of 3,295 species out of which 95% are endemic to the state and 5% (150) species
are exotic, most of the people in rural areas in the State depend directly or indirectly on forests
for their livelihood and use significant quantity of forest goods and services like non-wood
forest products, ecotourism, fodder, timber etc.
The immediate repercussions of climate change on the forests are visible over recent years in
the form of extreme weather events, erratic seasonal shifts, torrential floods leading to bank
erosion and species loss. Studies are required to be conducted in this regard for working out
ecological solutions for stock-taking and halting losses.
2.6 Distribution of different forest types

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The base year status of forest types along with GIS map may be referenced for any further
change/shift. The forest of the tract is mainly tropical and subtropical with a small portion
having temperate vegetation Sal is the chief economic species Chilis limited to Dharti Dhar
area of Girinagar and Paonta Sahib Range. The tract is the only area in the state which supports
of moist deciduous and semi deciduous type. Pure Sal Forest are found in a belt on the Northern
side of the main Shivalik ridge and on the southern side of the outer Himalayan range. The
controlling factor viz soil, aspect, altitude, topography, soil mixture, biotic factors play an
important role in the composition of the crop. However, pure Sal is gradually being replaced
by dry mixed deciduous species and scrubs on hot dry and poor localities. In riverine areas,
Shisham and Khair are coming up while on the clay soils Chhal, Sain etc. are the main species.
Edaphic factors have local influence in pockets. According to classification of Champion and
Seth, forests covered by this plan fall under the following types and subtypes:
Table 2.8: Forest Types of Paonta Sahib Division

Group 3 Moist Deciduous Forests

Sub-group 3C North Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests
Type 3C/C2 Moist Sal bearing forests
Sub-type 3C/C2a Moist ShiwalikSal
Sub-type 3C/C2b Moist bhabar Sal
Variety 3C/C2b(i) Moist bhabar-dun Sal
Group 5 Dry Deciduous Forests
Sub-group 5B Northern Tropical dry Deciduous Forests
Sub-type 5B/C1a Dry Shiwalik Sal Forests
Type 5B/C2 Northern dry mixed Deciduous Forests.
Sub-type 5B/DS1 Dry Deciduous scrub
Sub-type 5B/1S2 Khair -Sissoo Forests
Group 9 Sub-Tropical Pine Forest
Type 9/C1 Himalayan Sub Tropical Pine Forests
Subtype 9/C1a Lower Himalyan or ShiwalikChil Pine Forests
Subtype 9/C1b Upper or Himalayan Chil Pine Forests
Subtype 9/C1/DS1 Himalayan Sub Tropical Scrub
Group 12 Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests
Type 12/C1 Lower Western Himalayan Temperate Forests
Subtype 12/C1a Lower Western Himalayan Temperate Ban Oak Forests

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As already mentioned, the forests of this tract are mainly tropical moist deciduous forest.
Natural regeneration of Sal, Shisham and Sain is lacking, the main reason for this is heavy
biotic pressure on the forest due to excessive grazing, lopping etc. Natural regeneration has
become extremely difficult and rare most in most of the forests existing in this tract and
growing in tension zone and do not really carry the characteristics which tally exactly with
those given by the Champion and Seth, therefore one forest may appear in more than one type.
Group 3 Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests

(I)Sub-Group 3C Northern Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests

(a)Sub Type 3C/C2a- Moist Shivalik Sal

This type of forest has Sal as a single gregarious species. Sal is generally more aggressive than
its associates because of its natural gregarious habit, good coppicing power, resistance to fire,
regeneration potential under burning and grazing, adaptability of Sal to site conditions and its
longevity. Though it is prone to frost it survives where few other species could not Sal comes
up nicely on clayey and Sandy soils avoiding the two extremes. Sal consists of 90% of the crop
the other associates in the top storey are Sain and Chhal. Under-storey is either missing or is
very sparse and consists mostly of suppressed Sal, Amaltas, Rohini, Jamun, Sandan, Amla etc.
The bushy growth consists of Rohini, Ghandhela, Dhai Colebrookia, Flemingia species. The
common climbers are Malijhan, Gaj, Penibal, Dioscoreaetc.The quality of the Sal crop is
generally III. Although Sal is considered as a climax species in this type of forest but because
of the biotic interference the conditions in most of the areas have become drier. Good Sal crop,
in pole stage is seen in patches, however, the natural regeneration is deficient. Moderately
sloping areas with good soil cover away from habitation having little human interference are
having good natural regeneration of Sal and Sain, for example RF Ganyoni.Natural
regeneration of other species is generally absent in these forests.
Distribution: This type of vegetation is found in suitable locations in the following forests:
Girinagar range: -
Khararu, Ganyoni, Gullarwala, Dunga, Jalmusa & Janglot

Majra range: -
Garhi, Garhi-Banswali, Sudanwala, Naurangabad, Pipliwali, Bherewala, Jamnawali, Tokion,
Sainwala, Paniwali, Sukhmelion, Badhi-ghati, Kiarda, Bansewali Katapathar, Surajpur,
Mahadev- ka- Khala, Ghutanpur Kothewali, Mastali, Ambwali.

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(b) Subtype 3C / C2b (1) Moist Bhabbar-Dun-Sal

These are the best quality Sal forests of the tract found in the Majra, Paonta Sahib and Bhagani
Ranges. In Dun, Sal is the main species with 80 to 90% proportion of the main crop. Site
quality of Sal is II/III to III.Other associates of the Sal in the top canopy are Terminalia species
(Sain and Behera) Jhingan, Kaem, Chiroli and occasional trees of Bargad. Understorey is not
prominent. The trees found in the under storey are Rohini, Sandan, Kumbhi, Chandan, Jaman
etc. Suppressed Sal also forms a part of the under storey. There is dense shrub growth of
Rohini, Gurbheli, Gandhala. Since the ground is covered either by Sal or by the evergreen
bushes, grasses are almost absent. Climbers are also not very common. However, Malijhan,
Gaj and Panibes, sometimes do lot of damage to the trees. However, the damage by climber is
not very prominent in the areas protected from human interference of grazing, lopping etc,
there is a reasonable regeneration of Sal. However, as these areas fall in the fertile Doon Valley
the main agriculture area, there is a lot of pressure of grazing and unregulated tree felling in
these forests.
Distribution;
Bhagani Range: - Khojar, Meruwala, Danda-Amboya, Kandhela, Dhandla
Paonta Sahib Range: -Garibnath, Mantaruwala, Rajban, Gorakhpur, Jammu-Khala, Jamotwa,
Jamniwala, Kukron, Khara, Lai, Mankundion, Jhara.
Giri Nagar Range: Beas, Chandpur, Parduni, Mehrar, Majri

(II) Group 5 Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests

Sub type 5 B Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
(a) 5B/C 1(a) Dry Siwalik Sal: -
Sal is again the main species in this type. The quality of Sal is poor and is mostly IV. The
proportion of Sal varies from 40 to 80% The other associates are Sain, Chhal, Jhingan, Chiroli,
Khair, Bauhinia species and Sal. Chir Pine is also found occasionally. This type of forest is
found on the exposed southern slopes of the Shivalik ridge and is exposed to severe hot winds
and dry spells. The slopes are fairly steep. Soil is shallow sandy with clay pockets and devoid
of humus, the soil also has boulders and pebbles on bed of the sandstones. Sal itself is a middle-
sized tree in this zone and as such the middle storey is not at all prominent. Undergrowth
consists of Karonda, Chhanchra, Rada, Dhai, Bida etc. Grasses are Bhabbar and Sarala.
Climbers found are Malijhan, Gaj, Dioscorea species etc. Climbers do lot of damage to the tree
crop and festoons the trees resulting in stuntedness in trees and sometimes leading to death of

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trees. The regeneration of the main gregarious species like Sal is deficient. As a result, other
species like Chhal, Sal etc. are increasing in proportion.
Distribution: This type is found in following forests: -
Bhagani Range Khodri –Majri
Giri NagarRange Malgi, Khararu, Ganyoni, Gullarwala, Dunga Jalmusa, Janglot, Barthal
Majra: KataPather, Surajpur, Mahadev-Ka –Khala, Ghuttanpur, Kothewali, Mastali,
Ambwali,

(b) Type 5B/C2 Northern dry mixed deciduous forest: -

This type of forest is found on steep Shivalik reaches areas close to the plains. Rainfall is low.
Vegetation cover is also poor, soil is shallow with loose boulders or beds of clay and
sandstones. The main tree species found in this type are Sain, Chhal, Khair, Chiroli, Tendu,
Sal, Jhingan, Dhak and occasional trees of Chil and Sal. The small trees found in the
understorey are Amaltas, Chamror, Rohini, Bel, Amla, Chila, Mandher. Bushes growth
consists of Chilli, Bamboo, Kandai, Dhai, Basutti, Kuri, Kura, Bida.Common grasses found
are Bhabbar and Sarala etc. Climbers found in the area are Malijhan, Gaj etc. There is a heavy
pressure of grazing and lopping. Consequently, the regeneration of various species is poor.
Anogeissus comes up nicely in burnt areas and forms substantial proportion of the crop. Khair
and Sain also come naturally if protected from grazing, browsing, lopping and fire. Fires are
quite frequent in this region. They are deliberate as well as natural and causes a lot of damage
to vegetation, specially regeneration.
Distribution: -This type is found in following Forests: -
Bhagani Range: - Badhana
Giri Nagar Range: - Kando-Bharog, Beas, Chandpur, Parduni, Mehrar, Majri and Ganyoni.
Paonta Sahib Range: - Chhacheti, Sarah, Malgi, Gorakhpur, Kukron, Khara, Lai, Jhara
Majra Range: - Kiarda, Gharatwali, Sunkron.
(c) Sub Type /1S2 Khair-Sissoo Forest: -
This type of forest is restricted to new formations in the river beds or high banks. Soil is
shallow, sandy, with gravels having good drainage. Khair and Shisham forms more or less a
pure crop with other scattered associates like simbal (Bombax Ceiba), Gutel, Papri (Holoptelea
integrifolia). Natural re-generation of Khair and Shisham comes up in abundance if the area is
closed to grazing and protected from fires. Shrub by growth consists of Rohini, Gandhala,
Basuti, Jhau and Lantana. Herbs found are Cassia tora, Bhaga etc. Common grasses are Kahi,
Bhabbar and Dab.

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Distribution of this type is found in following Forests:
Bhagani Range Giri, Yamuna
Paonta Sahib Range Rampurbeli
Majra Range Kaunchbeli

Group 9 Sub-Tropical Pine Forest

Type 9/C1 Himalayan Sub- Tropical Pine Forest
Two types of Chil pine forests i.e., Shiwalik Chil pine and Himalayan Chil pine occur in the
tract. In these forests Chil pine is the main crop with understorey consisting of other broad-
leaved deciduous species such as Sain, Chhal, Jhingan, Amaltas, Khair, Ban and Buras.
Sometimes stunted Sal in patches are also found. The bushy growth consists of Kandai, Kainth,
Tung, Kangoo, Gandelaetc. Grasses found are Crysopogon spp, Cymbopogan spp. and
Dicanthium annualatum etc. Climbers are not many and one may come across occasionally
Maljhan, Jungli gulab species etc.
Distribution
Giri Nagar Range Kando-Bhaila, Kando- Bharog, Samon-Kanon, Barthal, Kanser
Paonta Sahib Range Chhacheti
Type 9/C1/DS1Himalayan Sub- Tropical Scrub Forest:
This type of forest is found in the Kamraoo- Bharlidhar area, having altitude between 600 to
1000 meters and having exposed ridges, poor soil and lime-stone as the parent rock and bears
only scrub forests. Slopes are fairly steep. Exposed rock, soil and biotic factors like grazing,
lopping are the inhibiting factors for the growth of tree species. The scrub occupying the area
are Kandai, Mehandu, Tung, Thor etc. Chil, Khair etc can come up in these areas if effective
protection and closure can be provided.
Distribution
This Type is found in following Forest
Bhagani Range: Rajpur, Salatha
Group 12 Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest
Type (12/C1a) Ban Oak Forest
This type of forest is found over elevations between 1000 meters to 2000 meters on Kamraoo-
Bharli Dhar. Ban Oak is the main species in these forests. The associates are Kainth, Kaphal,
Parag and phoebe species. Ban oak is subjected to heavy lopping for fodder. In generalthe
forests are of poor quality. Some Deodar has been introduced in this zone forest during the last
60 to 70 years. However, the success is not very encouraging with stunted growth. Soil is

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shallow except in patches where it is fairly deep. It is sandy to clayey- loam. The under lying
rocks are sandstone, quartzite or limestone.
Distribution
This type is found in the Kandhela forest of Bhagani Range.

Abstract of area under each type of forests:

Area (in hac )
2486.26
259.03 157.29
117.65

5793.3

13536.61
1307.68
754.26

9/DS1 9D/S1 3C/C2b1 5B/C1a 9/C1 3C/C2a 5B/152 5B/C1a

Table 2.9: Forest Types of Paonta Sahib Division by Area

Type Area (in hac)

9/DS1 259.03
9D/S1 157.29
3C/C2b1 13536.61
5B/C1a 754.26
9/C1 1307.68
3C/C2a 5793.3
5B/1S2 117.65
5B/C1a 2486.26

Map No. 2.9

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 CHAPTER-3
MAINTENANCE, CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF
BIODIVERSITY

3.1 FOREST COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION: -

The forests of the tract are mainly tropical and sub-tropical with a small portion having
temperate vegetation. Sal is the most economically important species. Chil is limited to Dharti
Dhar areas of Giri Nagar and Paonta Sahib Ranges. The tract is the only area in the State which
supports extensive forests of moist deciduous and semi deciduous type. Pure Sal forests are
found in a belt on the Northern side of the main Shiwalik ridge and on the Southern side of the
outer Himalayan range. The controlling factors, viz soil, aspect, altitude, topography, soil,
mixtures, biotic, factors play an important role in the composition of the crop. However pure
Sal is gradually being replaced by dry mixed deciduous species on hot, dry and poor localities,
riverine areas bear Shisham and Khair and on the clayey soils, Chhal, Sain etc are the main
species. Edaphic factors have local influence in pockets.
As already mentioned the forests of this tract are mainly tropical moist deciduous forest. It can
be generally said that natural regeneration is not adequate for Sal, Khair, Shisham, Sain. The
main reasons for this include heavy biotic pressure on the forest, due to excessive grazing,
lopping etc. as well as ban on green felling and silvicultural operations. Most of the forests
existing in this tract are growing in tension zone and do not really carry the characteristics
which tally exactly with those given by Champion and Seth. Therefore, one forest may appear
in more than one type.
3.2 PLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY

Species diversity is the most commonly used representation of ecological diversity. Species
diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species live in a certain
location. Ecosystems with higher species diversity are generally more stable and resistant to
disasters than those with fewer species because substantial number of species consists of
different traits that are resilient to ecological changes and can also contribute to various
ecosystem functions. Therefore, it is prudent to look at some of the parameters depicting the
picture of plant species diversity of the various working circles.
Regarding the calculation of various parameters for assessing the plant species diversity in the
Division, the technique of Survey and Assessment of Forest Resource using Grid and
Quadrants method (Sample Plots) has been adopted. The data collected during enumeration

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such as the number of individuals of each species and the d.b.h of each tree were utilized to
derive secondary attributes like basal area, density, frequency, IVI and Shannon-Weiner
indices.
Importance Value Index
Importance value index (IVI) which is a measure of how dominant a species is in a given forest
ecosystem has been calculated as under.
IVI = Relative frequency + Relative basal area + Relative density
Frequency is a measure of abundance of a species present in a mixed community.
Frequency is calculated as number of plots where species is observed divided by total number
of survey plots. Relative frequency is calculated by dividing the frequency of a species by the
sum of all the species, multiplied by hundred.
Density is calculated as total number of individuals of a species divided by total number of
plots. Relative density is calculated by dividing the density by the sum of densities of all
species multiplied by hundred.
Dominance is calculated as the total basal area of a species in order to quantitatively measure
different type of species in forest communities and measure dominance of species. Relative
basal area is calculated as basal area of the species divided by basal area of all the species
multiplied by hundred.

The frequency, density, basal area and IVI of most important trees and shrubs found in forests
are given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1(a): Ecological parameters of Trees
Working Species Relative Relative Relative IVI
Circle Density Frequency Abundance
Sal 68.01 29.32 78.16 175.49
Chil 0.00 0.12 0.06 0.18
Eucalyptus 0.57 0.72 1.06 2.35
Amaltas 1.19 4.29 0.46 5.94
Chhal 1.03 2.86 0.96 4.85
Jamun 4.31 7.63 2.31 14.25
Jhingan 1.85 6.67 1.23 9.75
Sal
Khair 1.11 2.38 0.42 3.92
Rohini 9.32 13.35 2.46 25.13
Sain 5.13 12.16 7.77 25.06
Shisham 0.08 0.60 0.02 0.70
Simbal 0.08 0.48 0.31 0.87
Tendu 1.64 5.12 0.90 7.67
Kokat* 5.67 14.30 3.88 23.85

[71]
Kokat list of species is added in Appendix XI.

Graphic representation of IVI in Sal Working Circle

200
175.49
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40 25.13 25.06 23.85
14.25 9.75
20 2.35 5.94 4.85 3.92 7.67
0.18 0.7 0.87
0

Table 3.1(b): Ecological parameters of Trees

Working Species Relative Relative Relative Basal IVI
Circle Density Frequency Area

Chil 45.07 37.93 33.8 116.38

Chil Sal 32.32 27.58 33.43 93.33

Kokat 20.99 31.03 19.30 71.32

Sain 1.60 3.44 13.37 18.41

Graphical representation of IVI in Chil Working Circle

140

120

100

80

60 116.38
93.33
40 71.32
20
18.41
0
Chil Sal Kokat Sain

[72]
 Table 3.1(c): Ecological parameters of Trees

Working Species Relative Relative Relative IVI

Circle Density Frequency Abundance
Amaltas 1.67 4.00 1.06 6.73
Chhal 6.30 7.50 3.88 17.68
Chil 5.20 3.00 3.82 12.02
Eucalyptus 0.76 1.00 1.13 2.89
Jamun 1.57 4.50 1.44 7.51
Jhingan 5.49 11.50 4.69 21.68
Khair 5.20 6.75 2.75 14.70
PCR
Rohini 10.07 8.25 3.07 21.39
Sain 8.68 11.50 10.26 30.45
Sal 31.40 16.00 42.24 89.64
Shisham 1.57 1.75 1.00 4.33
Simbal 0.43 1.75 1.00 3.18
Tendu 2.53 5.75 1.38 9.66
Kokath 19.80 16.75 22.28 58.83

Graphic representation of IVI in PCR Working Circle

100 89.64
90
80
70 58.83
60
50
40 30.45
30 21.68 21.39
17.68 14.7
20 12.02 9.66
6.73 7.51 4.33
10 2.89 3.18
0

Table 3.1(d): Ecological parameters of Trees

Management Species Relative Relative Relative IVI

area Density Frequency Abundance

Eucalyptus
82.61 35.86 66.667 185.14
Eucalyptus
Sain 4.35 31.51 13.333 49.19
Sal 13.04 32.63 20.000 65.67

[73]
 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF IVI IN
EUCALYPTUS WORKING AREA
200

185.14
150

100

50 65.67
49.19
0
Eucalyptus Sain Sal

Table 3.1(e): Ecological parameters of Trees

Working Circle Species Relative Relative Relative Basal IVI

Density Frequency Area
KHAIR (OL) Khair 85.75 38.46 68.81 193.03
Shisham 62.28 12.82 4.10 79.20
Sal 4.25 20.51 18.43 43.19
Kokat 6.16 28.21 8.65 43.02

Graphic Representation of Khair Working Circle

250

193.03
200

150

100 79.2

43.19 43.02
50

0
KHAIR SHISHAM SAL KOKAT

• The results show that in Sal Working Circle the relative frequency of Sal species
is the highest, followed by Kokat species, Rohini and Sain. Sal has maximum density of
16.56 stems/100m2 followed by Rohini (2.27), Kokat species (1.38) and Sain (1.25). The
IVI of Sal is highest at 175.49, followed by Rohini (25.13) and Sain (25.06).
• In Chil Working Circle the frequency of Chil species is maximum followed by
Sal, Kokat. Chil has maximum density of 7.69 stems/100m2 followed by The IVI of Sal is
99.42 followed by Chil (85.77), BL species (47.42) and Jamun (35.47).

[74]
 • In PCR Working Circle the frequency of Kokat species is maximum followed by Sal
and followed by Sain and Jhingan with Rohini at fourth place. Sal has maximum density of
6.58 stems/100m2 followed by Kokat (4.15). The IVI of Sal is 89.64 followed by Kokat
(58.83) and Sain (30.45).
• In Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle, Khair (IVI 193.03) is the most frequently
occurring and dominant species, followed by Shisham (IVI: 79.20), Sal (IVI 43.19) and
then Kokat species (IVI: 43.02).
• In Eucalyptus Working Area the frequency of Eucalyptus, Sal and Sain is 100% with
density of Eucalyptus as 19 stems /100 m 2, Sal as 3 stems /100 m2 and Sain as 1 stem
/100m2. The IVI value of Eucalyptus is 185.14 followed by Sal 65.67 and Sain as 49.19.

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index

The Shannon-Weiner Species Diversity Index is calculated by taking the number of each
species, the proportion each species is of the total number of individuals, and sums the
proportion times the natural log of the proportion for each species.

The Index calculated for the various Working Circles is given as follows:

Working Circle Shannon-Weiner Index

Sal 1.55
Chil 1.64
PCR 2.17
Khair (OL) 1.39
Eucalyptus Working area 0.927

It can be seen that maximum diversity is seen in Protection-cum-Rehabilitation Working

Circle, followed by Chil. The low value reported for Eucalyptus working area as well as Khair
is in line with literature that man-made, uniformly-raised mono-culture plantations will have
low SW Index. Also, forests with Climax communities have greater species diversity as
evidenced in Sal & Chil Working circles.

[75]
 Table 3.2: Ecological parameters of Shrub species

Sr. No. Species Name Frequency Density Abundance IVI

1 Adhatoda vasica 0.7752 0.0078 1 2.7398
2 Achyranthes aspera 2.3256 0.0233 1 3.9054
3 Asperagus racemosus 0.7752 0.0078 1 2.7398
4 Berberis lyceum 1.5504 0.0155 1 3.3226
5 Bidens Pilosa 1.5504 0.0155 1 3.3226
6 Boehmeria virgata 1.5504 0.0465 3 8.3483
7 Carissa spinarum 54.2636 1.3256 2.4429 64.0363
8 Clematis vitalba 5.4264 0.1705 3.1429 13.5277
9 Clerodendrum infortunatum 13.1783 0.4419 3.3529 24.2572
10 Clerodendrum viscosum 3.8760 0.0388 1.0000 5.0710
11 Clerodendrum spp 4.6512 0.1705 3.6667 14.2527
12 Colebrookea oppositifolia 2.3256 0.0853 3.6667 11.0808
13 Cucurbita spp 4.6512 0.0465 1 5.6538
14 Flacourtia sapida 6.2016 0.0620 1 6.8193
15 Flemengia semialata 0.7752 0.0078 1 2.7398
16 Ichnocarpus frutescens 3.1008 0.0930 3 10.2256
17 Ipomia 0.7752 0.0078 1 2.7398
18 Jatrophaa curcas 0.7752 0.0078 1 2.7398
19 Lantana camara 24.0310 0.3643 1.5161 24.1839
20 Mentha arvensis 2.3256 0.0233 1 3.9054
21 Murraya koenigii 43.4109 0.7829 1.8036 44.5339
22 Opuntia humifusa 0.7752 0.0078 1 2.7398
23 Protium serratum 1.5504 0.0155 1 3.3226
24 Urtica dioica 0.7752 0.0078 1 2.7398
25 Woodfordia fruticosa 10.0775 0.5814 5.7692 31.0525

IVI Index of Shrubs in Paonta Sahib Forests

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Flemengia…
Clerodendrum…
Clerodendrum…
Asperagus…

Colebrookea…

Ichnocarpus…

Woodfordia…
Ipomia

Urtica dioica
Adhatoda vasica

Murraya koenigii
Opuntia humifusa
Berberis lycium

Clematis vitalba
Bidens pilosa

Clerodendrum spp

Cucurbita spp

Lantana camara
Achyranthes aspera

Carissa spinarum
Boehmeria virgata

Flacourtia sapida

Jatrophaa curcas

Protium serratum
Mentha arvensis

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Figure no. 3.2

Medicinal Plants: Some of the important medicinal plants, encountered are Adhatoda vesica,
Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Bacopa monnieri, Cordia dichotoma, Terminalia

[76]
chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Moringa oleifera, Emblica officinalis, Acacia catechu and
Tinospora cordifolia, Holarrhena antidysenterica. Berberis lyceum, Vitex negundo,
Asparagus racemosus.
Economically Important Species: There are many species that are considered important for
food, fuel, fodder, fiber, timber, medicinal value, oil, gums and others. On these parameters
many economically important species present in these forests are: Acacia catechu,
Dendrocalamus strictus, Moringa oleifera, Holoptelia integrifolia, Aegle marmelos, Emblica
officinalis, Achryranthes aspera, Adhatoda vesica, and Azadiachta indica.

3.3 STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN FORESTS

The state has prepared the strategy and action plan for conservation of biodiversity under the
scheme “Himachal Pradesh State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan” in 2020. The
strategies include augmentation of forest resources by making efforts to restore original
ecosystem, promotion of indigenous tree species, declaring climax communities as closed
forest areas, improving canopy density in the existing forests, promotion of natural
regeneration, growing of medicinal plants through inter departmental consultations and
introduction of dwindling species. The strategic action plan also lays emphasis on involvement
of local communities, especially women, in protection of forests making them important
components of forest management, also linking forestry with livelihood issues and conducting
economic evaluation of biological resources conserved by communities.

3.4 FAUNA AND THEIR HABITS

General: - The Siwaliks and the Sub-Himalayan hill zone with the streams and river
forming this tract are ideally suitable for a variety of wild birds, wild animals and fishes, Wild
life was in great abundance when the human populations was not such a multitude in the area,
with the increase in population, their interference with the natural surroundings of wild birds
and animals, wild life population receded to the more sheltered and protected woods and water.
Even in such places the poachers have killed a substantial number of wild birds and wild
animals. At one time herds of Cheetal and Sambar deer were found in grassy blanks of Majra
range and Simbalwara Wild Life Sanctuary, now notified as Colonel Sherjung National Park.
Now one may be lucky to spot such an animal even in this National Park.
The value and importance of wild life from scientific aesthetic, economic and
recreational stand points is immense and is recognized all over the world. All forms of wild
life including vermins play a very important role in keeping a balance of wild life populations.

[77]
Though with the increased human activity in the forests more particularly the poaching, the
population of wild animals is very much reduced nevertheless, a few are seen in sheltered
places, important species of wild animals is briefly described as under:-
Sambar (Cervus unicolor):- This largest deer also occasionally met with in the Sal forest of
this division. It is possible to spot this animal in Simbalwara area, though the stag are located
outside also. This deer has more nocturnal habit and it retreats into heavy forest cover at dawn.
It feeds on grass, leaves and wild fruits. Its coat is coarse and brown in colour with yellowish
tinge. Its height at shoulder may be upto 140 cm and may weigh upto 300 kg. It is capable of
moving very silently in even the dense forest. Paring takes place in winter months.
Kakar Muntjac/Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak):- This is a small deer mostly found in
thickly wooded areas and coming out for grazing in open grassy blanks. It feeds on grass,
leaves and wild fruits. When heard from a distance its call sounds like a bark of dog. The
unbranched antlers are small and measure 5 to 8 cm. The coat is bright chestnut which darkens
in the aged animals. Its height at shoulder is 50 to 75 cm and a full-grown animal may weight
about 29 kg. It is believed to breed all the year round. In this area it is found in all the wooded
and grassy areas.
Goral (Nemorhaedus goral): - This goat antelope is found on rugged grassy and rocky hill
sides covered with tree growth, in all the range of this division. It has goat-like build, teeth
short, cylindrical horns and a short tail. Usually, it is blackish grey in color. On rocky
mountainous area this animal may be seen in mornings and evenings. It is about 60-70 cm at
the shoulders and weighs from 25 to 30 kgs. The ringed or ridged horns which curve slightly
backwards are 10-12 cm long.
Jungli Suar/ wild boar (Sus scrofa):- This omnivorous wild animal lives in grassy, bushy and
also thickly wooded areas. It feeds on field crops, wild roots and tubers, and even insects and
snakes. It usually feeds during mornings and evenings. It is black in color, the skin is covered
by a sparse growth of bristles which from a conspicuous mane, wild boar is a prolific animal
and gives at least two litters, one in the beginning of rains and the second after the rains. A
well grown male is about 80 to 90 cm at the shoulder and may weigh up to 200kg.
Indian Porcupine (Hytrix indica): - This destructive rodent is found in all areas of this
Division. It adapts itself to any type of land but favours rocky hill sides where it lives in
burrows dug by itself. The burrows consist of an entrance gallery and a few bolt holes or
emergency exists. The burrows or galleries some times are 15-18 meters in length. The
porcupines are characterized by the spines borne on the neck, back and hind quarters. The
porcupines feed on field crops, fruits roots and tubers. They are very much destructive to field

[78]
crops and gardens when adequate food is not available in the forests. The young ones are born
usually in springs.
Indian Hare (Lepus ruficaudams):- This rufous tailed hare is found all over the area. It likes
bushy forest growth and generally lives in the neighborhood of cultivations and villages. Early
wheat and other crops in the field are badly nibbled by this animal. It is in general, nocturnal
in habit. It weighs from 1.5 to 2.5 kg and has a rufous brown coat mixed with black hair on
back face. It is believed to give young ones- one to two in number, in early winter months.
Tendua/ Leopard (Panthera pardus):- This animals lives in forest areas or even in open
country among rocks. It can prey during the day if it is unable to catch anything by night. It
can prey on anything ranging from cattle, sheep, goat, pet, dogs, deer, monkeys and even
rodents like porcupines. It is more dangerous to man and his cattle than tiger. It seizes its prey
from a hiding or leaps on it from a tree on which it climbs easily. It has bright fulvous or buff
coat with closely set rosettes. Average total length varies from 215 cm to about 245 cm, the
females are smaller than the males. While the full-grown male may weigh from 50 to 68 kg,
the females weigh 40 to 50 kg. Panthers breed all the year round and probably one litter of 2
to 4 is given every year.
Sher/ Tiger (Panthera tigris): - About six decades ago when the area had dense forests, it is
said that quite a large number of tigers were found in these Sal forests. Large number of them
have been killed in the past. The forest cover has gone thin now and even the Colonel Sherjung
National Park (Simbalwara) area is thronged by large number of human beings. The presence
of tiger is reported inside the National Park, which has been substantiated by camera trap
images in February 2023. Tiger requires plenty of forest cover and shade for sleeping, water
for drinking and large wild animal for preying on. It is a rich colored and striped animal and
measures from 275 to 290 cm in length and 180 to 230 kg. in weight. The females are smaller
than the males.
Kala Bhalu, Himalayan Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus): - In Trans-Giri area, the black bear
descends down during winters and even in rains when it becomes a nuisance to the maize fields
and fruits crop. This animal lives almost in solitary condition, is nocturnal in habit and spends
the day sleeping in a rock cave or hollow of a tree. It mostly feeds on wild fruits, honey and
bees and honey insects etc. Fruits orchards and corn fields are frequently raided by it. It is a
compact built, typical black in color with a “V” shaped white mark on its breast, a typical
character of this animals.
Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximus) The mega-herbivore is found in the adjoining areas of
this region. The Asian Elephants are active during twilight hours and are known for their huge

[79]
consumption (about 150 kg per day) of plant matter. They feed on at least 112 different species
of plants such as legumes, palm and true grass. During the dry season tree barks also form a
major part of their diet. The Asian elephant consumes at least 80 – 200 liters of water a day,
hence they are never far from a ready water source. In the recent past, elephant movement from
the neighboring state of Uttarakhand’s Rajaji National Park has been on the rise, leading to
human-wildlife conflicts, even though occasional movement has been existing since 1990s.
Birds
Jangli Murga/The Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus):- This bird is believed to be the ancestor
of all domestic breeds of fowls. It is found in pairs of parties in the Sal forests and scrub jungles
of this Division. It is spotted on the fringes of cultivations and forests clearings in the morning
and evening. It is a very shy and cunning bird. Scuttles into cover on slightest disturbance or
suspicion. It roosts on thick crowned trees or bamboo clumps, feeds on grains, vegetable
shoots, insects etc. Nesting season is generally from March to May. The hens are plain streaked
brown with rufous brown under parts.

Teeter/ Black Partridge (Francolinus francolinus):- A small bird, about half the size of a
village hen, generally black and spotted with white. The hens are paler and speckled black and
white. It is found on grassy blanks and cultivated land of sugarcane fields. On the mornings
and evenings it feeds on grains, grass seeds, white ants and other insects. It is a swiftly running
bird relying upon its legs to escape, lives singly or in pairs. Nesting season is April to July.
Bater/The common or Grey Quail (Coturnix coturnix):- It is almost a tailless partridge like
bird. It is buffish-brown in color with pale reddish brown and black streaks. It is found in pairs
or parties in grass lands and cultivations and hides very well in grass and bushes. It files straight
for short distance. Their population swells during winter when they migrate from central and
western Asia to this region. It feeds on grains, grass seeds. Nesting season is from March to
May. Rain quail (Coturnix coromandelica) which migrate locally is also found in this region.
Lowwa/ Jungle bush quail (Perdicula asiatica): - It is of the size of a rain quail with fulvous
brown, mottled black and buff feathers above and white below. In females the lower parts are
pale-pinkish. It is found in open deciduous forests and dry scrub jungle area. It lives in colony
of 5 to 20 which rest together and rise suddenly when almost trodden. It feeds on, grass seeds,
tender shoots, and grains. Nesting season is well not defined, it ranges from August to April.
Kabutar/Blue Rock Pigeon (Columba livia): It is the common grey bird with glistening
green purple and magenta sheen on the neck and breast. It is found in open and rocky cliffs. It
also lives in a semi domesticated condition and favours old buildings and rock holes. It
generally feeds on cereals, grasses, pulses etc. Nesting season is not well defined.

[80]
Ghugi/ Dove (Streptopelia species): This common dove is found in pairs or small parties in
open places and cultivated fields. It approaches houses and even verandahs if not scared. Its
flight is straight and swift. Its nesting season is also not well defined.
Besides these the Indian National Bird, Peacock (Pavo cristatus) is also found in this area.
Other birds of occurrence in the Division include house and jungle crows (Corvus species),
Tree pies (Dendrocitta species), the Jungle Babbler (Turdoides species), the Bulbul
(Pycnonotus species), the Magpie-Robin (Copsychus species), Golden Oriole (Oriolus
species),The Common Myna (Acridotheres species), the common Baya (Ploceus species), Red
Rumped Swallow (Cecropis species), Parakeets (Psittiaciformes species), the Common
Kingfisher (Alcedo species), Vultures (Gyps species), Eagles (Aquila species) etc. which are
equally important from aesthetic , forest cleanlinessand health, bird watching and balance of
nature point of views.
FISH
Fresh water fishes are found in Bata, Giri, Tons and Yamuna rivers. The species found in these
waters include Mahseer (Tor species), Rohu (Labeo species), Lachi (Wallago species) and in
Yamuna river sometimes Goonch (Bagarius species) is also found.
3.5 THREATS AND CHALLENGES RELATED TO WILDLIFE

• Habitat fragmentation pertaining to transit of elephants into Paonta Sahib Forest

Division area from neighbouring states also leading to crop-depredation
• Human-wildlife conflicts and loss of livestock in context of leopards and black bears
• Monkey-menace in township areas due to change in food-behavior habits and garbage
dumping nearby
• Snakes occasionally come in conflict in habitation areas primarily during monsoon
period
• Electrocution and threat to wildlife including elephants, monkeys have been reported
in the Division due to naked-wires
3.6 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FAUNAVarious measures have been
initiated in the Division. A broad view of the same have been summarized here. However, a
more detailed discussion regarding future course of action is discussed in Chapter 12 of Part
II of this Working Plan.

• Monkey sterilization measures fulfilling annual targets in order to curb the monkey
population.

[81]
 1200

1000

800 338 337 425

600 312

400 192
621 630 573
488 113
200 337
208
0
2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
Monkeys Captured Monkeys sterilized

Table 3.3: Monkey Sterilization Data

Year Monkeys Monkey Sterilization
Captured
M F Total
(Male) (Female)
2017-18 621 198 140 338
2018-19 630 216 121 337
2019-20 337 103 89 192
2020-21 488 163 149 312
2021-22 208 69 44 113
2022-23 573 236 189 425

(Out of the total monkeys captured, only those monkeys were non-sterilized due to reasons
including captured monkeys being either pregnant, young in age and some were already
sterilized before.)

• Trap Cages installation and capturing of wild animals including monkeys and leopards
• Awareness campaigns and pamphlet distribution regarding elephant behavior and Dos
and Don’ts
• Census of monkeys, ungulates have been carried out in the past and survey for black
bear and leopards are ongoing
• Rescue and rehabilitation of animals found in distress or through complaints by locals
• Snakes-handling training provided to field staff
• Elephant Anti-Depredation teams formed timely for smooth passage of elephants in
transit

[82]
 CHAPTER 4
MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF FOREST HEALTH AND
VITALITY

4.1 STATUS OF REGENERATION

Due to adverse effects of biotic interference, grazing and non-working of forests due to ban on
fellings, the natural regeneration in the forests of Paonta Sahib Forest Division forests is
varying from below satisfactory level with high biotic pressures to promising in enclosed areas
and interior forests of Sal. Forests cannot be worked with the prescriptions of the working plan
due to moratorium on green felling, thus there was no scientific management of the forests.
The green cover remained intact but the regeneration in the forest got neglected as felling and
pace of regeneration are directly related to each other. In order to supplement the natural
regeneration, plantations of indigenous species like Sal, Khair, Shisam, Bamboos, Jamun,
Amaltas, Toon etc. has been undertaken and fast-growing species like Eucalyptus, Tectona
grandis, etc have also been planted with various degrees of success. The conditions which
affects regeneration of species can be enumerated as follows:
1. Condition of grass and other competing weed growth – The competing weed growth
may be grass alone, a mixture of grass and shrubs or shrubs alone have a great influence on
the establishment of regeneration. Lantana camara, Clerodendron infortunatum and Ardesia
solanacea are harmful for Sal regeneration. However, Flemengia chappar indicate favorable
conditions for the natural regeneration of Sal.
2. Grazing and browsing- Control of grazing by strictly following closures should be
ensured as it otherwise completely destroys regeneration.
3. Composition of the crop - The composition of the crop affects soil conditions and
therefore affects the establishment. A mixed crop is believed to create more favorable
conditions for seedling establishment than pure crops.
4. Light - Light is a very important factor in seedling establishment but its requirement
varies from species to species and even in the same species according to climatic conditions
and age. All the major species of this division like, Sal, Khair, Shisham, Chil are predominantly
light demanders.
5. Impact of good seed-year for the predominant species in forests also play a major role
in regeneration results. For example, in the case of Sal, a good seed year occurs every 3-5
years.

[83]
Observations and analysis for regeneration in Experimental Silviculture areas
The regeneration survey results of the experimental Silvicultural Felling Program (conducted
in Paonta Sahib Range from 2018-19 to 2019-20) in the Sal forests in RF Kukron, RF Rajban
and RF Lai of Paonta Sahib Forest range have been conducted since 2019 annually.
The compartments were found to have regeneration, albeit the same was in very early stage. A
number of young saplings in two-leaved, four-leaved and six-leaved stage were seen. The data
of regeneration survey undertaken in October of every year suggests that the regeneration score
is a following a slow but steady trend. It is seen that the regeneration percentage is more in the
felled PB-1 area of Rajban than Kukron. In order to assist natural regeneration, fencing of the
forests after silviculture fellings have been done and bush cutting of Ardisia solanacea in Sal
forests is done on a yearly basis.
Table 4.1: Regeneration Results of experimental silviculture felling

Forest (PB I areas) Regeneration Percentage

October October October October October
2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24
RF Kukron C14 (20 17.6 % 23.8 % 19.56 % 18.85% Ongoing
Ha)
RF Rajban C10 (7.5 20.9 % 28.5 % 24.7 % 29.3% 31.75%
Ha)

Also, as a comparative study, regeneration survey was also carried out in adjacent
compartment of RF Rajban C10 (with regeneration 29.3% in Oct 2022-23). In RF Rajban C9
(PB-I area), where silviculture operations were not carried out, regeneration survey was done
using the same methodology of Line plot. The regeneration status owing to denser canopy and
no cultural operations leading to heavy weed infestation for RF Rajban C-9 was observed at
only 13.71%. One can derive that the regeneration of Sal in silviculture areas has more than
doubled, in line with expected results.
Due regard must be given to the phenomenon of dying back of Sal seedlings and the slow
growth that the Sal saplings are known to have as a result of the dying back. The dying back
phenomenon (as described by Troup in his seminal book ‘The Silviculture of Indian Trees’)
involves dying of the stem and new shoots coming up in the following season. The new shoots
may come from buds in the axils of the cotyledons or the axillary buds on the stem. Dying
back with subsequent recovery takes place when the taproot has developed with sufficient
vigour to withstand the adverse influences that may cause the death of the aerial portion of the
root. The time-period between seedling to sapling stage (where the plants begin to produce

[84]
rough bark) in natural conditions is long and variable and has been described to take atleast
ten years or more in many cases in North-western India. With this time-frame in context, any
deduction on the establishment of seedlings at present shall be far-fetched. The Working Plan
of the division also recommends carrying out regeneration survey for atleast 12 years post
felling. On these lines, it can only be recommended that the regeneration surveys are repeated
till the twelth year after felling and the results be analysed continuously.
Reasons for deficient natural regeneration in Sal Forest under Experimental Silviculture
Felling. The seeding felling has been undertaken in years 2018 and 2019, the same has not
been followed up by further opening of canopy, something which is being observed to be
genuinely required presently in the experimental silviculture plots. The primary reasons
include dense canopy owing to no secondary felling operations, delay in bush cutting of
Ardisia and weeding operations, the die-back phenomenon and slow growing rate in Sal as
discussed, and the last good seed year for Sal was in 2019-20, typically 3-5 years for Sal.
4.2 AREA AFFECTED BY FOREST FIRES

In summers the temperature shoots up and humidity fall, there is a fire hazard build up in the
starting with April till June. This period is the fire season of the area. All the forest fires in this
division are due to anthropogenic causes. The temperature ranges from 35°C to 40°C but may
rise to a maximum of 44°C and the rainfall is scanty in these months. The leaf fall of Sal
begins from March lasts up to beginning of May which results in accumulation of leaf litter
due to which the fire hazard gets multiplied. The summary of fire incidences in the division
are given in Illustration 4.2.

Illustration 4.2: Area affected by fire

Total Area affected due to fire (ha)

500

400

300

200 407
308
100212.5 193 166 207.8
71 81.5
0 9.5 21 22
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

[85]
Methodology for forest fire damage assessment has been devised by the department. Fire
assessment report is prepared by the concerned Range Officer in two stages i.e, immediate
assessment after fire (Stage-I) and final assessment after rains (Stage-II). In case the fire
damaged area is less than 5 ha then the area is inspected by D.F.O and if the area is more than
10 ha then the damaged area will be inspected by the C.F. The fire-incidences are reported online
as well through Forest Management Information System.

There is no denial of the fact that besides causing economic loss, damage to biodiversity, soil,
flora and fauna by forest fires is immense. Successive forest fires in an area can lead to
retrogressive succession thereby replacing palatable species with non-palatable species.

Table 4.3: Fire lines constructed in the past working plan period

Sr. No Name of Fire Line GPS Location

Starting Point Ending Point
1 Fire line Kanon to 30°33’19 N 30°33’30 N
Kansar 77°32’45” E 77°28’58” E
2 Rajban to Jhara 30°30’57 N 30°31’07 N
77°37’50” E 77°33’37” E
3 Simbalwara to 30°428694’ N 30°424986’ N
Bedhara 77°561271” E 77°561594” E

4.3 AREA DAMAGED BY NATURAL CALAMITIES

Kiarda Dun valley also known as Paonta valley is one of the important physiographic features
of this division, it is located in Markanda and Dharti ranges and is encompassed by two main
rivers, Giri and Yamuna. River Yamuna separated it from Dehra Dun. River Giri divides the
Sirmour District in Cis-Giri and Trans-Giri region and a major part of the valley falls in the Cis-
Giri region and a small part lies in the Trans Giri region. Every year heavy monsoon rains cause
torrential floods in this low-lying area which further leads to Bank erosion. Bank erosion occurs
in two primary mechanisms, the direct removal of soil particles by flowing water is called fluvial
erosion and Mass failure causes the bank to collapse. The riverine tract of the division containing
Khair and Shisham forests is prone to bank erosion. When the roots of trees are undercut by such
erosion, the trees get uprooted and swept away in the rivers.

4.4 AREA PROTECTED FROM GRAZING:

It may be mentioned that there is no pasture land in the villages and the animals are totally
dependent on the forest areas for grazing. The graziers include Gujjars, Gaddis, and local
[86]
inhabitants (right-holders). Gujjars and Gaddis are issued grazing permits and there is restriction
in increasing the number of cattle in grazing permits as per the Grazing Policy of Himachal
Pradesh, 1989. However, the number of cattle grazing in the forests exceeds the number
permitted by the department. P.B.I and P.B.IV areas of Sal Working Circle should not be
permitted for grazing. The animals presently grazing in Forests of Paonta Sahib Forest Division
are far above the carrying capacity of the forest area. A study conducted in 2018-19 reveals the
same as depicted below, where the actual area required for grazing by the total cattle is far more
than the actual area of the entire Division. Detailed discussion has been given in Chapter 10 of
Part II of this Working Plan.
Table 4.4 Carrying Capacity Study Results of Grazing Pressure Based on Live-Stock
Population in Paonta Sahib

Total area Closed Area Name of No. of No. of Total No. Carrying Actual
of Paonta area available cattles/ units animals of units capacity area
Sahib with for animals required for required
Forest plantatio grazing cattle @ for
Division n etc. 0.25 ha per grazing
unit grazing (in ha.)
incidence
(in ha.)

28791.69 3843.47 24948.22 Goat 1.5 16707 25060.50 6265.125

ha. ha. ha.
Sheep 1 10722 10722 2680.50 41417.125
Buff. 6 10051 58182 14545.5
Ox/ Cow 4 19904 71704 17926
Total 57384 165668.50 41417.125

Due to incessant grazing and spread of lantana, the number of palatable grasses has reduced. The
main grass species of this division are, Chrysopogon fulvus, Chrysopogon montanus,
Cymbopogon martini, Cynodon dactylon, Thamnocalamus falcata, Eulaliopsis binata, Imperata
cylindrica, Arundo donax, Heteropogon contortus, Sacharum munja, and Sorghum halepense.

4.5 LOPPING PRACTICES

Sal, Sain, Rehni, Khair, Chhal, Amaltas and various species are lopped for fodder and fuelwood.
The lopping is usually carried out in the winter season when grasses are weathering. The loppers
do not have consideration for the age of the tree when found in forestland. Usually, trees are
lopped up to top, leaving a few small growing branches at the top are spared. This heavy lopping
leads to drying of trees in the season of severe cold and frost. Restrictions on lopping have been
imposed like, one third of the crown of the tree will be left intact, no tree below 20 cm d.b.h.
will be lopped and no branch over 3 cm dia will be cut in lopping. However, these restrictions
are not followed in practice.
[87]
4.6 AREA INFESTED BY INVASIVE WEED SPECIES IN FORESTS

Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoides, Eupatorium odoratum,

Ardisia solanacea and Artimisia vulgaris are the invasive weed species that infested large tracts
of forest areas affecting biodiversity and regeneration adversely. The two main weed species
however causing maximum damage to the forests and regeneration are Lantana camara and
Ardisia solanacea.

Lantana camara is the most obnoxious weed of this area. The weed is considered to have been
introduced from tropical Central America. Because of its wide adaptability, prolific seed-bearing
capacity and its ability to propagate vegetatively as well, fast growth and a strong light
demanding habit, has invaded the forests in a big way. Being an alien species, it has invaded
areas so thickly that it has affected the species diversity, productivity of land and thereby
changing the ecology of the area. It has also deleterious effects on the health of animals,
particularly cows, when browsed accidentally. The areas infested by lantana neither favor
palatable nor non-palatable species under its cover. Because of its fast growth, it overtakes the
economically important species and negates the effort of afforestation as well. The areas infested
with lantana are tabulated as under,
Table 4.5: Areas infested with lantana

Detail of Lantana Infestation and treatment thereof

Name of Range Infested area (as per Treated area (ha) till
report of 2015-16) (ha) 2021-22
BHAGANI 2605 953.1
PAONTA SAHIB 2300 1081
MAJRA 1794 456
GIRINAGAR 1420 352
Total 8119 2842.1

Ardisia solanacea
It is extensively present as undergrowth in moist Sal forests. It is mostly an evergreen shrub but
at some places it reaches a height of 6 meters. As far as the stratum of the forest is considered,
it occupies the second layer which is above grasses and herbs. The widespread occurrence of
Ardisia in Sal forests hampers the regeneration of Sal as it provides competition to the emerging
Sal seedlings in terms of light and shade. Sal is a light demander but young seedlings require
lateral shade for protection against frost. However, Ardisia growth inhibits total overhead light

[88]
to the Sal seedlings, thus negatively affecting the natural regeneration of Sal. This weed requires
special attention due to its complex taproot system and effects on Sal regeneration.

4.7 INCIDENCE OF PESTS AND DISEASES:

Infestation of Sal forests by Sal Heartwood borer (Hoplocerambyx spinicornis) was last reported
in late 1990’s. after that no outbreak of the Sal Heartwood borer has been reported. Leaves of
Shisham are defoliated by Shisham-defoliator (Plecoptera reflexa), but no major damage to
Shisham trees have been reported by this defoliator. Ganoderma lucidum causes root rot
mortality and Fomes badius causes heart rot in scattered Khair trees. Wilt in Shisham has been
observed at some places caused by Fusarium solani causing the tree to turn leafless.
4.8 FOREST DEGRADATION AND ITS DRIVERS:

There are no two opinions that forests have degraded over the years. The degradation
process has started long back with the permission to graze the animals in the forests even
in the growing season. Later with the rise of population of both humans and animals,
opening of forests for right holders for villages in the fringe of forests, and the increasing
incidences of illicit removal, the crop degradation has obviously happened. Coupled with
the non-working of forests, non-adherence to cleaning operations, the crop has
deteriorated, owing to this the natural regeneration is dwindling in forest areas and they
require to be enriched with planting of indigenous species. The main reasons for poor
regeneration in forests are as under:

1. Invasion of weeds: Due to heavy invasion of weeds like Lantana camara & Ardisia
solanacea, the regeneration has ceased to occur or highly reduced.

2. Biotic pressures of fringe villages: Biotic pressure due to grazing and illicit removal has
damaged the crop and regeneration.

3. Encroachments: - Human habitation in Poanta Sahib Forest Division is scattered across

the forest lands and due to increasing population there has been tremendous pressure on the land
resources. Encroachments in forest areas are mainly done for agriculture and for domestic
purposes. The forest area adjoining township are more prone to illegal construction e.g Gondpur
beat, Jamotwa beat, Rampurbelli beat, Jamniwala beats of Paonta Sahib Forest Range.

4. Mining: - Illegal mining is a major menace near the river beds of Yamuna, Giri and Bata
where sand and stone mining is a rampant issue. The stone crushers within the Division as well

[89]
as local communities are involved in illegal mining from the forest land. The boundaries of the
permitted mining lease area should be permanently fixed in order to check illegal mining from
the forest land. Mining by mechanical means is not permitted however, the regulations are not
followed in practical due to unscientific mining the flow of the rivers gets changed which leads
to floods and bank erosion.

Illustration 4.6: Mining challan details since 2012-13 in the Division

Amount Challaned through Mining(Rs.)

50,00,000
40,00,000
30,00,000
20,00,000
10,00,000
0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

4.9 POLLUTION CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT: -

The main Industrial area in Paonta Sahib is located in Gondpur near RF Jamotwa, RF
Mantaruwala, RF Jammukhala of Paonta Sahib Range. Proper vigil needs to be kept by the
concerned staff in regard to the discharge of liquid and solid waste by the industrial units in the
adjoining forest land.
The Solid waste including garbage, refuse etc. obtained from the household of Paonta Sahib
town was dumped by the Municipal Committee Paonta Sahib in the Forest land of Rampurbeli
beat in Paonta Sahib. The department took stringent action against this practice of the town
administration as it not only caused land pollution but also polluted the adjoining river Yamuna.
Total fine imposed against the people involved in this illegal activity over the years has been Rs.
5,76,615/-. Under the provisions of Indian Forest Act, 1927 details of Challan amount and
quantum of waste are as under: -

[90]
 Amount challaned (Rs.)
170015 185150
2,00,000
133950
1,50,000 87,500
1,00,000
50,000
0
2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Table 4.7: Quantum of waste on which action was taken

Sr. No. Name of Division Name of Year Quantity in m3

1 Paonta Sahib 2019-20 35 m3
2 2020-21 38.65 m3
3 2021-22 22.9 m3
4 2022-23 28.13 m3
Total 126.18 m3

After a series of interventions by the department now the town administration has stopped illegal
dumping at the site and it is now reclaimed by the department and being developed as Yamuna
River Front under Nagar Van Yojana, NCAP, DMFT schemes.

[91]
 Chapter 5
CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SOIL AND WATER
RESOURCES

The area of Paonta Sahib Forest Division is dominated by a good cover of sedimentary rocks of
Shiwalik group in upper ridges and sediments transported by two major river system viz,
Yamuna and Bata rivers in lower valley region. Primarily, three ranges of Paonta Sahib namely
Girinagar, Paonta Sahib andMajra get mapped under Bata river watershed. The upper ridges of
this watershed are mainly dominated by sandstone with alternate bands of shale or shale
associated with some calcareous material. Lower valley and flat region of this area is mainly
dominated by a good cover of transported clayey Silty soil and sandy soils of Doon group, where
the settlement and agriculture land is situated. The Shiwalik hills being geologically younger,
suffer from various forms of land degradation. The steep slopes and undulating terrain accelerate
soil erosion during the monsoon season giving rise to ever deepening gullies and formation of
torrents which further degrade productive lands and causes wide spread damage to infrastructure.

5.1 AREA TREATED UNDER SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES:

Various Soil and water conservation measures have been adopted throughout this division such
as Loose-boulder check dams, Crate Wire-Gabion structures, ponds, trenches, spurs and
vegetative measures. The description of such works for the year 2022-23 is provided below.

Table 5.1: Soil and moisture conservation works carried out in 2022-23

Sr. Name of Name of RF Compart Type: Brush Wood Capacity in

No. Beat ment Check dam/ Crate-wire volume
structure/Trenches (m3)/
Water Pond/Dry stone Rmt
check dam
1 Rajban RF Rajban C-6 Dry stone check dam 38.576 m3

2 Rajban RF Rajban C-6 Trenches 21 Rmt

3 Gorakhpur RF Gorakhpur C-7 Dry stone check dam 53.476 m3

4 Gorakhpur RF Gorakhpur C-17 Trenches 14 Rmt

[92]
5 Kukron RF Kukron C-15 Dry stone check dam 53.476 m3

6 Kukron RF Kukron C-15 Trenches 17 Rmt

7 Toka RF Toka C-4 Retaining Wall 30 mt

8 Jamotwa RF Jamotwa C-9 Dry stone check dam 98.45 m3

9 Sarah RF Sarah C-10 Dry stone check dam 48.81m3

10 Gattu RF Gattu C-4 Dry stone check dam 50.07m3

11 Gattu RF Gattu C-1 Dry stone check dam 25.02m3

12 Toka RF Lai C-27 Water Pond 12.9 m3

13 Gattu RF Gattu C-1 Crate Wire Structure 28.66 m3

14 Toka RF Lai C-24 Dry stone check dam 36.50m3

15 Toka RF Lai C-25 Dry stone check dam 44.25 m3

16 Toka RF Lai C-28 Trenches 184 Rmt

17 Toka RF Lai C-28 Trenches 340 Rmt

18 Toka RF Lai C-28 Trenches 340 Rmt

19 Sarah RF Sarah C-4 Trenches 31.96 Rmt

20 Jamotwa RF Jamotwa C-9 Trenches 40 Rmt

21 Gattu RF Gattu C-4 Trenches 725 Rmt

22 Parduni Ist RF Parduni C10 Dry stone check dam 115.54m3

23 Puruwala R.F Kandela C4, C5 Dry stone check dam 17.65 m3

24 Puruwala R.F Giri C1 Crate wire check dam 128.70 m3

25 Killor R.F Salatha C2 Retaining Protection Wall 98.42 m3

26 Killor R.F Salatha C3 Crate Wire check dam 131.13 m3

27 Dhandhla RF Dhandhla C9 Crate Wire check dam 64.36 m3

28 Killor R.F Bhadana C4 Dry Stone Check Dam 106.75 m3

[93]
 DRY STONE CHECK DAM WORKS EXECUTED IN 2022

Success Model of Project Jalodari

Project Jalodari was carried out in collaboration Himmothan society, an arm of Tata trust in
Dhaulakuan beat of the Paonta Sahib Forest Division. Elaborate Consultative meetings apprising
ground-water and forest degradation issues/ workshops on technical aspects were held among
all stakeholders and a detailed project was devised and approved by Government of Himachal
Pradesh.

The working model of the groundwater recharge project involved

(i) Geological/technical expertise and funding of Himmothan

(ii) Terrain knowhow and monitoring of forest department

(iii) Labor and consequential employment of local villagers

(iv) All the structures were made by participants of local Van Samiti who were provided
wage labour.
[94]
(v) The geographical location of all structures was inventorised.

(vi) The protection walls and check-dams yielded instant results, the change in recharge and
water-table owing to trenches and percolation ponds shall be measured in medium-term.

Rainwater percolation

A combination of proper surveying, intensive treatment measures with expertise and CSR
contribution proved to be a model for recharging of a portion of Bata watershed area. The Project
went on to win President’s Award of ‘Swachch Sujal Shakti Samman’ under ‘Catch the Rain’
Programme by Ministry of Jal Shakti in February 2023.

[95]
5.2 DURATION OF WATER FLOW IN THE SELECTED SEASONAL STREAMS:

The rainy season usually begins in the middle of June and lasts till the middle of September. A
shower or two are received in April and May. The April and May rains may also bring hailstorms.
During monsoon, rains are more active in the months of July and August. About 80 percent of
the annual rainfall is received by the area during July and August. On an average the area
annually, the area receives around 1424 mm of rainfall.

Drainage Pattern: - The watershed is dominated by a good number of dendritic drainage

patterns. This type of drainage pattern is commonly results due to the homogeneous subsurface
geology. All drainages are emerging on the higher altitude and flowing towards the lower
altitude and feeding the rivers in valley region. The drainage map of Bata river, the primary river
passing through the extent of Paonta Sahib Division is given below.

Map No. 5.2

The field survey was conducted and different information sources were compiled. Further, the
list of spring sheds of this division has been mapped and prepared as shown here.
[96]
 Map No.- 5.2 (a): - MAP OF SPRING SHEDS

5.3 WETLANDS IN FOREST AREAS: There are no wetlands in the forests of Paonta
Sahib Forest Division. However, Asan Barrage (Conservation Reserve) is in the vicinity falling
under the state of Uttarakhand and is also an Important Bird Area and a Ramsar wetland site.

5.4 WATER LEVEL IN THE WELLS IN THE VICINITY (UPTO 5 KM) OF FORESTS
AREA-
[97]
Himmothan Pariyojana, an initiative of Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT- Now Know as Tata Trusts)
submitted a Technical Report of Bata Watershed to Divisional Forest Officer Paonta Sahib in
2021. They also conducted personal interviews and surveys with borewell-owners in Dunga,
Janglot, Naurangabad & Byas-Beats based on fact that level of groundwater is rapidly depleting
since last two decades. The groundwater assessment report of Central Groundwater Board also
reported average draw-down of 6 m in this area. Data of some surveyed bore-well locations is
given below in tabular form.
Table no. 5.2

Bore-well Data
Sr. Village Latitude Longitude Elevation Drilling Depth (Ft) Re- Depth
No (Mtr) Year Deepeni (Ft)
ng Year
1 Belwali 30˚29'00.6'' 77˚27'50.2" 464 2002 150 2017 250

2 Bodiwala 30˚30'33.9'' 77˚25'31.9" 512 2010 80 2017 105

3 Bodiwala 30˚30'34.4'' 77˚25'29.8" 514 2017 280 - -

4 Parduni 30˚30'58.7'' 77˚30'38.9" 436 2014 110 2019 140

5 Parduni 30˚31'02.7'' 77˚30'31.5" 433 2011 85 2019 105

6 Parduni 30˚30'55.7'' 77˚30'46.8" 452 2008 120 2015 185

7 Parduni 30˚30'53.9'' 77˚30'50.7" 450 2010 120 2015 185

Groundwater use pattern: The community of this valley is consuming the groundwater for
drinking and other domestic needs through shallow and deep depth bore-wells and Hand-pumps.
Major part of agriculture is depending on the groundwater and some lowland area is irrigated
through irrigation canal connected to the Girinagar dam. The industries are also surrounding the
village settlement are consuming a large part of groundwater through deep bore-well. Land Use
Map for Bata watershed is depicted below.

Map No. – 8 (5.4)

[98]
5.5 STATUS OF AQUIFERS
Hydrogeology: -

Poanta valley is a narrow tectonic valley or dun and has fluvio-glacial sediments,
hydrogeologically the unconsolidated and semi-consolidated / consolidated rock formations are
forming different aquifer in this valley. Inter-granular pore spaces in the sedimentary formations
and secondary fissured porosity in hard rocks, topographic setup coupled with precipitation in
the form of rain and snow, mainly govern the occurrence and movement of ground water. Porous
alluvial formations occurring in the valley area forms the most prolific aquifer system where as
the sedimentary semi consolidated formations and hard rocks form aquifer of low yield prospect.
In the valley area of Poanta, the groundwater occurs in porous unconsolidated alluvial formations
(Valley fills) comprising sand silt gravel cobbles/pebbles etc. Ground water occurs both under
Unconfined and confined conditions.

Recharge Area Details: - The possible recharge of the aquifer system which is feeding the
demand of groundwater in this valley situated near or surrounding the area dominated by loose
unconsolidated soils with alteration of fine grained silty and clayey material, fluvial sediments
deposited by the river’s or drainages flowing in this area. Whole area is in a shape of valley
bounded by two perennial rivers, led by Bata. Due to the presence of coarse-grained sandy
material the storability and transmissivity of aquifer system is comparatively high and the rivers
which are flowing throughout the year also playing an important role to recharge this aquifer
system

[99]
 CHAPTER 6
MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF FOREST RESOURCE
PRODUCTIVITY

Analysis of growing stock is necessary to know the capacity and potential of the forest to have
tree growth and also to calculate harvestable yield in the working plan as also for future
management to maintain the forest in the similar condition as a selection forest. As the objective
of forest management is gradually shifting towards regular flow of income and ecosystem
services to local community keeping conservation and ecological security as the larger
objective, the harvestable yield and the increment of the forest has to be considered to arrive at
the crucial decision of sustainable management.

6.1 Growing Stock of Wood

Forest inventory and analysis of growing stock is necessary to quantify tree growth and its
sustainable utilization. Growing stock can be defined as the living tree component of the
standing volume. Growing stock analysis is essential to calculate harvestable yield in the
working plan and is necessary to ensure sustained income flow and ecosystem services to local
communities, considering conservation and ecological security.

The forest resource assessment methodology prescribed in the National Working Plan Code –
2014 was followed to conduct assessment of the total growing stock of trees and biomass. Grid
based Systematic Sampling was carried out. Systematically classified randomly sampled grid
with sample plot locations are mentioned in Figure 6.1. Sample plots were laid out and
observational assessment of site quality, tree species, composition, its health, density and crop
age etc. were recorded. Blanks, important scattered trees, plantations raised were noted.

Sample points were taken by adopting the method as provided in the National Working Plan
Code 2014. Plot locations are shown through figure 6.1. After navigating to each sample point
using a hand-held GPS, a square plot of 0.1 ha was laid by measuring 22.36 m horizontal
distance i.e. half of the diagonal in all the four directions. After checking the dimensions of the
plot, the latitude, longitude and altitude at the centre of the plot were recorded using the handheld

[100]
GPS device. The enumeration of trees was done by measuring the girth of each tree above 30
cm girth found in the sample plot.

Information on regeneration status of forest species, injury to forest species, grazing incidence,
fire incidence, soil type, gradient of slope etc. were gathered through visible evidences and
recorded. Data of shrubs were recorded from quadrates of 3m×3m laid out at a distance of 30
metres from the centre of the main sample plot at SE and NW directions.

Map No. 6.1

[101]
 Figure 6.2: Growing Stock Analysis of Paonta Sahib Forest Division

n-D curve for total no. of trees

4000000
3720705
3500000

3000000

2500000

2000000 1961830

1500000
1353011
1000000
811144 782739
500000
146718 58270.1
0 16906.1 13525
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

TABLE 6.2a : SPECIES-WISE NO. OF TREES

DIA CLASS SAL KHAIR EUCALYPTUS CHIL MISC. TOTAL

V 1074676 1121754 12229 59016 1453030 3720705

IV 1026076 250209 58501 80936 546108 1961830
III 850168 198364 17084 31665 255730 1353011
II-A 518464 121539 12423 11517 147201 811144
II-B 646563 61469 2688 4764 67255 782739
I-A 97577 21465 860 595 26221 146718
I-B 35943 11712 683 1244 8688 58270.1
I-C 7243 1960 0 514 7189 16906.1
I-D 6270 2598 0 0 4657 13525
TOTAL 4262980 1791070 104469 190250 2516079 8864847

TABLE 6.2b : Total Growing Stock (Volume m3) For Paonta Sahib Division
DIA
SAL KHAIR EUC. CHIL MISC. TOTAL
CLASS
V 136485.00 127983.00 1394.10 2974.42 93021.80 361858.32
IV 377669.00 52721.10 18252.40 20225.88 100673.00 569541.38
III 710062.00 103680.00 8542.07 21677.86 107395.00 951356.93
II-A 917995.00 126857.00 7453.81 15597.96 130879.00 1198782.77
[102]
 II-B 1959440.00 78864.70 1612.81 10762.40 102454.00 2153133.91
I-A 447973.00 27539.60 515.92 2022.64 60251.30 538302.46
I-B 229496.00 15026.50 409.97 5939.60 27739.40 278611.47
I-C 46243.70 2514.68 0.00 3281.84 22955.40 74995.62
I-D 40034.00 3333.23 0.00 0.00 15011.60 58378.83
TOTAL 4865397.00 538520.00 38181.10 82482.60 660381.00 6184961.70

The results show that growing stock is represented as an inverse J-curve but not in the complete
sense, as an anomaly is seen with the increase in IIB class of trees, depicting the non-working
of forests in the Division for the last 40 years (except for 284 ha in experimental silviculture
felling in 2018-2020), leading to abnormality in age-class distribution.

Figure 6.3
N-D Curve for Sal species
1200000
1074676
1000000 1026076

850168
800000

646563
600000
518464
400000

200000
97577
0 35943 7243 6270
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

The anomaly is more distinctly observed in Sal trees as the trees shift towards higher dia classes,
especially IIA onward. This again points towards abnormal, uneven aged forests.

[103]
 Figure 6.4
n-D curve for Khair, Eucalyptus, Chil and Miscellaneous species
1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

KHAIR EUCALYPTUS CHIL MISC.

Figure 6.5
Species wise and class wise distribution of trees
1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

SAL KHAIR EUCALYPTUS CHIL MISC.

Species of plantation origin i.e Eucalyptus has negligible number of trees in Vth class due to
absence of natural regeneration. In Chil, regeneration is very low as depicted in Figure 6.5. The
[104]
 miscellaneous species include Kokath species i.e. Sain, Arjun, Jhingan, Rohini etc. and find a
near-normal distribution of age-classes. However, the same cannot be said for the most
predominant species of this Division i.e. Sal for the factors explained above.

6.2 Increment in volume of identified timber species:

No exercises were conducted regarding assessment of increment; however, details of growth and
increment have been discussed in Chapter 12 of Part I of this Working Plan.

6.3 Efforts towards enhancement of forest productivity through quality plantation

activities:

To enhance the productivity of forests, it is imperative to stock the blank areas by planting with
improved planting material. Further well drained soils can be planted with Khair and Sal.
However, the success of the plantation will depend on the eradication of lantana till the
establishment age after which the species will take care to suppress lantana with their shade.
There is a considerable scope to enhance the productivity of these forests with silvicultural
measures and providing protection.
To supplement natural regeneration in the Division, artificial regeneration operations are also
carried out in the Division annually as an objective of National Forest Policy 1988. In the last
10 years, 1230 ha area of the Division has been taken under plantations. The abstract of
plantations raised in the past in these forests is given below.

Figure 6.6 : Area Covered under plantations (ha.)

400
350
300
250
200 386.1
150
100 210
120.5 132
50 75.5 72 88
58.5 33.29 55
0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Table No. 6.7

Year Reserved Forest Compartment Species Planted No. of Area
No. plants Covered
planted (ha.)

[105]
2013-14 RF Sainwala C-6 Amla, Arjun, Bel Patra, Behra, Bamboo, 11000 10
Harar, Jamun, Khair, Kachnar, Siris,
Shisham,
RF Mahadev C-2 Amla, Behra, Jamun, Khair, Kachnar, 11000 10
Mango, Shisham, Tatpatanga
RF Gharatwali C-1 Amla, Bel Patri, Jamun, Kachnar, 11000 10
Tatpatanga, Papri
RF Beas C-8 Amla, Amaltas, Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, 16500 15
Kachnar, Robinia
RF Mastali C-2 Amla, Bel Patri, Jamun, Khair, Shisham, 11000 10
Tatpalanga, Papri
RF Gullarwala C-9, 10 & 11 Amla, Amaltas, Bamboo, Khair, Kachnar, 27500 25
Mulberry, Mango, Robinia, Ritha,
Shisham
RF Kandela C-2 & C-3 Amla, Behra, Bamboo, Harar, Jamun, 27500 25
Khair, Kachnar, Siris, Shisham, Papri,
RF Mastali C-1 Amla, Behra, Jamun, Khair, Mango, 7500 10
Shisham, Tatpatanga
RF Samon-Knon C-3 Amla, Kachnar, Robinia, Shisham 7500 10
RF Majri C-14 Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, Kachnar, 11250 15
Robinia
RF Jamotwa C-19 Bamboo, Khair, Jamun, Shisham, 11250 15
RF Jhara C-20 Amla, Arjun, Behra, Buch, Giloe, Harar, 52800 14.5
Jamun, Khair, Kachnar, Lemon Grass,
Van haldi, Ramban
RF Kukron C-11 Amla, Behra, Buch, Giloe, Jamun, Vitex, 52800 14.5
Kachnar, Lemon Grass, Van haldi,
Ramban
RF Danda- C-14 Behra, Bamboo, Khair 1000 5
Amboya
RF Amboya C-6 Amla, Bel Patri, Behra, Harar, Jamun, 5500 5
Neem, Shatawar
RF Gharatwali C-2 Amltas, Belpatri, Bamboo, Jamun, Khair, 5500 5
Shisham, Shahunjna, Tatpatanga
RF Danda- C-14 Bamboo, Khair, Jamun 1050 1
Amboya
RF Sunkron C-10 Bamboo 2100 5
RF Kansar C-4 Bamboo 2100 5
275850 210
RF Garhi C-2 Amla, Arjun, Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, 7700 7
Kachnar, Shisham,
RF Malgi C-26 Amla, Bamboo, Kachnar, 5500 5
RF Majri C-2 Amla, Behra, Kachnar, Siris 5500 5
RF Majri C-3 Amla, Behra, Kachnar, Siris 5500 5
RF Dhandla C-9 Amla, Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, Khair, 775 0.5
Kachnar, Siris,
RF Dhandla C-7 Amla, Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, Khair, 16500 15
Kachnar, Siris,
RF Amboya C-10 Amla, Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, Khair, 24500 25
Kachnar, Siris,

[106]
 RF Salatha C-3 Bamboo 840 2
RF Chachheti C-9 Bamboo 1260 3
76875 75.5
2015-16 RF Pipalwali C-3 Amla, Arjun, Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, 5500 5
Khair, Shisham,
RF Banswali C-4 & C-9 Amla, Arjun, Behra, Bamboo, Jamun, 8000 10
Khair, Shisham,
RF jamotwa C-17 Amla, Behra, Harar, Jamun, 5500 5
RF Badi Ghati C-2 & C-3 Amla, Arjun, Behra, Bamboo, Harar, 11000 10
Jamun, Khair, Shisham,
RF Naurangabad C-5 & C-7 Amla, Arjun, Belpatri, Bamboo, Harar, 22000 20
Jamun, Khair, Kachnar, Shisham,
RF Khojjar C-8 Amla, Belpatri, Bamboo, Siris, 16500 15
RF Mehruwala C-6 Bamboo 1680 4
RF Amboya C-6 Bamboo 1260 3
71440 72
2016-17 RF Khojjar C-7 Amla, Kanak Champa 2500 5
RF Sarah C-4 Amla, Kachnar 2500 5
RF Sarah C-1 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Behra, Jamun, 8250 7.5
Kachnar, Acacia, Khair,
RF Sarah C-10 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Jamun, Kachnar, 2750 2.5
Acacia,
RF Sarah C-9 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Jamun, Kachnar, 11000 10
Khair,
RF Mehrar C-17 Bamboo, Jamun, Acacia, Shisham, 16500 15
RF Barthal C-4 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Jamun, Kachnar, 7700 7
Khair, Lucinia
RF Kando Baila C-2 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Jamun, Harar, 8800 8
Kachnar, Khair
RF Kando C-2 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Jamun, Harar, 5500 5
Bharog Kachnar, Khair, Lucinia
RF Tokion C-3 Amla, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, Kanak 11000 10
Champa, Tun, Drek Harar, Jamun,
Kachnar, .
RF Majri C-1 & C-2 Amla, Bamboo, Behra, Kachnar, 33000 30
Shisham, Khair,
RF Salatha C-3 Amla, Bamboo, Behra, Harar, Kachnar, 16500 15
Shisham, Khair
RF Surajpur C-1 Arjun, Behra, Jamun, Kachnar, 240 0.5
126240 120.5
2017-18 RF Dandhla C-9 Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, Neem, 10000 10
Shisham
RF Dandhla C-11 Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, Neem, 11000 10
Kachnar, Shisham,

[107]
RF Giri C-2 Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, 7700 7
Kachnar, Shisham,
RF Giri C-3 Bamboo, Harar, Jamun, Khair, Shisham 8800 8
RF Danda C-20 Amla, Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, 23100 21
Jamun, Kachna, Khair, Neem, Shisham
RF Majri C-7 Amla, Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, 19500 18
Cjangesia, Deu/Lakoocha, Kachnar,
Kanak-champa, Mango, Sagwan,
Shisham, Tun
RF Khojjar C-4 Amla, Arjun, Cjangesia, Jamun, Kachnar, 12500 25
Shisham,
RF Khojjar C-8 Amla, Arjun, Cjangesia, Jamun, Kachnar, 12500 25
Shisham
RF Kandela C-5 Amla, Amrood, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, 22000 20
Jamun, Kachnar, Neem, Shisham,
Sagwan
RF Khojjar C-9 & C-10 Amla, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, Harar, 19800 18
Siris, Kachnar, Neem, Shisham, Sagwan
RF Majri C-7 & C-8 Amla, Behra, Jamun, Kachnar, Shisham, 14300 13
Kanak Champa, Sagwan, Tun
RF Salatha C-3 & C-4 Amla, Amrood, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, 22000 20
Jamun, Kachnar, Kanak-Champa, Neem,
Shisham, Sagwan
RF Amboya C-4 Amrood, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, Jamun, 22000 20
Kachnar, Neem, Shisham, Sagwan
RF C-2 Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, Neem, 11000 10
KandoBharog Kachnar, Shisham,
RF Kansar C-2 Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, Neem, 3960 3.6
Kachnar,
RF Gullarwala C-12 Amla, Arjun, Jamun, Kachnar, Shisham, 15500 15
RF Barthal C-3 Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, Neem, 13012 12
Kachnar,
RF Ghuttanpur C-13 Amla, Amrood, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, 26900 25
Jamun, Kachnar, Kanak-Champa, ,
Neem, Shisham, Sagwan
RF Ghuttanpur C-20 Amla, Amrood, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, 22000 20
Jamun, Kachnar, , Neem, Shisham,
Sagwan
RF Baswali C-1 Amla, Behra, Jamun, Kachnar, Shisham, 16500 15
Kanak Champa, Sagwan, Tun
RF Sudanwala C-2 & C-3 Amla, Amrood, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, 22000 15
Jamun, Kachnar, , Neem, Kanak-
Champa, Shisham, Sagwan

RF Jamanwali C-2 Amla, Behra, Jamun, Kachnar, Shisham, 16500 15

Kanak Champa, Sagwan, Tun
RF Sukhmelion C-2 & C-3 Amla, Amrood, Bamboo, Behra, Arjun, 22000 20
Jamun, Kachnar, , Neem, Kanak-
Champa, Shisham, Sagwan

[108]
 RF Sarah C-4 Amla, Behra, Harar, Jamun, 5500 5
RF Chhachheti C-10 Amla, Behra, Harar, Jamun, 5500 5
RF Sarah C-9 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Jamun, Kachnar, 6600 6
Khair
RF Mantaruwala C-4 Amla, Bamboo, Tun, Jamun, Kachnar, 2250 4.5
Acacia
394422 386.1
2018-19 RF Khojjar C-1 Behra, Kachnar 8000 20
RF Majri C-3 Arjun, Jamun, Kachnar, 8000 20
RF Salatha C-1 & C-2 Arjun, Jamun, Kachnar, Shisham, 12500 25
RF Danda C-19 & C-20 Amla, Bamboo, Behra, Harar, Jamun, 13200 12
Kachnar,
RF Giri C-3 Amla, Harar, Khair, Shisham 11000 10
RF Giri C-4 Arjun, Jamun, Kachnar, Shisham 5000 10
RF Danda C-18 Amla, Arjun, Bamboo, Behra, Jamun, 2200 2
Kachnar, Khair, Shisham
RF Amboya C-6 Amla, Arjun, Bamboo, Jamun, Kachnar 7700 7
RF Badhana C-1 Jamun, Shisham 1000 5
RF Kando- C-3 Amla, Bamboo, Jamun, Mango, 2920 6
Bharog
RF Surajpur C-1 & C-2 Amla, Amrood, Arjun, Bamboo, Jamun, 16500 15
Kachnar, Khair, Mango, Shisham, Tek,
Tun
88020 132
2019-20 RF Surajpur C-3 Amla, Arjun, Jamun, Kachnar, Shisham, 13200 12
Teak
RF Giri C-2 Amla, Arjun, Bamboo, Jamun, Kachnar, 3700 18.5
Shisham,
RF Mehruwala C-4 Amla, Arjun, Bamboo, Jamun, Kachnar, 5000 10
Shisham,
RF Dhandhla C-10 & C-11 Amla, Arjun, Bamboo, Jamun, Kachnar, 5000 10
Shisham,
RF Jhara C-20 Amla, Bamboo, Sain, Jamun, Kachnar, 4000 5
Acacia,
RF Rampurbeli C-1 Shisham, Khair 1200 3
32100 58.5
2020-21 RF Malgi C-26 Arjun, Kachnar, Kanak-Champa, Teak 1000 5
RF Amboya C-4 Amla, Sain, Jamun, Kachnar 2000 10
RF Khojjar C-10 Amla, Sain, Jamun, Kachnar 2000 10
RF Badhana C-3 Amla, Sain, Jamun, Kachnar 2000 10
RF Badi Ghati C-3 Amla, Sain, Jamun, Kachnar 2000 10
RF Banswali C-3 Amla, Sain, Jamun, Kachnar 2000 10
RF Ghuttanpur C-7 Amla, Arjun, Sain, Jamun, Teak, Kachnar 4000 8
RF Kandela C-5 Amla, Arjun, Sain, Kachnar, Shisham, 2500 5
Teak
RF Danda C-17 Amla, Harar, Arjun, Sain, Jamun, 1000 5
Kachnar, Shisham, Teak, Behra
[109]
 RF Khararu C-8 & C-9 Harar, Jamun, Shisham, Sagwan 5000 10
RF Mehruwala C-8 Amla, Arjun, Sain, Jamun, Kachnar, 2500 5
Shisham, Teak, Sagwan
26000 88
2021-22 RF Rajpur C-1 Jamun Kank, Champa, Amla, Kachnar, 5000 10
Arjun, Sagwan
RF Gharatwali C-1 Jamun Amla, Arjun, Sagwan, Behra, Sain 2500 5
RF Giri C-3 Mango, Jamun Arjun, Sagwan, Behra, 5000 10
Shisham, Harar
RF Badhana C-3 Jamun Amla, Kachnar, Sagwan, Shisham, 9121 8.292
Sain
21621 33.292
2022-23 RF Kandela C-1 Behra, Harar, Arjun, Kachnar, Shisham, 7500 15
Sain
RF Sukhimelion C-2 & 6 Jamun Amla, Arjun, Sagwan, Behra, Sain 3000 10
RF Konchbeli C-1 Jamun Amla, Arjun, Sagwan, Behra, Sain 2500 5
RF Khararu C-8 Harar, Jamun, Shisham, Sagwan 2500 5
RF Kando- C-1 Amla, Bamboo, Jamun, Mango, 4000 5
Bharog
RF Kanon- C-6 Amla, Bamboo, Jamun, Mango, Kachnar 4000 5
Samon
RF Sarah C-1 Arjun, Kachnar, Kanak-Champa, Teak 8000 10
31500 55

6.4 CARBON STOCK:

The enumeration of stock is done as per the methodology adopted by the Forest Survey of India
for conducting National Forest Inventory. From these observations, the above ground biomass
is calculated. For below ground biomass, biomass of litter, rhizomes and the soil are taken
separately and added to the above ground biomass to arrive at the total biomass. The carbon
stock is finally calculated using the biomass-carbon relationship applied by the FSI. Thus, total
carbon stock of these forests is arrived at. This will be useful as a baseline to find out the carbon
sequestration capacity of these forests and their management keeping in view this object in mind.
The management of terrestrial carbon sinks is of paramount importance to contain and arrest the
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as it is one of the main greenhouse gases contributing to
global warming. Thus, forests play a very important role in the dynamics of the global carbon
cycle. In order to assist the policy makers in on climate change related issues, an attempt has
been made to assess the carbon stocks in living biomass in Paonta Sahib Forest Division.
METHODOLOGY: -
Forest and climate change are intimately intertwined forest regulate the climate, rain, ground
water and soil of the earth. Forest is both sources and sinks of carbon. A growing forest captures
carbon from the atmosphere and mature forest in a store house of carbon. The living portion of

[110]
 biomass carbon is classified in two pools: The Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Below
Ground Biomass (BGB) which are stores of significant amount of carbon. The dead organic
Matter (DOM) which contains substantial amount of organic carbon. The FSI has the major
contributor on forest biomass estimation and carbon stock change. The growing stock (volume)
data is first converted into biomass by using species wise specific gravity of wood. In forests,
enormous carbon is stored which is classified into 5 pools by ‘Good Practices Guidance for
LULUCF’ of IPCC. The living portion of the biomass is classified into two parts:
1. Above Ground Biomass
2. Below Ground Biomass
The dead organic matter is also classified into 2 pools:
1. Dead wood
2. Litter
The fifth pool is soil organic matter which contain substantial amount of organic carbon.

Table 6.8: Species-Wise Volume In m3

SPECIES SAL KHAIR EUC. CHIL MISC. TOTAL
TOTAL 4865397.47 538520.12 38181.08 82482.60 660380.53 6184961.80

Table 6.9: Living Biomass calculation table

Total
Woody
Volume Specific AGB R/S Living
Sr. No Species Biomass ABEF BGB (kg)
(m3) Gravity (kg) ratio biomass
(kg)
(kg)
A B C=A*B D E=C*D F G=E*F G+E

[111]
1 Khair 538520.1 0.88 473897.7 3.4 1611252 386701 1997952.73
2 Chil 82482.6 0.4 32993.04 1.3 42890.95 10293.8285 53184.7805

3 Eucalyptus 38181.08 0.65 24817.7 3.4 84380.19 0.24 20251.2 104631.432

4 Sal 4865397 0.72 3503086 3.4 11910493 2858518 14769011.3

Misc
5 660380.5 0.6 396228.3 3.4 1347176 323322 1670498.59
(Kokat)
6 Total 14996192 3596414 18595278.9

ABEF (Average Biomass Expansion factor): as per IPCC ‘Good Guidance’ manual, for tropical
climatic zone Pines: 1.3 & BL: 3.4

6.5 Carbon Sequestration and Mitigation

6.5.1 Weight of Carbon dioxide Sequestered
50% of biomass by weight is carbon. Carbon is completely assimilated from atmospheric CO2.
From the amount of carbon stored within a tree, the amount of CO2 sequestered can be calculated
using the molecular weights of carbon and oxygen. The ratio of CO2 to C (44/12) is multipied by
the weight of carbon in the tree to determine the weight of Carbon dioxide sequestered in the tree
The following table gives a perspective on the amount of CO2 sequestered in the forests of Paonta
Sahib Forest Division.
Table 6.10: Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Data for Paonta Sahib Division
Species Total living Carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon
biomass (kg) Content Sequestered (kg) dioxide
(50% of A) (tonne)
A B = A/2 C= B*3.66 C/1000
Khair 1997952.72 998976.4 3656253 3656.25
Chil 53184.78 26592.39 97328.14 97.32
Eucalyptus 104631.43 52315.72 191475.5 191.47
Sal 14769011.33 7384506 27027291 27027.29
Misc (Kokath) 1670498.58 835249.3 3057012 3057.01
Total 18595278.84 9297639.81 34029359.64 34029.342

Greenhouse Gases (GHG) have the capability to reflect back shorter wavelength infra-red (IR)
radiation. GHGs allow the longer wavelength IR radiation from sun to reach earth through the
atmosphere. Earth absorbs the IR radiation, and radiates shorter wavelength IR radiation back
into the atmosphere, which is reflected back into earth by the GHGs. So, the GHGs (such as
water vapor, CO2, CH4, SF6, HFCs, PFCs and O3 (in troposphere)) form a blanket around earth
and ensure there is no huge variation in night and day temperatures, which is critical for life to
flourish. This phenomenon is called greenhouse effect. However, due to the increase in

[112]
consumption of fossil fuels after the industrial revolution and other sustained life style patterns
of humans, the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere increased, leading to an increase in the
average temperatures on land as well as oceans. This increase in temperature caused the air and
ocean circulation systems to behave differently, and change course patterns in certain cases,
resulting in a change in climatic patterns in the world. Further, life on earth will have to adapt to
this increase in temperatures in a very short period. This phenomenon, which threatens the very
existence of life on earth, is called Global Climate Change or GCC. Since these changes have
been brought about due to human action, these are also called anthropogenic climate change.
Mitigation strategies include reduction in emissions of GHGs from sources as well as capture
and storage of GHGs over a long period of time (sequestration).
Trees use the energy from sunlight to convert CO2 in the atmosphere to sugars through the
process of photosynthesis. Melvin Calvin was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1961 in Chemistry for
his research on the process of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants using carbon isotopes, which
proved that the carbon assimilated in trees, are absorbed from atmospheric CO2. This way trees
and forests act as a major sink of carbon in the natural carbon cycle. Destruction of forests leads
to release of CO2 into atmosphere, which has been calculated to be more than the global vehicular
emissions. Harvested wood traps and stores the carbon within it over a long period of time. So,
promoting carbon sequestration in trees is a practical and cost-effective way to capture carbon
from atmosphere and store away for a long period of time. Hence the emission reductions are
real and long term.

[113]
 CHAPTER 7
OPTIMISATION OF FOREST PRODUCE UTILISATION

7.1 RECORDED REMOVAL OF TIMBER:

During year 1986, green felling in Himachal Pradesh was banned by the State government.
Further in the year 1996, Hon’ble Supreme Court of India passed alandmark Judgement in
W.P.(Civil) No. 171/96 titled as ‘T.N Godavarman V/S Union of India’ in which a blanket ban
on green felling was imposed in the State. Thus, the forests were never worked according to the
prescriptions of the approved working plans except for Silviculture felling programme in 2018-
20 basis Supreme Court judgment in I.A No 87648 of 2020 in WP (Civil) No 202/1995. Timber
removals from the areas allotted to different working circles were essentially on account of;

• Timber distribution to local right holders

• Salvage removals
• Removal under F.C.A 1980 & F.R.A 2006
• Experimental Silviculture Felling Program in 2018 to 2020
7.1.1. Timber distribution to the local right holders:

Timber is distributed to the right holders under Himachal Pradesh Forest (Timber distribution to
Right holders) Rules 2013 in consonance with the Settlement Report i.e, ’Faisla -E-Janglat ‘.
Range-wise details of trees-granted under T.D from year 2010-11 to 2022-23 have been
provided. In addition to this timber is provided to the right holders for cremationpurpose. The
details of such timber distributed is maintained by the Beat Guard.

Details of Timber Distribution to the Right Holders Paonta Sahib Forest Division from
2012-11 to 2022-23

Figure No.7.1.1 of Trees under TD

600
496
500 456
371
400 333
305
300
190
200
100 55
0 4 5 7
0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

[114]
 Total No.7.1.1 of Trees under TD

Year Total No. of Trees

2012-13 0

2013-14 4

2014-15 456

2015-16 496

2016-17 371

2017-18 333

2018-19 55

2019-20 05

2020-21 07

2021-22 305

2022-23 190

It is to be noted that 90 % of the Timber Distribution to right holders is for Sal species (Shorearo
busta) and remaining includes Shisham (Dalbergia Sissoo).

7.1.2 Trees for cremation (right holders): -

The range-wise details for distribution of trees to right-holders for cremation purpose is
summarized below.

Fig No. 7.1.2

Timber distribution for cremation

200

150

100

50

0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Paonta Range Majra Range Bhagani Giri Nagar

[115]
 Table No. 7.1.2

Sr. No. Year Paonta Majra Bhagani Giri Nagar Total

Sahib
1 2012-13 51 40 3 0 94
2 2013-14 106 14 2 11 133
3 2014-15 133 45 90 13 281
4 2015-16 93 29 11 4 137
5 2016-17 127 14 165 8 314
6 2017-18 82 32 134 4 252
7 2018-19 90 46 167 4 307
8 2019-20 104 45 82 4 235
9 2020-21 95 27 96 5 253
10 2021-22 86 36 21 15 158
11 2022-23 116 39 0 20 175

7.1.3 Salvage markings include fallen trees diseased and dry standing timber. The lots of
such trees are prepared on annual basis and are handed over to the Himachal Pradesh State
Forest Corporation for felling and extraction. The detail of salvage removals from 2012-13
to 2022-23 is as under.

7.1.3 Salvage abstract year wise volume-wise for 2012-13 to 2022-23

Salvage removal volume (in m3)

2021-22
2020-21
2019-20
2018-19
2017-18
2016-17
2015-16
2014-15
2013-14
2012-13
2011-12
2010-11

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Figure no.:- 7.1.3

[116]
 Table No.: - 7.1.3(a)

Year Salvage removal volume (in m3)

2010-11 12695.859
2011-12 8559.8671
2012-13 12481.8984
2013-14 14104.839
2014-15 8675.715
2015-16 7911.565
2016-17 9365.0884
2017-18 14667.8786
2018-19 7849.2136
2019-20 4591.4356
2020-21 3778.7729
2021-22 5490.3485

Species-wise abstract of Salvage removal abstracts in the last 10 years

Table No.: - 7.1.3(b)

VOLUME EXTRACTED (M3)

YEAR Chil Sal Sain Shisham Eucalyptus Kokat Khair Toon Poplar Total
2013-14 696.688 10320.918 1650.341 110.648 78.86 875.137 368.449 3.998 0 14105.04
2014-15 221.055 6357.416 851.192 189.796 44.31 580.341 429.808 1.797 0 8675.715
2015-16 336.166 5812.844 689.458 110.147 45.726 466.94 450.185 0 0 7911.466
2016-17 383.4524 7215.318 603.485 175.859 39.512 404.983 559.326 1.153 0 9365.0884
2017-18 253.165 6752 554.5 140.741 58.752 342.676 377.143 1.153 0 8480.125
2018-19 344.096 5749.283 445.234 211.36 51.3 382.857 647.593 0.643 16.851 7849.2136
2019-20 454.6256 3059.152 441.908 92.926 29.14 289.388 191.921 20.185 12.19 4591.436
2020-21 82.2054 2572.7434 200.591 124.8384 66.0499 434.2958 277.406 13.272 7.371 3778.7729
2021-22 537.0745 3276.862 364.05 102.249 60.078 603.634 521.95 24.451 0 5490.3485
2022-23 339.0861 3625.912 424.912 150.792 61.77 366.122 304.214 8.903 0 5281.7111
TOTAL 3647.614 54742.45 6225.671 1409.356 535.4979 4746.374 4127.995 75.555 36.412 75546.924

Figure No 7.1.3(b)

SPECIES WISE VOLUME EXTRACTION SINCE 2012 -13 (M 3 )

CHIL SAL SAIN SHISHAM EUCLAYPTUS KOKAT KHAIR TOON POPULAR

0%
5% 4%
6%
1%
2%
9%

73%

[117]
 Figure No.: - 7.1.3(b)

Species-wise extraction of salvage trees in the last 10 years

(volume in cum)
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

SAL SAIN SHISHAM EUCALYPTUS KOKAT KHAIR TOON POPLAR

As can be seen, the extraction for salvage removal is in consonance with the actual proportion
of species distribution in the forests of Paonta Sahib Forest Division. Sal is the species
undergoing maximum extraction under salvage removal, followed by Sain and Kokat species.

7.1.4. Removals under F.C.A & F.R.A cases: Trees involved in the land diverted under Forest
Conservation Act,1980 cases and which are to be removed for developmental activities under
Forest Rights Act,2006 are marked and handed over to HPSFC for felling and extraction. The
last 10-year details of FRA and FCA cases have been given in Appendix V.

7.1.5 Experimental Silviculture Felling Program-:

In 2018, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India lifted a 22 -year old ban on green felling on an
experimental basis in three divisions of Himachal Pradesh, one of which included Sal working
area of Paonta Sahib Forest Division in Paonta Sahib Range. Consequently, Government of
India approved the Management Plan for experimental Silviculture Felling of Sal trees in Paonta
Sahib Forest Division for the year 2018-19 to 2019-20. The details of timber removals under
experimental Silviculture Felling Program is as under

Table No: - 7.1.5 (a)

Silviculture Felling Programme 2018-19 of Paonta Sahib Forest Division
Sr. Code No Compartment / Area Lot No. Spp Total no. Volume Handed
No RF & area in ha. in ha. of Tree Handed over
Over Date

1 P/1-2018-19 RF Rajban C-6 30.96 28/2018-19 Sal 225 197.441 13.11.18

[118]
2 P/3-2018-19 RF Rajban C-10 8.57 Sal 496 1019.263
Total 721 1216.704
3 P/2-2018-19 RF Kukron C-14 20 30/2018-19 Sal 988 2609.069 13.11.18
4 P/4-2018-19 RF Gorakhpur C- 20 29/2018-19 Sal 1408 2538.868 13.11.18
7
5 E/1-2018-19 RF Giri C-2 8.5 32/2018-19 Eucalypt 379 189.944 16.01.19
us

Total: 3496 6554.585 m3

Nos.

Table No.: - 7.1.5 (b)

Silviculture Felling Programme 2019-20 of Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Sr. Code No Compartment/RF & Lot No. Spp. Total Volume Handed
No area in ha. no. of Handed over Date
Tree Over

1 P/4(B)- Gorakhpur C-7 (30 01/2019-20 Sal 1411 2226.449 30.07.2019

2019-20 hec.)

2 P/5- Rajban C-7 (7.50 02/2019-20 Sal 26 46.764 30.07.2019

2019-20 hec.)

3 P/2(B)- Kukron C-14 (25 03/2019-20 Sal 752 1550.617 30.07.2019

2019-20 hec.)

4 P/8- Lai C-28 (22.56 hec.) 04/2019-20 Sal 1021 1888.265 30.07.2019
2019-20
Eucl. 118 41.034

Total of lot No. 04/2019-20 1139 1929.299

5 P/6- RF Kukron C-15 17/2019-20 Sal 1270 2764.149 18.09.2019

2019-20 (70.12 hec.)

6. P/7- RF Gorakhpur C-7 18/2019-20 Sal 2545 5060.434 30.09.2019

2019-20 (50 ha.)

Grand total:- 7143 13577.712

Nos m3

The details of Royalty Rates (in Rs.) for the last 10 years have also been provided for
understanding the demand-supply dynamics of various species of economic value.

[119]
 Table No.:- 7.1.5 (c)
Sr. Year Chil Eucalyptus Shisham/ Sain Sal Khair Other/
No. Tun BL
1 2012-13 739 1416 2928 2006 1467 794 300
2 2013-14 693 1790 3421 2001 1376 1190 457
3 2014-15 774 2181 4018 1924 1280 1719 453
4 2015-16 637 2284 3142 1825 1335 1473 270
5 2016-17 535 2656 3119 2114 1356 1781 459
6 2017-18 468 2060 3628 1769 1340 2570 428
7 2018-19 626 1665 4094 2045 1882 2829 450
8 2019-20 809 1742 4242 2562 2632 2046 359
9 2020-21 338 790 2198 1192 2082 1318 254
10 2021-22 308 803 1934 1146 2062 1337 613

Royalty Rates (in Rs. per m3)

4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Chil Eucalyptus Shisham/Tun Sain Sal Khair Other/BL

Figure No.:- 7.1.5 (c)

Resin Rates available for extraction: -

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 Resin Rates per blaze (Rs.)
75.3 65
50 58.78 51 50 57
42 43

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21

7.2 RECORDED REMOVAL OF FUELWOOD:

The locals have been granted rights and concessions as per the Settlement report for collection
of dry fallen fuelwood for bonafide use. However, no such record is maintained. The use of
fuelwood for cooking has also reduced due to popular Government schemes like Pradhan Mantri
Ujjwala Yojana.
7.3 RECORDED REMOVAL OF LOCALLY IMPORTANT NTFPS: While recorded
removal has not been done, there is limited scope of planting, augmentation, harvest and
marketing of NTFPs in these forests.

7.4 DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF TIMBER AND IMPORTANT NON-TIMBER

FOREST PRODUCTS:

Local timber market is established. Khair is traded for its heartwood. A local katha
factory in Majra Range has demand for Khair wood. It also imports timber from other
states.
Road network being extensive, timber and non-timber products are traded far and wide. The
rates of timber have increased manifold in the past decade due to increased demand and
inadequate availability of timber

1. Detail of Katha factories registeredas depot in Paonta Sahib Forest Division -:

SR. NO NAME & ADDRESS RANGE

1 Doon Katha Udyog, Vill. Jagatpur P.O MisserwalaTeh. Paonta MAJRA

Sahib Dist. Sirmour (H.P)

2. Number of Saw mills and depots registered under Himachal Pradesh (Sale of Timber
Act, 1968)

Sr. No Name of Range Total No. Of Saw Mills

1 Bhagani 11
2 Paonta Sahib 28
3 Majra 10
4 Girinagar 6
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 Total 55

3. Number Of Imported Sale Depots Registered Under H.P (Sale Of Timber Act, 1968)
Sr. No Name of Range Total No. Of Saw Mills
1 Bhagani 0
2 Paonta Sahib 3
3 Majra 1
4 Girinagar 1
Total 5

4. Number of Private Sale Depots Registered Under Himachal Pradesh (Sale Timber Act,
1969)
Sr. No Name of Range Total No. Of Private Sale Depots
1 Bhagani 3
2 Paonta Sahib 3
3 Majra 4
4 Girinagar 0
Total 10

5. Number of Furniture Shops Registered

Sr. No Name of Range Total No. Of Furniture Workshops
1 Bhagani 4
2 Paonta Sahib 2
3 Majra 10
4 Girinagar 9
Total 25

It is to be noted that demand of timber of native Species like Sal, Shisham is on a decline
subjected to less availability and high rates. In order to meet the over increasing demand of
timber many imported Sale depots dealing in Malaysian Sal, Imported Pine have been registered
in Paonta Sahib Forest Division. Under H.P (Sale of Timber Act ,1968).

[122]
 CHAPTER 8
MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL BENEFITS

As envisaged in the National Forest Policy, 1988 the participation of people in the protection,
management and development of forests has assumed more and more significance over the
years. In order to make the local communities as protectors and managers of forests rather than
destroyers, there is an urgent need to establish a continuous dialogue with them. It is felt that
foresters and local communities should work together in the formulation of plans for the
management of forest resources. It is also envisaged that local communities would participate in
the decision-making process on choice of species to be planted, areas to be afforested, protection
of forests and benefit-sharing of usufructs. The concept of Joint Forest Management has been
developed after a series of experiments and resolutions.

It is also crucial for identification of various ecotourism destinations holding future potential for
sustainable ecotourism development as well as creating livelihood generation opportunities for
different stakeholders in forest and natural resources management and conservation. The
training, capacity building of identified stakeholders and user groups in effective management
of ecotourism assets is also to be ensured that can be linked with Joint Forest Management
concept.
8.1 NUMBER OF JFM COMMITTES

Table 8.1 Status of JFMCs in respect of Paonta Sahib Forest Division (Registered under
Society Act, 1860)

Sr. Name of JFMC Name of Date of Area Functionality

No. Range Registration
of JFMC
1 Van Sarankshan Samiti, Bhagani 2008-09 Bhagani Active
Ram Nagar
2 Mahila Van Evam Bhagani 2008-09 Amobya Active
Paryavaran Surksha Samiti,
Amboya
3 Van Vikas Evam Sarnkshan Bhagani 2008-09 Khodowala Active
Samiti, Khodowala.
4 Sayed Peer Evam vikash Bhagani 2008-09 Gorkhuwala Active
Samiti, Gorkhuwala

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 5 Van Samrat Vikash Samiti, Bhagani 2008-09 Gorkhuwala Active
Gorkhuwala.
6 Baba Balanath Vikas Bhagani 2009-10 Khodowala Active
Samiti Khodowala.
7 Nagdevta Van VikasSamiti Bhagani 2009-10 Puruwala Active

8 Jai Santoshi Maa Van Bhagani 2009-10 Puriwala In-active

Samiti, Pager Tuniwala
9 Guru Van Vikas Samiti, Bhagani 2009-10 Khoronwala Active
Khorowala
10 Gram Van Vikas Evam Bhagani 2008-09 Dandiwala In-active
Sarnkshan Samiti,
Dandiwala
11 Van Vikas Samiti, Gojjar Bhagani 2008-09 Gojjar In-active
12 Gramin Harit Vikas Samiti Bhagani 2008-09 Killour Active
Killour.
13 Paryavaran Suraksha Majra 2008-09 Pilhori Active
Pilhori.
14 Van Vikas Samiti Pilhori. Majra 2008-09 Pilhori Active
15 Shiv Vikas Samiti Paonta Sahib 2008-09 Kumbhigarh In-active
Kumbhigarh
16 Van Vikas Samiti, Malgi. Paonta Sahib 2009-10 Malgi Active
17 Mahila Mandal Dadwa Paonta Sahib 2009-10 DedwaKaill In-active
Kailla a
18 Van Vikas Samiti Dhigali. Bhagani 2008-09 Dhigali Active
19 Van Vikas Samiti Kansar Girinagar 2009-10 Kansar Active

20 Van Sangini Mahila Girinagar 2009-10 BharogBane Active

Mandal Bharog Baneri. ri
21 Van Vikas Samiti Purli Girinagar 2009-10 Purli In-active

22 Van Vikas Samiti Majra Majra 2010-11 Majra In-active

23 Shiva Van Vikas Samiti Paonta Sahib 2011-12 Sirmouri Tal Active
Sirimouri Tal
24 Shri Radhe Krishan, Van Bhagani 2016-17 Ambiwala Active
Vikas Samiti, Ambiwala.
25 Baba Balaknath Van Vikas Bhagani 2008-09 Khorowala Active
Samiti, Danda
26 Forest Development Majra 2019-20 Dhoulakuan Active
Committee, Dhoulakuan
27 Van Vikas Samiti, Kansar Girinagar 2022-23 Kansar Active

To address the long-standing problems of deforestation and land degradation, the approach of
involving local communities in an effective and meaningful manner, is gaining acceptance
significantly. Even the present National Forest Policy 1988, emphasizes on participatory
management and common property management. It also specifically mentions that to achieve
the objectives of the policy, a massive people’s movement should be created, especially
involving women. Consistent with the NFP of 1988, the Government of India, on 1 st June 1990,
issued policy instruction to all state governments supporting greater participation of village

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communities and NGOs in regeneration, management and protection of the forests. In keeping
with the above notification, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has formulated a policy vide
No. Forest(C) 3-4/80-V dated 12.5.1993, supporting Joint management arrangements. Ever since
village communities are being involved by the Forest Department to further the aim of protection
and management of forests and continuation of forest cover. The recognition of thelink between
socio-economic incentives and forest development has been singularly responsible in eliciting
community participation. A new resolution of the Ministry of Environment and Forests dated
February 21, 2000 has further strengthened the JFM program and this circular inter alia
contemplates:

(a) Legal back up to the JFM committees;

(b) 50% members of the General Body should be women.
(c) Extension of JFM in good forests areas, with sharper focus on activities concentrating on
NTFP/NWFP management.
This resolution is an attempt to evolve a proactive and people friendly framework for
meaningful implementation of the program, though the detailed operational modalities to
translate these concerns have not been spelt out.

There are various schemes and projects, initiated by the H.P. Government and some financed
through External agencies e.g. externally aided projects that lay emphasis on people’s
involvement in forestry and schemes like ‘Sanjhi Van Yojana’, ‘Van Samridhi Jan
SamridhiYojana’ and ‘Samudayik Van Samvardhan Yojana’ aimed at strengthening people’s
participation in sustainable forest management through a sense of joint ownership. The
Government of Himachal Pradesh had also issued a notification No. Fts-II(B)15-10/87 dated
23rd August 2001, called the Himachal Pradesh Participatory Forest Management Regulations,
2001. These rules shall be applicable to such government forests and lands, including common
lands, where participatory management is envisaged.

8.2 STATUS OF EMPOWERMENT OF JFMCS

The JFMCs are constituted under Forest Development Agency (FDA) which is alreadyregistered
under the Societies Act. The flow of fund is designed in a purely “Decentralized Module” and
the JFMCs have been empowered to draw the sanctioned fund and execute the works after taking
resolution from the Gram Sabha. The President, who is a villager, heads the JFMC with other
Executive Members who are also from the same village. The Block Officer is the Member
Secretary of a particular JFMC. The Committee must have at least a Member of the Panchayat.
The Block Officer cum Member Secretary maintains the “Joint Account” in the Bank with the
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President of the JFMC and can draw fund jointly as per sanctioned work and after due resolution
in Gram Sabha. The villagers of a particular village(S) are the ‘General Members’ of the JFMC.
The Executive Committee can be changed periodically if the Members decide so. All other
activities are performed as per Societies Act. Out of all the JFMCs registered in the Division,
two JFMCs have conspicuously done well in field of forest conservation and protection. The
detail of their works discussed as under: -
1) Mahila Van Evam Paryavaran Suraksha Samiti: -
Mahila Van Evam Paryavaran Suraksha Samiti, Amboya has been constituted in 2008-09 at
village Amboya of Amboya beat of Bhagani Range and registered under Himachal Pradesh
Societies Registration Act 2006. The JFMC has received the Certificate of ‘Best Joint Forest
Management Committee' by PCCF (HoFF), HP during 2013-14. Further, it has also received
Mukhyamantri Sarvottam Van Prabandhan Samiti Puraskar for its exemplary works in the field
of forest conservation during 2019-2020. The JFMC has undertaken plantation and protection
works on forest land, thereby converting open/degraded forest areas into dense vegetation cover.
The committee has faced various challenges during their journey of forest protection and
conservation. There is presence of live stock livestock in vicinity, which puts pressure on forest
resource, especially the ones protected by the JFMC, thereby inviting tension with fellow
villagers. The women constituting the JFMC are illiterate and engaged in day long household
works, yet they are able to find out time for conservation. There has been delay in the provision
of funds, yet all the seasonal plantation works has been completed by the committee well within
the time. Before working in association with forest department, the group showed dedication
towards forest protection by discouraging grazing, lopping, felling in forests nearby their native
village. Starting from year 2009-10 onwards, the committee was engaged in plantation works by
Paonta Sahib Forest division of Himachal Pradesh forest department via funding from Forest
Development Agency (FDA) at division level. The committee held regular monthly meetings
where they charted strategy to carry out the works. Maintenance works were also completed by
the committee on time so as to aid the planted material in successive years. Members also
maintained vigil of the planted areas, and actively informed the concerned forest staff about any
intrusion attempts be it grazing or illicit felling.
At present there's about 35 Hac of area that has been afforested by the group.
This area was afforested by group in year 2007/08 in RF Amboya C-7 & C-8. Most of these
patches have turned from open/degraded forests to thickly woody patches. The areas converted
include NTFP areas, bamboo grooves and Sal regeneration area. After effective protection, there
is an effective social fencing of the forest. Every year delegates ranging from forestry students

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 to trainees to in-service employees of forest department visit the group to take a firsthand
experience of joint forest management.
The group has already shown success across different areas and activities,
including Bamboo plantation, NTFP Plantation, enrichment plantation with broad-leave species
etc. The group is a good candidate for inclusion under the forest department's new scheme
‘Samudayik Van Samvardhan Yojna'.
The group has ten women, all of whom are capable of writing, yet they hold
regular meeting and get their deliberations documented diligently by engaging a literate woman
from the village. The group got a green dress made for its members, which is worn by them
during collective exercises like meetings, field work etc. thereby displaying solidarity.

2014 2022
2) Van Sarankshan Samiti, Ram Nagar

This JFMC has been constituted in 2008-09 at village Ram Nagar of Mehruwala beat of Bhagani
Range. The committee has been involved in conservation and protection of forest area around

2014
village Ram Nagar by participation of locals. A five-year management plan including protection
and forest conservation has been created for this Samiti, where funding of conservation work
shall be provided by the department and execution work will be done by the Samiti. The Samiti
has managed, the pressure of collection of fuel wood and grazing in the forests adjoining the
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villages. Closure of forest areas has resulted in better regeneration. The Samiti participated in
Samudayik Van Samvardhan Yojna of H.P. Forest Department in which they have closed 10 ha
forest area in RF Mehruwala C-7 which has provided good regeneration results, and planting in
5 ha area has been undertaken in RF Mehruwala C-8 during 2019-20. Other villages of the
vicinity have come forward for creation of forest committees after getting inspired from the
works Van Sarankshan Samiti Ram Nagar. This Samiti has led to participation of villagers and
inculcated the understanding for forest conservation among locals.
8.3 LABOR WELFARE
All wages paid to labor are based on notified wage rates by Himachal Forest Department from
time to time. The JFMC members, fringe forest dwellers are employed in all forestry related
works both insideand outside RF area. Works include plantations, nursery maintenance, soil and
moisture conservation works etc. Forest Villagers should be engaged in all forestry and non-
forestry operations of Forest Department.
8.4 USE OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
Documentation of the indigenous traditional knowledge and incorporation of the same in
themicro-plans and other prescriptions of the plan has not been done so far in the Division.
During thetenure of this Working Plan traditional and indigenous knowledge will be identified
and systematically documented. A list of Species for religious, medicinal, culinary and aesthetic
importance have been given in Appendix XII.
8.5 EXTENT OF CULTURAL/SACRED GROVES

There are no documented reports of the presence of any sacred grove in the Division’s forests.
However, Gorakhpur, Garibnath, Lai and Mahadev temples in Paonta Sahib Forest
Divisionfalling within reserved forest areas have a high spiritual value among local people,
therefore also the forests nearby hold cultural and sacred importance. During thetenure of this
Working Plan, the exact extent of cultural/sacred groves will be identified andsystematically
documented.
8.6 ECO-TOURISM AREAS AND ACTIVITIES
The city of Paonta Sahib is popular among tourists across India for the famous Paonta Sahib
Gurudwara. The town occupies a strategic location bordering with Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
and Haryana and is richly bestowed with Sal forests, riverine tracts of Yamuna, Giri, Bata and
Tons and Shiwalik hills in the landscape. Col. Sher Jung National Park at Simbalwara, Renukaji
wetland and sanctuary, Kalesar National Park in Haryana, Asan Bird Conservation Reserve are
famous attractions of natural wealth in the vicinity. Serving as the gateway to Himachal Pradesh,

[128]
Paonta Sahib holds a lot of potential for sustainably tapping ecotourism in the area. Eco-spiritual
tourism can also be tapped with various spiritual centers located in and around the town.
Camping sites, nature parks, nature trails, nature interpretation centers are all various facets of
ecotourism that can be tapped in the Division. In 2017-18, the Division’s first Eco-Park was
opened in Rampurbeli area of Paonta Sahib Range with nature trails, landscaping, nature-
awareness boards spread across. The park has been gaining traction among youngsters of the
town. Similarly, Eco-restoration project under the name of Yamuna Van Vihar – for converting
a dumping yard to a green zone was taken up in 2021. In 2022, Yamuna Van Vihar along the
banks of Yamuna, close to Paonta Sahib Gurudwara, was opened to public and is a major tourist
attraction in the area.
8.7 SOCIAL CUSTOMS
The local culture has been traditionally linked with forests for basic bonafide needs of fuelwood,
grazing etc. A reasonable percentage of population of the Division resides in the rural areas and
many in forest fringe areas, and are dependent on natural resources for their sustenance.
Traditionally, the people residing in the fringe areas collect fire wood and other timbers for
making their agricultural equipment. However, in recent years the dependency of the local
people on forests has greatly reduced due to changing agricultural practices. Fairs and festivals
near famous spiritual sites also bring people and forests closer to one another.

8.8 STATUS OF COMPLIANCE OF FOREST RIGHT ACT (FRA)

The cases under FRA approval have already been discussed in Chapter 2 of Part I.

8.9 OTHER RIGHTS AND CONCESSIONS: - All forests (except Shamlat areas) in Paonta
Sahib Forest Divisionare Reserved Forests. Some concessions are incorporated in the settlement
report “FAISLA-E-JANGLAT” later notified by Himachal Pradesh Govt. Notification No. Ft43-
241B/49-3 dated Feb.25-1952. The following rights have been included:
Grazing of cattle and other domestic animals, lopping of miscellaneous tree species for fodder,
salvage timber trees for house construction & cowsheds, dry fallen fuelwood for bonafide use,
approach to drinking water sources for human being and cattle, and collection of dry wood for
cremation.
The concessions have been exercised and misused to such an extent that they have threatened
the very existence of forests. Details of the same have been provided in Appendix III. The rates
charged from the right holders for various concession are given in Dastur-ul- Amal (Schedule of
rates).

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8.10 DEPENDENCY OF LOCAL PEOPLE ON NTFPS
NTFPs are used only for limited bonafide needs like grass collection, bamboo, gums, resins,
medicinal plants. However, it is to be noted that the economic dependency on NTFPs in this
Division compared to other parts of Himachal Pradesh is very low. Some of the relevant NTFPs
include the following:
Table No. 8.10

Sr. No. NTFP Particulars Uses

1. Amla (Emblicaofficinalis) Fruit Pickles, candies
2. Desi Mango (Mangiferaindica) Fruit Fruit
3. Neem (Azadirachtaindica) Leaves Medicinal use
4. Amaltas (Cassia fistula) Fruits Medicinal
5. Giloe (Tinosporacordifolia) Leaves Food additive, medicinal
6. Gandla (Murrayakoengii) Leaves Food additive
7. Basuti (Adhatodavesica) Flower Medicinal
8. Bhabhar (Eulaliopsisbinata) Grass Rope-making, mat making

[130]
 CHAPTER 9
ADEQUACY OF POLICY, LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

9.1 EXISTING POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND THEIR COMPLIANCE

Forest resources have been regulated since early times. The roots of legislations, policies and
guidelines for natural resource management in India can be traced back to the days of British
Colonialism. The relevant constitutional frameworks at the backdrop of management of forests
resources are briefly enumerated as following.

9.1.1 The Constitution of India

Article 48 of the Directive Principles, states that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve
the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Article 51 A deals with the fundamental duties of citizens, which includes the citizen’s duty to
value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture and to protect and improve the
natural improvement including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for
living creatures.
Article 246 points towards the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, which enlists (in the
union list, and the concurrent list) the subjects that the Central and State governments are to
legislate upon. Forest is one of the subjects placed in the Concurrent List on which both the
Central and State Government shall legislate upon.

In 1952, the erstwhile Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Government of India enunciated a
Forest Policy to be followed in the management of Forests in the country. Subsequently, due to
large scale deforestation and diversion of forest land for non-forestry uses finally led to the
formulation of a new forest policy in 1988. The Forest Policy of 1988 was a pro people document,
placing greater emphasis on the ecological role of forests and recognizing for the first time the
rights of the people, especially the tribals, with the direction that their domestic requirements of
fuel wood, minor forest produce and construction timber would be the first charge on forest
produce.

[131]
Legal protection is provided to the forest through Acts and Regulations. The Indian Forest Act,
1927 was adopted in the state before independence. The Act provide the procedure for the
declaration of Protected and Reserved Forest and also control over forests, timber and other forest
produce. The Indian Forest Act, 1927 (Himachal Pradesh IInd amendment 1991) prescribe the
procedure for confiscation of vehicle involved in forest offences under section 52A. The Wildlife
(Protection) Act 1972 as amended till date and the Wildlife Protection Rule 1995 are other Acts
and Rules in force for dealing with the matter related to Wildlife in the Division. Other Acts and
Rules which are held by the Division for discharging its functions for management of Forests are
Himachal Pradesh (Sale of Timber) Act, 1968. Himachal Pradesh Land Preservation Act, 1978.
Himachal Pradesh Public Premises and Land (Eviction and Rent Recovery) Act, 1971. Himachal
Pradesh Forest Produce (Regulation of Trade) Act, 1982. Apart from this the Forest Officers of
the State are empowered to take cognizance against mining related offences under Himachal
Pradesh Minor Minerals (Concession) and Minerals (Prevention of Illegal Mining,
Transportation and Storage) Rules, 2015. The Forest Officers are also authorized for taking
cognizance against contravention of the provisions of Himachal Pradesh Non– Biodegradable
(Control) Act, 1999. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 is being implemented in the State from
25th October 1980.

9.2 STATUS OF APPROVED WORKING PLAN AND COMPLIANCE

The Working Plan by Sh. Vineet Kumar was implemented from 1998-1999 to 2012-2013 which
was further extended after seeking approval of Govt. of India for five-years upto 2017-2018, the
prescriptions of the plan and their compliance is given in table 9.1

Table 9.1: Status of prescriptions and their compliance

Sr. Prescription Working Circle Status
No.
1. Closure for grazing All Circles Not strictly implemented
Felling / removals Sal, Chil, Coppice Not implemented due to ban on green
2.
felling except in experimental green felling
programme under Hon’ble Supreme court
orders
3. Soil and water All Circles Carried out under State Plan, CAMPA and
conservation measures other schemes. However, many areas were
left untreated
4. Plantations Plantation Plantations done in certain areas as
Working Circle discussed in Chapter 6, but some blank
areas also exist for future plantations
5. Active participation of All Circles Some success models discussed in Chapter
Forest Protection 5 & 8 of Part I. However, more scope for
Committees comprehensive and proactive engagement

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 of these committees
6. Construction of new Misc-regulation Some new buildings were constructed as
buildings per requirement for field staff and
ministerial staff as well as upgradation of
Forest Rest Houses basis budget allotment
Checking and Misc. regulation Not done as per program provided.
7.
maintenance of forest However, in Paonta Sahib Range this has
boundaries been completed in compliance of Hon’ble
Supreme Court directions under
Experimental Silviculture Felling program

9.3 NUMBER OF FOREST OFFENCES

The forest offences registered can be categorized into 5 categories. Illicit felling from forest land/
Govt. land is dealt under the provisions of section 26 of IFA 1927 and in cases involving theft of
timber, FIR is registered under section 379 of IPC. Cases involving smuggling of timber and
violation transit rules are booked under section 41 and 52A of IF Act. Petty offences like grazing
and lopping in prohibited areas are the most common type of offences involving local right
holders and the objective behind these offences is the fulfillment of bonafide livelihood needs.
The offences categorized as others include violation of land preservation act, 1978, Himachal
Pradesh Minor Minerals (Concession) and Minerals (Prevention of Illegal Mining,
Transportation and Storage) Rules, 2015, Mining from forest land, collection of fuelwoods,
cutting of saplings from forest and dumping of garbage in forest land.

Table 9.2a: Year wise No. of Vehicles involved apprehended u/s 52 A

Year No. of Cases No. of Vehicle involved

2013-14 1 1
2014-15 1 1
2015-16 0 0
2016-17 1 2
2017-18 3 5
2018-19 7 12
2019-20 3 4
2020-21 3 4
2021-22 2 2
2022-23 4 5

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 No. of Vehicles involved
15
12
10
5 5 4 4 5
1 1 2 2
0 0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

No. of Vehicle involved

Table
9.2b: ILLICIT FELLING CASES DETECTED

Year No. of cases

2012-13 24
2013-14 21
2014-15 19
2015-16 26
2016-17 24
2017-18 23
2018-19 24
2019-20 26
2020-21 26
2021-22 27
2022-23 27

Value of Forest Produce involved (Rs.)

600000
495692 495692 500606504158
400000
336449 355780 324241
251780
200000 190740
149353 113696
0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Table 9.2c: LOPPING CASES DETECTED

Year No. of cases

2012-13 989
2013-14 872
2014-15 849
2015-16 855
2016-17 857

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 2017-18 861
2018-19 817
2019-20 876
2020-21 861
2021-22 864
2022-23 832

Fine realized (Rs.)

405000
401396 402075
400000

395000 394358 395453 394699 394672

392928 391993 393086
391704
390000
387240
385000

380000

375000
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Table 9.2d: GRAZING CASES DETECTED

Year No. of cases

2012-13 202
2013-14 200
2014-15 201
2015-16 200
2016-17 202
2017-18 203
2018-19 206
2019-20 145
2020-21 153
2021-22 159
2022-23 160

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 Fine realized (Rs.)

200000
150000
179121 182189 178872
100000
124835
50000
12770 16520 18610
0 20060 20460 36460 40260
2012-132013-14
2014-152015-16
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
2019-20 2020-21
2021-22
2022-23

Paonta Sahib Forest Division share its borders with Haryana and Uttrakhand and is sensitive in
terms of timber smuggling and illegal mining. The conditions of Working for the field staff are
very challenging and handful incidences have been encountered in which the frontline staff got
assaulted by the offenders while discharging their duties.

Table 9.2e: Overview of the cases of assault against forest department

officials of Paonta Sahib Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh

Sr. No. Range Date of Name of Forest Action taken by State Govt.
incidence Staff
1 Majra 03.04.2017 Sh. Vijay Singh Fgd. FIR No. 0137 dated 4.4.2017 registered at P.S

2 Majra 12.02.2019 Sh. Amrik Singh, Fgd FIR No. 0054 dated 12.2.2019 registered at
P.S
3 Paonta 30.03.2020 Sh. Hari Singh, Dy. FIR No. 0029 dated 30.3.2020 registered at
Sahib Ranger P.S Puruwala
4 Bhagani 19.05.2020 Sh Dhanvir Singh, FIR lodge with Police. Puruwala
Fgd
5 Bhagani 16.02.2021 Sh. Praveen Kumar, Complaint case file in Ld. ACJM Court Paonta
Fgd Sahib U/s 186, 504/IPC and 26/IFA
6 Paonta 05.03.2022 Smt Seema Devi, Fgd FIR No. 0033 dated 08.03.22
Sahib
7 Paonta 07.05.2022 Sh Deep Ram, Fgd FIR No. 0058 dated 07.05.2022 registered at
Sahib P.S Paonta Sahib
8 Paonta 04.12.2022 Sh Deep Ram, Fgd FIR No. 0169 dated 04.12.22 registered at P.S
Sahib Paonta Sahib
9 Majra 03.05.2023 Sh Alamgir, Forest Reported to Yamuna Nagar Police and
Worker registered vide GD No 029 dated 03.05.23.

9.4 STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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Preliminary studies of regeneration have been carried out under experimental Silviculture
Program for Sal. However, there is a scope for further advanced research with regard to the
effects of Experimental Silvicultural Felling Programme.Research Institutions like the Forest
Research Institute Dehradun, the Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry may be
invited for conducting research and development activities in this regard.
9.5 HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY BUILDING EFFORTS

To develop the human resource, capacity building for developmental works, this Division
organizes several programmes at circle level. Short term training/refresher course is also
initiated by the department for managing and developing human resources. Training to the
Forest Guards is conducted at Forest Training Institute (FTI) at Chail and Training to Deputy
Rangers is provided at Himachal Pradesh Forest Academy at Sundernagar. Refresher courses
for officers are also conducted at HPFA Sundernagar at regular intervals.

9.6 FOREST RESOURCE ACCOUNTING

Tangible benefits from forest are timber, NTFPs, fuelwood, fodder, livelihood, ecotourism,
biodiversity, etc. The non-tangible benefits of forests are carbon sequestration, soil erosion
control, water recycling, oxygen production, control of air pollution, animal habitat, etc. During
the tenure of this Working Plan positive efforts will be made to quantify intangible benefits.

9.7 BUDGETARY ALLOCATION TO THE FORESTRY SECTOR

Himachal being a predominantly a forest dominated state having approximately 66% of land
classified as forests, the allocation is low as compared to Agriculture, Irrigation and Rural
Development Departments. Nevertheless, the budget allocation has been sufficient to meet the
plan and non-plan expenditure. But the budget allocation is neither projected on the basis of
working plan prescription by the department, nor allocated accordingly, therefore most of the
prescriptions given in the working plan remain unfulfilled. Plan and non-plan expenditure details
are given in Table No. 9.3.

Table 9.3 Plan and non-plan expenditure in Paonta Sahib Forest Division (Rs)

Sr. No. Year Non Plan Plan Scheme

Allotment Expenditure Allotment Expenditure
1 2012-13 54534744 545355205 9850600 9850496
2 2013-14 60736600 60736628 14343700 14343492
3 2014-15 60660800 60660721 6458900 6458900

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 4 2015-16 60222700 60222544 2360140 2360123
5 2016-17 72864700 72864314 6107000 6106907
6 2017-18 77278220 77267763 12601649 12600694
7 2018-19 79075328 79029949 14307975 14307926
8 2019-20 82373369 82108785 21724932 18809415
9 2020-21 104206159 103988799 15504347 15119265
10 2021-22 127963632 106750377 3837596 3823746
11 2022-23 127534575 127521671 5656731 5656731
Total 907450827 1376506756 112753570 109437695

9.8 EXISTENCE OF MONITORING, ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING MECHANISM

Monitoring and Evaluation of plantations and other forestry field works is crucial to assess the
outcome of these works. An instruction manual for monitoring and evaluation of plantations,
salvage checking, soil & water conservation works, nurseries and other field works has been
issued vide Technical Order No. 01/2018 dated 24-03-2018 by Pr. Chief Conservator of Forest
(HoFF) HP. The Mandatory Field Touring regime by the field officers prescribed in the
instructions manual is based on the Pr. Chief Conservator of Forest, HP’s letter No. Ft/3-
17/66(PA) dated 04-05-1994, FC-cum-Secretary (Fts)’s No. Fts. -1 (B) (15)-20/87-II dated 20-
04-2001 and Pr. Chief Conservator of Forest (HoFF) HP’s No. Ft. 3-17/66(PA)-II dated 15-02-
2007 with some changes in the reporting formats.

9.9 PUBLIC AWARENESS AND EDUCATION:

Publicity and extension education are an important part of the Forest Department. At present,
one Division based at Shimla is providing extension services to the people. Forest education and
awareness is provided through distribution of literature in the form of posters, pamphlets,
manuals and handouts on forest laws to the public. Awareness regarding Conservation of
Environment and forest is provided to the people during public gatherings at local fairs, and Van
Mahotsav Wildlife week, World Environment Day, World Biodiversity Day and Earth Day.
Awareness meeting are also conducted in context of forest fires, water conservation, forest
protection, handling human-animal conflicts related to monkeys, elephants, leopards etc.

9.10 ADEQUATE MANPOWER IN FOREST DIVISION

The Paonta Sahib Forest Division has 4 Territorial Ranges viz. Bhagani, Paonta Sahib, Girinagar
and Majra. The Ranges are further divided into Blocks which are further divided into beats. The
Division has sanctioned staff strength of 5 Range Officers, 21 Deputy Rangers, 70 Forest Guards.

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This is the existing establishment of the executive and ministerial staff in the Division as on June
2023.
Table –9.4 Manpower Details
Sr. No. Name of Post Sanctioned cadre Working No. Vacant post
1 DFO 1 1 0
2 ACF 1 1 0
3 Superitendent 1 1 0
4 Forest Ranger 5 4 1
5 Senior Assistant 3 0 3
6 Deputy Ranger 21 14 7
7 Forest Guard 70 67 3
8 Driver 1 0 1
9 Clerk/ Jr. Asstt. 6 6 0
10 Peon 12 9 3
11 Multipurpose 0 1 0
worker
12 Chowkidar 15 14 1
13 Mali 12 12 0
14 Mali-cum- 0 4 0
Plantation worker
15 Kanungo 1 0 1
16 Forest Worker 62 41 21
17 Dak Runner 2 0 2
18 Sweeper 2 0 2
Total 215 175 45

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 CHAPTER 10
FIVE YEAR PLANS

10.1 INTRODUCTION
The economy of India since independence till the year 2014 has been based on planning through
its five-year plans, which were developed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission
of India. Planning in India derives its objectives and social premises from the Directive Principles
of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India, Article 38 and Article 39 (a), (b) and (c)
are cited in the resolution of 15th March, 1950 by which the Planning Commission was setup.
These are: -
“The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting,
as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform
all the institutions of natural life” (Article 38 of Constitution)
The State shall in particular, direct its policy towards securing: -
a) That the citizens, man and women, equally, have the rights to an adequate means of
livelihood,
b) That the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so
distributed as best to sub-serve the common good.
c) That the operation of economic system does not result in the concentration, if wealth, and
means of production to the common detriment.
The national planning process was started in 1951 in India with the formulation of First
Five Year Plan. The first three five year plans laid thrust on the promotion of agriculture and
industrialization, environment-related issues pertaining to the improvement of human
environment such as sanitation, public health, nutrition, water supply and housing got due
priority in national programmes under the three five-year plans. However, environment
protection did not receive significant recognition under the development planning.
The brief description of the Working Plans implemented in the Division during the respective
Five-Year Plans of Indian economic planning is given as under: -

10.2 First Five Year Plan (1951-56): - The First Five Year Plan showed maximum concern
about rehabilitation of forest areas, which had been over exploited either to meet the Second
World War needs. Little efforts were made to help stabilize soil in highly eroded areas through

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Afforestation. In response to the Forest Policy of 1952, the Central Board of Forestry, constituted
in 1950 to provide guidance to the Central Government in the formulation of policy and
programmes in the field of forestry. The wastage in conversion and felling of trees was
minimized. Besides, manmade forests of economic species were raised.
After the merger of states in 1949, the forests were densely stocked and exploited
commercially. By enlarging the scope of 1894 forest policy, the new National Forest Policy
which was formulated in 1952 i.e. during First Five Year Plan, the forests of this division were
also managed as per the prescription of the Working Plan. In this Division, Sewal’s Working
Plan (1933-34 to 1952-53, and Sharma &Tikku’s Working Plan 1953-54 to 1962-1963) fall
in the first five-year plan. Under Sewal’s Working Plan the main objects of management were to

• Preserve, improve and extend the existing Sal, Chil and miscellaneous
forests.
• Satisfy the demands of local population in respect to forest produce.
• Ensure sustained annual yield to and attain the normal forest and establish
normal re-generation.
• Maintain and improve the forest cover along the slopes adjoining the Giri
and on the bare outer hills of the Shiwaliks which are particularly liable to
erosion.

Keeping in view the large-scale import of food grains and inflationary pressures on the economy,
the First Five Year Plan (1951-56) accorded the highest priority to agricultural including
irrigation etc. rather than forestry operation. However, the country adopted a national festival of
tree planting ‘Van Mahotsava’, in 1950 which was started with the objective of creating mass
awareness about the value of forests in human well-being. At the same time, the drawback of the
Forest Policy of 1894 necessitated a fresh look at the forest policy. The earlier forest policy was
revised in 1952 and a new National Forest Policy was formulated. The main objectives of the
policy were: -
a) Cover one-third of total geographical area with forests, 60% in hilly regions and 20% in
the plains.
b) Functional classification of forests viz, “Protection Forests, National Forests and Village
Forests.
c) Guarding National interests on top priority basis.
d) Curbing indiscriminate extension of agriculture.

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 It is interesting to note that Forest Policy of 1952 retained the concept of ‘reserved
forests’ which was enunciated under the earlier Forest Policy of 1894 and placed them under the
exclusive control of State Government. Although, the policy accepted the category of “Village
Forests” to serve the needs of people in surrounding villages, but it did not grant them the right
to manage these forests.

10.3 Second Five Year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61): -

The Second Five Year Plan laid stress to rebuild rural India, built the foundations of industrial
progress, and aimed to secure to the greatest extent feasible opportunities for weaker and under-
privileged sections of our people and the balanced development of all parts of the country. Both
the First and Second Plan put considerable emphasis on preservation processes, improvement of
communication, rehabilitation of degraded forests, establishment of new plantations, especially
of fast-growing species, application of modern systems of intensive forest management,
improvetimber of inferior varieties by seasoning and preservation processes, and introduction of
modern techniques. Large tracts of degraded forests situated in the former Zamindari estates and
princely States came under Government control. Schemes for the demarcation of such areas and
preparation of maps were taken up.
During this period two working plans viz, Sharma and Tikku’s Working Plan (1953-
54 to 1962-1963) was being implemented in this Division. The objects of management set forth
were the same as envisaged in Sewal’s Plan. Demarcation of forests was carried out and the old
iron pillars were replaced by masonry boundary pillars. But the entire work of demarcation and
construction of boundary pillars was not completed. During this period quite a large number of
useful buildings, roads and paths were constructed. Bamboo parks were established at Dhudhla
and Simbalwara.

10.4 Third Five Year Plan (1961-62 to 1965-66): -

The Third Five Year Plan aimed to give a more precise content to the social objectives of the
Constitution. It takes account of the successes and failures in the first two Plans and sets the tasks
to be fulfilled in the perspective of development over the next fifteen years and more. The plan
incorporated the development of forest resources as an integral part of the programme for
optimum land utilization. During this period, Sharma and Tikku’s Working Plan was
implemented one year and for rest of the period of the five-year plan i.e. from 1963-1964 to
1965-1966 the felling programme were framed by the Conservator of Forests, Nahan and
approved by the Chief Conservator of Forests, Himachal Pradesh. Allotment remained the same

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as in Sharma and Tikku’s Working Plan. The prescription was also the same. During this five-
year plan lot of emphasis was laid on industrial plantations. Under this programme, a total area
of 2163 ha.in Sal belt (Nahan & Paonta Sahib combined) and in the miscellaneous forests
(leaving some standards) was felled. These areas were further planted with Eucalyptus
tereticornis.
Grazing policies remained unimplemented and increasing cattle population continued to
affect forestry’s conservation principles. By and large, forests were accorded low priority in the
States on account of other needs of more immediate concern. The indiscriminate use of forest
land for non-forestry purposes increased considerably.

10.5 Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-70 to 1973-74): -

The main objectives of the Fourth Plan in forestry sector were: -
(i) To increase the productivity of the forests,
(ii) To link up forest development with various forest-based industries
(iii) To develop forests as a support rural economy. The increase per hectare production per
annum of forests in India was estimated at about 0.53 cubic meters as against the world
average of 2 cubic meters. Emphasis was laid on measures to meet the immediate and
long-term agricultural and industrial requirements, since the demand for various forest
products, timber, domestic fuel and raw materials for industries has rapidly increased.
To increase forest production, the Fourth Plan envisaged further efforts at creating large scale
plantations of valuable quick-growing species and species of economic and industrial
importance. A concerted effort at regenerating areas, where forest produce was removed for
industrial uses was taken. The basic principle of Government policy was that the minor forests,
pastures and grazing grounds must be managed mainly in the interest of the population of the
tract and particularly to serve their requirements of fuel and fodder requirements.
The year 1972 marks a watershed in the history of environment management in India. It
was the year in which a conference on Human Environment was held in Stockholm under the
aegis of the United Nation. Late Mrs. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister, addressed the
conference wherein she attracted the attention of the world community towards our peculiar
environmental problems. Pointing out the causes of environmental degradation, she asserted that
‘poverty and need’ are the biggest polluters. She added that “the environmental problems of
developing countries are not the side effects of excessive industrialization, but reflect the
inadequacy of development. The rich countries may look upon development as a cause of
environmental destruction, but to us it is one of the primary means of improving the environment

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for living or providing food, water, sanitation and shelter, of making the desert green and the
mountain habitable”.
In 1972, a comprehensive national law, the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 was
enacted intended solely to protect wild life. A Centrally sponsored scheme “Project Tiger” was
launched in 1973 to ensure maintenance of a viable population of tigers in India for scientific,
economic, aesthetic, cultural and ecological values and to preserve for all times, areas of such
biological importance as the national heritage for the benefit, education and enjoyment of the
people. During this period also only one Working Plan of Arya’s Working Plan (April 1968-
March 1978) was implemented. The General objects of management were

• to preserve and improve the vegetational cover all over especially on the Shiwaliks,
• to replace the inferior miscellaneous patches with suitable and more economic plantation
preferably of fast growing pulp wood species,
• to meet the legitimate and bonafide requirements of the local population, of timber, fuel
wood, grazing, fodder and other forest produce and fuel requirement.
• To attain, as far as practicable, normal forest and normal regeneration in due course of
time.

Consistent with the above objectives to obtain maximum annual yield in perpetuity (ofvarious
forests products including timber fuel-wood, bhabbar grass and bamboo etc.) Arya
constitutedfour Working Circles in respect of Paonta Sahib Forest Division namely, Sal
conversion Working Circle, Selection Working Circle, Protection Working Circle and
Plantation (Over lapping).

10.6 Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-75 to 1978-79): -

The fifth plan was formulated against the backdrop of severe inflationary pressures. The major
objectives of the plan were to achieve self-reliance and adopt measures for raising the
consumption standard of people living below the poverty line.
The major objective identified in forestry in the fifth plan was the creation of large-scale
manmade forests through institutional financing. The plan proposed a network of State Forest
Corporations for establishment and management of manmade forests. The birth of Forest
Corporation and the economic considerations further pushed the ecological consideration to
secondary place. The second important objective of the fifth plan was to develop farm forestry
and to improve degraded forests so as to increase the fuel and timber supply in rural areas. Wild

[144]
Life Protection also was attended during this plan. Programmes for development of national
parks, strengthening of research on endangered animals including project tiger were taken during
this plan.
The Constitution originally did not make any specific provision to deal with the
environment, forest protection and wild life of the country. The Constitutional 42nd Amendment
is also significant from environmental protection point of view as it was through it that the natural
commitment of environment protection and improvement was explicitly incorporated into our
Constitution. The overriding concern for environmental protection with this amendment has now
been inserted Articles 48 A and 51 A (g) in the Constitution of India.
The subjects mentioned in the Concurrent List, inter alia, include forests, protection of
wild animals and bird’s population control and family planning, minor ports, factories and boilers
– these were inserted in the Concurrent List by the Constitution (42 nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
Earlier these subjects were found in State List. Thus, during 1970s, the genesis of environment
policy and planning in India had taken place.
During this period Arya’s Working Plan (1968-1978) was in operation. Felling of Sal
was conducted for earning revenue for the State’s economic prosperity. Proper demarcation
exercises in form of laying down of 247 boundary pillars were conducted and there was a massive
improvement in the infrastructure as forests roads and quarters for the staff were constructed
during this plan period. The HP State Forest Corporation Limited also came into existence w.e.f
25-3-1974, registered under The Companies Act, 1956. The timber extraction was gradually
transferred to corporation since 1976 onward.

10.7 Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)

‘Development without destruction’ was the theme of the sixth five-year plan, which laid
emphasis on the ecological and social security, the major thrust of the plan as regards forest
management and protection was saving the natural forests from further depletion, formation of
new fuel and fodder reserves to meet the growing needs of local population and creation of more
National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries.

The sixth five-year plan framework document as approved by the National Development
Council States, “It is imperative that we carefully harvest our renewable resources of soil, water,
plant and animal life to sustain our economic development. A full chapter on ‘Environment and
Development’ has been included in the sixth plan. This chapter was devoted to the discussion on
problem of environmental degradation such as land use, agriculture, forestry, wildlife, water, air,

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marine environment, minerals, fisheries, renewable resources, energy and human settlement,
with a view to evolve sound environmental and ecological principles.
On the basis of Tiwari Committee recommendations, the Govt. of India setup a
Department of Environment (DOE) with effect from November 1 st, 1980, some States namely
Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab & Madhya Pradesh also established separate department of
Environment at the State Level. In 1985, the Department of Environment was replaced by an
Integrated Department of Environment, Forest and Wild life. In addition to this, two powerful
agencies were created to tackle specific environmental problem; namely, the National Waste
Land Development Board and the Central Ganga Authority, to further improve the
implementation of environmental law and policy decisions.
With a view to meeting the basic and economic needs of community, the programme of
social forestry initiated in 1981-82 remained continuing. The social forestry programme which
inter-alia includes Farm Forestry, Extension Forestry, and Reforestation on degraded forests and
Recreation Forestry; those programmes were assisted by several external agencies, including the
World Bank, United State Agency for International Development and Overseas Development
Agency of United Kingdom. The 20 Point Economic Programme also included Afforestation
Social Forestry and Farm Forestry programmes. Arya’s plan expired during 1977-1978 and for
a period of four years, till 1982 prescriptions of Arya’s Working Plan were implemented actual
removal were much in excess prescribed yield. B.S. Chauhan’s planfrom 1982 to 1992 was then
implemented.

10.8 Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90):-

The seventh five-year plan was envisaged in the development strategy of generation of
productive employment. Given the twin emphasis on employment and productivity in the
Seventh Plan, the objective was to expand employment opportunities consistent with increase
in productivity. The basic approach to the Seventh Plan was also, sustainable development in
harmony with the environment. Towards this end, it would have to be ensured that all
development programmes, in all sectors, will take environmental considerations fully into
account. Environmental management, a term encompassing environmental planning, protection,
monitoring, assessment, research, education, conservation and sustainable use of resources, was
now accepted as a major guiding factor for national development in India.
As regards, the policy perspective on forest management, the seventh plan envisaged
“Forest for survival” as its theme. The plan, giving highest priority to restore the forest cover
with 33% of the geographical area of the country being brought under forests from the present

[146]
level of about 23%: asserted for preserving biological diversity, increase the vegetal cover by
massive Afforestation and development Afforestation into a people’s movement (Social
Forestry) enhance the productivity of existing forest areas, etc.
The failure of the National Forestry Policy, 1952 particularly inadequate management of
forests, negligible efforts made to improve the availability of fuel wood and fodder to forest
dwellers which resulted in social conflicts on forest resources use, the short comings of social
forestry programme and dwindling forest cover, necessitated a fresh look at the Forest Policy of
1952. The States came under increasing pressure in order to involve people in the protection and
management of forests resources and therefore to re-orient its earlier policies. In 1988, a National
Forest Policy was formulated with principle aim of ensuring environmental stability and
maintenance of ecological balance.
Since forestry is a Concurrent List subject, a State forest policy under the ambit of the
National Forest Policy was enunciated by the Government of Himachal Pradesh in1988.
Fellings of Eucalyptus and Sal were carried out as per prescription upto 1987-1988, 1986-1987
respectively. Restrictions on green felling were imposed by the state government after 1986-
1987. Thus fellings were discontinued and only salvage marking were carried out. No working
of Khair was done according to prescription but during 1991-1992 green Khair was felled after
taking special approval from the State Government. Thus prescription given in the Working Plan
was not followed. The Afforestation programme under the social forestry has failed to achieve
its objectives of people’s movement for Afforestation due to less public participation in this
scheme. During this period Chauhan’s Working Plan (1982-1992) remained operativein this
division.

10.9 Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97)

The Eighth Plan was aimed to undertake re- examination and reorientation of the role of the
Government as well as the process of planning. The plan was to work out the ways and means of
involving people in the developmental task and social evolution. The emphasis was to strengthen
the people’s participatory institutions.
To ensure the protection of natural environment the plan suggests preventive and
regulatory strategies. The strategy of prevention involving raising of public awareness, strict
enforcement of laws, statutory assessment of environmental impact of projects, and efforts to
regenerate the productivity of ecosystem, can be useful in many cases of environmental
degradation. Stringent laws, rigorously implemented, through stringent punitive measures and
by marking an undesirable action expensive for the offender, can prevent environmental

[147]
destructions. The plan calls for the necessity of statutory environmental impact assessment of all
projects and activities before their implementation, as such would prevents environmental
degradation by making it obligatory on the part of executing agencies to undertake compensatory
measures.
A number of programmes of afforestation were taken upto secure people’s participation.
Under this scheme, priority was given to: -
a) Establishment of decentralized nurseries and school nurseries.
b) Block plantations especially on community land and lands of SC/ST and people
living below the poverty line.
c) Pasture development through people’s institutions and involvement, and
d) Assistance in the implementation of the Tree Patta Schemes.

The scheme of decentralized people’s nurseries was initiated in 1986-87 to encourage

seedling production by farmers, especially small and marginal farmers to establish small,
dispersed nurseries to cater to local needs of planting material and provide income generating
activities to the beneficiaries.
An appraisal of the Afforestation schemes undertaken during the plan period has appeared
some deficiencies. They have no specific plan of action for meeting fuelwood and fodder
requirements except for the continuance of the scheme for rural fuel wood plantation, which does
directly address these issues. Under the social forestry programme, the efforts have already been
departmental mode. During this period no functional Working plan existed in this division,
considering the ban on green felling in the State and no working was undertaken in the forest.
10.10 Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)
The Ninth Five Years’ Plan was launched in the 50 th year of India’s Independence, and the aim
was to take the country into the new millennium. The emphasis was given to the Integrated
Watershed Approach. Since the smallest viable geographical unit is the watershed, it was
therefore, imperative that the integrated watershed approach should be followed. The watershed
is a geo-hydrological natural unit which has evolved through interaction of rain water with the
topography. The measures such as conserving rain water, through treatment of drainage lines in
the micro-watersheds and promoting in-situ moisture were proposed. This includes 3-tier
appropriate vegetation consisting of grasses, shrubs and trees for fodder, fuel, timber and fruit in
a topo sequence which is in consonance with soil depth and moisture. The objectives were:
i. Eco-restoration and Eco-preservation
ii. Involvement of the local population

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 iii. Gender sensitive planning
iv. Use of appropriate technology
v. Redevelopment of traditional agro-eco-systems based on traditional knowledge
and technology
vi. Scientific approach to agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture in order to
raise productivity
vii. Development of ecologically sustainable industries and tourism.

The need to conserve natural resources and the environment particularly to prevent
damage to fragile and irreplaceable eco-systems, the Hill Areas Development Programme
(HADP) during the 5th Plan was introduced. The programmes implemented during the 5 th Plan
period were mainly beneficiary oriented. While emphasizes shafted to eco-development in the
6th Plan, the general tenor of HADP remained substantially the same as that of the normal State
Plan following the same sectoral approach. In the 7 th Plan laid particular emphasis on the
development of ecology and environment as summed up in three phrases, namely, eco-
restoration, eco-preservation, and eco-development. It aimed at evolving plans and
programmes to take care of socio-economic growth, development of infrastructure and
promotion of ecology of the areas covered by the HADP. During the 8 th Plan attention was
focused on productive sectors of the hill economics especially in modernizing agriculture
practices and small-scale industries at household, cottage and village levels. For this involvement
of people was considered of paramount importance. The aim was to meet actual basic needs of
the people through improved management of the land and water resources.
The major environmental problems being faced by Hills were deforestation and soil
erosion, which was leading to the drying up of water resources, flash flood, cloud bursts and
decline in the yield of food and cash crops, fodder, fuel and other minor forest produce. Besides
water retention capacity and productivity of land had been adversely affected. Similarly, poverty
in the hills, intensive human & livestock pressures along with encroachment on forest land and
indiscriminate felling of trees for commercial purposes in hill areas had already led to loss of soil
and rapid depletion and destruction of forest cover. Development activities like construction of
buildings, roads, hydro power projects, large and medium industries and mining etc. had
aggravated environmental problems. Consequently, perennial sources of water such as springs
and small streams have dried up in many hill areas.
The strategy for Himachal Pradesh stated that the degraded forest lands, the village
common lands and waste lands will be rehabilitated through various state plans/centrally

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sponsored and externally aided projects schemes so that a forest cover of 50% by 2000 AD as
per policy of the State Govt. is arrived at”. The National Forest Policy, 1988 has also
recommended that at least 2/3rd of the total geographical area of Himachal Pradesh should be
under forests.
On an average, an area of 172.5% Sq. Km. was planted every year. Recent trends show a
continuous decline in the area planted each year, because of paucity of funds and a ban on
silviculture and Working Plan operation in the State under an order of the Supreme Court in T.N.
Godavarman case dated 12-12-1996, except for the right holders. However dry and fallen trees
i.e. salvage marking can be removed through the H.P. State Forest Department Corporation Ltd.
The Govt. of H.P. Constituted the Forest Corporation in 1974, the only agency
responsible for the harvesting and exploitation of forests, including resin extraction. Earlier,
private contractors carried out all activities related to forests.
The most valued forest product in 2001-02 was timber, followed by medicinal plants and
herbs and resin. The total forest produce was worth Rs. 231.30 Crore. Until 1970, timber removal
from the forests was more than the annual prescribed yield, which was unsustainable. Since 1985,
the annual removal from the forest has always remained below the prescribed yield due to ban
imposed by the Govt. on silvicultural operation and also under an order of the Supreme Court
dated 12-12-1996. During this plan period Vineet Kumar’s Working Plan (1998-1999 to 2012-
13) was applicable, however no silvicultural operation as prescribed in the Working Plan had
been carried out due to ban on green felling and blank/open areas were also not taken up
planting/regeneration in planned way. Plantations as prescribed had been carried out under
various departmental schemes. Ban on green felling kept the green cover intact but the
regeneration in the forests suffered.

10.11 Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007):-

The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) has been prepared against a back drop ofhigh expectations
arising from some aspects of the recent performance. GDP growth in the post-reforms period
has improved from an average of about 5-7% of the 1980 to an average of about 6.1% in the
Eighth and Ninth Plan period, making India one of the ten fastest growing countries in the world.
These positive developments are, however, clouded by other features which give cause
for concern. The situation in this regard is much worse in the rural areas. Land and forest
degradation in hills areas and over exploitation of ground water is seriously threatening
sustainability of rural livelihood and food production.

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 The country’s forest resources are under tremendous pressure. Intensified shifting
cultivation, indiscriminate removal of timber, fuelwood, fodders and other forest produce, forest
fires and encroachment has led to forest degradation and deforestation. Forests meet nearly 40%
of the country’s energy needs and 30% of the fodder needs. It is estimated that about 270 MT. of
fuelwood, 280 MT. of fodder, over 12 million m 3 (cubic meter) of timber and countless non-
wood forest products (NWFPS) are removed from forests annually. The future management need
for meeting the requirements of the community.
Forest plays an important role in environmental and economic sustainability. They
provide numerous goods and services, and maintain life support systems essential for life on
earth. Some of these life support systems of major economic and environmental importance are:
(i) Supply of timber, fuel wood, fodder and a wide range of non-wood products.
(ii) Natural habitat for bio-diversity, and repository of genetic wealth.
(iii) Provision of recreation and opportunity for ecotourism.
(iv) Playing an integral part of the watershed to regulate the water regime, conserve soil, and
control floods.
(v) Carbon sequestration and carbon sink.
Despite significant resource flows and national concern, the potential of forests to reduce
poverty, realize economic growth, and their contribution to the local and global environment has
not been fully realized. A combination of market and institutional failures has led to forests
falling to contribute as significantly to rural incomes and poverty alleviation and economic
growth as would be possible under good economic and technical management.
The following strategies were proposed in order to address the concerns of forests sector
and to achieve the objectives of sustainable forests management:
i) The role of forests to maintain the hydrological balance is complementary. Successful
models of watershed development have helped conserve soil and moisture, improve
ground water recharge and the water regime and mitigated the adverse impacts of
drought. The watershed approach should be universally adopted for the maintenance and
development of forests.
ii) Due to the increase in human and cattle population, the existing forest resource is under
intensive pressure to meet the demands for various forest produce, i.e food, fodder, fuel,
fertilizer, timber, bamboo, medicinal plant, etc. About 41% of the forest area is degraded
due to over exploitation of forest produce. However, no strategy to conserve the forest
eco-system would be successful unless the basic needs of the society are met. The future

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 management strategy must, therefore, take into account this compelling need of the
community to meet their requirements.

i) The forest areas near population centre’s/villages have degraded faster due to over-
exploitation and the forest resources has become impoverished. It has adversely affected
the livelihood security and employment opportunity of people dependent on forests.
Therefore, a special programme needs to be drawn up for development of such villages
and to provide alternative sources of income.
10.11.1 Forest Plantations: -The following initiatives were proposed for improving the
productivity of forest plantation: -
i) The plantation strategy should be based on creating new forest resources that help reduce
pressure on natural forests and preferably reverse the negative impact of deforestation
while meeting the increasing demand. India can benefit from the experience of other
countries, which have developed policies and incentives to promote private sector
participation in accelerating the pace of Afforestation.
ii) At present, the performance of forest plantations in terms of survival, growth and yield is
poor. The mean annual increment (MAI) of forest plantations varies from about
2m3/ha/year for valuable timber species to about 5-8 m3/ha/year for eucalyptus and other
fast-growing species. This is far below the MAI of over 10m3 and about 50m3/ha/year
for good quality plantations in different countries.
iii) The productivity and success of plantations can be improved by appropriate site selection,
site species matching, planting of elite clones, proper maintenance and protection,
timely tending, thinning, irrigation, applicationof manures andpesticides, etc.
iv) Reduction in harvesting and post harvesting losses should be achieved by
adoptingimprovedtechnologies.
10.11.2 Green India Programme: -Out of the 328.27 m ha total geographical area of
the country; around 300 m ha is the available productive land. The actual forest cover is 63.73
m ha of which only 37.73 m ha has good forests. About 20 m ha is covered under tree plantations
(agro-forestry, farm forestry, social forestry and other plantations). Thus, in order to bring one-
third area under forest/tree cover, (100-37.73-20 = 42.27) 43 m ha of area should be covered
under the greening programme over 10 years. The detail programme should be as follows:
* 15 m hac. of degraded forest land to be covered under JFM.
* 10 m hac. of irrigated area to be brought under commercial agro-forestry.
* 18 m hac. of rain-fed area to be brought under subsistence agro-forestry.

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 Significant efforts are required for greening India to address the food security and
environmental challenges. The country is facing the problem of surplus food production on one
hand and unemployment, poverty and food deficiency on the other. The implementation of
Greening Programme through “food for work” scheme will ensure meeting the basic needs of
people, environmental protection, food accessibility and productive employment generation to
10 crore people (mainly tribals, dalits, backwards, other backward classes, landless and women).
Participatory arrangements have existed in Indian Forestry for several years, in the form
of forest labour co-operatives, resin tappers, NWFP Collector’s Co-operatives societies and
other associations. The JFM programme has led to several positive out comes in many states in
India. The major ones are (i) change in the attitude & relationship of local communities and
forest officials towards each other and the forests, (ii) improvement in the condition of forests
(iii) reduction in encroachments but in this division results are not encouraging as compare to
low lying areas of Himachal Pradesh. Similarly, tree plantation has been expressed over the low
productivity of plantation due to several factors such as steep slope, FRA, and Nautor claims,
inadequacies in the site selections and site species matching, poor plantation stock, lack of
proper maintenance and protection, fire hazard, financial and capacity constraints etc. During
this period the Vineet Kumar’s Working Plan (1998-2012) was in vogue and continued to
existence to this division.

10.12 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12): - India entered the Eleventh Plan
period with an impressive record of economic growth. After a lacklustre performance in the
Ninth Plan period (1997–98 to 2001–02), when gross domestic product (GDP) grew at only
5.5% per annum, the economy accelerated in the Tenth Plan period (2002–03 to 2006–07) to
record an average growth of 7.7%, the highest in any Plan period so far. Besides, there was
acceleration even within the Tenth Plan period and the growth rate in the last four years of the
Plan has averaged 8.7%, making India one of the fastest growing economies in the world.
National Forest Policy, 1988 acknowledged the importance and primacy of local
communities and provided for a sustainable management approach with maintenance of
environmental stability as the prime objective. Commitment to conservation of nature was
highlighted by the targets of maintaining one-third of land under the forest/tree cover.
Plan investment in forestry and wildlife sector so far, including State and Central plan,
was about 1% of the total plan outlay. The National Forestry Commission (2006) had
recommended an investment of 2.5% of the plan outlay in the forestry and wildlife sector. Our
total plan outlay of the State and central plan in forestry and wildlife sector was 1% only.

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 The Integrated Forest Protection Scheme was redesigned to aid the states for building
capacity and basic infrastructure for modern forest management. Improving Management
Planning and Survey (land records) set-up was the first priority for Central assistance. The
following components were provided for modernization of the State forest management:
i) Modernization of the management planning (Working Plan) units with equipment,
infrastructure, and manpower. This may include forest inventories, training and satellite
imagery processing, and GIS facilities. This included professional services such as
ecologists and sociologists for relevant inputs.
ii) Forest Land Information System for land records, with modern and empowered survey,
and land record maintaining mechanisms for documenting the legally recognized
individual rights, concessions, ownerships including those under the Scheduled Tribes
and other Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
iii) Forest boundary demarcation by providing assistance for the state-of-the-art
infrastructure, training/outsourcing survey work, fixing permanent boundary pillars,
updating the forest block indices and compartment histories.
iv) Installation of forest fire surveillance and warning systems, along with fire management
planning in participatory mode.
v) Assistance for general infrastructure for accommodation in remote areas,
communication, improvement of road network, etc. was a part of this programme. During this
period the Vineet Kumar’s Working Plan (1998-2012) was in vogue and continued to
existence to this division. Timber removals from the area allocated to different Working Circle
were essentially on account of salvage removal, timber distribution to local right holder and
removals under Forest Conservation Act, 1980. No silviculture removals were carried out during
the approved plan period due to moratorium on green fellings in the State. The incidental timber
removal from the forest were far below from the prescribed annual yield under various Working
Circle, except in the case Chil Working Circle and Eucalyptus Working Circle where removal
are in excess of the prescribed yield due to salvage removals.
10.13 Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17):-
The objectives of the Twelfth Plan were faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth and the
initiatives taken in Eleventh Plan period had resulted in substantial progress towards these
objectives. Inevitably, there were some weaknesses that need to be addressed and new
challenges that need to be placed. However, available evidence suggested that there have been
significant gains on many of these fronts, even though there are shortfalls in some areas on
which further work is needed.

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 Several issues have been flagged during the Planning Commission consultations with
different stake holders which deal with hand, mining, forest and wild life management, climate
change, waste management, reduction of pollution, conservation of forests and biodiversity etc.
These must be viewed in the light of the enormous inter connection that exist within the broader
dynamics of environmental management. Important issues that required focused attention during
the Twelfth Plan are:-
i) Securing ecology of watershed and catchment.
ii) Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIAs) for vulnerable regions.
iii) Carrying capacity studies in selected river basins.
iv) Maintaining acceptable water quality and quantity through pollution control of water
resources.
v) Restoration of wet lands & lakes etc., and
vi) Management of waste water discharge from Industrial and Commercial establishment
into major water bodies.
A midterm review of Working Plan of Sh. Vineet Kumar for carried out at the end of 2012
and extended Working Plan was approved from 2013-14 to 2017-2018. This extended Working
Plan contained largely the prescriptions of Vineet Kumar’s Working Plan.

10.14 NITI AAYOG (The National Institution for Transforming India):-

The twelfth five years plan (2012-2017) ended during 2017 andthe central government
haddecided to discontinuewith the five-year plans set. Thereafter, the NITI Aayog, (National
Institution for Transforming India) has replaced the Planning Commission in 2015. The central
body created a platform to monitor, evaluate and review various schemes and also to specify
targeted results through Key Performance Indicators.
Niti Aayog aims to replace Five years plan with a 15-year blueprint with a shorter seven-
year strategy, as part of its National Development Agenda. The National Development Agenda
will include a seven-year action plan, with a focus on defense and internal security, besides social
and development goals.

In the recent years, with the realization of forests as a key solution for combating global issues
of climate changes, India has strengthened its commitment towards fighting global
environmental challenges as well as fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goals.

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India’s commitments in its ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ post Paris agreement include:
o reducing emissions intensity of its GDP by 45 per cent by 2030, from 2005 level
o to create additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through
additional forest and tree cover by 2030
o achieving 50 per cent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-
based energy resources by 2030

Paris Agreement: Paris agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change, it
was adopted by 196 parties at COP-21 in Paris on 12.12.2015 entered into force on 4.11.2016.
Its goal is to limit global warming well below 20C, preferably to 1.5 0C compared to pre-
industrial level. Climate change action needs to be massively increased to achieve the goal of
Paris agreement years, giving into new concepts of carbon-based solutions and new market.
Countries, region and cities are establishing carbon neutrality targets. Zero carbon solution is
becoming competitive across economic sector representing 25% of emission. The strategy
involves energy and climate policy including the 20/20/20 target namely reduction of CO 2
emission by 20%, increasing renewable energy market share to 20% and increase in 20% in
energy efficiency. Paris deal is world’s first comprehensive climate agreement.
Paris Agreement: What are India’s climate commitments?
In 2015 ahead of UN significant climate conference in Paris, India announced
three major voluntary commitments called the National Determined Contributions.

• Improving the emission intensity of its GDP by 30-35% by2030 over 2005 level.
• Increase share of non-fossil fuels-based electricity to 40 % by 2030.
• Enhancing forest cover, thereby absorbing 2.5 to 3 billion ton of CO2.

India’s progress in fulfilling its climate commitment:

• India has reduced emission intensity by 21% over 2005 level.

• Massive plantation activities across states YoY to increase forest cover and
highlighting ToF (Trees Outside Forests).
• Solar capacity has grown from 2.63 GW in 2014 to 36GW in 2020.
• Renewable energy capacity is the 4th largest in the world and will reach 175 GW
before 2022.
• India has set new target of 450 GW by 2030.
• Onward stage India has pioneered two major initiatives:

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 ISA (International Solar Alliance)
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure

In this context, recent initiatives in expanding green cover, carbon sequestration include
expanding plantation areas, National Mission for Green India (GIM), Nagar Van Yojana,
Lifestyle for Environment (Mission LIFE), National Clean Air Program, CAMPA
(Compensatory Afforestation) and State schemes like Samudayik Van Samvardhan Yojana, Ek
Buta Beti ke Naam and Van Samridhi Jan Samridhi have all laid stress on the importance of
forests and their role in mitigating global issues like climate change and conservation of
biodiversity at all levels.

Regarding Paonta Sahib Forest Division, in addition to many of these schemes under
implementation, a view for revival of forest health was also taken up in the form of experimental
silviculture felling which was permitted by the Hon’ble Supreme Court for the years 2018-19
and 2019-20 for Sal Working circle. Silviculture working of Sal Forest in 2018-19 in Paonta
Sahib Forest division yielded 6364 cum standing volume of Sal timber. This resulted in a revenue
of approx. Rs. 1700,000,00 (Rs. Seventeen Crore). Similarly, despite COVID-19 restrictions,
there was revenue of about Rs. 20 Crore from Sal timber extracted in subsequent year. This
contributed substantially in HPSFDC registering profit after a decade. If silviculture practices are
permitted, there will be further immense scope for livelihood, revenue generation for the state.

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 CHAPTER 11
PAST SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT

(Combined previous working plan was having jurisdiction over present Nahan and Paonta Sahib
Forest Divisions, as such the past system of management has been taken as common).

11.1 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE FORESTS: No authentic record before 19th

century, in fact 1890, regarding the type of vegetation and forest management in the tract dealt
with is available. Like other parts of the country, forests of Sirmour district had richness, vastness
and was a coveted place for wild life hunting. Mr. John Northem says in his book, ‘Guide to
Masuri’, 1884 ‘Nearly the whole of the dominions of the Raja of Sirmour is one vast forest, the
open valleys, a dense jungle of high grass, and the consequence is, that instead of thousands
upon thousands of happy and contented villagers, the land is given upto the beasts of the field
the birds of the air, it is useless to dwell on the short-sightedness of a policy so manifestly opposed
to every principle of political economy. Timber might pay a contractor; it never paid a nation. If
population is the wealth of a country, it is useless to ask it to feed on timber. The earnings of a
prolific population pay the most to the State in a hundred ways, with this description, it is clear
that the tract was once occupied by dense forests inhabited by wild animals like Elephant, Tiger
Panther, Sambar, Chittal, Barking Deer etc.’

With the passage of time, it seems that the policy of the Government changed and clearance of
woods to bring more and more land under agriculture continued unabated. Land revenue being
the main source of revenue to the State. During the regime of Raja Shamsher Prakash,
agriculturists like Bahaties and Sainies were invited from Hoshiarpur areas of Punjab to clear the
forest of Dun valley in today’s Paonta Sahib. At one stage in the late nineteenth century, it was
it was felt that there has been extreme destruction of forests leading to high floods in the
Markanda river. Shri Bal Gobind in 1901 has mentioned in the biography of Raja Shamsher
Singh Parkash, “Once upon a time when the Markanda flood washed away many villages, roads
and bridges, the railway company wrote to the Raja, holding him responsible for this loss of life
and property, as being the result of his carelessly ordering the cutting of the forests on the banks

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and the source of the River Markanda, which is not more than seven miles from Nahan.’’ On
reading the letter, Raja Shamsher Parkash, at last awoke to the absolute necessity of taking
vigorous measures for the preservation of the forests.

11.1.1 After the Gorkha war of 1804-1815, forests were leased to traders at a fixed annual
income not exceeding Rs. 20,000/-. There was no restriction regarding the number of trees to be
felled. Traders removed best quality Sal, Sain, Haldu, Khair and Shisham trees ruthlessly, which
lead to deterioration of the quality of forests.

11.1.2 First step to manage the forests on some scientific principles was taken by the enlightened
Maharaj Shri Shamsher Parkash (1856-1898) who introduced in 1890 the “Rawana System” to
control the felling and extraction of trees. He also took steps to demarcate and declare the forests
as Reserved Forests under Chapter II of the Indian Forest Act 1927. During this very period,
Forest Settlement and Revenue Settlement were also carried out. The Forest Settlement was
termed as Faisla-e-Janglat. No rights were admitted to the local people but numerous
concessions were allowed. Practically nothing was done in the direction of regenerating the
forests. Despite the fact that the main emphasis was on controlling the fellings, selected good
quality trees of important species which were in great demand, continued to be felled on large
scale leading to depletion of the stock and quality of the forests.
11.1.3 It was only in 1895 that the first regular working plan for the tract was prepared. A
timeline of the working plans prepared is tabulated below:
Table No. 11.1.3
Sr. No. Period
1 Chintamani Joshi / R. Bhattacharya Working Plan 1895 - 1915
2 The Period without working Plan 1916-1932
3 Sewal’s Working plan 1933-34 to 1952-53
4 Sharma and Tikku’s Working Plan 1953-54 to 1962-63
5 Period without working Plan 1963-68
6 Arya’s Working Plan 1968-69 to 1977-78
7 Period without working Plan 1978-82
8 Chauhan’s Working Plan 1982-83 to 1991-92
9 Period without working Plan 1992-98
10 Vineet Working Plan 1998-99 to 2012-13

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 TIME SERIES OF WORKING PLAN IN PAONTA SAHIB FOREST DIVISION

1915 1932 1953 1963 1968 1978 1982 1992 1998 2013

Expiry Year
1895 1916 1933 1953 1963 1968 1978 1982 1992 1998 Starting Year

Figure No. 11.1.3

11.2 PAST SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT AND RESULTS

Chinta Mani Joshi, S. Bhatacharya and Ram Chandra’s Plan 1895-1915

The first working plan for the area was prepared by Chinta Mani Joshi, S. Bhatacharya
and Ram Chandra who were trained from Forest College Dehradun. This working plan was
prepared for 20 years. By that time the entire state of Sirmour was divided into two Forest
Divisions viz: Paonta Sahib and Nahan. Bhagani, Paonta Sahib and Majra ranges were part of
Paonta Sahib Forest Division. The remaining area was in Nahan Forest Division. This working
plan covered the area of only Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionviz: Bhagani, Paonta Sahib and
Majra ranges. Each range was termed as a Working Circle and were further divided into 3 sub-
circles based on the type of crop. Sub-blocks and compartment were also constituted.
Improvement-cum-selection fellings for Sal and miscellaneous forests were provided. For Chil
and Ban areas, Selection system was provided.
Result: The sequence of felling prescribed in the working plan for a period of 20 years
had to be revised after the expiry of 8 years and this revised felling program was followed till
1915. This working plan did not provide any silvicultural system but only systematized the

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extraction of trees and some control/record regarding the fellings. The result of these felling was
that selected trees of commercial important species like Sal, Sain, Haldu, Shisham, Khair, Chil
etc. were felled. Large scale fellings were carried out in easily accessible areas with the result
that the remaining crop was malformed and congested. Wherever regeneration came up naturally,
it was not tended. The overall result of working in Sal forests was depletion of bigger diameter
class trees and neglect of young crop. No silvicultural operations were done in miscellaneous
scrub forests. Shifting cultivation was being practiced in Chil areas. Profuse natural regeneration
of Chil came in, when such areas were abandoned, which was not tended properly.

11.3 Period from 1916-1932: There was no regular working plan during this period. Forest
officials/officers selected the annual coupes. During this period generally, retired Forests Officers
from British India were employed. These officers selected the best and easily approachable areas
to provide higher revenue to the State exchequer. This resulted in depletion of good quality,
healthy trees of valuable species like Sal, Sain, Shisham, Khair and Chil.

11.4 Sewal’s Plan (1933-34 to 1952-53): Maharaja Amar Parkash Bahadur of Sirmour State
took keen interest in the scientific management of the forests of the State. He invited Mr. F.W.
Parrie, IFS, the then President, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun to inspect the forests of
Sirmour state. He visited these forests in 1927 and drafted a Preliminary Report for the future
management of these forests.
At that time there were two Forest Divisions viz: Rajgarh and Nahan, covering the forests
of Sirmour State. Nahan Forest Division comprised of Dharti, Nahan, Majra, Paonta Sahib
andBhagani ranges. Dharti range covered mostly the Chil areas; Sewal’s Working Plan provided
management for the entire tract of Nahan Forest Division. The present working plan under
revision does not cover the area of then Dharti range and Chil forests and as such the past
management of Chill forests covered under Sewal’s Plan is not being described.

Sewal’s Working Plan was in fact the first working plan of the area prescribing scientific
management of the forests. Under this working plan following general objects of management
were aimed at;
i) To preserve, improve and extend the existing Sal, Chil, Bamboo and miscellaneous
forests wherever the soil and other factors are suitable for the species.
ii) To satisfy the legitimate demands of the local population for forest produce and grazing
in accordance with the Faisla-e-Janglat.

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iii) To ensure sustained annual yield and to attain the normal forest and establish normal
regeneration.
iv) To maintain and improve forest cover on the Bairunidhar, along the slopes adjoining the
Giri and on the bare outer hills of the Siwaliks which are particularly liable to erosion.
v) Sewal anticipated difficulties like encroachments, poor quality and extreme limit of
habitat of Sal, lack of demand for ballies, fuel, grazing by local people and grazing and lopping
by migratory Gujjars, for achieving and objects of management. To achieve the objects of
management following Working Circles were constituted (combined for present Nahan and
Paonta Sahib Forest Divisions).

i) The Sal Conversion Working Circle 16032 Ha

ii) The Bamboo Working Circle 13456 Ha
iii) The Miscellaneous Working Circle 41156 Ha
iv) The Chil Working Circle 8519 Ha
v) Un-allotted areas 17139 Ha
Total Area 99302 Ha

The Sal Conversion Working Circle: All pure Sal forests fit for conversion to uniform shelter-
wood fellings were allotted to this Working Circle. Some pure Sal forests which offered difficulty
in regeneration and conversion to uniform were excluded. The total area allotted was 16032ha.
The silvicultural system adopted was Conversion to Uniform under with natural regeneration.
Rotation and conversion period of 100 years, with regeneration period of 25 years was adopted.
four periodic blocks (P.Bs.) were formed. P.B.I. was allotted and the remaining area was grouped
as P.B. un-allotted. Following forests were allotted to P.B.I.
Table No. 11.2
Name of Range Name of Forest Area in Ha
Bhagani Mehruwala 496.112
Paonta Sahib Jamniwala 645.996
Jamotwa 479.548
Jammukhala 113.12
Rajban 232.704
Gorakhpur 557.924
Kukron 373.296
Khara 342.592
Total 3241.3

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P.B.I.: - Growing stock above 30 cm. dbh was enumerated in 10 cm. dia. classes. Yield from
P.B.I. was prescribed by volume and the total annual yield was 3428.796 cum. Marking rules for
P.B.I. were prescribed. Most of the area allotted to P.B.I. had established regeneration. Trees
upto 30 cm. d.b.h were to be retained as advance growth. Some trees upto 40 cm. d.b.h. could
also be retained as advance growth, if they were likely to merge with other crop retained. Sain
and Kokat was to be retained unless it interfered with Sal. All dead, dying and unsound trees
were to be marked for felling. Subsidiary silvicultural operations for P.B.I. areas were prescribed.
These included felling and girdling of marked trees, coppicing of damaged poles, climber cutting
and regenerating the blanks artificially. After felling all areas were to be closed to grazing for 10
years.
Areas of P.B. un-allotted were divided into 20 felling coupes. In these areas thinning with specific
marking rules were prescribed. No yield was prescribed. The method of executing felling in these
areas included the removal of all trees with negative increment e.g. dead, dying or rotting,
thinning of congested crop, removal of inferior species in favour of valuable species and removal
of over mature trees over 60 cm. d.b.h. unless required for soil conservation. Cleaning and
climber cutting in these areas was prescribed. The demand of the right holders was to be met
from these areas. Chief Forest Officer, was enjoined to select P.B.II areas and take steps to help
their regeneration and inducing the same.
Result of working: Felling in the forests allotted to P.B.I. and P.B. un-allotted were carried out
as prescribed till 1947-48. There was an epidemic attack of Sal borer (Hoplocerambyx
spinicornis) after 1947-48 causing serious destruction of Sal trees and thus upsetting all the
prescribed fellings. About 66% of the P.B.I. area was successfully regenerated. This included
Mehruwala, Jamotwa, Kukron, and parts of Mehruwala and Gorakhpur and Jamniwala forests.
Selection of P.B.II area for special treatment was ignored leading to deficiency of regenerated
areas. This also resulted in the depletion of the growing stock of bigger class trees. Ever
increasing demand of right holders also depleted the growing stock of healthy and bigger trees.
Since the control forms were not maintained it cannot be ascertained whether the fellings were
within the prescribed limits or not.
The Miscellaneous Working Circle: (41,156 Ha.): More than 50% of the total area covered
under Sewal’s Working plan was allotted to this Working Circle. Pure of mixed Sal forests
considered unsuitable for working under Uniform system and areas under miscellaneous species
without extensive blanks were allotted to this Working Circle.
Selection-cum-improvement fellings were prescribed with a view to meet local demands and
improve the existing crop. It was envisaged that due to lack of demand, Sale of marked trees may

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not be feasible. 50 annual coupes were formed. Marking rules prescribed for marking of Sal and
Sain trees over 37.5 cm. and 45 cm. d.b.h. respectively for improving the existing corp. No trees
were to be marked for felling unless its removal benefited the existing crop. Climber cutting was
prescribed. Gujjars grazing was to be excluded except in the areas near Nahan town, where it
was to be accommodated for supply of milk to town. No closure to grazing for artificial
regeneration was prescribed due to heavy burden of grazing by local people.
Result of working: The marking rules and sequence of felling was not followed. Heavy fellings
were carried out in accessible areas and fellings were deferred in inaccessible areas. Overgrazing
continued. The proportion of valuable species was reduced due to selective felling. No cultural
operations were carried out. During this period the condition of these forests deteriorated leading
to the depletion of bigger size trees of valuable species.

The Chil Working Circle (8,519 ha.): Except a few forests of Paonta Sahib Range Viz Samon-
Kanon, Kando-Bharog, Kanser and Kando-Bhaila, all other areas allotted to this Working Circle
are not covered under the present working plans and as such the management of the Chil forests
is not discussed here.
Un-allotted Areas (17,139 ha.): These areas comprised mostly precipitous, bland, hill sides,
Halah beds, grassy blanks, scrub forests and isolated patches of Sal, Chil or Kokat forests. Most
of the areas were heavily grazed.
Except for Khair/Sissoo area of Giri and Yamuna R.F’s, no working was
prescribed. Deodar plantation areas were to be closed for regeneration and Khair and Sissoo were
to be felled on demand.
Due to closure, the Deodar plantation patches were protected. Khair fellings were
done indiscriminately. Due to excessive grazing and lopping the condition of the remaining areas
deteriorated and forests cover became scanty. There was reduction in the growing stock of Khair.
Big sized trees were felled and younger regeneration was not allowed to grow due to
indiscriminate lopping and uncontrolled grazing.
Special Works of Improvement Under-taken:
(a) Sowing and Plantation: No sowing and planting on any large scale was done.
Propagation of bhabbar was undertaken in Siwaliks. Planting under “Tongya system” was
undertaken in Dondli-tapper and Khojjar forests of Bhagani Range. Areas has been permanently
occupied by the Tongya cultivators.

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(b) Fire Protection: Fire lines were planned and control burning was carried out. 5 metres
wide, Block line separating good quality Sal forests of Majra and Paonta Sahib Ranges from
miscellaneous and poor-quality Sal was cleared.
(c) Demarcation: All the forests reserved under chapter II of Indian Forest Act were
demarcated. Boundary separating Ambala district was demarcated by construction large lime
mortar masonary pillars.
(d) Building: New Forest Guard-huts were constructed at Gurdwara, Matter, Pilhori, and
Dandla.
(e) Roads: No new roads were constructed.
(f) Forest Settlement: Forest settlement was also carried out simultaneously with the
revision of working plan. A detailed record of right (Faisla-e-Junglat) for each forests was
prepared.
Results of Working: The objects of management set forth were not even partially achieved. The
prescriptions of working led to the preservation and improvement of Sal forests allotted to Sal
Conversion Working Circle. In case of other forests there were unregulated fellings leading to
deterioration of the growing stock. No regeneration operations were carried in any forests and
thus no extension of the forest area took place.
Legitimate demands of the local people were fully met with. Grazing however,
continued unchecked except on closed areas of Sal Conversion Working Circle. Gujjar grazing
continued as earlier.
Although no control form was maintained prior to 1947-48 but the yield was
probably regulated as per prescriptions of the working plan. No yield by volume was prescribed
except for PB.I of Sal Conversion Working Circle and this prescription gave ample latitude for
the untrained staff to flout the marking rules leading to fellings in easily accessible areas. The
object to attain the normal forest was not fulfilled. No closures or planting operations were carried
out in Siwalik ridges and thus there was no improvement of the vegetation.
11.5 Sharma’s and Tikku’s Working Plan (1953-54 to 1962-63) combined for Nahan and
Paonta Sahib Forest Division: Sewal’s Working Plan expired in 1952-53. Revision of the
working plan was taken up in 1953-54 and the final draft of this working plan was submitted to
Chief Conservator of Forests in 1961-62. Thus, the entire period of Working Plan was over when
the working plan was finalised.
In this Working plan the objects of management set forth were the same as envisaged in
Sewal’s Plan with the addition of meeting the requirement of fuel for Nahan town. To achieve
the objects of management following Working Circles were constituted:

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 (a) The Sal Conversion Working Circle 13,357Ha.
(b) The Selection Working Circle 26,987Ha.
(c) The Protection Working Circle 26,987Ha.
(d) The Plantation Working Circle 2,981Ha.
(e) The Bamboo (0.1) Working Circle 7,305Ha.
Total Areas 77,617 Ha.

This working plan covered the entire area of Nahan, Majra, Paonta Sahib and Bhagani Ranges.
The Sal Conversion Working Circle (13,357ha.): All good Sal forests suitable for conversion
to uniform crop were allotted to this Working Circle. In Sewal’s plan the area allotted to this
Working Circle was 16032 ha. Malgi, Garibnath, Garhi, Banswali, Pipalwali, Bherewala,
Jamotwa, Paniwali, Kiarda, Katapather, Surajpur, Mahadev-ka –Khala, Kothewali, Ambwali and
Katasan forests allotted to Sal conversion Working Circle in the previous plan, were not allotted
to this Working Circle. Kandela and Uttamwala-Baraban forests were added to this Working
Circle.
Silvicultural system, rotation, regeneration period adopted were the same as in the last plan,
Definite areas were allotted to P.B. I, II and V. P.B. III and IV were grouped together and termed
as P.B. inter. The area allotted to each P.B. was:

P.B. I 2,362 Ha.

P.B. II 2,837 Ha.
P.B. Intermediate 5,839 Ha.
P.B. V 2,319 Ha.
The entire growing stock in this Working Circle was enumerated in 10 cm d.b.h. classes down to
20 cm. d.b.h. Sal and Sain were enumerated separately and other species were grouped together
as Kokat. The yield from P.B. I. was prescribed by volume and annual yield prescribed was 3002
cum. No definite annual coupes were formed, but sequence of felling was suggested. Definite
marking rules for P.B.I. were prescribed and those were the same as in the previous plan. C/D
grade thinning was also prescribed in advance growth which was not prescribed in the previous
plan. Subsidiary silvicultural operation after fellings in P.B.I. areas were also prescribed.

P.B. II: Definite areas with middle aged to mature crop capable of putting on appreciable
increment with deficient or no advance growth were allotted to P.B. II. The object of treatment
of these areas was to enable middle aged crop to put on maximum increment and to induce natural

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regeneration. It was to be ensured that small openings are done in the canopy to induce
regeneration but mature stock was not to be depleted till the areas are transferred to P.B.I. As per
yield calculations 40 % of the selection trees (50 c.m. d-b-h-) were to be felled in the felling
period. Openings were to be created in canopy (Pepper Pot) by felling the selection trees and D-
grade thinning. Felling cycle of 10 years was fixed. Subsidiary silvicultural operation were also
prescribed.

P.B. Intermediate: Middle aged crops not allotted to other P.B. were allotted to this P.B.
Controlled fellings with thinnings were prescribed. As per yield calculations 33% of selection
trees were to be felled in the felling period of 10 years. Definite fellings coupes were laid down.
C/D thinning was prescribed. Subsidiary silvicultural operations were also prescribed which
included felling of marked trees and climber cutting.

P.B.V. Those areas which were having established regeneration were allotted to this P.B.
Removal of over wood and cleaning and thinnings in young crop were prescribed. The
yield was prescribed by area and definite allotment into annual felling coupes were made. All
marked trees and cutting bank of damaged regeneration and clumber cutting were prescribed in
subsidiary silvicultural operations.
Results: The working plan was finalized only two years before the expiry of the working plan
period and as such it is not expected that the prescription of the working plan were followed even
before the plan was finalized. As per the details of fellings given in succeeding working plan by
Arya, no over fellings were done in P.B.I. The pace of regeneration was poor as the areas could
not be effectively closed. Although the regeneration period was suggested as 35 years but
closures of P.B.I. felled areas was suggested for only 10 years. Even this could not be enforced.
Subsidiary silvicultural operations were ignored.
Fellings in P.B. II. areas were done as prescribed. 40% of the selection fellings were prescribed
to be removed in 10 years. Closures could not be enforced which led to the lack of regeneration.
The overall effect was depletion of selection trees and lack of new regeneration. Subsidiary
silvicultural operations were not carried out. Thus, the existing regeneration was not tended
properly. Quite large number of selection trees were given to right-holders which resulted in
further depletion of the stock of selection trees.
In P.B. Inter also the general character of crop did not improve and a large number of selection
trees were granted to right holders. Trees were badly lopped. In P.B.V. the sequence of felling
prescribed was not followed. The markings did not conform to marking rules.

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 In nut shel during this period there was depletion of growing stock and lack of
regeneration in Sal forests of this Working Circle.

The Selection Working Circle (23,282 Ha.): Sal areas not considered suitable for conversion
to uniform crop due to poor quality and steep slopes and Chil forests were allotted to this Working
Circle. The area of Chil forests allotted was 1174 ha.
Selection fellings and thinning in Sal forests and thinning –cum-improvement
fellings in Chil areas were prescribed with a view to improve the existing growing stock. A felling
cycle of 10 years was prescribed. No enumerations were carried out. Yield was regulated by area
and the yield by volume or number of trees was not fixed. Definite annual coupes were fixed.
Exploitable diameter fixed for various species was, Sal and Sain 45 cm. d.b.h. for better quality
areas and 40 cm. d.b.h. for poor quality areas, Chhal 40 cm. d.b.h. Chil 60 cm. d.b.h. and all other
species 40 cm. d.b.h.
Mature groups of Sal were to be opened for obtaining regeneration. Such areas were to
be closed to grazing. Cutting back of malformed and suppressed advance growth was prescribed.
Cleaning in Chil regeneration was prescribed.
Results: Neither the sequence of fellings prescribed was followed nor the entire area
prescribed for felling was felled. Felled areas were not closed to grazing. Marking rules were not
followed properly. The result was the depletion of mature trees and lack of regeneration.
Considerable damage was done to the crop by indiscriminate lopping. Due to continued grazing,
new regeneration was not allowed to come up. There are Gujjar-paraos in these forests and these
Gujjars did considerable damage to trees in the paraos and adjoining areas.

The Protection Working Circle (26,986 Ha.); Forests having mixed miscellaneous Kokat
species with poor quality Sal and open blanks, steep and precipitous terrain were allotted to this
Working Circle. Some bamboo forests were also included in this Working Circle.
No commercial fellings were prescribed. Afforestation and soil conservation measures were
prescribed to be carried out. Bhabbar planting was also to be done. The area to be tackled
annually was prescribed as 1010 ha. This was very small keeping in view the total area of 26,986
ha. of the Working Circle.
Results: Against the prescribed area of 1010 ha. during the working plan period, 1711 ha. area
was closed and soil conservation measures were carried out. Forests closed were Mandpa,
Haripur, Lohgarh, Shishamwala. Thaska, Saketi, Trilokpur, Gumti Sambhalwa, Paniwali,

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Rampur Gainda, Anderi, Gurdwara, Sangholi and Todderpur, Parts of these forests were closed.
The vegetation improved. Bhabber grass planting was successful. Natural regeneration of other
species, especially Khair came up. Fencing of the closed area was done by thorny bushes. Closure
was not very effective but still there was improvement in the vegetation. Since the extent of area
treated was very small, (not even 0.5% of the total area), the results of working were not very
prominently visible. There were forest fires which further reduced this impact. Most of the areas
treated were along Haryana border and subjected to heavy illicit grazing.

The Plantation Working Circle :(2,981 ha.): Existing plantations of Ban and Deodar, riverain
areas and grass lands with scanty trees growth were allotted to this Working Circle. 40 ha. area
was prescribed to be planted annually. Deodar, walnut, Simbal, Khair, Shisham, Ailanthus, Chil,
Kikkar, Willows, Tun and Mulberry were to be raised in sites suited to these species.
Result: Plantations were carried in a total area of 162 ha. Nothing was carried out in Deodar
plantation. With the closure, natural regeneration also came in. Plantations carried out were
encouraging although the closures were not very effective. Plantations were attempted in Giri,
Rampur Beli, Yamuna and Jamotwa, Rajpur, Naurangabad and Gorakhpur. Plantations of Giri,
Rampur Beli and Yamuna which form the beds of Giri and Yamuna were damaged by floods
grazing and lopping.
Special works of improvement Undertaken.
(a) Roads: Following roads and paths were constructed during the period of this plan:

(I) Rajban-Mehrar motorable road 25.3 Km.

(ii) Mehrar-Rama motorable road 7.8 Km.
(iii) Surajpur-Simbalbara motorable road 11.00 Km.
(iv) Khadar-Ka-Bagh to Bikrambagh 6.9 Km.
(v) Dunga Forest to Jalmusa Forests motorable road. 10.4 Km.
(vi) Dhaula Kuan to Birla Jeepable Road 21.4 Km.
(vii) Bikrambabh-Singoli inspection path 12.00 Km.

(b) Buildings: Following buildings were constructed during the working plan period.
i) DFO Residence Nahan
ii) Range Quarters Paonta Sahib and Nahan
iii) Forest Rest House/Inspection huts. Bhagani, Simbalbara, Trilokpur and Khara.
iv) Forester Quarters Majra, Nahan and Paonta Sahib

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v) F.G.Huts Danda,Tibri, Kotri, Khodri, Majri, Majra, Kilour
vi) Labour/Mali huts Kandon, Simbalbara, Dhudla.
vii) Clerk quarters 4 Nos. Nahan
viii) Peon Quarters 2 Nos. Nahan

During this period quite a large number of useful buildings were added at a total cost of
Rs. 2,37,305/-
(c) Demarcation: Demarcation of forests was carried out and the old iron pillars were
replaced by masonary boundary pillars. 9,631 pillars were constructed at a total cost of Rs.
1,10,536/-. The entire work of demarcation and construction of boundary pillars was not
completed.
(d) Fires and fire line : No new fire lines were laid. 2,388 ha. area was burnt in 16 fires
during the plan period.
(e) Grazing: Grazing incidence increased due to the increase in cattle population. Migratory
graziers of sheep and goats did illicit grazing in Govt. Forests and damaged the trees by lopping.
(f) Resin tapping: Resin was extracted from the forests as per past practice.
(g) Bamboo Park: Bamboo park were established at Ramuwala, Dhudla and Simbalbara.
Bamboo did well only in Dhudla and some remnants are visible. Bamboos have failed in
Ramuwala and Simbalbara.

11.6 Period from 1963 to 1968: Sharma and Tikku Plan expired in 1963 and Arya’s plan was
operative from 1968. During this period felling program were framed by Conservator of Forests,
Nahan and approved by the Chief Conservator of Forests, Himachal Pradesh. Allotment
remained the same as in Sharma and Tikku Working plan. The prescriptions were also the same.
The result of working were the same as described in proceeding paras while discussing the result
of past management under Sharma and Tikku Plan. The only additional feature was the felling
for eucalyptus plantations.

Eucalyptus Plantations: During III Five Year Plan lot of emphasis was laid on Industrial
plantation. Under this crash program total area of 2163 ha. in Sal belt and in the miscellaneous
forests (leaving some standards) was felled during 1963-64 to 1967-68 and was planted with
Eucalyptus, (mostly Mysore hybrid). The species was later identified as Eucalyptus tereticornis.
The breakup of this area falling in each Working Circle is as under:

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 Sal Conversion Working Circle 353 ha.
Selection Working Circle 731 ha.
Protection Working Circle 820 ha.
Plantation Working Circle 261 ha.
Total 2165 ha.

Results: Eucalyptus planted in localities with deep soil and good moisture regime grew
very well but it failed in sloping land with poor soil. Further planting of eucalyptus was stopped
keeping in view its poor performance of growth.

11.7 Arya’s Working Plan (April, 1968 to March 1978): Shri S.R. Arya revised the working
plan for Nahan Forest Division and his working plan was for a period of 10 years from April,
1968 to March, 1978.

The General objects of management were:

i) To preserve and improve the vegetational cover all over especially on the Siwaliks
and thereby check soil erosion and conserve the moisture.
ii) To cover the blank hill sides with tree, cover and replace the inferior miscellaneous
patches with suitable and more economic plantation preferably of fast-growing pulp
wood species.
iii) To arrest erosion by afforestation and other soil conservation measures.
iv) To meet the legitimate and bonafide requirements of the local population, of timber,
fuel wood, grazing, fodder and other forest produce and fuel requirement of Nahan
and Paonta Sahib.
v) To attain, as far as practicable, normal forest and normal regeneration in due course
of time.
vi) Consistent with the above, to obtain maximum annual yield in perpetuity, of various
forests products timber fuel-wood, bhabbar grass and bamboo etc.

With these objects of management in view, he constituted the following working circles:

a) Sal conversion Working Circle 10866 ha.

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 b) The Selection Working Circle 21780 ha.
c) The Protection Working Circle 28104 ha.
d) The Plantation (over lapping) 4109 ha.
e) The Bamboo (over lapping) Working Circle 2000 ha.
The result of management of the forests allotted to different Working Circles is discussed herein
after:
The Sal conversion Working Circle (10866 ha.) All forests containing almost pure Sal and
situated on gentle slopes were allotted to this Working Circle. The system of management
adopted was Modified Uniform System for converting the existing irregular crop into a more or
less uniform crop. Rotation period of 125 years was adopted. Area was divided into 5 P.B’s;
The entire growing stock of this Working Circle was enumerated into different dia classes
down to 10 cm d.b.h. for Sal, Sain and other species grouped as Kokat.

P.B.I. : An area of 2067 ha. was allotted to P.B.I. Yield from P.B.I. was calculated by (i) C.A.I.,
(ii) Haufnagale formula. However, while carrying out these calculations, the volume was divided
by half the rotation period, where as it should have been divided by the regeneration period. The
total yield fixed was 3000 cum for Sal and Sain. This mistake was not detected till last 2 years
of the plan. There were specific instructions in the plan to carry out subsidiary silvicultural
operations. These were badly ignored. The result was the lack of regeneration and protection,
where ever existed as observed by Sh. Chauhan in his plan, the result were not satisfactory
because markings could not be done as per rules because yield fixed was on lower side and also
because subsidiary silvicultural operations were not carried out as prescribed. The detail of P.B.I.
areas felled and the yield position compared with the prescribed yield is given below: -

Financial Forest Forest Volume Actual Annual Deviation

year prescribed actually felled prescribed volume deviation
for for felling felled (in (in cum)
(in cum) cum)

1968-69 Lai(c) Lai(c) 3000 2888.87 (-) 111.13 (-) 111.13

1969-70 Lai(a) Lai(a) 3000 1800.71 (-) 1199.29 (-) 1310.42

1970-71 Danda- Rajban(b) 3000 3789.49 (+) 789.49 (-) 520.92

Amboya (b)
Rajban (b)

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 1971-72 Garhi Rajban (Road 3000 2012.53 (-) 987.47 (-) 1508.39
&
Transmission
line.)

1972-73 Bias(b) & Garhi 3000 5340.03 (+) 2340.03 (+) 831.63
Lai(b)

1973-74 Naurangabad Danda- 3000 2913.96 (-) 86.06 (+) 745.59

(b) & (c) Amboya (b)

1974-75 Garhiwala Garhi & 3000 2065.15 (-) 934.85 (-) 189.24
Naurangabad
(a)

1975-76 Danda- Gorakhpur (b) 3000 8440.20 (+) 5440.22 (+) 5250.98
Amboya (c)
&
Sukhimelion
(a)

1976-77 Lai(d) & Gorakhpur (b) 3000 9506 (+) 6506 (+) 1756.98
Bias(c)

1977-78 Rajban(a) & Sukhimelion 3000 2961.56 (-) 38.44 (+) 11718.5
Lai (c) (a) Lai(a),(c) &
Munkundion (e) Rajban (a)
and & (b)
Naurangabad
(a)

TREATMENT OF P.B. II. AREAS: A total area of 2269 ha. was allotted to P.B.II. The canopy
of the most of the forests allotted to this P.B. was open. Definite marking rules provided to
marking of dead, dying and diseased trees, C/D grade thinning in young crop and very
conservative marking in nallahs and tappars was prescribed. Yield was to be regulated by area
and a definite sequence was to be followed. No control of yield by volume in this P.B. was
prescribed. Subsidiary Silvicultural operations as prescribed for P.B.I. were also prescribed for
P.B.II. The following table gives the detail of the area prescribed and felled year wise:

Year Forest Prescribed for felling Forest actually felled Volume

Name of Forest Area(ha.) Name of Forest Area(ha.) (in cum)

1968-69 Dhandla (a) 168 Dhandla 168 2414.10

1969-70 Darranwala 181 Darranwala 181 1837.76

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 1970-71 Kukron & Tokion 281 Kukron & Tokion. 281 2018.30

1971-72 Dhandla (b) 285 Dhandla (b) 285 1085.92

1972-73 Khara (a) 57 Khara 57 616.23

1973-74 Khararu (c) 218 Khararu (c) & 218 14181.6

Dhandla (b)
285

1974-75 Danda Amboya (a) 281 Sainwala 129 989.24

1975-76 DandaAmboya (d) 139 Danda 139 526.92

Amboya(d)

1976-77 Kandhela(a) 364 - - -

1977-78 Sudowala (a) & 285 Danda 436 1837.86

Banswali (a) Amboya(b)
Banswali(a)
Lai(b)
Naurangabad (a)

The average annual volume felled of trees more than 30cm.d.b.h. works out to 1312 cum.
It seems neither the marking rules were strictly followed nor the subsidiary silvicultural
operations were carried out. The natural regeneration of Sal did not progress satisfactorily and
the overall result was depletion of growing stock and lack of regeneration.

TREATMENT OF P.B. INTER AREAS: Area with the middle-aged crop was allotted to this
P.B. Thinning-cum-improvement fellings were prescribed. Definite sequence of felling was
given in the working plan. Yield was to be regulated by area and no volume control was
prescribed. All dead, dying and diseased trees were to be marked for felling. Light crown thinning
in congested groups was provided. Over mature trees were to be marked for felling. Subsidiary
silvicultural operations like climber cutting were to be done in the year following the felling. The
following gives the statement of areas prescribed for felling alongwith actually felled areas and
volume of trees over 30 cm. d.b.h. marked for fellings:

Year Forest prescribed for felling Forest actually felled

Volume of
trees over 30
Name of Forest Area in Name of Forest Area in cm. d.b.h.
Ha. ha. marked for
felling (in cum)

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 1968-69 Gorakhpur(d) 445 Gorakhpur(d) 445 2133.75
Jammukhala and Jammukhala
Mehrar (b) and Mehrar (b)

1969-70 Chandpur (a) 392 Chandpur (a) 392 2260.4

1970-71 Gorakhpur (c) 281 Gorakhpur(c) 131 693.40

1971-72 Ganyoni(a) 218 1201.92

1972-73 Ganyoni(a) (Part) & 576 129.23

Gullarwala.

1973-74 Dunga & Majri (a) 521 687.28

1974-75 Jhara (a) & (b) 558 676.31

Parduni(c)

1975-76 Jhara (c) Mehruwala(d). 492 287.45

Chandpur(b)

1976-77 Mehruwala(a) & (b) 331 918

Khararu(a)

1977-78 Kolar-Karondewali, 505 2795.83

Sudanwala(b),
Uttamwala-Baraban.

In general, the crop was already open and there was hardly any need to carry out thinning.
Markings in the areas of this P.B. were generally left to lower subordinate like Block officer
which could not properly enforce the marking rules and the net result was depletion of growing
stock without any appreciable improvement of the remaining crop.

Treatment of P.B.V. Areas: In this P.B. a total area of 1783 ha. was allotted. A definite
sequence of felling was prescribed. Yield was to be regulated by area but it was indicated that
about nine hundred cubic meter will be available per annum for removal. All the trees above 20
cm. d.b.h. were to count towards the yield. It was prescribed that all trees above 40 cm. d.b.h.
will be marked for felling unless these are needed for protection of soil. Standing single trees of
30 to 40 cm. d.b.h. over established regeneration were also to be marked for felling. Dead dying
trees were to be removed. Congested young regeneration was to be thinned. Climber cutting was
also to be done.

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 Subsidiary Silviculture Operations like climber cutting, felling of marked unfelled trees,
cutting back of damaged poles and saplings, bush cutting etc. were to be carried out. Following
table gives the data regarding the area prescribed for felling and actually felled.

Year Forest Prescribed for Areas actually felled Vol. Marked

felling felled (in cum.)

Name of forest Area in Name of forest Area in

ha. ha.

1968-69 Gorakhpur(a) 55 Gorakhpur (a) 55 1563

1969-70 Jamniwala(a) 234 Jamniwala (b) 234 4245

1970-71 Kukron(a)(part) 137 Kukron(a)(Part) 137 300

1971-72 Kukron(a)(part) 138 Kukron(a)(Part) 138 11648

1972-73 Kukron(b) 283 -- -- 53.91

1973-74 Jamotwa (a) 242 -- -- 3.68

1974-75 Gorakhpur(b) 143 -- -- 387.10

1975-76 Jamniwala(c) 236 -- -- 52.74

1976-77 Jamniwala(a) 176 -- -- 502.16

1977-78 Gorakhpur(e) 139 -- -- 2022.48

Against the anticipated annual yield of 900 cum the actual average annual removal was
1078 cum. In general the P.B.V. areas contain well stocked forests with adequate regeneration in
sapling and pole stages. These forests contain middle aged trees in quite big proportion, the
removal of which would have lead to more fellings than prescribed viz. 900 cum annually. These
forests (regenerated fully) give the appearance of irregular forests and the object of converting
these forests into uniform crop was not achieved even partially.
Results:- The result of working have briefly been indicated above in respect of each P.B.
The overall results was improper marking without following the marking rules, subsidiary
silvicultural operations were not carried out leading to lack of regeneration.

Selection Working Circle (21780 ha.) : All Sal forests which were not considered suitable for
conversion into uniform and mixed forests with good proportion of Sal were allotted to this
working circle. Areas with Chil as main crop were also allotted to this Working Circle. The
objects of management were (i) To improve and increase the growing stock (ii) To nurse the

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young crop (iii) To meet the requirements of local people for timber, fuel, fodder etc. (iv) To
obtain progressively increasing yield. Enumeration of the entire growing stock in 10cm diameter
classes upto 10 cm. dbh was done. The forests were prescribed to be worked under selection
system with thinning in groups of young crop. Exploitable dia for Sal, Sain, Shisham was fixed
at 40 cm. and that for Chil as 60 cm. dbh for Khair 30 cm., and for all other species as 40 cm.
d.b.h. 10 year felling cycle was fixed. Annual coupes for felling were prescribed. The entire area
was to be gone over in 10 years. Some suggestions to restrict grazing and enforcement of lopping
rules were incorporated in the plan, but they could not be followed in letter and spirit. Resin
tapping in the Chil forest continued.
Result: There was no prescription for regeneration in this Working Circle. Natural regeneration
was deficient due to excessive biotic pressure. Fellings led to depletion of growing stock. In
general the forests were badly neglected. Standard of resin tapping was poor and very deep
channels were made leading to uprooting and death of trees.

Protection Working Circle 28104 ha.: All mixed miscellaneous type of forests were allotted to
this Working Circle. The objects of management were (i) To improve the vegetation cover (ii)
To carry out sowings and planting (iii) To check soil erosion and conserve moisture (iv) To
conserve and improve bhabbar grass (v) To raise Chil and deodar in blank areas of Kamraoo-
Bharlidhar. The total area allotted to this Working Circle was 28104 ha. No enumerations were
done. No fellings were prescribed. Treatment of soil conservation and planting was suggested.
Results: Small patches were treated and planted. Due to continuous grazing and lopping by local
people” gujjars and illicit grazing by migratory graziers, the conditions of these forests
deteriorated. Planting activity was negligible. About 42% of the area was not even touched.

Plantation Working Circle (4109 ha. ):, Forests allotted to this Working Circle overlapped with
the areas of Sal conversion, Selection and Protection Working Circles.
New Plantations: About 3514 ha. area was taken under plantations in different forests from
1968-69 to 1977-78. Annual target of 50 ha. Planting was fixed. Areas to be planted in different
years were prescribed.
Results: Eucalyptus plantations were not attended to. The success of planting in other areas
planted was very good. Flood in Giri and Yamuna damaged the plantation in R.F’s, Giri,
Yamuna, Konchbeli and Rampurbeli.

Special works of Improvement Undertaken: During the period from 1968-69 to 1977-78
following special works of improvement were undertaken:

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 (a) Roads : Following roads were constructed:
Year of Name of Road Type Length Cost (Rs.)
Construction (kms.)
1969-70 Approach road to Forest colony Jeepable 0.16 7000
at Nahan.
1973-76 Through Danda-Amboya P.B.II Jeepable 0.372 416.93
Forest.

(b) Buildings: Followings were constructed during the plan period

Year of Name of Building Range Place Cost (Rs.)

Construction
1969-70 Forest Check Post Bhagani Sataun 4167.10
One Double storey clerk Nahan Nahan 30000.00
Quarter
1970-71 Two Class IV Quarters Nahan Nahan 25620.00
Two Double Storey Clerk Nahan Nahan 4380.00
Quarters
1973-74 Two Double Storey Clerk Nahan Nahan 40000.00
Quarter
Two Chowkidar Quarters Paonta Sahib Mantaruwala 17300.00
Two Forest Guard Huts Paonta Sahib Mantaruwala 23500.00
1974-75 One Depot Office Paonta Sahib Mantaruwala 18300.00
1976-77 One Library room in CF Nahan Nahan 5570.00
Office.
One Labour Hut Bhagani Salwala 5369.53
One Labour Hut Bhagani Rajpur 12454.91
Two Forest Guard Huts Paonta Sahib Mantaruwala 29999.90
1977-78 One Seed Store Nahan Rama 8500.89
One Seed Store Majra Haripur 9499.11
One Seed Store Bhagani Bhagani 8603-41
One Seed Store Paonta Sahib Kansar 9400.03
W.P.O. Nahan Nahan Nahan 5125.54

(c) Demarcation: During this period the detail of boundary pillars constructed are
given below with expenditure.

Year of Construction Number of boundary Pillar Cost (Rs.)

1976-77 117 2455.84

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 1977-78 130 2126.25

(d) Fires and Fire-lines: No new fire lines were laid. Existing one were maintained. Number of
accidental fires and the area burnt year wise is given below:

Year No. of fires Area burnt by fires (in Percentage of total area
ha.) burnt.

1968-69 7 93 0.1

1969-70 40 8448 12.6

1970-71 54 4486 6.7

1971-72 7 242 0.4

1972-73 92 4910 7.3

1973-74 28 964 1.4

1974-75 45 4671 7.0

1975-76 33 1750 2.6

1976-77 13 620 0.9

1977-78 17 454 0.7

Annual 34 2665 3.9

(e) Resin Tapping: Resin tapping continued in pre-dominantly Chil forests. The general
standard of resin tapping deteriorated and oversized blazes were made than prescribed. Number
of blazes tapped year-wise are given below:

Year Number of Blazes

1968-69 N.A.
1969-70 36912
1970-71 36015
1971-72 38483
1972-73 35486
1973-74 35634
1974-75 46752
1975-76 46752
1976-77 47502

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 1977-78 39540

(f) Grazing and Lopping: The problem of grazing and lopping by local people and also
migratory shepherds and gujjars continued. There was general deterioration of the growing stock
because of these two inimical factors. The cattle population kept by local People continued to
increase.
(g) Nautors and encroachments: Some Nautors to landless people have been allowed even
in Reserve Forests. There are quite large number of cases of encroachments in government forests
especially near cultivation/habitation. Gujjars have illegally encroachments upon and are
cultivation forest areas in Kukron forests.
(h) Timber and Other produce for concessionists: During this period liberal grant of
trees to concessionists were made. This leads to deterioration/decrease of good quality trees. Un-
prescribed and un-silvicultural fellings leading to reduction of better-quality trees.
(i) Khair and its yield: The annual yield of Khair was fixed as 420 trees of 30 cm. d.b.h.
and over Marking rules were prescribed and annual coupes were also fixed. No subsidiary
silvicultural operations were anticipated.
(j) Only few forests containing Khair trees were prescribed for working. Other areas where
Khair was found scattered were not prescribed. No planting of Khair was prescribed. Mostly over
mature trees were felled. In general, there was depletion of mature trees and rotting/deterioration
in areas like Haripur. Lohgarh, which were not prescribed for felling.
(k) Management of Wild life: Management of wild was discussed and described in one
complete chapter in Arya’s plan. Practically nothing was done to implement the suggestions. In
general, the conditions of wild life deteriorated.
(l) Soil Conservation and Water-Shed Management: Although broad principles for soil
conservation and water shed management were given in Arya’s Plan but no specific programme
of areas to be tackled yearly was given. Soil conservation operations were carried out subject to
availability of funds. Due to neglect of miscellaneous scrub forests, deterioration of vegetative
cover and excessive grazing, the soil erosion was accelerated.

11.8 Period from 1978 to 1982 : Aray’s plan expired during 1977-78. Chauhan’s plan was
prepared and made operative from 1982-83 onwards for a period of 10 years. The intervening
gap of 4 years from 1978-79 to 1981-82 was covered by prescription given in Arya’s plan. The
result of working were the same as described in the preceding paras while discussing the result
of Past management under Arya’s plan. One of the additional features was that at the beginning

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of Chauhan’s Plan, actual removals were much in excess than the prescribed yield with the only
exception being the removals carried out in P.B.II The condition of regeneration and the crop
remained much the same as described in the analysis of Arya’s Plan. The growing stock
continued to deplete. There were heavy pressures on forests.

11.9 B.S. Chauhan’s Plan (1982-92): This plan was for a period of ten years beginning from
1982-83. However, the approved working plan was available only in 1992, i.e. after the expiry
of the plan period Late approval of working plan created a lot of confusion in the working of
forests. The copy of the draft working plan available in the forest divisions prescribed following
Working Circles in the plan:

i) Sal Conversion Working Circle.

ii) Coppice Working Circle.
iii) Protection-cum-afforestation Working Circle.
iv) Chil Working Circle.
v) Eucalyptus (O.L.) Working Circle
The forests were to be worked in accordance with the prescriptions of the draft plan. However,
the approved plan actually has the following Working Circles:
i) Sal conversion Working Circle.
ii) Protection-cum-afforestation Working Circle.
iii) Chil Working Circle.
iv) Eucalyptus (O.L.) Working Circle.
v) Bamboo (O.L.) Working Circle.
Thus, the forests coming under, “Coppice Working Circle”, as shown in the draft plan, were
finally allotted to “Protection-cum-afforestation Working Circle” in the approved plan. Although
some of these forests were actually worked as coppice lots in accordance with the prescriptions
of draft plan. However, the results of these workings were highly discouraging. Not even a single
forest worked under coppice has regenerated fully. The main reason for this sorry state is the
total neglect of subsidiary operations. No felled area was fenced properly. This resulted in heavy
grazing in these areas and consequently no regeneration could come up. At present these areas
give a very eroded look. The control forms for the years 1982-92 were also approved in
accordance with provisions/guidelines contained in the draft plan. Even the “Preliminary
working plan report” for the revision of the Chauhan’s Plan was approved as per the prescriptions

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of the draft plan. All this happened due to the late approval of the working plan and late receipt
of the approved plan.

Sal Conversion Working Circle: (18298.89 ha.)

All pure Sal forests of comparatively good quality, growing in flat lands and
gentle slopes were allotted to this Working Circle. Some of the Sal forests allotted to Selection
Working Circle in Arya’s plan, were also allotted to this Working Circle. The main criteria of
allotment were that the forests contained mostly pure Sal crop and the conditions being such that
natural regeneration of Sal could be obtained. The main object of constituting this Working Circle
was to convert the existing irregular crop into more or less uniform crop. Only one felling series
was formed. Five periodic blocks were constituted, namely P.B.I., P.B.II., P.B. un-allotted and
P.B.V. P.B. un-allotted actual actually covered areas of P.B.II & P.B. IV. Rotation and
conversion period of 125 years was adopted with regeneration period of 25 years. The
silvicultural system adopted was “Uniform system with fixed periodic blocks”. No enumerations
were carried out in this plan.

Treatment of P.B.I. areas: An area of 2808.91 ha. was allotted to this P.B. The main criteria of
allotment were the presence of adequate regeneration which required opening of over-wood and
cutting back of the regeneration for its further uniform growth. Most of these areas were
reasonably well stocked. For the calculation of yield, Arya’s plan data and P.I.S. data was used.
This was certainly a lapse in the Chauhan’s plan, as no enumerations were carried out at all.
Using of old data, led to over estimation of yield. Yield for Sal was calculated on the basis of (i)
Von Montel’s formula, (ii) C.A.I., (iii) Howards formula, (iv) Hufnagles formula, using the
growing stock figures of the entire Working Circle. Finally, the yield figure for the entire
Working Circle, as worked out by Hufnagles formula, was adopted. This worked out to be 40310
cum. However, this was reduced to 35000 cum due to the fact that the forests were not fully
stocked. Yield for Sain and other species in the entire Working Circle was worked out to be 6,000
cum, by using Von Montal’s formula. Thus, the ANNUAL YIELD for the entire Sal Conversion
Working Circle was fixed as 41,000 cum for Sal, Sain and other species. The prescribed yield
for this Working Circle, suddenly increased from 3000 cum per annum as prescribed in Arya’s
plan to 41,000 cum per annum in Chauhan’s Plan. Though the yield calculations were correct but
perhaps the biggest folly was using the old data of Arya’s plan and not calculating the volume

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actually available for removal from P.B.I. As no definite yield was prescribed from any other
periodic block, practically the entire yield was to be had from P.B.I. only. But, before prescribing
and fixing the annual yield, it should have been checked from the available data, whether this
much of volume was actually available for removal in the forests allotted to P.B.I. or otherwise.
However, this was never done. Although, the yield figures were sub-satiated by the actual
removals done in the following couple of years, but this was not an acceptable check, as the areas
felled were not necessarily representative areas. This led to an overestimation of yield, as would
be evident from the results of working. Although the overall yield of the Working Circle was
fixed as 41,000 cum, the annual yield prescribed from P.B.I. areas was, Sal 19,000 cum, Sain
1000 cum and Kokat 2000 cum, i.e. total 22,000 cum. However, it was proposed as 25,550 cum
for P.B.I. in the draft plan. Now this was again an incorrect prescription. As no definite yield was
prescribed from any other P.B., the yield prescribed for P.B.I. should have been equal to the total
yield prescribed for the entire Working Circle. But actually, these were two largely different
figures. In fact, since no definite yield was prescribed from any other P.B. except for P.B.I, the
volume available for removal annually in P.B.I, should have been prescribed as the annual yield
for P.B.I. as well as the entire Working Circle. This would have given a realistic yield figure.
However, this was not done and with the result, annual yield estimation was quite off the mark.
The annual coupe to be felled in P.B.I. areas was fixed as 112 ha. (approx.). The balance volume
was to be felled from other P.B.’s although no definite yield was suggested from other P.B.’s.
The details of P.B.I. areas felled and volume extracted is produced below:

Year of Forest due for felling Forest actually felled Yield Actual Vol-
felling prescribe felled (cum)
d (cum)
1982-83 R.F. Mehruwala C4, RF RF. Jamotwa C1, 22000 15350.29
Jamotwa C1, RF. Lai C23,
RF Garhi C4, RF Garhi C4,
1983-84 RF. Danda Amboya C7, RF. Jamanwali C4, 7542.48
RF. Lai C14, RF. Lai C14,
RF. Jamanwali C4
1984-85 RF. Danda/Amboya RF. Ganyoni C2, 8957.64
C10, RF Sukhimelion C2,
RF. Ganyoni C2,
RF Sukhimelion C2,
1985-86 RF. Danda/Amboya C4, RF. Danda/Amboya C4, 6830.61
RF. Malgi C25 , RF. Garhi-Banswali C1,
RF. Garhi-Banswali C1,
RF. Uttamwala C2.
1986-87 RF. Kandela C1, RF. Kandela C1, 20878.84

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 RF. Pipalwali C3. RF. Pipalwali C3.
1987-88 RF. D/Amboya C12 -Nil- -Nil-
RF. Malgi C27.
RF. Kiyarda C4.
1988-89 RF. Kandela C4, -Nil- -Nil-
RF. Garibnath C18,
RF. Lai C32,
RF. Katapathar C3
RF. Mastali C5.
1989-90 RF. Gorakhpur C18, -Nil- -Nil-
RF. Jamniwala C1,
RF. Lai C20,
1990-91 RF. Jamotwa C4, -Nil- -Nil-
RF. Jamniwala C1,
RF. Lai C20,
1991-92 RF. D/Amboya C2, -Nil- -Nil-
RF. Kukron C10,
RF. Badighati C3,
RF. Sainwala C1,

A quick glance of the above table reveals that the forests were not worked in accordance with the
prescriptions. Moreover, the volume available for removal was no where near the prescribed
yield. No working of green lots was done after 1986-87. In any case, the total yield of 41,000
cum from the entire Working Circle, and that of 22,000 cum from P.B.I. was never to be reached
(as would be evident from discussions done in the coming paras, as no felling was to be done
from other P.B’s except P.B.I. and P.B.V.
There were specific provisions for executing fellings, and subsidiary silvicultural operations such
as period of felling, debris removal, fencing, climber cutting, shrub cutting, thinning and lopping
of inferior Kokat, thinning of coppice shoots in 2 nd year etc. All these operations were badly
ignored.
Result: The forests were never worked in accordance with the prescriptions of the plan. In fact,
no area was felled after 1986-87. Subsidiary silvicultural operations were badly ignored. The
removals were much below the prescribed yield mainly due to restrictive fellings and quantum
increase in the prescribed yield. In fact, there was a deficit in removals equivalent to 357782.78
cum, till the end of 1991-92, in the yield position, as shown in the control forms for P.B.I.
removals. With the result the regeneration suffered badly. The forests under regeneration became
very congested and could not put on the required growth. Over all, in some forests the crop has
degraded due to excessive biotic pressures as already mentioned in the respective compartment
history files. However, the regeneration was satisfactory in the areas felled except forests like

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Kandela C1 & Danda-Amboya C4. The failure in these forests was mainly due to ineffective
protection and heavy biotic interference and lack of subsidiary silvicultural operations.
Treatment of P.B. II. Areas: An area of 4170.56 ha. was allotted to P.B.II. The areas bearing
open crop of over mature and/or middle-aged trees were allotted to this Working Circle. The idea
was to close the areas to induce regeneration and stock the under stocked forests. It was presumed
that since the regeneration of Sal takes a long time, it would be in the fitness of things to undertake
the regeneration operation in P.B.II areas. Approximately half of the area under P.B.II was to be
fenced during the plan period to induce regeneration. A definite sequence of closure was
suggested. However, this was never followed. Moreover, this was not a very sound idea as this
was practically not possible to close areas for a very long period due to heavy biotic pressures.
No fellings were prescribed in this periodic block. Fencing, bush cuttings, thinning of Kokat,
climber cutting etc. were supposed to be done. However, all these operations were badly ignored.
Result: Closures of P.B.II areas were carried out in some areas to induce regeneration, as
prescribed in the plan, but, that was not very effective due to insufficient post care by the staff.
Subsidiary silvicultural operations were badly ignored. As the areas allotted to this P.B. were
already quite open they further deteriorated. Regeneration could never be induced and the very
basic objective was not even partially achieved. Some forests became degraded due to excessive
biotic interference, as already detailed in the compartment history files.
Treatment of P.B. Un-allotted: The area allotted to this periodic block was 10774.30 ha. Most
of the forests allotted to this Working Circle contained well stocked middle aged to young crop.
No felling were prescribed. Thinning were not prescribed either. Felling of trees to meet the
requirement of right holders, was to be done from this P.B. Gab planting was also suggested and
prescribed.
Result: Since there were no specific prescriptions, nothing was done either. T.D. was given quite
liberally from this P.B. Gap planting was done wherever possible. However, the results were not
very encouraging. One very unusual and unwarranted fact was that Khair was planted in such
gaps. This changed the entire composition of the crop.
Treatment of P.B. V: An area of 545.12 ha. was allotted to this P.B. It comprised of the forests
that were felled during the years 1975-76 to 1981-82. Many of these areas were not yet fully
regenerated but were still taken to this block. The earliest felled area allotted to this P.B. was
felled in 1975-76 and the final felling of this area was proposed in 1985-86 depending upon the
progress of the crop. Final felling was to be done in areas where the Sal regeneration was well
stocked and had attained a height of 6 meters. There was again a confusion in regard to sequence
of felling in this periodic Block in draft plan vis-a-vis approved plan. The draft plan contained a

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definite sequence of felling, whereas, no such sequence figured in the approved plan. The
selection of the annual felling coupe was left to the discretion of the Divisional Forest Officer.
In any case, final felling was never done in any of the areas.
Result: Almost nothing was done in the areas allotted to P.B.V. No final felling was carried out.
Thinning, bush cutting, climber cutting was neither prescribed in the approved plan nor done.
This resulted in poor progress of regeneration. It remained suppressed, unhealthy and branchy.
Multiple coppice shoots were never singled out. The regeneration was present both in
unestablished sapling stage and also in established pole stage. The thick bushy growth prevented
the regeneration from attaining the required growth.

Result of Sal Conversion Working Circle: The results of working in each P.B. has been
discussed separately. The overall result was improper working, ignoring of subsidiary
silvicultural operations, restrictions on green felling after 1986-87, variance in the prescriptions
of draft plan and that of approved plan, over prescription of yield. The overall yield of this
Working Circle was prescribed as 41,000 cum, which was a gross over estimation and it was
never achieved. All this led to lack of regeneration. Some damage was caused due to migratory
as well as local graziers.

Protection Cum Afforestation Working Circle (40925.17 ha.): All areas excluding areas
allotted to Sal Conversion Working Circle, Chil Working Circle and pockets of Eucalyptus
plantation, were allotted to this Working Circle. This included poor quality Sal forests which
were allotted to Selection Working Circle in Arya”s Plan. All miscellaneous scrub forests were
also included in this Working Circle. The total area of this Working Circle was 40,925.17 ha. out
of which about 27,612 ha. had moderately stocked miscellaneous broad leaved forests or
moderately stocked poor quality Sal forests. Actually this area was initially allotted to Coppice
Working Circle in the draft working plan and a definite yield by area (552 ha per annum) was
prescribed. A few forests had in fact been worked as coppice lots as prescribed in the sequence
of felling for coppice Working Circle in the draft plan. However, later on in the approved plan,
the entire area was put into protection cum Afforestation Working Circle. This was a serious
lapse and mistake which resulted due to late approval and receipt of the approved Chauhan’s
plan. In fact, a few good Sal forests of Paonta Sahib Range were also allotted to this Working
Circle, perhaps inadvertently. The main objectives of management of this Working Circle were
(i) Improvement of vegetative cover (ii) To maintain existing forests for aesthetic reasons (iii)

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To carry out planting of timber, fuel, fodder and other species (iv) To protect and introduce
bhabbar grass (v) To conserve soil and water by carrying out suitable measures.

No enumerations were carried out in this Working Circle. No felling were prescribed. Only Khair
was to be felled under miscellaneous regulations. Forests were to be protected against illicit
felling, grazing and lopping. Strict fire protection measures were suggested. Specific treatment
for closed areas was prescribed. Year-wise plantation program was given. Miscellaneous
regulations, e.g. planting, choice of species, bush cutting, period of closure etc. were suggested,
However, all this was badly ignored. Felling of Khair was carried out under special program
during: 1991-92 in R.F. Sunkron C-13,14, 15; R.F. Gharatwali C-3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 ; R.F.
Yamuna C-1,2 ; RF Khojjar C-7 ; R.F. Dhandla C-19,20, RF Mehruwala C-8, RF Dhandla C-11.
Results: There was a lot of variation in the prescription of the draft plan and approved plan.
There was a confusion in working as well. Although R.F. Dhandla C-11 & Danda-Amboya C-5
were felled during 1984-85 under coppice system but they should not have been felled because
coppice system was done away with in the approved plan. Although, these areas were felled as
coppice lots but no attention was given on subsidiary silvicultural operations for regenerating the
felled areas. With the result, the areas could not be regenerated effectively. There were heavy
biotic interference in these areas, which badly affected the regeneration. Other prescriptions were
also not followed strictly. Planting program was never adhered to. The forest were continuously
subjected to heavy biotic pressures. The new plantations were not very successful. Soil erosion
went on unabated. As a result, the forest continued to degrade and growing stock depleted. No
regeneration came up in the felled areas listed above, mainly due to ineffective and untimely
closure and heavy grazing, browsing and lopping.

Chil Working Circle :(1027.04 ha) :: Chauhan’s Plan included the Chil areas of Nahan and
Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionsin this Working Circle. Chil was however confined to kanser block
of Girinagar Range. The forests contained good quality Chil with poor stocking. The main object
of constituting this Working Circle was to improve the stocking of existing forests. Since the area
under Chil was limited, no regular working on the principles for Chil management was
prescribed. Salvage marking and markings of trees to meet the requirement of local right holders
was prescribed. Bi-Annual planting program in blanks was suggested. Resin tapping in
accordance with the Punjab forest leaflet no. 13 was to be carried out.
Results: Since no specific working prescriptions were given, nothing specific was carried out.
Planting programme was not followed. However certain areas were taken up for planting without

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any significant achievement. T.D. was also given from the forests. This resulted in depletion of
overall growing stock. Resin tapping was carried out in gross violation of the instructions on the
subject and deep channels were dug. Consequently, several trees got uprooted or died. In nutshell,
the basic objective of improving the stocking could not be achieved at all.

Eucalyptus (Over Lapping) Working Circle (727.62 ha): This Working Circle overlapped
the areas of Sal Conversion Working Circle and protection cum Afforestation Working Circle.
Eucalyptus was planted from 1964-65 to 1977-78. The main objectives of management include
(i) Felling of stagnating Eucalyptus plantations and the area be regenerated with coppice crop
and supplemented by planting fodder species. (ii) To fell Eucalyptus to meet the local
requirement of fuelwood and small timber.
No enumerations were carried out in this Working Circle. Specific marking rules were framed.
Specific subsidiary silvicultural operations such as bush cutting, fencing, singling of coppice
shoots in the 2nd year, planting of suitable species etc, were suggested. Miscellaneous regulations
were prescribed. It was provided that management of these areas should be reviewed after first
rotation of 10 years. (The entire area was to be felled in a period of 10 years.)
The details of areas prescribed for felling and the areas actually felled is given below:
Eucalyptus Working Circle (OL.)
Year of Forest due for (Area name) Forest Felled Approx. Actual
felling Area felling
prescribed felled
(ha) (Ha.)
1982-83 RF Dhandla C-9 RF Dhandla C-9 63 50.97
RF Dhandla C-10 RF Dhandla C-10
RF Garibnath C15, C17, C18 RF Jamnwali C1, C2,
RF. Jamanwali C1, C2, C4 C4.
RF. Tokion C3, C7. RF. Tokion C3, C7.
1983-84 RF. Khodri Majri C1&C2 RF. Khodri-Majri 63 58.56
RF. Khojjar C3 C1&C2
RF. Mehruwala C2 RF. Khojar C3
RF. Sainwala C1, C3, C4 RF. Sainwala C1, C3, C4
RF. Paniwali C3 & C4 RF. Paniwala C3 & C4
RF. E. Behron C1, C2 & C3 RF. E. Behron C1, C2 &
C3
1984-85 RF. Giri C1 & C2 RF. Giri C1 & C2 63 38.94
RF. Jamotwa C2 to C5 RF. Jamotwa C2 to C5
1985-86 RF. Chandpur C13 & C14 -Nil- 63 Nil
RF. S. Melion C1 & C2 RF. Bikarmbag C1
RF. Teeb C1 RF. Teeb C3
1986-87 RF. Janjli C5 RF. Mandapa C1 63 46.66
RF. Sataun C1 & C2

[188]
 RF. Badighati C3
RF. Mandapa C1
1987-88 RF. D/Amboya C4 & C18 RF Dandla C9 (Part) 63 10.40
RF. Kangniwala C2, C3, C4 RF D/Amboya C4 &
C18
1988-89 RF Yamuna C2 Nil 63
RF. Khararu C8, C9
RF. Kiyarda C1, C2, C4
RF Mahadav Ka khala C3,
C4, C6
RF. Bhrahmanwali C2, C3
RF. Kalabhood C3, C8 &
C10
1989-90 RF. Ghuttanpur C9 Nil 63 Nil
RF. Ambwali C2
RF. Gharatwali C5, C8, C9,
C12
RF. Sunkron C15, C16
RF. Mandapa C2
1990-91 RF. Haripur C10 Nil 63 Nil
RF. Banswali C1, C7
RF. BhagpurKotla C1
1991-92 RF. Lohgarh C19, C20, C32 Nil 63 Nil
RF. Bhabbarwali C1, C2
RF. Mandapa C4

Results: As is evident from the above table, no area was felled after 1987-88. Even before that,
areas were not felled strictly in accordance with the prescriptions. However, all the areas felled
have regenerated well with coppice crop which has almost reached pole stage. It is sad to point
out that no subsidiary silvicultural operations were carried out as per the provisions. Coppice
shoots were not signed out. The regeneration has not put up the desired growth. The crop has
become quite congested. There is a thick bushy growth of rohini, lantana, gurbheli etc. besides
the regeneration, which has hampered the growth of the crop. Thus, despite the fact that felled
areas have regenerated, the objectives of management were not achieved fully.
Special Works of improvement undertaken in Chauhan’s Plan: During the period from 1981-
82 to 1991-92, following special works of improvement were undertaken in Nahan and Paonta
Sahib Forest Divisions.
Buildings: Following buildings were constructed during the plan period. p166. rm90
Year Name of building Qty. Range Place Cost
Construction
1981-82 Seed Store Bhagani Bhagani Bhagani 3,5000
1982-83 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
1983-84 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

[189]
 1984-85 Fgd Hut 1 No. Paonta Sahib -- 54,000/-
Range-cum-Residence 1 No. Girinagar Girinagar 1,00,000/-

Total 2 No.
1985-86 Range-cum-Residence Girinagar Girinagar 80,000/-
1986-87 Fgd. Hut - 1 No. Bhagani Majri 64,098/-
1987-88 Log Hut 1 No. Bhagani Rajpur 1,20,000/-

----- 1 No. Paonta Sahib - 60,000/-

L/Hut 1 No. Girinagar Parduni 3,000/-
Total 3 Nos.
1988-89 Fgd. Hut 3 No. Paonta Sahib -- 2,10,000/-
Fgd. Hut 1 No. Girinagar Girinagar 60,000/-
Total 4 Nos.
1989-90 I/Hut Part- Rajpur 34,000/-
completion
Fgd. Hut Bhagani --- 70,000/-
Part-
completion
Paonta Sahib
1990-91 B.O. Qtr 1 No. Bhagani Majri 74,400/-
Part Completion
Bhagani
1991-92 B.O. Qtr Majri 34,885/-

I/Hut Rajpur 1,581/-

Fgd Hut 1 No. Girinagar K/Baila 1,00,000/-
Fgd Hut 1 No. Girinagar B/Baneri 1,00,000/-
Type i Qtr 2 No.
Typw ii Qtr 2 No.

(c) Demarcation: During the plan period, the following boundary pillars were constructed:
Year No. of B.P.’s Constructed Cost (Rs)
1981-82 -- ----
1982-83 257 9001.00
1983-84 150 5510.00
1984-85 35 1236.00
1985-86 73 1875.00
1986-87 29 1087.00
1987-88 356 15000.00
1988-89 11 600.00
1989-90 -- --
1990-91 -- --
1991-92 -- --

[190]
(d) Fires and fire lines: No new fire line was constructed during the plan period. However,
repairs were carried out on the existing fire lines. Number of fires and the area burnt has already
been given in chapter II.
(e) Resin Tapping: Resin was tapped in the Chil forests. However, it was not done according to
rules/guidelines, Deep channels were dug. Blazes were oversized. The general standard of
tapping deteriorated.
(f) Grazing and Lopping: This problem has assumed dangerous proportions in the recent years.
Grazing has been admitted in Faisla-e-Junglat, with some restriction but in practice no
regulations have been followed and it has almost gone out of control. Illicit grazing and lopping
is being done by local people, gujjars and migratory graziers. This has very adversely affected
the regeneration in forests. The quality of crop and its health has deteriorated in general, due to
heavy loping and grazing.
(g) Nautors and Encroachments: Nautors were allowed in the early eighties. However, no
nautors have been granted in the recent past. But the problem of encroachments has increased
manifold. There are large number encroachments on government forests. Gujjars and local
people have illegally encroached the forest areas. The process of eviction is very slow and
consequently the progress in this direction is very tardy.
(h) Timber and Other produce for right holders: T.D. has been sanctioned quite liberally
during the period. This has led to deterioration of forests, especially due to the fact that the best
free is removed while marking T.D. Principles of Silvicultural markings are hardly adhered to,
by the subordinate staff, while giving timber to the right holders. This has resulted in reduction
of better-quality trees.
(i) Management of Wild Life: This aspect has been totally neglected during the plan period.
There was no provision for management of wild life in the scheme and nothing was done.
Although, there is complete ban on shooting and hunting, there have been instances of poaching
and illegal hunting. In general, the condition of wild life has deteriorated due to negligence and
overall degradation of forests.

(j) Soil Conservation and Watershed Management: No specific mention of soil conservation
works is found in Chauhan’s Plan. However, it has been recommended that soil conservation
works should be carried out as and where required. Soil conservation works have been done in
different areas during the plan period.
However, much more is required to be done as the problem of soil erosion has increased almost
alarmingly.

[191]
(k) Khair Working: Khair is found scattered in the forests allotted to Protection cum
Afforestation Working Circle and also on the fringes of few areas felling in Sal Conversion
Working Circle. No enumerations were carried out in Chauhan’s plan. As no separate, compact
areas of Khair were available, no separate Working Circle was constituted for Khair working.
The exploitable size of Khair was fixed as 30 cm d.b.h. and the felling cycle was fixed as 10
years. No yield of Khair was prescribed. Specific marking rules were provided. Following felling
prgramme for Khair was in 1986-87 onward in Paonta Sahib Forest Division.
Year Range Forest Area
Bhagani Mehruwala, Rajpur, Dhandla, D/Amboya, Giri,
1986-87 Paonta Sahib Chhacheti, Sarah
Girinagar Barthal, Kando Baila, Kansar, Kando Barog,
Samon-Kanon

However, no working of Khair was done according to the prescriptions. During 1990-91
and 1991-92 green Khair was felled after taking special approval from the Government, for the
forests listed below.
-------------------------------------------Khair Green Lots -----------------------------------------------
Year Name of Forest Area Working Circle
1991-92 RF. Gharatwali C3
RF Sunkron C15
RF. Gharatwali C5, C6, C8, C9, Earlier coppice working
C10 circle but actually
RF. Yamuna C1 &C2 Protection working circle.
RF. Dhandla C11
RF. Mehruwala C1
RF. Khojjar C7
RF. Dhandla C19 & C20

1991-92 RF. Sunkron C13, C14 & C16 Protection cum afforest
RF. Gharatwali C7, C11 & C12 Working Circle.

It is evident that working was not done according to the prescriptions. Since subsidiary
silvicultural operations were not prescribed, nothing was done either. Planting of Khair was done
in some of the felled areas, but the success was poor to moderate. In general, there was a depletion
of growing stock.
Past Revenue and Expenditure: The following table gives the past revenue and expenditure for
the period 1981-82 to 1991-92 for Paonta Sahib Forest Division:

Financial Year Revenue (Rs.) Expenditure (Rs.)

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 --------------------------------Paonta Sahib Forest Division--------------------------------------------
-------
1984-85 8,12,807, +NA 33,53,788
1985-86 45,09,679, +NA 32,47,744
1986-87 4,00,325+NA 53,05,838
1987-88 2,07,923 62,49,240
1988-89 5,31,958 79,45,316
1989-90 2,43,530 84,14,720,
1990-91 3,06,446 1,00,55,441
1991-92 2,30,479* + 44,99,767# 1,35,56,997
1992-93 67,800* + 29,64,225# 1,84,19,627
1993-94 5,21,462* + 59,65,014# 1,21,03,469
1994-95 5,91,801* + 26,20,584# 1,19,40,627
1995-96 9,34,976* + 11,83,562# 1,48,19,049
1996-97 2,53,405* + 1,54,70,234# 2,01,40,997
1997-98 27,50,087* + 34,21,490# 1,57,08,090

NA- Not applicable/Available. Indicates the Miscellaneous revenue from sources like
compensation, T.D. rent of buildings.
II Indicates the revenue from Sale of trees to the H.P.S.F.C. Ltd.

The expenditure increased mainly due to rising costs and increased establishment, there was a
substantial decrease in the revenue because of the fact that almost no green markings were carried
out after mid-eighties.
Plantations: -Various plantations were raised in the tract. The list of plantations raised from
1979-80 onwards is appended as Appendix XII. Most of these plantations are a failure. This is
because of poor maintenance resulting in suppression of the young plants by heavy weed growth.
Frequent fires have also played havoc with the plantations.
Ban on green fellings: - It is to be noted here that there is practically a ban on felling of green
trees except for meetings right holder’s requirements since 1986.

11.10: Period from 1992-1998: - B.S Chauhan’s Working Plan expired in 1992 and Sh. Vineet
Kumar Plan was operative from 1998. Considering the ban on green felling no working was
undertaken in forests of this division.

11.11: Sh. Vineet Kumar Plan (1998-99 to 2012-13 and extended up to 2017-18)
This plan was for a period of 15 years beginning from 1998-99 to 2012-13 which was extended
up to 2017-18 and approved by MOEF&CC., The working plan prescribed following Working
Circles.

[193]
1. Sal Working Circle
2. Coppice Working Circle
3. Chil Working Circle
4. Protection-cum-Rehabilitation Working Circle
5. Eucalyptus (Overlapping) Working Circle
6. Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle
Sal Working Circle: - The poor Sal forests which were allotted in Chauhan’s Working Plan
under Protection-cum-afforestation Working Circle were also included in this Working Circle.
The Sal forests were bifurcated into two categories.
1) Type A: It included Sal Forest having predominant mature Sal trees. Coppice
regeneration was deficient.
2) Type B: It included the area where regeneration is mainly from Coppice and was
supplemented by artificial planting. All the areas not categorised type A were presumed as TYPE
B.
Complete enumeration have been carried out in PB 1 & PB 1V area. Growing stock in others
PB’s has been assessed randomly by sample technique. The class wise, forest wise, species wise,
details are given in CH files. The result indicates that, Sal constitute 69% by number and 84%
by volume. Sain come next as 4% & 8%, Kokat constitute 22% & 6% respectively.
Shelter wood system with fixed periodic block was adopted for this Working Circle. Preference
was given to regeneration with coppice origin in TYPE B forest and in Type A category areas
emphasis was given to regeneration of seed origin and artificial sowing /planting of Sal and its
associates.
The local species like Sain, Mulberry, Jamun were planted as per site quality, which were
desirable due to various reason. The proportion of Sal & other species was about 60 % & 40%.
The common associate species like Sandan, Arjun, Behra, Neem, Jamun etc. were also given
space.
The Working Circle was divided into 4 periodic blocks. P.B.I included areas having mature &
over mature over wood having some regeneration with low crown density. PB II areas included
supporting nearly mature over wood without regeneration or scanty regeneration. The PB III
included all others areas which were not included in any of the PB’s discussed as above. Forests
worked from 1975 to early 1980’s having established regeneration, have been allotted to P.B. IV.
This is the young P.B and includes area which have been converted into quasi-uniform crop. The
felling cycle was fixed as 30 years keeping in view the regeneration period of Sal. The rotation
was fixed as 120 years. Yield was calculated for P.B.I and P.B.IV area. In P.B.I area during

[194]
seeding felling seed bearers were retained at the average rate of 60 trees per hact. and 50% of
Vth class crop was retained as advance. Further, the yield was calculated separately for those
P.B.I areas, which were already felled and where final felling were to be executed. Here trees of
class III and above were to felled but for the sake of simplicity entire volume of such area was
taken into account for the calculated of yield. Yield from P.B.IV was also calculated and all the
trees above 30 cm d.b.h (standards) were considered for final felling.

Periodic Block Prescribed Yield (*)

P.B.I (Seeding felling) 23660

P.B.I (Final felling) 3588

P.B.IV 3000

*Prescribed yield is for both Nahan and Paonta Sahib Forest Division. *

Other regulations like closure, lopping, & grazing, fire protection, right holder’s requirements,
prevention against Sal borer attack, special treatment for various small blanks, regeneration
assessment survey, regeneration programme were also described in detail.
Results: Due to ban on green fellings, the forests were never worked in accordance with
prescription of the plan. Planting programmes were not adhered to. There was heavy biotic
pressure on the forests of the division. New plantations were not very successful. Soil erosion
went on unabated.
Coppice Working Circle (2093.3 ha.)
The area of this Working Circle was carved out from the areas of Protection & The Sal
Working Circle of earstwhile Chauhan’s Plan. It covered miscellaneous Broad-Leaved forest
species like Khair, Chhal, Amaltas, Tendu, Jhingan etc. and poor-quality Sal areas which were
not fit to be managed under Sal Working Circle
Complete enumeration of only Khair trees had been done in 5cms dia classes down to 10 cms
dia. For other species, assessment of the growing stock sampling technique. Coppice with
Reserves system, supplemented by artificial planting was adopted. The local species were
preferred with emphasis on fuel & fodder.
Rotation of 30 year is fixed for coppice having a dia of 20 cm d.b.h. & 60 year for standards with
dia of 30 cm d.b.h had been adopted. Two thinning were done during rotation at interval of 10
years, felling cycle was of 10 years. Yield was prescribed by area. The total yield was 500 hac.

[195]
Calculation of yield was not done by volume. A deviation of (+) 30 % in a year, and (+) 20 %
cumulative at the end of each five-year block was permissible.
In these areas closure against grazing may be done in the year of felling before 28th February, so
as to take full advantage of coppice shoot.
The detail of subsidiary silvicultural operation like slash disposal, singling out of coppice shoots,
bush cuttings, closure of areas, weeding, mulching etc. were described in detail.
Results: Prescriptions of working plan were not followed due to ban on green felling, which
resulted in poor crop.
Chil Working Circle (627.38): A small portion of Paonta Sahib Division falling in Girinagar
Range was included in this plan. Only one felling series was constituted. The complete
enumeration was done in PBI and PB IV areas. The random sampling was adopted for
enumeration in other PBs. The forests were managed under Indian Irregular Shelter wood
system. Keeping in view the MAI and CAI & out turn of standard size timber, the exploitable
diameter was kept 55 cms d.b.h. Rotation of 100 years was prescribed. The regeneration period
was 25 years. Four periodic blocks were constituted. The crop was open, thus felling cycle was
kept as 25 years. The yield has been prescribed from PB I areas and that of Chil only. There
were two type of fellings, 1. Seeding felling 2. Final felling. Annual yields were also prescribed
based on the yield regulation under the Indian irregular shelter wood system. However, following
a ban on the green felling in the hills these Chil forests could not be worked in accordance to
prescriptions laid down in this working plan. Thus, only Salvage extraction of the dead and dry
trees were allowed and such extraction was mainly done through the HPSFDC Ltd. As no final
felling could be carried out due to the ban, the canopy could not be opened that would have
favoured the forest to be fully stocked with well-established regeneration. Hence, generally, there
is a lack of natural regeneration in these forests. However, in some Chil forests, one can come
across small patches of natural regeneration of Chil.
Annual yield 2000 cum/ year was fixed for PB I areas for both type of fellings. The yield was
controlled by volume. The annual deviation of 10 % was allowed.
Seeding Felling: About 20-24 healthy vigorous growing trees with clear bole and good crown
are retained as seed bearer per hac. The distance between mother trees was kept 20 to 22 meter
& on warm aspects 20 to 19 meter. The number was increased to 24 to 28 trees. The mother trees
were prescribed to be kept at uniform space. The isolated pole was to be removed.
FINAL FELLING: It applied to fully regenerated areas having where regeneration has reached
a height of 5 meters. All the seed bearer were to be removed except the ones standing over un-
regenerated small gaps exceeding 0.20 hac.

[196]
Due to ban on green felling during working plan period no such activities could be carried out.
Other Regulations like fire protection, control burning, resin tapping was described in detail.
Results: Following a ban on felling of green trees in the hills, these Chil forests could not be worked
in accordance with the prescriptions. Only Salvage extraction of the dead and dry trees were allowed
and such extraction was mainly done through HPSFCL. As no final felling could be carried out due
to ban, the canopy could not open up to favour natural regeneration. Hence here is generally a lack
of regeneration in these forests.
Protection-cum-Rehabilitation Working Circle (8984.63 hac.): -
The Working Circle covers poor quality Miscellaneous Broad-leaved forests situated on moderate
or steep eroding formations, poor/ refractory soil generally inferior for supporting good forest
growth.
No enumeration has been carried out in this Working Circle. Crop density varied greatly in these
areas from eroded well stocked forests. Natural regeneration was almost absent. No commercial
fellings were prescribed. Although no scientific felling was prescribed but Salvage removal of dry
dead fallen trees was prescribed to be carried out. No yield, exploitable diameter, regeneration /
rotation was prescribed.
The forests were mainly divided into 3 categories.
a) Badly eroded areas. These areas are to be protected very effectively so that further soil
erosion and denudation is prevented, no removals should be done from such areas. Suitable
soil conservation measure should be carried out here, small vegetative measure and check
dams may be constructed to check soil erosion.
b) Grassy Blank: These areas fall in Bhagani range. They were proposed to be planted with
local species.
c) Wooded areas: The forests were merely for protection purpose. Gap planting was proposed
with small vegetative measure.
Other regulations were effective closure against grazing & lopping, planting of suitable species and
fire protection.
Results: Due to heavy biotic pressure and absence of effective closure the condition of the forests
further deteriorated. No specific planting programme was followed.

Eucalyptus (Overlapping) Working Circle (340.10 hac.):

GENERAL CONSTITUTION/ CHARACTER OF VEGETATION: Eucalyptus in the tract
is a result of plantation raised during third five-year plan under crash programme of raising large
scale plantations of industrial pulpwood. The areas where these plantations were carried out fall

[197]
in Sal Conversion Working Circle, Selection Working Circle, Protection Working Circle and
Plantation Working Circle.
The Sal belts with blank patches were selected for this purpose. The working of eucalyptus was
first prescribed by Chauhan’s Plan (1982-83 to 1991-92). In the present Working Plan, the areas
generally overlap with the forest falling under Sal Working Circle & Coppice Working Circle.
The successful plantations have resulted in small compact patches. Only compact patches were
taken in this Working Circle. Scattered Sal, Sain, Khair, Shisham, and other natural species were
found along with Eucalyptus in these areas.
The eucalyptus patches were existing in blocks and compartment which have been allotted to
their respective Working Circle. This was overlapping Working Circle. So, it was not separated
into independent compartment. Coppice with Standard System was to be adopted and the
eucalyptus regenerated by coppice. In case of failure other indigenous species were proposed to
be planted. No diameter was prescribed. However, a diameter of 20 cm. d.b.h was found suitable
for pulpwood.
The coppice attained 20 cm. d.b.h in 15 years and a rotation of 15 years was fixed for coppice &
30 years for standards. Felling cycle of 15 years was prescribed. Yield was controlled by area.
OTHER REGULATION: Extension of eucalyptus crop over area having alternative crop was
proposed to be avoided. If the coppice crop does not respond favourably the area was to be
planted with other fast-growing indigenous species.
Results: Following a ban on felling of green trees, these forests could not be worked in
accordance with the prescriptions.
Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle (706.30 hac.)
It included various established Khair plantation all over the tract. The areas under this Working
Circle support pure even aged Khair crop (above 75 %). Over the period of time openings have
occurred in these plantations mainly due to salvage /illicit felling. At some places Khair trees
show signs of heart rot (Fomes badius) and Witch’s Broom. Due to infestation of bushes like
Lantana, Adathoda, Carissa etc. natural regeneration was absent. Khair forests pose a severe
protection problem for the staff especially in the border areas/ beats adjoining to UK / Haryana
State, owing to its illicit felling. The standing volume, heartwood volume, weight of chips and
katha quantity has been prescribed as per Nurpur Forest Division Working Plan by Sh. Nanak
Chand.
After 1996-97 no green felling of Khair trees has been carried out from Govt. Forests. Presently
a large number of mature and over mature Khair trees are standing in the forests. Coppice with
Standards system was prescribed for this Working Circle rotation was fixed at 30 years for

[198]
Coppice during which crop is expected to attain d.b.h. of 20 cm. The rotation for standards was
fixed at 40 years. However, Shisham, Simal, Eucalyptus and Broad-Leaved trees were prescribed
to be exploited on selection basis. Felling cycle was fixed for 10 years, with two thinning at an
interval of 10 years and rotation of 30 years. Annual yield was prescribed by area and other
regulations proposed were closure, lopping, fire protection and TD regulation.
Results: After 1996-97 no green felling of Khair trees has been carried out from Govt. forest.
Presently a large number of mature and over mature trees are standing in the forests. These are
not only getting affected by the rot and hollowness of the heart wood but are also a severe
protection problem for the staff especially in the border areas.
Special Works of Improvement Undertaken:
Summary and results of works such as fire protection, improvement in communication, interface
activities, amenities to staff etc. shall be given by WPO as done in division during WP period
under revision.
a) Building works
The details regarding Constructed building in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionw.e.f. 1998 -
99 to 2022-23
Sr. Year Name of Building Quantity Name of Expenditure
No. Range (Rs.)
1 1999-2000 Gang Hut at Kansar 1 Girinagar 154000
2 1999-2000 Gang hut at Pilhori 1 Majra 152000
3 1999-2000 Rain Shelter/Gate room 1 Paonta Sahib 48000
Man -Taruwala
4 2002-04 Fgd Hut Charatwali 1 Majra 300000
5 2008-09 BO Qtr Chhacheti 1 Paonta Sahib 738600
6 2008-09 Fgd Hut Parduni 1 Girinagar 700000
7 2009-10 Nil Nil Nil Nil
8 2010-11 Nil Nil Nil Nil
9 2011-12 Gang Hut Garibnath(S) 1 Paonta Sahib 500000
10 2012-13 Van Thana Puruwala 1 Bhagani 2680000
11 2013-14 Nil Nil Nil Nil
12 2014-15 Divisional Office, 1 Paonta Sahib 700000
Paonta Sahib
13 2017-18 BO Qtr Kansar 1 Girinagar 1500000
14 2017-18 BO Qtr Khara 1 Paonta Sahib 1200000
15 2018-19 Nil Nil Nil Nil
16 2019-20 BO Qtr Paonta Sahib 1 Paonta Sahib 1181616
17 2019-20 BO Qtr Sunrkon 1 Majra 885500
18 2019-20 BO Qtr Rampurbeli 1 Paonta Sahib 826800
19 2020-21 BO Qtr Rajpur 1 Bhagani 1221235
20 2020-21 BO Qtr Chandpur 1 Girinagar 1225283

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21 2020-21 Fgd hut Lai 1 Paonta Sahib 725336
22 2020-21 Type II Qtr in Forest 1 Paonta Sahib 1490578
Colony, Mantaruwala
23 2021-22 Fgd hut Gatu 1 Paonta Sahib 1215084
24 2021-22 Major maint of RO 1 Bhagani 1400000
Office-cum-residence,
25 2022-23 One additional set in 1 Paonta Sahib 1453215
FRH Mantaruwala.
26 2022-23 Fgd hut Dunga 1 Girinagar 1029307
27 2022-23 Fgd hut Sunkron (M) 1 Majra 880428
28 2022-23 Conference hall in O/o 1 Paonta Sahib 524701
DFO Paonta Sahib.
29 2022-23 Fgd hut Bata-Mandi 1 Majra 1264437
30 2022-23 BO Qtr Majri 1 Girinagar 1858883

b) Sowing and Plantation: Efforts towards enhancement of forest productivity through

quality plantation activities have been done in this Working period. Details of which have
been discussed in Chapter 6 under Part 6.4.
c) Demarcation: In compliance with the orders of Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in IA
No.3840 of 2014 in Writ Petition (Civil) No 202/1995 of T.N. Godavarman Thirunulpad
versus Union of India &mOrs., all the boundary pillars were constructed in Paonta Sahib
Forest Range during 2019-20. The forests in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionare reserved
forests and are delineated and boundaries well defined through boundary pillars and
record maintained at range level in boundary pillar register. In all, from 1999-2000 period
till 2022-23, 2646 boundary pillars were constructed/repaired in total.

[200]
 CHAPTER -12
STATISTICS OF GROWTH AND YIELD

No fresh studies were carried out to determine local volume tables, diameter growth, mortality
rate and relationship of volume and diameter with age in respect of different species while
preparing this working plan. Instead, as per the guide lines in the approved preliminary working
plan report, all the data regarding statistics of growth and yield has been adopted from working
plan by Sh. Vineet Kumar IFS (2003-04 to 2012-13). The same is reproduced here in detail
incorporating a few changes in enumerations, stock mapping etc.

12.1 GENERAL:
The main species found in the region are Sal, Chil, Khair, Shisham, Eucalyptus etc. Apart from
these species, several miscellaneous species also exist in the area which are generally termed as
“Kokat. The statistics of growth, volume and yield of these species are discussed below.

12.1.1 Sal (Shorea robusta)

Following references were consulted in the case of Sal in the previous working plans:
(i) Yield and stand table for Sal, Indian Forest records (N.S) Silviculture vol. 4-A No.4,
1643 by Griffith and Bakshi Sant Ram.
(ii) Stand tables for Sal even aged high forest and coppice, Indian Forest records,
Silviculture series, Volume X part XVI 1935.
(iii) General volume table for Sal, Indian Forest records, Silviculture series, Vol. X part
VI, 124 by S.H. Howard.
(iv) Volume and outturn tables for Sal, Indian Forest Record, Silviculture Series Vol XII
part I, 1925 by S.H. Howard.
(v) Branch small wood tables for Shorea robusta, Indian Forest records Silviculture
Series, Vol, XV, Part VI, 1932.
Generally, the forest of this region supports Sal of quality III. In some portions (dry and exposed
ridges), the quality recedes to III/IV or even IV. However, in good areas, the quality class goes
upto II. In general, the standing volume factor for quality class III are applicable and applied and
is as under

[201]
 Table No. 12.1.1
Table showing standing volume of Sal (As applicable)
Diameter class DBH in cm Total Standing Volume (m3)
V 10-20 0.127
IV 21-30 0.368
III 31-40 0.835
IIA 41-50 1.770
IIB 51-60 3.030
IA 61-70 4.587
IB & above 71 & above 6.385

Table No. 12.1.1(a)

Table showing standing volume of Sal (Quality class wise)
Diameter DBH in cm Standing Standing Standing
class Volume(m3) Volume m3 Volume(m3)
quality III quality II quality IV
V 10-20 0.127 0.156 0.113
IV 21-30 0.368 0.425 0.347
III 31-40 0.835 0.913 0.772
IIA 41-50 1.770 1.890 1.692
IIB 51-60 3.030 3.235 2.924
IA 61-70 4.587 4.878 4.389
IB & above 71 & above 6.385 6.385 6.074

Shorea robusta (Sal)

SITE QUALITY I
Diameter Stem Stem Stem sawn Stem Stem Stem Add for
Class Length of commercial timber Sawn sawing Sawn branches
Commercial timber in absolutely timber Factor of timber column 4
bole round sound normal absolutely normal &5
Sound straight good sound good
trees boles coupe straight coupe
boles
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(cm D.B.H) (meters) Cum Cum Cum Cum
Over 20-30 10.66 0.28 0.1 0.09 0.4 0.35 -
Over 30-40 14.63 0.76 0.35 0.35 0.47 0.46 -
Over 40-50 16.45 1.38 0.76 0.65 0.55 0.47 -
Over 50-60 17.67 2.17 1.28 1.04 0.59 0.48 0.01
Over 60-70 18.28 3.11 1.92 1.49 0.62 0.48 0.05
Over 70-80 18.89 4.13 2.6 2.03 0.63 0.49 0.14

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 Over 80-90 19.2 5.15 3.29 2.53 0.64 0.49 0.21

Shorea robusta (Sal)

SITE QUALITY II
Diameter Stem Length Stem Stem sawn Stem Stem sawing Stem Add for
Class of commercial timber Sawn Factor of Sawn branches
Commercial timber in absolutely timber absolutely timber column
bole round sound normal sound normal 4&5
Sound straight good straight boles good
trees boles coupe coupe
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(cm D.B.H) (meters) Cum Cum Cum Cum
Over 20-30 7.62 0.22 0.08 0.08 0.4 0.37 -
Over 30-40 10.66 0.62 0.28 0.26 0.47 0.45 -
Over 40-50 13.1 0.013 0.62 0.52 0.55 0.46 -
Over 50-60 14.63 1.21 1.04 0.83 0.59 0.47 0.01
Over 60-70 15.54 2.54 1.58 1.23 0.62 0.48 0.05
Over 70-80 16.15 3.45 2.17 1.69 0.63 0.49 0.14
Over 80-90 16.15 4.41 2.83 2.17 0.64 0.49 0.21

Shorea robusta (Sal)

SITE QUALITY III
Diameter Stem Length Stem Stem sawn Stem Sawn Stem Stem Add for
Class of commercial timber timber sawing Sawn branches
Commercial timber in absolutely normal good Factor of timber column
bole round sound coupe absolutely normal 4&5
Sound straight boles sound good
trees straight coupe
boles
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(cm D.B.H) (meters) Cum Cum Cum Cum
Over 20-30 5.18 0.16 0.07 0.05 0.4 0.33 -
Over 30-40 8.53 0.48 0.22 0.22 0.47 0.47 -
Over 40-50 10.66 0.87 0.48 0.48 0.55 0.47 -
Over 50-60 11.27 1.38 0.82 0.82 0.59 0.46 0.01
Over 60-70 11.88 2 1.24 1.24 0.62 0.46 0.05
Over 70-80 12.19 2.74 1.72 1.72 0.63 0.48 0.14
Over 80-90 12.19 8.53 2.26 2.26 0.64 0.5 0.21

Shorea robusta (Sal)

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 SITE QUALITY IV
Diameter Stem Stem Stem sawn Stem Stem Stem Add for
Class Length of commercial timber Sawn sawing Sawn branches
Commercial timber in absolutely timber Factor of timber column
bole round sound normal absolutely normal 4&5
Sound straight good sound good
trees boles coupe straight coupe
boles
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(cm D.B.H) (meters) Cum Cum Cum Cum
Over 20-30 3.96 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.4 0.3 -
Over 30-40 7.01 0.36 0.16 0.16 0.47 0.46 -
Over 40-50 9.14 0.7 0.39 0.33 0.55 0.48 -
Over 50-60 10.05 1.16 0.67 0.55 0.59 0.48 0.01
Over 60-70 10.66 1.69 0.04 0.8 0.62 0.48 0.05
Over 70-80 10.66 2.26 1.42 1.1 0.63 0.49 0.14
Over 80-90 19.2 5.15 3.29 2.53 0.64 0.49 0.21

12.1.2 Sain (Terminalia tomentosa)

Reference: - General standard and commercial volume table for Terminalia tomentosa W & A.
Indian Forest Records, (N.S.) Silivculture vol. 4A No. 5, 1947 by A.I. Griffith and Bakshi Sant
Ram. Majority of the Sain trees are found scattered alongwith Sal, forming a very small
composition of the crop. For convenience, volume of Sal (quality Class III) shall be applicable
for Sain.

12.1.3 Chil (Pinus roxburghii)

References: -
• ‘The Yield and Stand Tables for Chil’ by S.K. Seth, S.N. Dabral and M.L. Lala. Indian
Forest Record volume II No. 8.
• ‘Growth and yield statistics of common Indian timber species’ (Himalyan region) volume
• ‘Growth and yield statistics of common Indian timber species’ (Plain region) Vol II.
Since the forests of the area are generally un-even aged, under stocked and not subjected
to regular thinning in the past, local volume tables were prepared by felling 219 trees by
Sh. O.P Sharma. for Rajgarh Working Plan. This volume table will be adopted for the
purpose of calculations in the present plan. It is reproduced below: -

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 Table No: - 12.1.3

Table showing standing volume of Chil

Diameter class DBH in cm Total Standing Volume (m3 )

V 10-20 0.0504
IV 21-30 0.2499
III 31-40 0.6846
IIA 41-50 1.3544
IIB 51-60 2.2593
IA 61-70 3.3994
IB 71 -80 4.7746
IC 81-90 6.3849
ID & above 91 & above 8.2303
Age –diameter relationship obtained is given below : -
Age. Height and diameter relationship
Age in years Height (m) Diameter (cm)
10 5.8 6
20 8.3 11.5
30 10.8 17.2
40 13.3 22.8
50 16.9 28.3
60 18.3 33.6
70 20.6 39
80 22.7 44.3
90 24.5 49.6
100 25.4 54.4
110 26.2 58.7
120 26.8 62.3
130 27.1 65

Increment Percent: The current annual growth percent for each diameter class has been adopted
the same as in O.P Sharma’s plan which was calculated by increment boring and by collection
of felled trees data in coordination with Pre-Investment Survey of Forest Resources Organization.
The data was compiled by Data Processing Officer P.I.S Centre, Dehradun. The results obtained
are given below: -

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 Current Annual Growth Percent

Dia class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90 &
(cm) over

15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
1972-82 4.56 3.75 2.69 2.26 1.99 1.56 1.14 0.92 0.66

1962-72 4.66 4.60 3.24 2.35 2.13 1.88 1.14 0.92 0.66

12.1.4 Khair (Acacia catechu)

Keeping in view the increasing prices of Khair wood and low exploitable diameter (20 cm), the
volume factor is based on 5 cm dia class as was adopted in previous Working Plan by Sh. Vineet
Kumar and reproduced as under: -
Table No: - 12.1.4
Dia Dia class Commercial timber in Heartwood
round (m3) M3
10-15 V-1 0.083 -
15-20 V-2 0.115 0.068
20-25 IV-1 0.149 0.093
25-30 IV-2 0.218 0.139
30-35 III-1 0.340 0.303
35-40 III-2 0.530 0.405
40-45 IIA-1 0.768 0.503
45-50 IIA-2 1.047 0.660
50 &above IIB & above 1.283 0.883

Because the trees of size IIA-2 are generally hollow, so the volume factor are given only upto
IIB class and for higher classes to the volume factor of IIB will be followed. The diameter, total
volume, heartwood, katha as adopted in the Working plan of Hamirpur Forest division by Sh.
Anil Joshi is proposed to be adopted and will be made applicable after approval of this working
plan which is tabulated as under.

Table: The diameter, total volume, heartwood, Katha

Diameter(cm) Height Volume Heartwood Wt. of Wt. of Katha
(m) (cum) vol (cum) heartwood for (kg)
Katha(kg)

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 10-15 8.30 0.02570 0.011220 11.2 --
15-20 10.10 0.06860 0.03100 31.6 2.5
20-25 11.80 0.11810 0.05760 50.6 5.0
25-30 12.90 0.216970 0.10960 78.7 8.0
30-35 13.40 0.25280 0.17570 128.3 14.0
35-40 13.40 0.25280 0.17570 128.3 14.0
40-45 13.40 0.33310 0.24060 197.4 23.0
45-50 13.40 0.5680 0.38980 280.1 29.0

12.1.5 Eucalyptus: -
The volume table as per Rewari Forest Division Working Plan (2009-10 to 2023-24) of Haryana
has been adopted for Eucalyptus species.
Table No: - 12.1.5
Class Diameter Girth Standing Volume
(centimeter) (centimeter) (Cubic meter)
V 10-20 30-59 0.10
IV 21-30 60-89 0.42
III 31-40 90-119 0.95
IIA 41-50 120-149 1.71
IIB 51-60 150-179 2.70
IA 61-70 180-209 3.90
IB 71 and above 210 and above 5.32

12.1.6 Shisham and Kokat

The volume factors as were applicable in previous working plan will be continued and are
reproduced as under:
Table No: - 12.1.6
Diameter class DBH in cm Shisham Kokat
Volume (m3) Volume (m3)
V 10-20 0.064 0.064
IV 21-30 0.176 0.184
III 31-40 0.467 0.418
IIA 41-50 0.977 0.885
IIB 51-60 1.523 1.515
IA 61-70 2.265 2.294
IB & above 71 -80 2.265 3.193

Growth: - No local data was collected to show the growth rate of miscellaneous broad-leaved
species. However, the data collected elsewhere may give some idea about growth of broad-leaved
species. As per the species published by the FRI Dehradun the growth rate of some of the species
as under: -

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 Table No: - 12.1.6 (a)
Crop dia (Cm.)
Age in Chhal Shisham Semul Sal (Site Sal (Site Sain
years quality III) quality (IV)
10 8.832 5.08 -- 5.84 4.22 8.64
20 13.208 9.65 13.72 10.16 7.62 14.28
30 17.272 22.35 21.34 13.37 10.82 20.38
40 20.828 31.24 28.7 17.53 13.57 27.43
50 23.875 38.12 35.56 21.08 17.02 29.48
60 26.416 46.23 39.12 24.38 17.27 33.27
70 28.702 -- 41.92 27.69 22.61 36.83
80 30.48 -- 43.69 30.73 23.18 40.13

QUALITY CLASS ASSESSMENT:

The quality class of each compartment has been followed and adopted as per previous working
plan by Sh. Vineet Kumar and has been depicted in compartment history files.

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 PART II
FUTURE MANAGEMENT
Discussed & Prescribed

[209]
 CHAPTER- 1
BASIS OF PROPOSALS

The Working Plan of Paonta Sahib Forest Division is a technical document prepared to manage
the forests scientifically on a sustainable basis. The overall objective of the working plan of
management is based on ‘Ecosystem Approach to Forest Management’, eco-restoration of
degraded forest areas and to ensure participation of local communities along with Forest
department in controlling and prevention of any degradation of the forests. Further, the
imperative is also to increase area under forest cover and consequently Carbon sink capacity,
enhance biodiversity, improve growing stocks and maintain the environmental stability in the
areas under the Division. The working plan is aimed at meeting the national and global needs in
general and necessity of the local people, the primary objective of management of forest covered
by this working plan would be conservation and protection of the existing forests, improvement
of growing stock and extension of the woodlands wherever feasible. The objectives are framed
within the ambit of National Forest Policy 1988. Sustainable management of forests and its
biodiversity by keeping in mind ecological, economic and social dimensions is the key priority.
For plan preparation and implementation of the plan it is also necessary to examine the relevant
policies, Laws, Rules, Court orders and various administrative orders issued by the Government
of India and Himachal Pradesh, so that all the prescriptions are brought under the ambit of
existing policy framework.

1.1 THE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY

The National Forest Policy was first enunciated in 1894 and was revised in 1952, after
Independence. It was again revised in shape of the National Forest Policy 1988, presently in
force. The basic objectives and thrust areas enshrined in the National Forest Policy 1988 are
given as under:
● Maintenance of environmental stability through preservation, restoration of the
ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of forests
● Increasing productivity of forests to meet essential needs.
● Conserving the natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests
with the vast variety of flora and fauna, which represents the remarkable biodiversity and
genetic resources of the country.

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 ● Checking the soil erosion and denudation in the catchment area of the rivers, lakes and
reservoirs in the interest of soil and water conservation for mitigating flood and droughts
and for retardation of siltation of reservoirs.
● Increasing the forest/tree cover in the country through massive afforestation and social
forestry programmes, especially, on all denuded, degraded and unproductive lands
● Meeting the requirements of fuel wood, fodder, minor forest produce and small timber of
the rural and tribal populations

1.2 NATIONAL FORESTRY ACTION PLAN

Having about 2.5% of world's geographic area, India at present is supporting 16% of world’s
human population and 18% of cattle population. About 41% of forest cover of the country has
already been degraded and dense forests are losing its crown density and productivity
continuously. A large number of India's livestock population graze in the forests causing serious
damage to soil, ground flora, including regeneration, and productivity of the forests. The use of
forests beyond it carrying capacity and encroachments are the main cause of continuous
degradation of forests.
To reverse the process of degradation and for sustainable development of forests, the
Government of India has prepared National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP), a comprehensive
strategic programme. These programmes are as follows:
● Protect Existing Forest Resources
● Improve Forest Productivity
● Reduce Total Demand of Forest Produce
● Strengthen Policy and Institutional Framework
● Expand Forest Area
Strategy:
For sustainability and productivity of forests, the production to be increased at least 3 to 5 m 3

per ha per year by promoting appropriate silvicultural treatments.

● Hygiene of forests to be improved through suitable silvicultural practices.
● Efforts to be made to bring one-third geographic area of the country under forest and tree
cover by plantations on all categories of wastelands and agro forestry.
● Plantations on non-forest wastelands to be done mostly with fuel wood species as 70%
of the wood produced from forests are used as fuel wood.

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1.3 NATIONAL WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India has formulated National Wildlife Action
Plan (2002-2016) based upon the decision taken in the 21st meeting of the Indian Board of
Wildlife held on January 2002. National Wildlife Action Plan outlined the strategies and action
points for conservation of wildlife.
Strategies:
● Strengthening and Enhancing the Protected Area Network,
● Effective Management of Protected Areas,
● Conservation of Wild and Endangered Species and Their Habitats,
● Restoration of Degraded Habitats Outside Protected Areas,
● Human Resource Development and Personnel Planning,
● Ensuring People’s Participation in Wildlife Conservation,
● Conservation Awareness and Education,
● Wildlife Tourism,
● Monitoring and Research
● Domestic Legislation and International Conventions, and
● Enhancing Financial Allocation for Ensuring Sustained Fund Flow to the Wildlife Sector

1.4 COURT JUDGMENTS AND RELATED COMMITTEES

In the famous Godavarman case, Hon’ble Supreme Court Order in judgement dated 12-12-1996
directed that “the felling of trees in all forests is to remain suspended except in accordance
with the Working Plan”. It was also directed that “... for the state of Himachal Pradesh and
the hill regions of the state of Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal: there will no felling in any
forest: public or private.”

While other applications were being covered under the above-mentioned case, the amicus curiae
on 14.02.2000 submitted before Hon’ble Supreme Court that there were reports in the press that
the State of Himachal Pradesh had passed some orders lifting the ban on felling of trees. The
Court, thereafter, issued notice to the State of Himachal Pradesh and also made it clear that if any
such orders have been passed, the operation of the same were stayed and no felling of trees be
done. In the affidavit filed by the State of Himachal Pradesh, in response to the order dated
14.02.2000, it was pointed out that the intention of the State was to resume silviculture operations
consisting of regeneration, felling and thinning of the trees as per the Working Plan duly

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approved. The State of Himachal Pradesh also informed the Court that though the State had
intended to do silivicultural felling but in actual fact this decision has not been given effect to. It
was clearly mentioned that no felling of trees has taken place except of those allowed by this
Court specifically. It is also pertinent to mention that the Government of India vide G.O. dated
11.10.2002 suspended the Working Plan for various States including the State of Himachal
Pradesh. The State then approached the Central Empowered Committee (for short ‘the CEC”),
which advised the State to approach the Supreme Court for modification or vacation of the earlier
stay order. This led to the filing of INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION NO 3840 seeking
permission to resume silviculture Operations on 09-01-2015 by the Govt. of Himachal
Pradesh.

On February 16, 2018, Hon’ble Supreme Court in the same interlocutory application noted that
”As per the affidavits filed by the State of Himachal Pradesh, some amount of silviculture
felling is necessary, because if no felling is done then regeneration of trees is not as fast as it
should be”.

Based on this the Hon’ble SC ordered that ..”We are of the view that on an experimental basis
we may permit silviculture felling of trees to a very limited extent and such felling should be
monitored very carefully to see whether such silviculture felling actually helps in the
regeneration of forests or not”. While hearing the IA, Hon’ble SC on 04.12.2017 had directed
the State to identify two or three ranges where the process of silviculture felling may be carried
out. Thus an affidavit was filed where it was pointed out that for felling of Khair (Acacia catechu)
trees, Nurpur Forest Range of Nurpur Forest Division (Dharamshala Forest Circle), for Chil
(Pinus roxburghii) Bharari Forest Range of Bilaspur Forest Division (Bilaspur Forest Circle) and
for Sal (Shorea robusta) Paonta Sahib Forest Range of Paonta Sahib Forest division (Nahan
Forest Circle) was identified. And that is how the ‘experimental’ silvilcuture operations were
restarted in the three divisions. A total area of 284.71 ha was worked on in Sal Working Circle
in the Division from 2018 to 2020, including 100 percent enumerations in experimental plots. In
Paonta Sahib Division alone, 28000 trees and 98000 trees were enumerated in 2019-20 and 2020-
21 respectively. Following this, marking was undertaken. In Paonta Sahib Forest Division, 6364
cum of Sal timber marked for felling in 2018-19. Approx. 13,400 cum timber was marked in
2019-20. The timber was extracted and sold through open auction by the Himachal Pradesh State
Forest Development Corporation (HPSFDC). Post-felling operations of fencing, leaf litter
cleaning, weeding, artificial regeneration, fire control, regeneration survey etc. were taken up by
the department. Some of them (weeding, fire-control, regeneration survey) continue to this day.

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1.4.1 Regarding Working Plan

Hon'ble Supreme Court passed an Order in Writ petition (202 of 1995) in the matter of
"Godavarman Thirumulpad" V/s Union of India. The order speaks about the felling of trees in
all forests is to remain suspended except in accordance with the working plans of the State
government, as approved by Central government. Hon'ble Supreme Court passed an order on
22.09.2000 in Inter-Locutary application No 424 saying that regeneration of forest should be
commensurate with felling carried out under a working plan. To achieve this, it must be ensured
that no felling be carried out without allocating necessary fund to regenerate the felled areas. In
the event of failure in regeneration or any shortfall in carrying out regeneration operation no
further felling shall be undertaken until the failure/shortfall is made up.

Following the directions of Hon'ble Apex court in their order dated 22.09.2000 in IA No 424; a
core group was constituted to decide the extent of felling. As per these Orders, felling are to be
carried out by the State Governments only after obtaining the permission from core group
constituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi.

1.5 THE SCHEDULED TRIBES AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLERS

(RECOGNITION OF FOREST RIGHTS) ACT, 2006

After the enactment of this Act, the administration of the forest has been greatly influenced, as
this act recognizes several individual as well as the community rights over the forest land and its
produce. The provisions of this Act will have to be taken into consideration while managing the
forests.

1.6 BROAD OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT

The national goal is to have a minimum of one-third total geographical area of the country under
tree cover. Effort should focus for consolidation and preservation of the existing forest cover and
increase their productivity. With the passage of time, much reliance has been on sustainable
management of natural resources. The principles of sustainable forest management wherein
thrust is laid on conservation of the forest resources vis-à-vis utilization of forest usufructs shall
be the underlying objective of the revised working plan. The revised working plan shall
incorporate holistic management of forest resources keeping in view the need for conservation
as well as utilization of forest produce. Reliance shall be on scientific working parameters that
confirm to the set criteria indicators of sustainable forest management. The broad objectives of
the revised working plan would be as under:

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 ● To restore scientific management of the forests and revive forest health
● To identify the right silvicultural systems for various working circles with the goal to
move towards normality of forests and sustainable yield regulation
● To enhance the forest/tree cover through various forestry interventions and to assist in
derivation of all kinds of provisioning, regulatory and supporting Ecosystem Services
(ES).
● To restore the ecological balance and to address the demand of the local community
without destroying the natural ecosystem
● To develop forests as carbon sink for absorption of toxic carbon contents of industry and
other polluting agents to enhance the role of regulatory Ecosystem Services.
● To protect and conserve the large and compact areas of forests to ensure environmental
services such as perennial supply of water, wildlife migration
● To ensure sufficient carbon sink storage through eco-restoration and plantation meeting
India’s Sustainable Development Goals
● To replace the exotic species planted in the Paonta Sahib Forest Division with
native/indigenous species.
● To minimize the damage to ecology and environment through the various threats that
forests face through proper landscape and ecosystem management
● To facilitate a Revival Action Plan for water resource management practices in the
Division
● To mitigate human-animal conflicts and to increase community participation in
conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of conflict
● To tap on the success models in the Division pertaining to water security and
enhancement of forest cover including eco-restoration by looking at scalability and
replicability

1.7 METHODS OF TREATMENT TO BE ADOPTED:

Forests are mainly Sal (Shorea robusta) bearing with other tree species including Terminalia
tomentosa, Mallotus philippinensis. Due to closure of canopy, they have been invaded by fast
growing species like Ardisia solanacea, the openings are also infused with Lantana camara.
Along the choes and streams, Syzigium cumini, Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo have shown
their presence whereas attempts in the past have been made to introduce Teak (Tectona grandis),
Khair (Acacia catechu) and Albizzia species. As the species introduced are definite light
demanders, growth is not commensurate with invasive species growth; therefore, the stocking

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has not improved either in terms of Sal or other species. Similarly, due to lack of silviculture
operations for more than 40 years now, the quality of growing stock has also been severely
affected.
To maintain Sal and other flagship crops and to fill the gaps through interventions, redressing of
degraded areas, restocking the blanks as well as different silvicultural treatments will be required
especially suited to different species and Working circles. Rehabilitation of degraded forests will
need an intensive approach through exhaustive soil and water conservation as well as
afforestation efforts based on the knowledge and experience gained in the past treatment of these
forests. It needs to be emphasized that the replenishment must continue to follow the felling and
damage to the new crop is reduced to the minimum keeping off grazing and lopping and
continually cleaning the crop for quality growth.
The silvicultural treatments must be directed to reduce the invasion of Ardisia and Lantana and
stop them further invasion to new areas. The felling operations should be such sufficient sunlight
is received so that new regeneration esp. for Sal is encouraged, at the same time the flagship
species finds opportunities for regeneration by timely cleaning, thinning and cultural operations
with respect to weed management.

Poor quality forests will need special treatment for soil and water conservation along with
plantings of suitable species which are hardy and resistant to desiccation and frost. The area
invites no felling of any kind throughout the working plan period.

Due regard to steep slopes liable to erosion, along the banks of Nalas and streams and areas on
the South-West direction shall be taken while working owing to the paucity of growing stock.
Dealing with human-wildlife conflicts in a proactive manner involving both short term and long-
term measures are also to be considered.
Involving the communities in conservation and protection of forests and wildlife, and to create
opportunities for their livelihood is required to be facilitated, especially by learning from the past
success models of the past in the Division itself and nation-wide best practices.
Finally, there is an urgent need for a plan to develop Ecotourism in the region keeping in view
ecological and cultural tenets and values of Paonta Sahib Forest Division, with a landscape
management approach so that ecology and branding find a convergence, so does adding to
Himachal Pradesh’s tourism potential.

[216]
1.8 CONSTITUTION OF WORKING CIRCLES/MANAGEMENT AREAS:

In accordance with the above facts, the following working circles/management areas are
proposed

Sno. Name of Working Circle/Management area

1 Sal Working Circle

2 Coppice Working Circle

3 Chil Working Circle

4 Protection cum- rehabilitation Working Circle

5 Eucalyptus Plantation Restoration & Rehabilitation Management Plan

6 Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle

7 Water Resource Management & Soil Conservation (Overlapping) Working Circle

8 Forest Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle

9 Wildlife Management & Biodiversity Conservation (Overlapping) Working

Circle

10 Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle

11 Ecotourism (Overlapping) Working Circle

1. Sal Working Circle:

This working circle will comprise of forest areas having Sal (Shorea robusta) as main crop. The
total area of the working circle will be 16202.07 ha. The increase in area from previous Working
Plan of 16041.23 ha has been 160.84 ha, which is basically the area overlapping with Khair
(which now has been made an overlapping working circle in the true sense. There is also a shift
in Periodic Blocks owing to a very long period of non-working that has impacted both the quality
of forests and regeneration. The new allotment of Sal WC includes PBI, PB-Unallotted and PB
IV. The silvicultural system adopted is Indian Irregular Shelterwood System.
2. Coppice Working Circle:

This working circle will comprise of forests having miscellaneous broad-leaved species. The
total area allotted to this working circle will be 2093.03ha. The Silviculture system adopted is
Coppice with Reserves System.

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3. Chil Working Circle:
This working circle will comprise all Chil forest areas of Paonta Sahib Forest Division, falling
under Girinagar range. The total area of working circle will be 627.38ha. The Silviculture system
adopted is Indian Irregular Shelterwood System.

4. Protection-cum-Rehabilitation Working Circle :

This working circle shall comprise areas of all forests which needs to be protected and
rehabilitated. This Working Circle covers poor quality miscellaneous forests situated on steep
eroding formation with poor and scanty vegetative cover. Open areas and also closed areas where
plantations have not established so far are also included in this working circle. Riverine tracts
prone to erosion and mining threats have also been placed under this working circle. The total
area allotted to this working circle will be 9530.1 ha.

5. Eucalyptus Plantation Restoration & Rehabilitation Management Plan :

This area has been carved from those areas which have been planted with Eucalyptus in the past.
This includes the areas where eucalyptus plantation has been carried out in the past and has
become well established. It generally overlaps Sal working circle and Coppice working circle.
The total area allotted is 340.1 ha. The plan incorporates removal of Eucalyptus with artificial
regeneration of native species in the area.

6. Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle :

Khair working circle (Overlapping) has now been made completely overlapping in true sense
with Sal working circle for an area of 160.84 hac. The remaining area of 545.47 hac. which was
originally in PCR working circle in older working plans and was shifted to Khair overlapping
after plantations were carried out in 1950s onward, have now been kept back in PCR working
circle as per CEC guidelines for Khair felling (CEC guidelines issued in l.A No. 87648 of 2020
in Writ Petition (C) No. 202 of 1995 TN Godaverman Thirumlkpad Vs UoI and Ors.) and keeping
in view the ecological safeguards of riverine tracts prone to erosion, illicit mining and felling as
well as boundaries with states of Uttarakhand and Haryana. The Silviculture system adopted is
Coppice-with-Standards System.

7. Water Resource Management & Soil Conservation (Overlapping) Working Circle :

This will be overlapping Working Circle comprising areas of forests which needs to be protected
against soil erosion and needs water conservation. The overarching theme would be that based

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on identifying the recharge zones and spring-sheds, forest management would be linked with
watershed management. The object is to basically enhance the hydrological regime building on
the success models implemented in the past.

8. Forest Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle:

This Working Circle includes all forests which overlaps with other Working Circles and is
constituted to address the forest protection problems like Fire, Illicit felling, Encroachment,
Illegal mining etc. The forest areas which are vulnerable to fire, status of damage reports,
progress in prosecution/ compounding and illicit removal of forest produce, mining etc. along
with their future strategies are also discussed in detail under this Working Circle.

9. Wildlife Management (Overlapping) Working Circle

This will be an overlapping working circle comprising all forest areas. The objective will be to
identify important areas for wildlife and conservation, to reduce the man-animal conflict and
address associated problems including the recent increase in elephant movement in the Division.
This Working Circle is constituted for emphasizing the necessity of conservation of wildlife and
collection of information for better management of wild life. The whole tract has a variety of
wild animals and birds since Paonta Sahib Forest Division lies in the vicinity of several
contiguous wildlife protected areas including Colonel Sher Jung National Park, Renukaji
Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajaji National Park of Uttarakhand and Kalesar National Park of Haryana.
Therefore, this working circle overlaps all other working circles and becomes crucial in the area
of extensive wildlife management and conservation.

10. Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle:

This will be another overlapping working circle giving role to community participation in
management of forest areas through village level joint forest management committees. Sharing
benefits with community in a sustainable manner shall be the objective of this Working Circle.
The framework for JFM in HP is provided by the Government of HP Order of 12 May 1993,
which followed the June 1990 Government of India (JFM) Circular enabling the spread of JFM.
The concept of Joint or Participatory Forest Management is an intervention to evolve organized
and collective thinking on the issues of forest management keeping in view the fact that the forest
resources are limited and the claim over these are varied, no single solution can satisfy the needs
of all. The philosophy aims at involving all the stakeholders in resource generation activities

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through motivation, active involvement in the process of management and sharing of benefits
through adequate institutional arrangements.

11. Ecotourism (Overlapping) Working Circle

The Working Circle will look into aspects that will look into the multiple aspects of ecotourism
prospects and natural resource conservation in the Division with the eventuality of developing
an ecotourism circuit. The existing and future proposed hotspots along-with mode of operation,
sustainability and associated issues like livelihood generation shall be discussed.

Additionally, Chapter 17 under ‘Weed Management’ discusses the common weeds of Paonta
Sahib Forest Area and Chapter 18 discusses the background of ‘Climate Change’ and its visibile
impacts in mountainous ecosystems and Paonta Sahib Division area.

1.9 Period of Working Plan and necessity for intermediate revision:

This working plan will be in place for 10 years w.e.f. 2023-24 to 2032-33. A mid-term review
shall be undertaken for mid-course correction by the consultative committee under the
chairmanship of the PCCF (HoFF) with representation from the Regional officer (MoEF&CC).

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 CHAPTER- 2

SAL WORKING CIRCLE

2.1 Name of Working Circle: Sal Working Circle

2.2 General Constitution of Working Circle: This working circle comprises of all
commercially important and well stocked forests of Sal situated on the almost flat valley floor
and the lower slopes of the Himalayas towards the north of the division. The gross area of the
Sal Working Circle is 16202.07 ha. The increase in area from previous Working Plan of 16041.23
ha has been 160.84 ha, which is basically the area overlapping with Khair (which now has been
made an overlapping working circle in the true sense). The main criteria of allotting any particular
Sal forest to this working circle are the presumption that Sal regeneration (whether of coppice or
seed origin) can be obtained. Field observations indicate that the main regeneration in Sal forests
is of coppice origin. The natural regeneration of seed origin is relatively much less vigorous and
profuse as compared to the regeneration of coppice origin. Planting of Sal has been tried but
without any significant achievement for want of proper techniques and the inherent
characteristics of Sal. The density and quality of Sal crop varies from area to area. There are
forests where stocking is low. This is due to enormous pressure of right holders. Natural
regeneration is almost absent in such areas, but promising in areas where experimental
silviculture felling is under implemenetation. Special efforts will be required to restock and assist
natural generation with application of appropriate systems in such areas as well as apt protection.
Also, due to a long period of non-working of forests, abnormality has set in with preponderance
of mature trees affecting regeneration. This working circle is constituted to manage the irregular
Sal forests as well as the abnormality in age-class gradation so as to maintain the sustainability
of forests and enhance regeneration as was evidenced through the Experimental Silviculture
Felling program carried out in the Division in 2018-2020 over 284.71 ha area of Sal Working
Circle.

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 C-28, RF Lai, Sal forest, Paonta Sahib Range

2.3 General Characteristics of Vegetation: The crop has been described in Chapter 2, Part I as
per ‘Champion and Seth's’ revised classification. It conforms mainly to the types/sub-types
3C/C2 3C/C , 5B/C , 5B/C and 5B/C . Sal (Shorea robusta) is the dominant species in the
b, 2a 2a 2 1

working circle with its composition more than 75% in proportion by volume in PBI areas and
88-93% in others. The natural associates of Sal found in the forests include Sain, Jamun, Chiroli,
Tendu, Rohini, Chhal, Haldu etc. The weeds like Lantana, Ardisia (major challenge as
widespread in Paonta Sahib Sal forests), Ageratum are interfering with Sal and other associate
species regeneration in the lower canopy.

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 Germination stages of Sal seedling (Ref: Silviculture of Indian Trees, Vol I, R.S. Troup)

2.4 Felling Series, Cutting Sections and JFM areas: The area under this working circle worked
under felling series of ten years for the execution of felling and regeneration operations. Two
felling series have been formed, one each for PBI and PBIV areas.
2.5 Blocks, Compartments and JFM areas: Generally, the nomenclature used in Vineet
Kumar’s plan has been followed. No changes have been done in the boundaries of forests and
compartments as given in the plan under revision. Blocks and compartment wise area of this
working plan has been given in para 2.6.7.
2.6 Special Objectives of Management: Consistent with the general objects of management,
special objectives of management are:

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 i) To convert the irregular crop into more or less uniform crop and manage abnormality
in forests.
ii) To protect and regeneration the existing Sal crop, giving preference to natural
regeneration of seed origin wherever possible and also tapping the potential of coppice
regeneration.
iii) To progress towards attaining normal series of age classes.
iv) To obtain sustained yield of timber in consonance with the above objects.
v) To meet the genuine and bonafide needs of local people of fuel wood and timber.
2.6.1 Analysis of the Crop:
2.6.1.1 Stock Maps: Stock maps have been prepared using modern technologies of open series
maps (OSMs) on a scale 1:15000 both in digital and analogue form. The maps have been placed
in Compartment History files.
2.6.1.2 Selection of Sampling units and Enumerations: The technique of Survey and
Assessment of Forest Resource using Grid and Quadrants method (Sample Plots) has been
adopted and complete counting of all tree species, class wise has been done in the sample plots.
A total of 259 Sample Plots of 0.1 ha were laid in this working circle covering all PBs. The detail
of PB wise sample plots is as under:

Sr.No. Periodic Blocks No. of plots Total area counted (ha)

1 PB-I 97 9.7

3 PB-unallotted 93 9.3

4 PB-IV 69 6.9

Total 259 25.9

It is also pertinent to mention here that 100% enumerations were decided by the Monitoring
Committee during the Experimental Silviculture Felling Program which were carried out in app
284.71 ha of Sal Working Circle (PBI & PB IV) in Paonta Sahib Range of the Division in 2018-
20 under IA 3840 of 2014 in WP(Civil) No. 202/1995 with directions from the Hon’ble Supreme
Court. A good idea of floristic composition was obtained, even though the exercise was
exhausting. Therefore, for the actual execution of felling in forests, this may be adopted
considering the forest areas are accessible and the Division size is also small. For the Working
Plan prescriptions however, the sample data has been analysed.

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2.6.1.3 Mean of Quality: Generally, the forests of this region support Sal of quality III. In some
portions (dry and exposed ridges), quality recedes to III/IV or even IV. However, in good areas
the quality class goes upto II. In general, the standing volume factor for quality class III is
applicable and applied and is as under:
Table No.:2.6.1.3
Table showing standing volume of Sal (As applicable)
Diameter class DBH in cm Total Standing Volume (m ) 3

V 10-20 0.127
IV 21-30 0.368
III 31-40 0.835
IIA 41-50 1.770
IIB 51-60 3.030
IA 61-70 4.587

The crown density is variable and varies from 0.3 to 0.9 and as per ocular estimation the average
being 0.7.
2.6.1.4 Assessment of NTFP bearing species: The major NTFPs available in the working circle
are Maljhan leaf (Bauhinia vahlii), Tendu leaf (Diospyros montana) in very small quantity, Baib
grass (Eulaliopsis binata), Bamboos (Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa bambos) and of
medicinal value (Harad, Baheda, Bansa, Amaltas, Gandhela etc).
2.6.1.5 Growing Stock:
2.6.1.5.1 Analysis of Growing Stock of PB I: (Area change of PBs is discussed in 2.6.7)
Tables 2.1 a, b and c reveal the per ha growing stock, number of trees of different species and
total volume of growing stock of PB I in Sal working circle.
Table 2.1 a Per ha Growing Stock (cu m) of PB I

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneous spp. 41 17 8.5 4.89 1.935 1.075 0.36 0.285 0.28 75.325
Chil 0 25 0 25 49.26 0 0 0 0 99.26
Eucalyptus 0 0.14 0 0.14 0.28 0 0 0 0 0.56
Khair 86.85 0.14 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 87.13
Sal 15.5 29.5 42.5 51.5 62.21 4.605 2.15 0.355 0.355 208.675
Total 143.35 71.78 51.14 81.53 113.685 5.68 2.51 0.64 0.635 470.95

[225]
 Table 2.1 b Growing Stock in terms of number of trees in PB I

Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total

Miscellaneous
spp. 366839 151900 75569 43660 17307 9632 3144 2516 2499 673066
Chil 0 638 0 638 1276 0 0 0 0 2552
Eucalyptus 3236 638 638 0 0 0 0 0 0 4512
Khair 969631 173180 177738 118492 61160 21465 11712 1960 2598 1537936
Sal 558072 435522 376211 242350 539423 46949 19266 3821 4485 2226099
Total 1897778 761878 630156 405140 619166 78046 34122 8297 9582 4444165

Table 2.1 c Growing Stock in terms of Volume (cu m) in PB I

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneous 23477.7 27949.6 31587.85 38639.11 26220.11 22095.81 10038.79 8033.58 7979.31 196021.9
spp.
0 159.44 0 864.11 2882.87 0 0 0 0 3906.42
Chil
368.9 199.06 319 0 0 0 0 0 0 886.96
Eucalyptus
111507.6 37753.24 94201.14 124061.1 78468.28 27539.6 15026.5 2514.68 3333.23 494405.4
Khair
70875.14 160272.1 314136.2 428959.5 1634452 215355.1 123013.4 24397.09 28636.73 3000097
Sal
206229.3 226333.4 440244.2 592523.8 1742023 264990.5 148078.7 34945.35 39949.27 3695318
Total

The total area of Periodic Block I consists of 8844.35 ha as per current plan. The n-D curve of
PBI revealed that there are maximum Sal trees in higher diameter classes (II A to ID classes).
No. of trees in IIA show a clear abnormality in distribution of age-classes. The n-D curve of this
PB revealed that due to non-opening of canopy since more than 30-40 years due to ban on green
felling, the regeneration potential of the Sal has been reduced and there is maximum number of
preponderances of mature trees. Lower diameter classes (IV, V and III) also have sufficient
advance growth in the compartments. Seeding felling will improve the advance growth by
removal of overhead canopies of mature trees. The middle and lower canopies are also required
to be thinned for providing sufficient space and light for advance regeneration of Sal. Eucalyptus
will be removed if planted in gaps in the past. Removal will be far less than increment; hence the
forest will be sustained in future. The trees in lower diameter classes will then grow in and will
take place of trees in higher diameter classes if higher diameter trees are to be removed.

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The felling in PB I was not done since imposition of ban on green felling since30-40 years, but
Hon’ble Supreme Court vide its order in February,2018 ordered HPFD that Experimental
Silvicultural felling in Sal forest can be taken up to observe the impact of silvicultural felling on
Sal crop with the recommendation of Central Empowerment Committee (CEC). An area of
184.71 ha under PB-I was worked under with 100% enumeration of trees. Results have been
discussed ahead in 2.6.8.
Sal is the predominant species with proportion of 81% by volume. There is an inter-specific
competition of miscellaneous species of Rohini, Chamror, Kala tendu etc. (table 2.2 b) and weeds
like Ardisia solanacea, Lantana camara, Ageratum conyzoides etc.
The biggest challenge is however that of Ardisia solanacea (Gudbeli) being widespread in Sal
forests of Paonta Sahib and which has a very strong and complex taproot system affecting the
regeneration of Sal and requires continuous removal till establishment of regeneration annually.
2.6.1.5.2Analysis of PB Un-allotted: It is clear from figure 2.1 below that there is preponderance
of immature crops of Sal mostly in classes V, IV and III. All the removal from this PB will be
counted towards the yield of this working circle, since thinning and salvage removal has been
prescribed. The area of the PB is 6107.65 ha.
300000
250000 250414
225983 232091
200000
150000 152691
100000
67184
50000
30538
0 12215 1832 1832
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

Figure 2.1. Number of Sal trees in Different Diameter Classes in PB Un-allotted

The proportion of advance growth (V, IV & III) is high in this PB. Sal proportion among all
species by volume is almost 88% in this block (table 2.2 b).
Table 2.2 a. Per ha Growing Stock (cu m) of PB Un-allotted

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneous spp. 37 13 6 4 3 1 0.2 0.3 0 64.5
Chil 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1
Eucalyptus 0 0.4 1 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0 0 3.3
Khair 2.65 1.22 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 4.47
Sal 37 41 38 25 11 5 2 0.3 0.3 159.6
Total 76.65 55.62 45.5 30.4 14.4 6.2 2.3 0.6 0.3 231.97

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 Table 2.2 b. Growing Stock of PB Un-allotted in terms of number of trees

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellane
ous spp. 225983 79399 36646 24431 18323 6108 1222 1832 0 393943
Chil 0 0 0 0 0 611 0 0 0 611
Eucalyptus 0 2443 6108 7940 2443 611 611 0 0 20155
Khair 16185 7451 3054 611 0 0 0 0 0 27301
Sal 225983 250414 232091 152691 67184 30538 12215 1832 1832 974781
Total 468151 339707 277898 185673 87950 37867 14048 3665 1832 1416792

Table 2.2 c. Growing Stock (cu m) of PB Un-allotted in terms of Volume of trees

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneo
us spp 14462.9 14609.5 15318.0 21621.1 27759.3 14011.0 3900.3 5850.5 0.0 117532.6
Chil 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2076.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2076.2
Eucalyptus
0.0 762.2 3053.8 4764.0 1465.8 366.5 366.5 0.0 0.0 10778.8
Khair
1861.3 1624.4 1618.5 639.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5743.7
Sal
28699.9 92152.2 193795.7 270263.5 203568.0 140079.0 77994.7 11699.2 11699.2 1029951.3
Total 45024.1 109148.3 213786.1 297288.0 232793.1 156532.6 82261.5 17549.7 11699.2 1166082.6

2.6.1.5.3 Analysis of PB IV: The PB IV contains a total area of 1250.07 ha. However, the area
of 184 ha was undertaken in experimental Silviculture Program ordered by Hon’ble Supreme
Court and its monitoring is being done by Central Empowerment Committee (CEC). This area
will be treated separately. Periodic Block IV is having a preponderance of regeneration and
immature crop of Sal that need proper canopy opening through final felling operations for proper
and healthy growth. (figure 2.2).
140000
120000 119204
100000
80000
73626
60000
40000
32723
20000 23373
8181 5843
0 1589 0 0
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

Figure 2.2 n-D curve for Sal of different Diameter Classes in PB IV

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 Table 2.3 a. Per ha Growing Stock (cum) of PB IV in terms of Volume of trees

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneous spp 9 15 4 2 1 0.4 0.45 0 0 31.85
Khair 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Sal 102 63 28 20 7 5 1.36 0 0 226.36
Total 114 78 32 22 8 5.4 1.81 0 0 261.21

Table 2.3 b Growing Stock of PB IV in terms of number of trees

Tree Classes

Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total

Miscellaneous spp 10518 17530 4675 2337 1169 467 526 0 0 37222

Khair 3506 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3506

Sal 119204 73626 32723 23373 8181 5843 1589 0 0 264539

Total 133228 91156 37398 25710 9350 6310 2115 0 0 305267

Table 2.3 c. Growing Stock (cu m) of PB IV in terms of Volume of trees

Tree Classes

Total
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D
(cum)
Miscellaneous spp 673.15 3225.52 1954.15 2068.25 1771.04 1071.30 1679.52 0.00 0.00 12442.92
Khair 403.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 403.19
Sal 15138.91 27094.37 27323.71 41370.21 24788.43 26801.84 10145.77 0.00 0.00 172663.23
Total 16215.25 30319.89 29277.86 43438.46 26559.47 27873.14 11825.28 0.00 0.00 185509.34

2.6.1.5.4 Comparison of Growing Stock with previous data: Comparison of growing stock
with previous working plans is given below.

DIA ARYA'S PLAN PIS V KUMAR'S PLAN CURRENT

Class No./ha Vol/ha No./ha Vol/ha No./ha Vol/ha No./ha Vol/ha
155.0 16.6
V 171.6 17.6 136.2 19.4 148.4 14.8
73.8 22.6
IV 92.4 31.1 132.3 41.7 94.2 30.2
58.5 42.2
III 54.7 44 69.4 45.5 68.9 52.9
38.1 57.7
IIA 22 37.7 27.9 32.1 37.4 62.6
44.5 124.4
IIB 6.2 18 7.3 13.6 15 43.2

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 7.6 27.8
IA 1.9 7.8 2.3 6.8 5.6 24.1
4.6 21.4
IB & above 1.3 6.4 1 6.3 4.6 26.9
382.1 312.7
Total 350.1 162.6 376.4 165.4 374.1 254.7

One rider to be mentioned here is that previous plans included Nahan Division as well, while this
plan considers the area of Paonta Sahib Division only. Either way, the normality of forests is
quite distinct in inverse J-curve looking at Arya’s plan when silviculture was followed in practice
(1968-78) (i.e. normal distribution of age classes in uneven age forests) versus now when there
has been a long period of non-working of forests and a substantial deviation can be seen.
Similarly, comparing with the data of previous working plan of Vineet Kumar (combined for
Paonta Sahib & Nahan however), it is observed that there has been an increase in volume in
higher diameter classes of IIA, IIBand IA, while there has been decrease in lower dia classes of
IV and III. However, a small increase is seen in Vth class while a decrease is seen in IB & above
as compared to Vineet Kumar’s plan. This is because, owing to ban on green felling has led to
irregularity in the forests in terms of distribution of age-classes. It can be seen that silvicultural
removal from IIB class will also shift the curve towards normality.
2.6.2 Silvicultural System: Indian Irregular Shelterwood system with fixed Periodic Blocks has
been adopted for this working circle. 80% of IV & V class trees have been retained as advance
growth constituting of immature poles and trees up to 30 cm dbh as a part of future crop in the
areas with recalcitrant regeneration and where the regeneration is difficult to be induced and even
where it is induced, it takes long number of years to complete the character of the crop therefore
will be irregular and the crop produced shall be uneven aged. Preference will be given to

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regeneration of coppice origin, without ignoring the seed regeneration. The regeneration will be
in the areas felled for seeding felling and the areas should be taken for regeneration invariably
from the year of felling itself in order to take the advantage of coppice shoots.
2.6.3 Rotation Period: From Sal forests of quality III, diameter class of an average diameter of
40 cm is attained in 120 years. Thus, the rotation has been kept as 120 years with a regeneration
period of 30 years. An established regeneration will be considered as saplings which are
reasonably straight, apparently sound and vigorously growing and more than 3m in height.
2.6.4 Harvestable Diameter: Keeping in view the rate of growth and market favored size as
well as CEC guidelines, the exploitable diameter is fixed as 40 cm dbh.
2.6.5 Reducing Factors and Reducing area: The area has not been reduced in this working
circle.
2.6.6 Felling Cycle: Felling cycle will be equal to regeneration period i.e. 30 years.
2.6.7 Divisions into Periodic and allotment of Periodic Blocks: The area statement of Periodic
Blocks allotted to Sal forest in current plan is given as under:
Summary of the area under different PBs in the division

AREA UNDER PB (ha)

Division Range PB I PB Un-Allotted PB IV Total
Paonta Sahib Bhagani 735.59 1441.88 111.96 2289.43
Paonta Sahib 2363.25 1715.96 868.63 4947.84
Majra 1782.1 2022.87 235.52 4040.49
Girinagar 3963.41 926.94 33.96 4924.31
Total 8844.35 6107.65 1250.07 16202.07

Area statement depicting shift in Periodic Blocks (ha)

Plan PB I PB II PB I PB III PB PB IV PB
(old) (old) (new) (old) Unallotted (old) IV(new)
(new)
Vineet 2657.23 6732.97 5946.81 704.22
Kumar
Plan
Current 8844.35 6107.65 1250.07
Plan

The current working circle has now been divided into three Periodic Blocks. The area which have
mature and over mature over wood having some regeneration and are generally with heavy crown
density have been allotted to PB I. In the previous working plan, PB I area was 2657.23 ha, out

[231]
of which 545.65 ha (184.71 ha of PB-I experimental silviculture felling & 361.14 ha in which
final felling was prescribed under previous working plan) has been shifted to PB IV. Also, it was
observed that PB II with area of 6732.97 ha in the previous working plan should also be converted
into PB I as the over-wood was not removed since 40-50 years due to ban on green felling. There
is preponderance of mature and over mature trees with few advance growth. This PB is required
to be worked for enhancement of regeneration. Therefore, entire area of PB II in the previous
plan will be converted into PB I which makes the total area of new PB I as 8844.35 ha.
The forests where seeding felling has been conducted in the past including the 184.71 ha under
Experimental Silviculture felling program in 2018-20 and 361.14 ha area in which final felling
was prescribed under previous working plan have been allotted to PB IV. Mature over-wood
(mother trees) is present in this P.B. Total area of PB IV is 1250.07 ha.
All other areas, not coming in any of the PB’s discussed above, have been allotted to PB un-
allotted i.e. 6107.65 ha. This also now includes the area of 160.84 ha, which is basically the area
overlapping with Khair (OL) Circle (which now has been made an overlapping working circle in
the true sense). There will be no commercial felling in this PB except uprooted and dry trees and
petty fellings to meet the bonafide TD rights of communities. The PB wise proportion of Sal and
other species in percentage as per sampling results is as under:
Sl. No Species PB I PB un-allotted PB IV
No. (%) Vol (%) No. (%) Vol (%) No. (%) Vol (%)

1 Sal 50.00 75.00 68.80 88.32 86.65 93.07

2 Miscellaneous spp. 14.77 5.23 27.8 10.07 12.19 6.7

3 Khair 34.92 15.39 1.92 0.49 1.14 0.21

The proportion of Sal is predominant, with >75% by volume in PB I and in fact 88.32 % by
volume in PB un-allotted. The areas allotted in different Periodic Blocks in different
compartments of the division in this working plan is as follows:
Periodic Block I:

Compart-
Range Block Beat PF-RF Type Area(ha)
no.

Bhagani Bhagani Amboya Amboya-9(a) C-8 RF 30.43

C-7 RF 35.72

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 C-3 RF 18.11
C- 10 RF 86.04

Mehruwala Mehruwala-8 C-4 RF 49.8

Rajpur Danda Danda-9(b) C-12 RF 47.79

C-11 RF 63.12

Puruwala Kandela-11(a) C-5 RF 63.35

Bhagani Bhagani Dhandla Dhandla-6 C-9 RF 29.91

Mehruwala Mehruwala-8 C-9 RF 56.84

C-8 RF 56.84

Rajpur Danda Danda-9(b) C-18 RF 34.19

C-14 RF 37.73
C-13 RF 51.77

Puruwala Kandela-11(a) C-4 RF 73.95

TOTAL 735.59
Girinagar Chandpur Beas Beas-61 C-5 RF 25.15
C-4 RF 10.07
C-3 RF 31.19
C-2 RF 55.23
Chandpur -
Chandpur-62(a) C-9 RF 32.95
1st
C-8 RF 46.53
C-16 RF 42.76
Chandpur
Chandpur-62(b) C-6 RF 93.06
2nd
C-5 RF 62.88
C-17 RF 45.27
C-12 RF 42.76

Parduni -1st Mehrar-64(b) C-16 RF 60.62

Parduni -1st-63(a) C-5 RF 52.82

[233]
 Parduni 2nd Parduni 2nd-63(b) C-15 RF 51.06

C-12 RF 43

Parduni 2nd - 63-b C-8 RF 110.67

C-11 RF 50.3

Girinagar Dunga Dunga-69 C-4 RF 28.4

C-3 RF 45

Janglot-70b C-5 RF 58.1

Ganyoni Ganyoni-67 C-6 RF 37.73

C-4 RF 31.44
C-3 RF 42.76

Jalmusa Jalmusa-71 C-2 RF 35.04

Majri Majri -65 C-8 RF 30.18

C-13 RF 50.31
C-11 RF 40.5
C- 10 RF 33.45

Kansar Gullarwala Gullarwala-68 C-9 RF 73.7

C-7 RF 32.7
C-5 RF 56.1
C-3 RF 47.54
C-2 RF 42.76
C-14 RF 13.83
C-11 RF 50.3
Girinagar Chandpur Beas Beas-61 C-9 RF 68.91
C-8 RF 40.75
Chandpur -
Chandpur-62(a) C-15 RF 52.68
1st
C-14 RF 37.73
C-13 RF 18.87
C-11 RF 36.22

[234]
 Chandpur
Chandpur-62(b) C-18 RF 20.5
2nd
C- 10 RF 25.4

Parduni -1st Mehrar-64(b) C-17 RF 85.77

Parduni -1st-63(a) C-9 RF 41.75

C-3 RF 54.08
C- 10 RF 52.06

Parduni 2nd Parduni 2nd-63(b) C-14 RF 28.42

Parduni 2nd-63-b C-13 RF 55.59

Girinagar Dunga Dunga-69 C-2 RF 55

C-1 RF 56

Ganyoni Ganyoni-67 C-9 RF 46.53

C-8 RF 35.21
C-7 RF 46.28
C-5 RF 33.96
C-12 RF 109.41
C-11 RF 59.61
C-1 RF 41.25
C- 10 RF 77.97

Jalmusa Jalmusa-71 C-5 RF 59.32

Janglot-70a C-6 RF 50.3

Kharraru Kharraru-66 C-9 RF 23.41

C-8 RF 47.15
C-7 RF 33.96
C-6 RF 57.85
C-5 RF 37.23
C-4 RF 25.66
C-3 RF 40.5
C-1 RF 56.59

[235]
 Majri Majri -65 C-6 RF 67.67
C-14 RF 35.97
C-12 RF 32.95

Mehrar Mehrar-64 C-9 RF 21.38

C-8 RF 37.73
C-7 RF 30.69
C-6 RF 58.35
C-5 RF 29.43
C-14 RF 30.18
C-13 RF 36.22
C-11 RF 32.7
C- 10 RF 22.64

Kanser Gullarwala Gullarwala-68 C-8 RF 21.88

C-6 RF 20.12
C-4 RF 51.57
C-15 RF 49.05
C-13 RF 46.79
C-12 RF 43.51
C-1 RF 37.48
C- 10 RF 39.02
TOTAL 3963.41

Majra Behral Battamandi Ghuttanpur - 45 (a) C-3 RF 40.75

C-16 RF 14.84

Kothewali-46 (a) C-4 RF 37.73

R-45 Ghuttanpur C-5 RF 40.5

Satiwala Mastali-47 C-5 RF 22.64

C-2 RF 46.05

Surjpur Kattapathar-42 C-4 RF 23.2

C-3 RF 22.64

[236]
 C-2 RF 38.99

Mahadev ka khala-
C-3 RF 39.88
44

C-2 RF 37.23

Surjpur-43 C-2 RF 25.91

Majra Bherewala Bherewala-33 C-2 RF 27.42

Naurangabad-31 C-5 RF 14.84

C-3 RF 23.64

Dhaulakuan Garhi banswali-29 C-6 RF 25.15

C-2 RF 14.84
Garhi-28 C-2 RF 65.4
C1 RF 30.69

Sudanbwala-30 C-3 RF 45.24

C-1 RF 16.32

Johron Banswalli-41 C-8 RF 23.14

C-7 RF 30.09
C-14 RF 16.35
C-13 RF 28.92
C-12 RF 42.25

Kiarda-40 C-4 RF 26.48

C-3 RF 30.7
C-2 RF 23.65

Majra Badhighatti-39 C-3 RF 23.68

Sukhimelion-38 C-3 RF 28.92

C-1 RF 28.95
C- 10 RF 65.65
Sainwla Jamanwali-34 C-1 RF 28.34
Paniwali-37 C-2 RF 42.72

[237]
 Sainwala-36 C-4 RF 18.21
C-3 RF 17.78
C-2 RF 14.84
C-1 RF 13.87
Tokian-35 C-2 RF 18.08
C-1 RF 27.68

Majra Behral Behral Ambali-48 C-1 RF 52.57

Majra Bherewala Bherewala-33 C-5 RF 25.65

C-4 RF 28.42
Naurangabad-31 C-4 RF 28.67
C-2 RF 21.93
C-1 RF 63.13
Pipliwali-32 C-4 RF 27.67
C-2 RF 50.3

Dhaulakuan Garhi banswali-29 C-5 RF 22.13

C-4 RF 13.08
Sudanbwala-30 C-2 RF 19.68

Majra Badhighatti-39 C-2 RF 41.75

C-1 RF 29.68

Sainwla Jamanwali-34 C-5 RF 12.07

C-2 RF 41.78

Sainwala-36 C-5 RF 25.15

Tokian-35 C-6 RF 17.12

C-5 RF 13.12
C-4 RF 44
TOTAL 1782.1
Paonta
Gorakhpur Kukron Kukron-23 C-9 RF 43.72
Sahib
C-5 RF 35.21
C-16 RF 21.75
C-13 RF 38.88

[238]
 C-12 RF 45.12
C-11 RF 21.14
C- 10 RF 58.54
Malgi Malgi-14 C-8 RF 18.08
C-27 RF 18.88
C-25 RF 17.76
C-24 RF 28.32
C-23 RF 15.04
C-22 RF 20.32
C-18 RF 15.04
C-17 RF 17.76

Rajban Rajban-18 C-7 RF 12.37

C-9 RF 11.32
C-10 RF 21.61

Gorkhpur Gorkhpur Gorkhpur-19(b) C-9 RF 68.41

C-18 RF 27.16
C-17 RF 22.64
C-13 RF 25.15

Jamotwa Jamotwa Jamotwa-21(b) C-8 RF 20

C-4 RF 25.12
C-3 RF 22.08
C- 10 RF 36.96
Khara Jhara Jhara-27 C-8 RF 27.52
C-20 RF 35
C-11 RF 32.64
Khara Khara-24 C-17 RF 12.48
C-14 RF 22.24
Lai Lai-25(b) C-32 RF 12.48
C-29 RF 28.32
C-26 RF 30.08
C-17 RF 21.76
Toka Lai-25(a) C-24 RF 37
C-20 RF 21.6

[239]
 C-19 RF 24.8
C-15 RF 38.88

Mankundion-26 C-1 RF 13.6

Paonta
Garibnath(n) Garibnath-15(b) C-12 RF 8.14
Sahib
Garibnath(s) Garibnath C-5 RF 28.8
C-18 RF 24.52
C-1 RF 12.48

Gondpur Jambu khala-20 C6 RF 7.52

Jamniwala Jamniwala-22 C-9 RF 55.2

C-8 RF 55.2
C-7 RF 27.52
C-11 RF 32.64
C-1 RF 32.64

Jamotwa Jamotwa-21(b) C2 RF 35.2

Paonta
Chachhati Sarah Sarah-13 C-6 RF 48.06
sahib

Gorakhpur Kukron Kukron-23 C-8 RF 34.92

C-7 RF 15.85
C-6 RF 22.39
C-4 RF 60.87
Malgi Malgi-14 C-9 RF 35.52
C-7 RF 30.08
C-6 RF 6.24
C-5 RF 17.28
C-4 RF 27.84
C-3 RF 17.6
C-21 RF 28.21
C-2 RF 19.56
C-15 RF 26.08
C-14 RF 15
C-13 RF 25.6

[240]
 C-12 RF 25.08
C-11 RF 19.8

Rajban Rajban-18 C-8 RF 31.19

C-12 RF 30.18
C-11 RF 27.42
Gorkhpur Gorkhpur
Khara Jhara Jhara-27 C-7 RF 30.08
C-19 RF 28.8
C-18 RF 30.08
C-17 RF 37.6
C-16 RF 29.92
C-15 RF 33.44
C-14 RF 35.2
C-12 RF 25.28
C- 10 RF 30.56
Khara Khara-24 C-20 RF 29.6
C-19 RF 19.84
Paonta
Jamniwala Jamniwala-22 C-2 RF 31.2
Sahib
C- 10 RF 50.24
TOTAL 2363.25
G. TOTAL 8844.35

Un-allotted Periodic Block:

Compart- Final
Range Block Beat PF-RF no. Type area

BHAGANI BHAGANI AMBOYA AMBOYA-9 (A) C-9 RF 22.64

C-6 RF 33.96
C-5 RF 26.41
C-2 RF 15.34
C-10 RF 7.27
C-1 RF 9.97

DHANDLA DHANDLA-6 C-8 RF 27.67

C-7 RF 49.05

[241]
 C-6 RF 75.71
C-5 RF 65.4
C-4 RF 22.89
C-3 RF 47.79
C-2 RF 55.34
C-1 RF 80.49
C- 10 RF 46.79
MEHRUWALA MEHRUWALA-8 C-7 RF 45.5
C-6 RF 81.74
C-5 RF 40.5
C-3 RF 48
DHANDLA MEHRUWALA MEHRUWALA-8 C-2 RF 43.18
MAJRI GOJJER KHOJJAR-5 C-9 RF 100.62
C-8 RF 42.76
C-4 RF 65.4
C-3 RF 49.24
C- 10 RF 55.33
MAJRI MAJRI-4 C-8 RF 56.17

RAJPUR DANDA DANDA-9(B) C-17 RF 21.38

C-16 RF 41.5
C-11 RF 8.56
C-13 RF 3.56
C-15 RF 29.43

PURUWALA KANDELA-11(A) C-3 RF 48.29

C-2 RF 69.92
C-5 RF 4.08
TOTAL 1441.88

GIRINAGAR CHANDPUR BEAS BEAS-61 C-7 RF 27.16

C-6 RF 35.21
C-1 RF 53.85
C- 10 RF 51.3

CHANDPUR -1ST CHANDPUR-62(A) C-7 RF 27.92

C-4 RF 62.88
C-3 RF 40.24

PARDUNI -1ST PARDUNI -1ST-63(A) C-4 RF 74.2

PARDUNI 2ND PARDUNI 2ND-63-B C-6 RF 96.84

GIRINAGAR DUNGA JANGLOT-70(B) C-3 RF 17.61

JALMUSA JALMUSA-71 C-7 RF 45.56

C-6 RF 44.48
C-4 RF 52.32

JANGLOT-70A C-4 RF 39.24

KHARRARU KHARRARU-66 C-2 RF 67.68

[242]
 C-11 RF 26.41
C-9 RF 10
C- 10 RF 52.82

MAJRI MAJRI -65 C-9 RF 37.98

MEHRAR MEHRAR-64 C-12 RF 33.96
KANSER KANDO-BAILA BARTHAL-72 C-2 RF 10.08
C-1 RF 19.2
TOTAL 926.94

MAJRA BEHRAL BATTAMANDI GHUTTANPUR-45 (A) C-9 RF 18.08

C-8 RF 35.21
C-7 RF 24.15
C-4 RF 25.15
C-20 RF 28.93
C-2 RF 29.93
C-19 RF 35.21
C-17 RF 16.85
C-15 RF 32.96
C-13 RF 44.53
C-12 RF 31.44
C-11 RF 24.15

KOTHEWALI-46 (A) C-8 RF 25.15

C-5 RF 22.68
C-3 RF 37.48
C-2 RF 30.18

BEHRAL AMBALI-48 C-4 RF 32.26

C-3 RF 35.21
C-2 RF 29.36

SATIWALA KOTHEWALI-46(B) C-9 RF 20.37

C- 10 RF 23.89
MASTALI-47 C-7 RF 27.67
C-4 RF 35.21
C-3 RF 54.84
C-1 RF 36.73
SURJPUR KATTAPATHAR-42 C-9 RF 14.64
C-8 RF 9.85
C-7 RF 29.5
C-6 RF 32.2
C-5 RF 35.56
C-1 RF 4.02
C- 10 RF 27.67
MAHADEV KA
KHALA-44 C-8 RF 29.93
C-7 RF 12.58
C-5 RF 24.15

[243]
 C-4 RF 35.3
C-1 RF 42.26
SURJPUR-43 C-6 RF 15.09
C-5 RF 35.97
C-1 RF 17.86

MAJRA BHEREWALA BHEREWALA-33 C-3 RF 46.78

C-1 RF 30.69

PIPLIWALI-32 C-1 RF 20.12

NAURANGABAD-31 C-7 RF 20.12

C-6 RF 20.62
GARHI BANSWALI-
DHAULAKUAN 29 C-3 RF 49.05
GARHI-28 C3 RF 29.93
0
SUDANBWALA -30 C-9 RF 28.96
C-8 RF 42.84
C-5 RF 22.4
C-4 RF 38.72
C- 10 RF 36.48
0
JOHRON BANSWALLI-41 C-9 RF 20.37
C-6 RF 30.68
C-5 RF 21.88
C-4 RF 12.36
C-3 RF 37.22
C-2 RF 27.16
C-11 RF 13.83
C-1 RF 18.72
C-8 RF 15
C- 10 RF 32.7
KIARDA-40 C-6 RF 22.13
C-5 RF 36.3
C-3 RF 2
C-1 RF 24.92
MAJRA SUKHIMELION-38 C-8 RF 22.38
C-7 RF 10
C-6 RF 13.83
C-5 RF 30.43
C-4 RF 36.97

SAINWLA JAMANWALI-34 C-3 RF 18.1

PANIWALI-37 C-1 RF 32.28
SAINWALA-36 C-7 RF 5.03
C-6 RF 27.67
TOTAL 2022.87

[244]
PAONTA
SAHIB CHACHETI GATTU CHHACHHETI-12(A) C-6B RF 23.58

CHACHHATI SARAH SARAH-13 C-8 RF 93.2

C-7 RF 79.35

CHACHHETI CHACHHETI CHACHHETI-12(B) C-11 RF 81.17

GORAKHPUR KUKRON KUKRON-23 C-3 RF 42

MALGI MALGI-14 C-16 RF 23.52

C-1 RF 28.8
C- 10 RF 18.52

GORKHPUR GORKHPUR GORAKHPUR- 19(A) C-5 RF 34.71

GORKHPUR-19(B) C-16 RF 30.69
C-14 RF 40.24
C-12 RF 23.14
C-11 RF 35.21
C- 10 RF 27.67
C-4 RF 17.61
RAJBAN C-6 RF 4
C-15 RF 55.33
JAMOTWA JAMOTWA JAMOTWA-21(B) C-6 RF 30.4
C-5 RF 37.44
C-13 RF 40.16
KHARA JHARA JHARA-27 C-9 RF 23.04
C-6 RF 22.88
C-5 RF 25.12
C-4 RF 30.08
C-3 RF 27.52
C-20 RF 5
C-13 RF 21.6
KHARA KHARA-24 C-16 RF 27.52
C-15 RF 35.2
C-13 RF 37.92
C-12 RF 30.88
C-11 RF 18.08
LAI LAI-25(B) C-31 RF 18.24
C-30 RF 29.28
C-13 RF 21.6
TOKA LAI-25(A) C-33 RF 19.84
C-27 RF 37.6
C-25 RF 20
C-22 RF 15.04
C-21 RF 25.12
C-18 RF 24.8
C-23 RF 7

[245]
 C-16 RF 17.6
MANKUNDION-26 C-3 RF 31.84
PAONTA GARIBNATH (N) GARIBNATH-15(B) C-9 RF 17.6
C-7 RF 27.52
C-6 RF 66.56
C-14 RF 17.6
C-13 RF 15.04
C-11 RF 15.04
C-12 RF 1.78
C- 10 RF 4.96
GARIBNATH (S) GARIBNATH C-4 RF 27.52
C-3 RF 9.92
C-17 RF 26.08
C-16 RF 19.12
C-15 RF 17.6
GONDPUR JAMBU KHALA-20 C2 RF 37.76
C1 RF 18.56
JAMOTWA-21(A) C15 RF 44.96
MANTARUWALA-16 C3 RF 8.8
Total 1715.96
Total 6107.65

Periodic Block IV:

Compart
Range Block Beat PF_RF Type Area(ha)
No.

BHAGANI BHAGANI AMBOYA AMBOYA-9(A) C-4 RF 46.56

RAJPUR PURUWALA KANDELA-11(A) C-1 RF 65.4

TOTAL 111.96

GIRINAGAR GIRINAGAR GANYONI GANYONI-67 C-2 RF 33.96

TOTAL 33.96

MAJRA MAJRA BHEREWALA PIPLIWALI-32 C-3 RF 47

GARHI
DHAULAKUAN C-1 RF 19.03
BANSWALI-29

GARHI- 28 C-4 RF 48.54

SUDANWALA-
C-6 RF 36.44
30

C-7 RF 30.4

SUKHIMELION-
MAJRA C-2 RF 17.98
38

[246]
 SAINWLA JAMANWALI-34 C-4 RF 36.13

TOTAL 235.52

PAONTA
GORAKHPUR KUKRON KUKRON-23 C-15 RF 70.12
SAHIB

C-14 RF 45

GORAKHPUR-
RAJBAN C-6 RF 79.23
19(A)

RAJBAN-18 C-7 RF 7.5

C-6 RF 30.96

C- 10 RF 8.57

GORKHPUR-19
GORKHPUR GORKHPUR C-8 RF 83.5
(B)

C-7 RF 196.19

JAMOTWA-21
JAMOTWA JAMOTWA C-1 RF 25.12
(B)

KHARA TOKA LAI-25 (A) C-28 RF 22.56

C-23 RF 32.36

C-14 RF 37.6

PAONTA JAMNIWALA JAMNIWALA-22 C-6 RF 62.88

C-5 RF 47.68

C-4 RF 62.88

C-3 RF 56.48

TOTAL 868.63

GRAND
1250.07
TOTAL

2.6.8 Calculation of Yield: The yield from PB I will be mainly from seeding felling. In seeding
felling, the trees are retained as seed bearers (mother trees) and as advance growth. Retention on
other accounts is normal and can be ignored from initial calculations. Number of retained seed
bearers are fixed as 40 trees/ha (as per guidelines of CEC report). These 40 trees are from class
III, II A and II B and for the sake of calculations, the average volume per treeof these classes are
considered (0.83+ 1.77+3.0/3) =1.87 m /ha. The total area of felling series is proposed to be3000
3

ha (workable area). For the purpose of advance growth, 80% of class V and IV will have to be
retained.

[247]
Area considered for working in this plan period: The total area of PB I is 8844.35 ha.
Considering the regeneration period of Sal as 30 years, and the working plan period of 10 years,
the workable area has been taken as approximately one-third of the total PB area i.e. 3000 ha.
Thus, the yield from final felling of PB I can be derived as: -
Total proposed area of PB I forfelling in 10 years: 3000 ha
V1: Total growing stock of Sal in PB I working area i e. 3000 ha
(Av. per ha volume, of total growing stock of Sal=208.67 cu m/ha) = 3000 x 208.67 i.e 626010m 3

V2: Volume of seed bearers @ 40 trees/ha (74.8 m ) = 74.8 x 3000=224400m

3 3

(III, II A and II B average volume/tree = 1.87 m /ha)

3

V3: 80% Volume of V class crop= 56,700 m

th 3

V4: 80% Volume of IV class crop= 1,28,217 m

th 3

Total Yield = V1- (V2+V3+V4) = 5,21,675-(1,87,000+56,700+1,28,217) =216693 m 3

(Annual Prescribed Yield from PB I)/Plan period = 216693 /10 = 21669.3 m 3

Annual Yield from PB I: 21670 m 3

Yield from PB IV: Total workable area proposed for felling in this PB is 956.28 ha. Out of the
total 1250.07 ha area allotted to PB IV in this Working Plan, an area of 956.28 ha has been
considered since 100* ha area working under PB IV (final felling) was already done during
experimental silviculture felling program in 2018-20, and another 184.71 ha area was worked
under PB I (seedling felling) of previous Working Plan, which is now included in PB IV.

(*Separate treatment for the 100 ha: However, there is need for further canopy opening in the
above mentioned 100 ha area of PB IV since conservative marking was done, and no other
species other than Sal were felled, resulting in inadequate regeneration results of Sal. Therefore,
consideration for middle storey canopy opening must be ensured by the Marking Officer for other
middle-sized species as well including Jamun, Rohini, Sain etc. This additional yield will count
towards total yield of PB IV calculated below. Final felling for the 184.71 ha area can be put on
hold till the time regeneration gets established but must not be ignored for the experimental area
to establish itself in PB IV properly. Regeneration surveys must be monitored across atleast 12
years to verify the same, till the Sal sapling has crossed the die-back stage and gets established.
The annual yield therefore estimated for the remaining annual approximate 95 ha (total 956.28
ha) workable area is given as under; -

[248]
Annual Yield of PB IV: Safeguarding of mother trees in PB IV areas has to be factored in, on
account of both encroachment protection along forest boundaries as well as regeneration
safeguarding of new crop, since mother trees removal can affect both. Therefore, considering
ecological safeguards (also mentioned in CEC report regarding steep slopes/streams & nallahs),
30% of the mother trees should be retained. Also, there is threat of Ardisia, Lantana and other
weed invasion in the open areas, therefore retention is necessary.
Yield = 70% of volume of IIA/IIB/IA and above
Total Volume of trees above 40 cm dbh= 41,370 (IIA)+ 24788 (IIB)+ 26,801(IA) + 10145
(IB)cum = 76303 m 3

Yield (70% of total volume) = 0.7x 76303 = 53412.1 m 3

Annual Yield: 5341.21 cum or 5340 m 3

Thinning is also to be carried out based on site-specific conditions. The Marking Officer should
consider this in areas where there is high congestion of advance growth. Ordinary thinning of
V &IV class trees should be carried out i.e. thinning from below including inferior advance
th th

growth as well as under-storey& dead, dying, dried trees which interfere with the growth of
advance growth and regeneration.
Total Prescribed Yield of PB I + PB IV: 21670 + 5340= 27010m 3

Also, Yield as per Von Mantel formula: (2*Total Growing Stock of PBI)/Rotation Period
= (2*(3695318+185509.34)) / 120 = 64680.45 m 3

Regulation and calculation of yield: The yield is to be regulated by growing stock and will be
Periodic block wise and all the species felled of the diameter class V and above are to be counted
th

in it. The yield comes as under:

The current Annual Increment for Sal was worked out in previous plan. The CAI for Sal for the
current plan comes as: -

Dia Class Mean Dia C.A.I/tree Total No. of Sal trees Total C.A.I of the dia class (m3)

10-20 15 0.007 897371 6281.59

20-30 25 0.018 753037 13554.66

30-40 35 0.025 634977 15874.42

40-50 45 0.025 414436 1036.09

Total 36746.76

[249]
Remarks: Data for C.A.I above 40-50 cm, d.b.h class is not available in yield tables. The rate of
increment in trees above so cm is also low; as such the increment (C.A.I) off trees above so cm
d.b.h. has been ignored. Thus, we note the C.A.I. comes out to be 36747 m for Sal. 3

We intend to do silviculture felling in PB I and PB IV. The yield will be from PB I and PB IV.
This is calculated as per the marking rules. (Without packing into consideration, the increments
in the crop from the time of enumeration till the expiry of the plan.)
It is, therefore, clear that harvest prescribed of 27010 m is less than annual increment i.e.36747
3

m annually. The forest will be sustained and will be with normal increment and crop in the
3

future.
The Von Mantel yield (64680 cum) is rejected on the basis that it exceeds the CAI value of Sal.
Therefore, final annual prescribed yield for Sal Working circle as a conservative measure
is 27010 m . 3

Table for comparison of yield obtained under experimental silviculture program and
prescribed yield of current plan

PRESCRIBED YIELD FOR

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL SILVICULTURE FELLING (2018-2020) CURRENT WORKING PLAN

PB I PB I
Volume marked Projected Annual Yield for
Area (Total yield in Per ha Working Area (300 ha) by Prescribed Annual Yield for Working
Year (ha) m3) yield (m3) extrapolating results Area (300 ha)
2018-
19 59.53 3825.77 64.27
2019-
20 125.18 6290.83 50.25

Total 184.71 10116.6 54.77 16431 m3 21670 m3 (for 300 ha annually)

PB IV PB IV
Volume marked Projected Annual Yield for
Area (Total yield in Per ha Working Area (95 ha) by Prescribed Annual Yield for Working
Year (ha) m3) yield (m3) extrapolating results Area (95 ha)
2018-
19 20 2538.87 126.94
2019-
20 80 7286.88 91.09

Total 100 9825.75 98.26 9334 m3 5340 m3 (for 95 ha annually)

3
Total 284.71 19942.35 153.02 25765 m 27010 m3

[250]
The table gives a comparative analysis of the yields obtained from the experimental silviculture
felling in Paonta Sahib Division from 2018-19 to 2019-20 and the prescribed yield as per this
Working Plan. It can be observed that the results of the felling program find a comparable
convergence with the prescribed yields when looked at the same workable area. However, since
the marking in the experimental felling was more conservative leading to inadequate
regeneration, further canopy opening and middle-storey removal has been recommended as per
field report submitted to CEC in February 2023, there is a marginal increase in overall yield
which has been prescribed now.

2.6.9 Table of Felling: Felling will be carried out in the compartments of PB I and PB IV. The total
compartment wise felling area of PB I will be 3000 ha. In PB IV, final felling will be carried out in
956.28 ha of area in the plan period (10 years). Felling would be tabulated year-wise by ranges,
blocks, compartments, and sub-compartments for each felling series, village level JFMC areas. WPO
shall also adhere to Silvicultural felling of Sal as per the directions of Hon’ble Supreme Court and
CEC as per order dated 16.02.2018 passed in IA No. 3840 of 2014.

FELLING SERIES FOR PB I AREAS

YEAR OF FELLING NAME OF RANGE NAME OF FOREST COMPT. NO. AREA (Ha.)

2023-24 Bhagani Danda Amboya C7 35.72

Paonta Rajban C7 12.37

Paonta Rajban C10 21.61

Paonta Jamotwa C3 22.08

Paonta Jamotwa C4 25.12

Bhagani Mehruwala C4 49.80

Paonta Jamniwala C1 32.64

Paonta Jamniwala C11 32.64

Paonta Kukron C12 45.12

Bhagani DandaAmboya C8 30.43

Total 307.53

2024-25 Bhagani Dandaamboya C12 47.79

Paonta Kukron C9 43.72

Paonta Jamniwala C7 27.52

Paonta Jamniwala C8 55.20

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 Paonta Jamniwala C9 55.20

Paonta Gorakhpur C9 68.41

Total 297.84

2025-26 Paonta Gorakhpur C13 25.15

Paonta Kukron C5 35.21

Bhagani Dandaamboya C3 18.11

Paonta Kukron C13 38.88

Paonta Garibnath C5 28.80

Paonta Garibnath C18 24.52

Bhagani Kandela C5 63.35

Paonta malgi C17 17.76

Paonta Malgi C27 18.88

Paonta Rajban C9 11.32

Paonta Lai C20 21.60

Total 303.58

2026-27 Paonta kukron C10 58.54

Paonta Gorakhpur C18 27.16

Paonta Jamotwa C2 35.20

Paonta Lai C32 12.48

Paonta Khara C14 22.24

Paonta kukron C16 21.75

Paonta kukron C11 21.14

Bhagani Dandaamboya C10 86.04

Paonta Malgi C25 17.76

Total 302.31

2027-28 Paonta Malgi C8 18.08

Paonta Khara C17 12.48

Paonta Malgi C23 15.04

Paonta Malgi C24 28.32

Paonta Lai C24 37.00

Girinagar Majri C8 30.18

Girinagar Beas C5 25.15

Girinagar Beas C3 31.19

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 Girinagar Ganyoni C3 42.76

Girinagar Chandpur C8 46.53

Girinagar Beas C4 10.07

Total 296.08

2028-29 Majra Naurangabad C5 14.84

Girinagar Chandpur C6 93.06

Majra Badighatti C3 23.68

Girinagar Chandpur C5 62.88

Girinagar Ganyoni C6 37.73

Girinagar Chandpur C9 32.95

Girinagar Ganyoni C4 31.44

Total 296.58

2029-30 Majra Garhi C2 65.40

Majra Mastali C2 46.05

Majra Katapathar C3 22.64

Majra Mastali C5 22.64

Girinagar Janglot C5 58.10

Majra Kiyarada C4 26.48

Majra Sainwala C1 23.90

Majra Banswali C13 28.92

Total 294.13

2030-31 Bhagani Dhandla C9 29.91

Bhagani Mehruwala C8 56.84

Bhagani Mehruwala C9 56.84

Bhagani Dandaamboya C11 63.12

Paonta Sarah C6 48.08

Paonta Jamotwa C8 20.00

Paonta Lai C19 24.80

Total 299.59

2031-32 Majra Garhi C1 30.69

Majra Sudanwala C3 45.24

Majra Naurangabad C1 63.13

Majra Pipalwali C2 50.30

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 Girinagar Dunga C1 56.00

Girinagar Khararu C1 56.59

Total 301.95

2032-33 Girinagar Beas C9 68.91

Girinagar Parduni C3 54.08

Girinagar Mehrar C6 58.35

Majra Banswali C12 42.25

Majra Ghuttanpur C3 40.75

Majra Mahadev ka khala C2 37.23

Total 301.57

FELLING SERIES IN PB IV

YEAR OF FELLING NAME OF RANGE NAME OF FOREST COMPT. NO. AREA (Ha)

2023-24 Bhagani Amboya C-4 46.56

2023-24 Paonta sahib Jamniwala C-5 47.68

Total 94.24

2024-25 Bhagani Kandela C-1 65.4

2024-25 Paonta sahib Lai C-23 32.36

Total 97.76

2025-26 Paonta sahib Gorakhpur C-7 96.19

Total 96.19

2026-27 Paonta sahib Jamotwa C-1 25.12

2026-27 Paonta sahib Gorakhpur C-6 79.23

Total 104.35
2027-28 Girinagar Ganyoni C-2 33.96

2027-28 Paonta sahib Jamniwala C-6 62.88

Total 96.84

2028-29 Majra Sudanwala C-7 30.4

2028-29 Majra Pipalwali C-3 47

2028-29 Majra Sukhimelion C-2 17.98

Total 95.38

2029-30 Majra Garhi banswali C-1 19.03

2029-30 Majra Sudanwala C-6 36.44

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 2029-30 Majra Jamanwali C-4 36.13

Total 91.6

2030-31 Paonta sahib Jamniwala C-4 62.88

2030-31 Paonta sahib Lai C-14 37.6

Total 100.48

2031-32 Majra Garhi C-4 48.54

2031-32 Paonta sahib Jamniwala C-3 56.48

Total 105.02

2032-33 Paonta sahib Gorakhpur C-8 83.5

Total 83.5

Grand Total 965.36

2.6.10 Method of Executive Felling:

2.6.10.1 Felling in PB I: Following general guidelines are laid down for marking and felling
in PB I including recommendations of CEC:
i) In areas with inadequate advance growth or regeneration, the felling should be of the
nature of seeding felling creating gaps of about 1-1.25 m crown width between the crowns. It is
prescribed that 40 trees per ha shall be retained as seed bearers. Trees retained should be
preferably of class III or IIA.
ii) Over mature trees standing over established regeneration or over advance growth be
removed.
iii) All trees over 40 cm d.b.h. should be marked unless their retention is required for soil
conservation reasons for providing cover against frost.
iv) All dry (completely dry) and fallen trees should be marked for felling.
v) Very conservative marking should be done on steep slopes and along nalas.
vi) Where suitable Sal seed bearers are not available, Sain seed bearers may be retained. In cases
where Sain too is not available, other suitable associated species be retained.
vii) All the retained trees over 10 cmd.b.h. should be enumerated and listed.
viii) Miscellaneous species (other than Sal and Sain) like Rohini, Jamun etc. should be marked
where they are obstructing the openings. This is prescribed keeping in view the fact that such
species are gradually disappearing from Sal forests and their mixture is essential for biodiversity
considerations and as prevention against the Sal borer (Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newman)
attack.
ix) All unhealthy malformed saplings should be cut back.

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x) Climber cutting should be done along with marking.
xi) Trees should be lopped before final felling.
xii) 80% of compact groups of poles (Vth and IVth) upto 30 cm d.b.h. shall be retained as
advance growth but should be properly thinned.
xiii) Isolated poles should be removed.
xiv) In Borer affected PB I areas, advance felling of over mature (IIB and above) borer infested
trees can be carried out.

2.6.10.2 Treatment of Un-allotted PB: The forests allotted to Un-allotted Periodic block is
generally supporting middle aged crop with some proportion of mature trees. Salvage removals
can be carried out as per instructions. Felling for right holders may be done from these forests.
All removals will count towards the yield. These areas currently have trees that have reached
class IV and III in many cases and are in need of subsequent thinning to provide better spacing
and sunlight to the growing crop. The previous Working Plan prescribes for the average diameter
and number of trees that should be present viz-a-viz the age of the crop. The extent of thinning
should be site-specific and ordinary-thinning operations are prescribed.

2.6.10.3 Felling in PB IV:

Following guiding principles are laid down for executing felling in P.B. IV:
1) About 70% of trees over established regeneration which are free from frost danger should
be marked for felling.
2) Completely dead/dry, fallen and borer attacked trees should be marked.
3) Trees and poles of miscellaneous species, if found interfering with the growth of Sal and
Sain regeneration, should be marked.
4) On the broken ground, Nala banks and steep slopes, markings should be conservative.
5) Climber cutting should be done.
6) Thinning be carried out in the young crop.
It is also to be mentioned here that thinning will not only facilitate the growth of trees but
will also reduce the chance of borer attack.
2.6.11 Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations, Cleaning and Thinning: Subsidiary silvicultural
operations are very important for successful regeneration of Sal areas. They have to be carried
out in Sal regeneration areas. They have to be carried out in the year following the main felling
year. The subsidiary Silvicultural operations will be:
1) All damaged, malformed, stunted and diseased saplings should be cut back.

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2) The bushy growth and climbers should be cut and removed. Ardisia solanacea (Gudbeli)
being widespread in Sal forests of Paonta Sahib and which has a very strong and complex root
system affects the regeneration of Sal and requires continuous removal till establishment of
regeneration annually. The man-days involved in removal of this particular weed is higher since
expertise is required to protect the regeneration of Sal growing in close proximity to Gudbheli.
It is seen that despite yearly removal, the weeds have been growing back though their density
and height is substantially lesser as compared to untreated areas. Clearing of weeds for five to
seven years post-felling is recommended to be continued. It is stressed here that the budget for
bush cutting be provided in time so that the same is done well before the monsoon season. Field
Studies may also be conducted with FRI/UHF Nauni University for finding a scientific solution
to the removal as well.
3) The miscellaneous tree growth likely to suppress the regeneration should be thinned and
lopped.
4) The debris should be collected, removed out of the area and burnt.
5) Effective closure is perhaps the sole key to regeneration. This will continue for atleast 12
years till Sal establishes.
6) In the 3 year after main felling, coppice shoots should be singled out. Two to three
rd

healthy, vigorous shoots should be retained on each stool.

7) Areas which are moist and lack regeneration, should be control burnt in the winter.
8) Bush cutting of Lantana can be done for five to seven years. For Ardisia (Gudbeli), this
has to be done vigorously each year till Sal seedings establish otherwise it will be affecting
regeneration as discussed above.
9) The miscellaneous tree growth will be removed when considered necessary to favour the
growth of regeneration.
10) Cleanings in young crop (below 10 cm dbh) to be carried out as and when found necessary
particularly when the crop becomes of more than 2m height and shows congestion. The table
given in case of methods of executing felling in PB IV should be referred for number of stems
per ha.

2.6.12 Regeneration:

2.6.12.1 Status of Regeneration: Regeneration of Sal is difficult to induce albeit slow for
reasons already discussed including phenology of Sal and the die-back phenomenon coupled with
the competition posed by Ardisia which has a better coppicing ability and much deeper roots than

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corresponding Sal saplings. However, when regeneration survey was carried out in the
experimental Silviculture felling area, the regeneration was definitely better (even though
deficient) (20-30%) as compared to adjoining compartments where no silviculture practice was
followed (13%), signifying the need for silviculture implementation. The natural regeneration of
seed origin is relatively much less vigorous and profuse as compared to the regeneration of
coppice origin. Regeneration is disturbed due to the anthropological factors in many of the
compartments. Due regard must be given to the phenomenon of dying back of Sal seedlings and
the slow growth that the Sal saplings are known to have as a result of the dying back. The dying
back phenomenon (as described by Troup in his seminal book ‘The Silviculture of Indian Trees’)
involves dying of the stem and new shoots coming up in the following season. The new shoots
may come from buds in the axils of the cotyledons or the axillary buds on the stem. Dying back
with subsequent recovery takes place when the taproot has developed with sufficient vigour to
withstand the adverse influences that may cause the death of the aerial portion of the root. The
time-period between seedling to sapling stage (where the plants begin to produce rough bark) in
natural conditions is long and variable and has been described to take atleast ten years or more
in many cases in North-western India.
Field observations:
● In context of regeneration results of experimental silviculture felling areas, deficient
regeneration can be attributed to lack of further opening of canopy, something which
is being observed to be genuinely required presently in the experimental silviculture
plots. Primarily the reasons include dense canopy owing to no secondary felling
operations, delay in bush cutting and weeding operations, the die-back phenomenon
of Sal and slow growing rate in Sal as discussed, and the last good seed year for Sal
was in 2019-20. 2023 has now been observed as being a good seed year for Sal, which
has improved the regeneration of Sal in the range of 30-40 %.
● Large number of recruits was observed in almost all compartments which indicated
that Sal germination is not much of a problem in these areas but require opening for
growth to establish itself in the 7-12 years of the establishment period.
● For reference, in the case of C-1 Jamotwa forest of Paonta Range, now under PB IV
area, the last proper silvicultural felling was done in 1982-83. Today the area is replete
with young crops of Sal that require light grade thinning to eventually take the 1980s
working to its logical conclusion of establishing the a well stocked Sal forest. The
straight boles of mother trees of Sal are uniformly distributed with sufficient inter-
tree spacing in the compartment and should now be removed under final felling.

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 ● In the last plan period, no regeneration felling was carried out in PB I areas (except
for experimental area). The density of the top canopy has reached a stage where
without regeneration felling, recruits are unable to pass to the sub whippy/whippy
stage. The areas were taken under ANR without regeneration felling. Hence except
for those areas where the canopy was open, regeneration could not come successfully.
● In many compartments, Sal poles are available in good numbers but are suppressed
by overhead canopy.
● The percentage of Sal associates was found to be inadequate. The enumerations
showed that it is mostly 10-15%. Gujjars present in the forest area are doing
indiscriminate lopping of the Sal associates especially Chhal, Sain & availability of
seeds of these species is very minimal.
● Repeated forest fire & uncontrolled grazing have led to massive erosion of top soil.
● Introduction of Eucalyptus in Sal ecosystem in the previous plans have also adversely
affected regeneration.

2.6.12.2 Assessment of regeneration status: The methodology has been discussed in Chapter
of ‘Science and Research’ of Part II.

2.6.12.3 ANR operations: The following ANR operations for obtaining and establishing
regeneration are suggested:

Top canopy: Proceeding of XI Silvicultural conference (1967) has recommended that opening
of top canopy up to 0.5-0.6 density is conducive to seedling growth, subject to other factors.
Hence, regeneration felling is to be done in PB I areas keeping in mind that this region is prone
to severe frost & large-scale canopy opening may increase weed infestation. Eucalyptus trees
shall be preferred first and should be uprooted except in areas prone for soil erosion.

ii. Middle storey: In the middle storey light crowned species should be preferred. Low
branching and dense foliage species like Rohini may be thinned where necessary. Poles
of ‘Kokath’ species will be preferred for removal in place of middle storey Sal associates
like Sain, Dhauri, Jamun, Bahera, Amla, Sandan, Dhaman etc. Regeneration of associate
species of Sal will also be emphasized along with the regeneration of Sal.

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 iii. Soil working: Thorough soil working preferably shall be carried out before seed fall.

iv. Seed: To the extent if it is possible seed should be collected and sown by broadcast within
its viability period and should be repeated in the second year also.

v. Fencing: Effective 5-strand barbed-wire with RCC fence post (cement-grouted) must be
ensured before regeneration felling. Regeneration felling may be deferred if fencing could
not be ensured & the deviation need not require sanction if informed to the higher
authorities in time.

vi. Weed/Shrub-cutting: Thorough and preferably complete weeding should be done. This
operation is to be continued till regeneration is established and thereafter intensive shrub
cutting in rains is expected to suffice. The growth of weeds, particularly
Ardisiasolanaceae (locally known as Gudbheli) was found to be abundant. It is seen that
despite yearly removal, the weeds have been growing back though their density and
height is substantially lesser as compared to untreated areas. As per the theory and
practices for silviculture systems by L.S Khanna (ISBN 81-85933-25-1), the cutting of
weeds is prescribed for as long as the weed keeps impeding regeneration. Clearing of
weeds for five to seven years post-felling is recommended to be continued. It is stressed
here that the budget for bush cutting be provided in time so that the same is done well
before the monsoon season.
vii. Fire Protection: Fire brakes, control burning or contract with local forest users to assist
in the protection of the site from fire is the need for successful regeneration. The object
of control burning is to remove excess leaf litter from the forest floor & to stimulate
growth of stagnating whippy seedlings. For achieving this object, control burning should
be carried out latest by the middle of March in patches carrying mainly whippy
regeneration. The patches of sub-whippy regeneration should be protected as burning
proves inimical to their survival. Patches of well grown woody regeneration should also
be protected as otherwise it causes avoidable loss of growth.
viii. Protection from Grazing: The area must be effectively protected from internal (Gujjar)
& external (villages surrounding the forest) biotic pressure. The Gujjars should not be
allowed grazing permits in the areas under ANR. Also, lopping of the Sal associates
should not be allowed. People participation in minimizing external biotic pressure should
be tried.

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2.6.13 Associated Regulations and Measures:

2.6.13.1 Fire Protection: The repeated forest fire is main problem in Sal regeneration.
Regeneration needs to be effectively protected from fire by careful planning & execution at the
field level. Control burning should be carried out latest by the middle of February. Due to non-
felling and no cultural operations being done for a long time, many areas of the working circle
are having dense crop with all sorts of diameter classes and ages. There is always hazard of major
fire in these areas. Care should be taken to protect these areas from forest fire. If Forest
Corporation does any activity it should be its responsibility to protect the area from fire.
2.6.13.2 Grazing: Excessive grazing by the wild life as well as domestic cattle has very serious
adverse effects on the regeneration of Sal and its associated species. Trampling and browsing of
regeneration is common and the result is compactness of the top soil which is very detrimental
to the regeneration of seeds specially Sal. Erosion is accentuated and thorny unpalatable shrubs
like Carissa opaca increase proportionately. Excessive grazing also arrests seral development of
vegetation and sometimes leads to retrogression. Hence, effective control on grazing is required
& the following suggestions should be implemented at the field level:

• All P.B.I areas in the working circle should be remain closed to grazing for the cattle.
• Areas where special cultural operations are prescribed in this working circle shall remain
closed to grazing for the plan period.
• Areas undertaken for ANR should be effectively fenced. The fencing must be cattle proof
with the five-strand barbed wire under regular watch and vigil.

2.6.13.3 Felling beyond prescription: Felling other than prescribed in the working circle shall
be treated as deviation. In areas where the trees are to be felled due to natural calamities like
'Hoplo attack' or Sal mortality (die back) etc. and if the actual yield obtained or expected to be
obtained from such felling, more than the yield prescribed in this working circle, the proposal for
such deviation will be sent in advance to CCF Working Plan, so that the prior approval may be
obtained from Government of India well in time.

2.6.13.4 Availability of Funds: The various Silvicultural operations including felling in different
PBs have been prescribed in this working circle. Marking, felling and Silvicultural operations
should be treated as a combined activity. DFO through PCCF, therefore, will ensure the
availability of appropriate funds for completing all cultural operations followed by felling. If
these things cannot be ensured due to financial or other constraints, then felling may be differed

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& the deviation will not require sanction if informed in time to higher authorities. 1/3 of the rd

revenue generated from such felling should be deposited in a corpus fund or in FD and this
amount should be used for the ANR and other associated activities.

2.6.13.5 Collection of seed: Collection of Sal seed & seeds of its associates from whole of the
working circle will not be allowed except for departmental works. In each compartment, some
trees of the associates of Sal like Sain, Harad, Baheda, Semal should be declared as 'Plus Trees'.
The trees should be properly marked (with tin plates) and not be allowed for lopping. A group of
such trees may be declared as 'Seed Stand' & marked. The number of trees for each species &
the number of species in a compartment will be decided by the DFO.

2.6.13.6 Illicit Felling: Illicit felling of trees by Van Mafia, saw-millers and unscrupulous
elements is a major factor responsible for damaging the forest property. Therefore, DFO should
ensure that there shall be no illicit felling in adjoining forests and in event of illicit felling of trees
the case shall not be compounded in pursuance of the Hon’ble High Court’s order dated
24.5.2016 in CWPIL No. 8/2015 and the case shall be registered with the police. All FIR of forest
offences under section 154 Cr. PC issued by Police shall be sent to DFO office within two days
by the Range Officers concerned and should be immediately entered in the damage Report
register maintained in Range office. On aggrieved or refusal on the part of the in charge of Police
station to record FIR referred to Sub-Section (1) of Section 154 may send the substance of such
information in writing to the Superintendent of Police for registering FIR through e-mail or
registered post under intimation to the DFO concerned under Sub Section 3 of Section of Section
154 Cr.PC. Trespass in Reserve Forest is not allowed Under Section 26 (d) whereas no restriction
for trespass in Protected Forests. No new rights can be added or introduced after declaring it
Reserve Forests under Section 20 read with Section 23 of IFA, 1927.
2.6.14 Calendar of activities to be carried out (As per CEC report):

i. Pre-felling planning of operations in preceding year of felling:

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time

Preparation and submission of cost estimates for pre-felling, felling and April
post felling operations. Fencing and planting

Eradication of weeds in forests infested with Lantana and other September to

obnoxious weeds February

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 Compartment wise basic technical data in relation to approved working November
plan and compartment history file to be checked by DFO and to be
approved by CF

Validation and approval in principle to take up the forest for December

silviculture felling by CCF/ APCCF-approval for deviations, if any,
from working plan prescription to be sought from PCCF (WP)

Validation of areas and boundaries by GIS cell January

ii. Operations in the year of Felling:

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time

100% enumeration for analysis floristic composition of each forest April-May

as per approved guidelines

Silvicultural Marking which must include markings/removals for fire June-July

lines as per approved guidelines.

Approvals of Silvicultural marking by CF after field inspection 1-15 September

Hand over lots to HPHFDC Ltd By 15 September

Completion of felling and extraction operations 31 March

Procurement of Barbed wire and RCC fence posts March

iii. Post Felling Operations in the succeeding year for ensuring regeneration

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time

Erection of RCC pole 5 strands barbed wire fencing as per the latest May-June
approved cost norms for approved forest to be certified by CF

Planting of only tall plants to augment/ supplement natural/coppice First fortnight of

regeneration July

Regeneration Survey Assessment- Natural/coppice/ artificial to be October-

carried out in fenced forest twice a year in April and October as November
approved guidelines and methodology of assessment of regeneration.

Checking onsite compliance of approved interventions for ensuring 15 Nov to 15 Dec

th th

regeneration by CCF/APCCF as per approved formats. Maintenance to

be carried out annually till regeneration is fully established

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2.7 LEARNINGS from Experimental Silviculture-Felling in Paonta Sahib Division, 2018-
20: At a Glance (after 100% enumeration) with pointers for DFOs and staff in future
(Courtesy: Sh. Kunal Angrish, IFS, then DFO, Paonta Sahib during execution of
experimental silviculture program)

The experiment was started in the field in summer of 2018 whereby forest plots (compartments)
were selected for silviculture working. Compartment selection was done on the basis of felling
series in the working plans of the division and those compartments where silviculture was
imminent but not done in 1990s (due to the Godavarman judgment) were selected. These
silviculture plots were traversed with GPS and digitally mapped by GIS cell. Hundred percent
(100%) enumerations were done in experimental Plots. Trees of all species above 10 cm DBH
were enumerated. The task was exhaustive and time-taking but gave a good idea of floristic
composition.

In Paonta Sahib Division, 28000 trees and 98000 trees were enumerated in 2019-20 and 2020-
21 respectively. Following this, marking was undertaken. In Paonta Sahib Division, 6364 cum
of Sal timber marked for felling in 2018-19. Approx. 13,400 cum timber was marked in 2019-
20. The timber was extracted and sold through open auction by the Himachal Pradesh State Forest
Development Corporation (HPSFDC). Post-felling operations of fencing, leaf litter cleaning,
weeding, artificial regeneration, fire control, regeneration survey were taken up by the
department. Some of them (weeding, fire-control, regeneration survey) continue to this day.

1. Marking

The prime factor for marking is canopy density, hence marking should be done while looking up
at canopy (a common habit/mistake is to look straight at trunk/tree-thickness). This becomes
even more important when trees are bent and canopy lies at a distance away from the trunk.

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2. Debarking

● Should be low on the trunk (preferably on buttress) so that timber is not wasted.
● Should face away from the direction of felling.
● Debarking should provide a plain surface for carving. Fibres should be removed.
● In case wrong tree is debarked, the bark may be put back to prevent exposure and covered
with soil.

3. Carving
This takes more time than debarking, painting and hammering. It is the Rate-limiting step of
marking. Marking Officer should deploy more people on carving during marking. However, need
to co-ordinate the numbers that are being put on the trees. Marked trees may be painted with
coloured bands so that they can be seen from a distance.

4. Hammering
● Two/three clear hammer marks need to be put.
● Orientation of hammer should be such that the hammer mark is read clearly and is not in
reverse

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 ● Hammering must be got done in presence of DFO/ACF and whereabouts of hammer
should be known at all times. Hammer must be collected at day end and kept in safe
custody by DFO/ACF
5. Post felling operations: Fireline maintenance

-Fire prevention is more important than fire control

-Fire-line maintenance should be done in morning as wind is less.
-Staff should be present while maintaining fire-line to stop the spread.
-Leaf blower may be used to clear fire lines.
-In deciduous crops fire usually keeps to the ground, thus greater focus should be on ground
clearing than lopping. In Sal areas leaf fall is complete by mid-march. So fire lines should be
cleared in later half of March.

6. Bush Cutting & Leaf litter cleaning

● Thick bush cover may not be detrimental to Sal seed germination but badly affects their
establishment. In addition, it may prevent seed from reaching the ground. Seed cycle, root
system of the weed should be kept in account to decide treatment (uprooting v/s cutting).

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 ● Clear directions should be given to labour to not destroy Sal seedlings during bush
cutting.
● Sal sheds leaves in huge amount. Leaf litter on the ground prevents germination of seed
and establishment of Sal seedlings.
● Mechanical pulverisation can be done thereby mixing leaf litter with soil and aiding
decomposition. However, it should be avoided in case there is regeneration on ground.
7. Debris Collection

● Disposal of cut bushes is a huge task, especially in case control burning is not being
done.

● Should not be postponed as the dry debris presents fire hazard.

● May be disposed manually if there are nearby Nalas. Can be carried away in tractors too.
● Dried bushes converted to husk make excellent fuel for industrial boilers. Clearing of
bush/weed may be outsourced, taking into account yield per Hectare, labour cost and
selling price of husk.

8. Boundary pillar construction

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9. Coppice observation and Regeneration studies

● Sal is a moderate coppicer

● Coppice shoots come mostly in young trees (seldom in trees above 40 cm)
● Felling should be finished by March, around this time roots of Sal are flush with nutrition
thereby giving vigorous growth to Coppice shoots.
● Lower the felling cut, better the coppice. Stumps of the pole crop should be flushed to the
ground in case they have been cut above.
● Protection should be provided by fencing immediately after carrying cultural operations.
● Regeneration studies using Line Transect method approved by Hon’ble Supreme Court
to be carried out till establishment of Sal and to assess improvement in regeneration status

2.7.1 Experimental Silviculture Program - Revenue Generation & the Future

Silviculture working of Sal forests in 2018-19 in Paonta Sahib Forest Division yielded 6364 cum
standing volume of Sal timber. This resulted in a revenue of approx. Rs. 1700,000,00 (Rs.
Seventeen Crore). Similarly, despite COVID-19 restrictions, there was revenue of about Rs. 20
Crore from Sal timber extracted in subsequent year. This contributed substantially in HPSFDC
registering profit after a decade.

As per the current plan prescribed yield and marking rules for an overall area of 16041.23 ha,
(annual working area 395 ha), annual yield is 27010 m . At current prices (Rs 50,000 per cubic
3

m) & conversion percentage (80% excluding fuelwood), the marking yield annual revenue works
out to be Rs. 107.7 crore annually (for Sal timber alone).

2.7.2 Employment in Siliviculture (2018-2022)

[268]
The details for Experimental felling calculated as follows:

● Wage expenditure on silviculture = Rs. 8000000

● Avg. Daily wage Rate = Rs 350 (between 250-375) from 2018-2022
● No. of Mandays = 8000000 /350 = 22857
● Area worked = 280 ha. App.
● Thereby, Mandays per ha of Silviculture = 22857/280 = 81

The Sal Silviculture operations has generated 81 Days (almost 3 months) employment per person
per Hectare. This in itself is a booster for employment generation opportunities under Forest
Department and ensures people participation in the process.
Keeping the prescriptions of the working plan over an area of 395 ha annually, 114 days i.e
almost 4 months of employment per person per hectare can be created for this Division alone.

[269]
 CHAPTER – 3
COPPICE WORKING CIRCLE

3.1 Name of Working Circle: Coppice Working Circle

3.2 General constitution of the Working Circle: This Working Circle is carved out from
the suitable areas of the Protection and the Sal Working Circles of Chauhan’s Working Plan
which was adopted in Vineet Kumar’s plan. No changes have been made in the allotment of
areas. The working circle has sporadic poor-quality Sal areas, which are not fit to be managed
under the Sal Working Circle. The total area of this working circle is 2093.03 ha.

3.3 General Characteristics of Vegetation: This Working Circle covers primarily

miscellaneous forests, having adequate vegetative cover of miscellaneous broad-leaved species
like Chhal, Amaltas, Tendu, Jhingan etc. In general, the crop consists of poor-quality Sal and
Sain, Khair, Chhal, Amaltas, Jhingan, Tendu and Papri as the main species with other Kokath
species. In most of the areas, there is a dense undergrowth of Karonda, Lantana, Gandhella, Karu,
Woodfordia fruticosa etc. In depressions and along the Nallas, Jaman, Mango and Bamboos are
also found. Climbers like “Maljhan” are commonly seen. Natural regeneration is almost absent
mainly due to heavy grazing.

3.4 Felling Series, Cutting Sections and JFM areas: Only one felling series will be
constituted.

3.5 Blocks, Compartments and JFM area: The previous blocks and compartments as per
previous plan have been retained as such in this working circle. The total area allotted to this
Working Circle is 2093.03 ha. Range wise and compartment wise breakup of the area is as
follows:

Division Range Area in ha.

Paonta Sahib Paonta Sahib 324.16
Majra 87.13
Giri Nagar 1681.74
Total 2093.03

[270]
 Range Block Beat RF Compartment Area
no. (ha)
Girinagar Chandpur Beas Beas-61 C-12 168.76
C-11 73.44
Chandpur - Chandpur-62(a) C-1 120.73
1st

Chandpur Chandpur-62(b) C-2 163.49

2nd

Parduni -1 st
Parduni -1st- C-2 94.32
63(a)
C-1 77.97
Parduni 2 nd
Parduni 2nd-63- C-7 98.1
b
Girinagar Dunga Dunga-69 C-7 20.1
C-6 31.44
C-5 43.75
Janglot-70(b) C-1 72.86
Janglot-70b C-8 59.2
C-7 44.27
Jalmusa Jalmusa-71 C-9 15.52
C-3 26.4
C-1 51.84
Janglot-70(a) C-2 48.3
Majri Majri -65 C-7 50
C-5 22.39
C-4 57.35
C-3 55.84
C-2 32.7
C-1 51.68
Mehrar Mehrar-64 C-4 49.3
C-3 43.76
C-2 51.31
C-1 56.92
Majra Majra Sainwla Jamanwali-34 C-7 28.67
C-6 27.67
Tokian-35 C-7 24.62
C-3 6.17
Paonta Chachheti Gattu Chhachheti-12 C-3 58.41
Sahib (a)
C-2 50.86
Chachheti Chachheti Chachheti-12 (b) C-13 55.89
C-12 61.67
Gorakhpur Kukron Kukron-23 C-2 60.11
C-1 37.22
2093.03

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3.6 Special Objectives of Management: The special objectives of Management are as
under:

(i) To improve the existing growing stock

(ii) To meet the bonafide requirement of local people for fodder, fuel and small timber

3.6.1 Analysis of the Crop:

3.6.1.1 Stock Maps: Stock maps have been prepared on appropriate scale as per area of
compartment and attached in respective Compartment history files.

3.6.1.2 Enumerations: The technique of Survey and Assessment of Forest Resource using Grid
and Quadrants method (Sample Plots) has been adopted and complete counting of all tree species
class wise has been done. A total of 31 Sample Plots of 0.1 ha were laid in this working circle.
The detail of sample plots is as under:
Sr. No. WC No. of sample plots Total area counted (ha)

1 Coppice 31 3.1

3.6.1.3 Analysis of Growing Stock: The growing stock comprised of miscellaneous

broadleaved species which are having maximum proportion (54%). There is good regeneration
of species in the compartments (Fig. 3.1). The proportion of miscellaneous species (54%) is
found maximum followed by Sal (36.51%). Chil is found in patches on the slopes and ridges. The
N-D curve shows that in mix species, felling should be carried out in more than 20 cm dbh classes
of trees keeping 30 cm trees as standards. As regards Chil, the mature trees are removed
selectively considering slopes and local ecological conditions.

Table 3.1 a. Per ha Growing Stock (cu m) of Trees

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneous spp. 88.00 29.00 14.00 7.40 5.16 2.25 0.00 0.64 0.64 147.09
Chil 0.00 22.60 0.32 0.64 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.20
Sal 16.00 41.00 25.00 12.00 2.90 1.30 0.33 0.00 0.00 98.53
GT 104.00 92.60 39.32 20.04 8.70 3.55 0.33 0.64 0.64 269.82

Table 3.1 b. Growing Stock in terms of number of Trees

[272]
 Trees Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneous spp. 184187 60698 29302 15488 10800 4709 0 1340 1340 307864
Chil 0 47302 670 1340 1340 0 0 0 0 50652
Sal 33488 85814 52326 25116 6070 2721 691 0 0 206226
GT 217675 193814 82298 41944 18210 7430 691 1340 1340 564742

Table 3.1 c. Growing Stock (cu m) of Trees

Tree Classes
Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
Miscellaneous spp. 11787.97 11168.43 12248.24 13706.88 16362.00 10802.45 0.00 4278.62 4278.62 84633.20

Chil 0.00 11820.77 458.68 1814.90 3027.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17121.81

Sal 4252.98 31579.55 43692.21 44455.32 18392.10 12481.23 4412.04 0.00 0.00 159265.42

GT 16040.94 54568.75 56399.13 59977.10 37781.56 23283.67 4412.04 4278.62 4278.62 261020.43

n-D curve for Coppice WC

250000

217675
200000 193814

150000

100000
82298
50000
41944
18210
0 7430 691 1340 1340
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

As is evident, there is preponderance of young crop in Vth and IVth classes across species,
therefore the need for thinning to reduce congestion and improve existing and new regeneration.
3.6.1.4 Density: The areas are generally of low to moderate density (0.1 - 0.5)

3.6.2 Silvicultural System: Coppice with Standards system supplemented by artificial

regeneration has been adopted for this working circle. Since the chances of coppice regeneration
are not assured therefore, reliance has to be placed on artificial regeneration. For this purpose,
nursery stock should be quite sturdy. It is, however, to be added that there are a few scattered
patches of Chil. They are to be managed on selection principles as an exception. It is prescribed

[273]
that more bamboo species including Dendrocalamus strictus (Lathi bans) and Bambusa bambos
(Katila bans) should be planted in nallah, depression sites and soil erosion areas.

3.6.3 Rotation Period: The 20 and 30 cm dbh is attained by most of the species in 30 and 60
years and so a rotation of 30 years for coppice and of 60 years for the standards has been
adopted. Trees of medicinal and fruit values will be retained as standards.

3.6.4 Reducing Factors: The areas have not been reduced in this working circle.

3.6.5 Thinning Cycle: No final felling is prescribed as derived from the n-D curve, there is need
for thinning (light thinning, A grade). With two thinnings to be done during rotation period (of
30 years for coppice) at an interval of 10 years, the thinning cycle will be 10 years.

3.6.6 Calculation of Yield: The yield has been prescribed by area as the silvicultural systems
will be coppice with standards. The total area of this working circle is 2093.03 ha. For 1 thinning
st

in rotation period of 30 years, the thinning cycle is fixed as 10 years. Therefore, annual area of
working is 2093/10 = 210 ha app. No calculation of yield is done by volume, as the density and
composition of the crop is extremely variable from one forest to another. As such, the estimated
figures of the entire working circle cannot be applied to individual compartments. The area felled
for thinning will count towards yield. The proportion of miscellaneous tree species in this
working circle is maximum (54%). The species mixtures are Eucalyptus, Semal, Shisham, Sain,
Amaltas, Khair, Chhal, Jhingan, Tendu, Papri etc. The proportion of Sal is 36% and Chil is
8.96%. If coppice regeneration is not viable or coppice vigour becomes weak, native plants can
be raised artificially. Eucalyptus will be replaced gradually with native species. Thinning will
also be carried out where shade is impacting on regeneration of Sal, Khair etc. Trees of medicinal
and fruit bearing values such as Sain, Harad, Bahera, Amaltas, Bel, Shahtoot etc. will be kept as
standards (not to be felled). Trees found distributed on soil eroded places or on the banks of
rivers, springs, ponds and nallah will also be kept as standards.

3.6.7 Thinning prescription: No calculation of yield is done by volume, as the density and
composition of the crop is extremely variable from one forest to another. As such, the estimated
figures of the entire working circle cannot be applied to individual compartments. The
programme can, however, be changed with the approval of the CCF (Working Plan) and
settlement keeping in view the yield and deviation within prescribed limit. In such cases annual
coupes of almost the prescribed area to be taken. Therefore, annually 210 ha area of Coppice
Working Circle is to be considered for silviculture operations from the existing 2093 ha area of

[274]
the Circle in form of light grade thinning operations (A-Grade) as per site-specific conditions.
Thinning is carried out in dense immature crop.

These should be along the prominent features so as to facilitate the constitution of

compartments/sub compartments later on.

3.6.8 Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations:

i. Raising plants in the nursery and planting: - A big problem with natural regeneration is that
it is rather slow growing with a high mortality rate and uncertain growth pattern under rather
hostile site conditions. Seed production from retained mother trees is primarily a specific
character. All species do not seed annually and in equal abundance. Good seed years occur at
intervals. In these circumstances, complete reliance on rather slow and uncertain pace of natural
regeneration is considered somewhat risky to ensure adequate regeneration and restocking of a
felled forest to its full potential.
The density in this area is generally low below 0.5 and the trees are generally young which are
not to be felled therefore the coppice regeneration will be insignificant; consequently, reliance
has to be placed mainly on artificial regeneration for it. Plantation shall have to be carried out
intensively as suggested below:

Choice of Species: The species occurring locally should be preferred with emphasis on fuel and
fodder yielding ones moving towards a multi-layered canopy. The species giving other minor
forest produce and timber should be preferred next to them. In Chil pockets, interventions using
fire resistant species to be introduced. Chil should, however, be not replaced by other species. In
refectory areas, bamboo species will be tried in small patches. In unreachable areas, seed balls
may also be used for sowing of seeds during rainy season. It is prescribed that tall trees should
be preferred for planting.

Species to be planted: The following fuel and fodder yielding species will be planted as per the
sites:

Morus alba, Bauhinia purpuria, Albizialebbek, Dalbrgia sissoo, Acacia catechu, Cassia fistula,
Grewia optiva, Adina cordifolia, Holoptelia integrifolia, Cedrela toona, Terminalia spp.,
Buchnani alanzan, Pterospermum acerifolium, Hardwickia binata, Butea monosperma, Acacia
lecophloa, Acacia auriculiformis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa tulda, Bambusa nutans,

[275]
Dendrocalamus hamiltoni, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Syzygium cuminii, Lannia
coromandelica, Oojenia oojenesis etc

(a) In pockets of good soil depth, along nallahs and easy slopes the planting of kachnar, mulberry,
Harad, Behra, Amla and Toon be done. Kachnar be planted out with root shoot cuttings and about
1.5 to 2 years old plants grown in nursery at a spacing of 25x25 cm. The root shoot cutting is
planted in monsoon. Mulberry can be raised in nursery probably by trees cuttings. The harar,
behra, toon, papri be planted with year old plants with ball of earth and amla is to be tried naked
rooted. The size of pit should be 45x45 x 45 cm.

(b) In refractory areas patch sowing of Kainth, berries in 30x 30x 15 cm patches is to be done. 5
to 6 berries can be tried in a patch. In such area, root-shoot cutting of Amaltas with three years
old plants raised in nursery at a spacing of 25x 25 cm be also planted during monsoon.

(c) On freshly exposed soils, root-shoot cuttings of Shisham made out of about 1.5-year-old
plants grown in nursery can be planted. The cutting should be about pencil thick at collar region.

(d) Along river banks, stream beds and nallah areas, bamboo species as mentioned under choice
of species para can be tried. Other species like Dhak and Semal can be tried. Nursery raised
bamboo plants either naked rooted or ball of earth can be planted in a pit size of 60 cm 3. Bamboos
can be raised in the nursery from macro-proliferation technique or vegetatively from branch
cuttings.

(e) In suitable locations, mulberry can be tried.

(f) In some patches, some Shisham and Semal is to be also introduced. Much advanced and
meticulous planning is required for regenerating these areas.

(g) In areas where Sain is natural, root-shoot cutting prepared out of 2-year nursery raised plants
can be tried.

(h) Some trees of religious, aesthetic, medicinal and other local importance also to be planted at
suitable places.

(i) In rest of the areas, Shisham, Siras, Papri, Jamun etc. are to be planted.

(j) For beating up of failures, 1-1.5-year-old root- shoot cuttings of khair or bakain grown in
nursery at a spacing of 25x25 cm be used. For this purpose, amaltas root- shoot cuttings (3-year-
old) grown in nursery at a spacing of 25x 25 cm be also be tried.

[276]
(k) Chal (Anogeissus latifolia) is an excellent fodder and is also very suitable for small timber,
fuel wood, charcoal. But so far nursery techniques have not been evolved due to infertility of its
seeds. Tata energy Research Institute New Delhi however has been preparing tissue culture
seedlings and supplying to various states. It is, therefore, suggested that tissue culture raised
seedlings be procured from TERI and tried in suitable areas. This species is also raised through
root cuttings in the nursery. Rooted cuttings can be collected from the forests and can be raised
in the nursery in growing season.

(m) In some of the refractory areas the feasibility of filling the pits 45 cm cube with good soil
3

imported from outside the area can be examined. In such cases, the in-depth study of results
combined with expenditure incurred should be carried out.

3.6.8.2 Slash disposal: - The cut material is left out in the area should be collected in heaps
outside the area and control burnt before fire season. The right holders can be also encouraged to
carry slash for their use.

3.6.8.3 Singling out of coppice shoots: - Coppice shoots except eucalyptus should be tended in
the fourth year (when shoots are three-year-old) after felling and only 2-3 shoots per stumps
should be retained. In the seventh year only, the best growing shoots should be retained. In case
of eucalyptus, the singling out of coppice shoots should be undertaken in the third year. The most
robust shoot is to be retained. There is no need for two operations in case of eucalyptus.

3.6.8.4 Bush cutting: - Bush cutting should be carried till 5th years from the planting. All bushes
need not to be cut but only those interfering with the growth of the plant can be cut.

3.6.8.5 Closure: - Close the felled areas for grazing for about 10 years till the regeneration attains
suitable height which protects them from trampling and burning /browsing of cattle.

3.6.8.6 Weeding: - In the planting pits, weeding may be done after 10-15 days of planting and
more after same interval. These may be repeated in two or three times in a year.

3.6.8.7 Mulching: - Mulching is done to provide moisture to soil and it also control weeds around
planting pits. If required, this can be done.

3.6.8.8 Regeneration: The following ANR operations can be undertaken in regeneration areas:

1. Closure: Regeneration if noticed in coppice crops and seedlings from seeds, the area will be
closed for grazing and it will be protected by erection of fencing around ANR areas.

[277]
2. Fire Protection: The ANR areas will be protected from forest fires. Fuel loads around ANR
areas will be control burn before fire season. People should not be allowed to enter these areas
in fire season. Any type of slash should be control burn away from ANR areas.

3. Singling: Singling of coppice regeneration is to be done after 3 years on each coppice shoots.

4. Artificial Regeneration: If natural regeneration is not relied on, planting in felled areas
should be carried out with mixture of native species.

Regeneration assessment survey to assess the regeneration (both artificial and coppice) shall be
undertaken each year after planting till 7 years and record should be invariably kept in the
compartment history files.

3.6.9 Associated Regulations and Measures: -

I) Closure, Grazing, Grass cutting and lopping: -The coppice coupes shall be strictly closed
for grazing immediately after felling. No grazing is to be allowed for next twelve years. However,
grass cutting can be permitted after seventh year. No lopping should be allowed till the area has
completely regenerated and opened. Even after that, lopping is to be permitted as per
guidelines/rules.

II) Notification of Closure: -Coppice areas shall be closed for grazing for a period of 12
years initially and got notified well in advance. No T.D will be granted from the felled areas till
the areas have fully regenerated.

III) Fire Protection: - Necessary fire control measures shall be adopted in the felled areas.

[278]
 CHAPTER 4
CHIL WORKING CIRCLE

4.1 Name of Working Circle: Chil Working Circle

4.2 General constitution of the Working Circle:

This working circle covers Chil forests of Paonta Sahib Forest Division covering 627.38
ha falling in Girinagar range, which was earlier also in Chil working circle in Vineet Kumar’s
plan. The Chil forests covered by the Kumar’s plan bear Chil with poor stocking (mainly confined
to Kansar Block of Girinagar Range). Other miscellaneous species growing with Chil in these
areas include Sain, Chhal, Jhingan, Amla etc. Sal is also found adequately in several
compartments. The bushy growth observed is mainly of Karonda, Kainth, Kangu and Lantana;
some forests have low density, mainly due to large scale salvage removals. Frequent forest fires
and defective resin tapping are primary causes of this phenomenon, this has created considerable
openings in the forest. As a result, regeneration is seen in almost all the forests, whether in the
regeneration block or otherwise. The quality of Chil trees varies from one forest to another. The
young age classes predominate.

4.3 General Characteristics of Vegetation: The working plan area falls under Group 9/C1
Himalayan Sub- Tropical Pine Forests of ‘Champion and Seth’ Classification. At the lower
elevation in the Shiwalik zone, it is mixed with moist Shiwalik Sal and in riverine areas, it is
mixed with Khair and Shisham forests. Semal, Sain, Chhal are the other broadleaved species are
mixed with Chil.
4.4 Blocks, Compartments and JFM area: The working Circle is spread across forests and 11
compartments of Girinagar range.

Range Block Beat RF Name Comp. No Area (ha)

Bharog-
Girinagar Kanser Baneri Bharog-59(A) C-2 67.91
C-1 88.03
Samon-Kanon-
60 C-6 40.32
C-3 65.15
C-2 70.52
C-1 102.12

[279]
 Kando-Baila Barthal-72 C-3 32.64
Kando-Kanser R-58 Kansar C-4 47.36
C-3 22.4
C-2 51.41
C-1 39.52
627.38

4.5 Special Objectives of Management: Consistent with the general objects of management,
the special objects of management are: -

i) To improve the stocking of the existing forest by cleaning/tending operations by effective

closure and artificial planting in gaps and to create conditions for optimum growth of plants
ii) To manage the forest primarily for meeting the bonafide timber requirement of local
people.
iii) To extract resin subject to the condition that no permanent harm is caused to the trees or
the crop.
4.6.1 Analysis of the Crop:

4.6.1.1 Stock Maps: Stock maps have been prepared using modern technologies of open series
maps (OSMs) on a scale 1:15000 both in digital and analogue form. The maps have been placed
in Compartment History files.
4.6.1.2 Enumerations: The technique of Survey and Assessment of Forest Resource using Grid
and Quadrants method (Sample Plots) has been adopted and complete counting of all tree species
class wise has been done. A total of 11 Sample Plots of 0.1 ha were laid in this working circle
covering all PBs. The detail of PB wise sample plots are as under:

Sr.No. PB No. of plots Total area counted (ha)

1 PB-I - -
2 PB-II 1 0.1
3 PB-III 10 1.0
4 PB-IV - -
Total 11 1.1

4.6.1.3 Comparison of Growing Stock with previous data: Comparisons cannot be done as the
previous working plan of Paonta Sahib Forest Division was part of joint working plan of Nahan

[280]
and Paonta Sahib Forest Divisions and growing stock has been shown / calculated jointly for
both forest divisions.
4.6.1.4 Site Quality: The site quality is variable and is indicated in compartment history files.
The average quality is however III / IV.
4.6.1.5 Density: The crown density is variable and varies from 0.3 to 0.6 and as per ocular
estimation the average being 0.4.
4.6.1.6 Growing Stock:

4.6.1.6.1 Growing Stock of PB II: The data of compartments shows that there is preponderance
of immature trees and few are mature. Resin tapping with rill method is applied for resin
extraction from mature trees for resin extraction.

Table 4.1 a Per ha Growing stock (m ) of Chil WC in different classes of PB II

3

TREE CLASSES
Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL
SAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KOKAT 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
CHIL 0 20 60 0 0 0 10 10 0 100
TOTAL 10 20 60 0 0 0 10 10 0 110

Table 4.1 b. Growing stock in terms of number of trees of Chil WC in different classes
of PB II

TREE CLASSES
Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL
SAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KOKAT 514 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 514
CHIL 0 1028 3085 0 0 0 514 514 0 5141
TOTAL 514 1028 3085 0 0 0 514 514 0 5655

Table 4.1c Growing stock (m ) in terms of volume of Chil WC in different classes of PB II

3

TREE CLASSES
Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL
SAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KOKAT 32.890 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.890
CHIL 0.000 256.897 2111.990 0.000 0.000 0.000 2454.140 3281.838 0.000 8104.865
TOTAL 32.890 256.897 2111.990 0.000 0.000 0.000 2454.140 3281.838 0.000 8137.755

[281]
4.6.1.6.2 Growing Stock of Periodic Block III: The number of trees in different diameter
classes revealed that there is some congestion of immature crop from diameter class range of 10-
40 cm (figure 4.2).

n-D curve
20000

15000

10000

5000

0
V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID

CHIL SAL

Figure 4.1 Growing Stock structure of Chil in PB III

Table 4.2 a. Growing stock (m3) per ha in terms of volume for Chil working circle

TREE CLASSES
Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL
CHIL 0.3024 3.7485 19.1688 10.84 9.0372 0 0 0 0 43.0921
SAIN 0.0254 0 0.0835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1089
SAL 1.143 6.624 15.865 21.240 27.270 4.587 12.770 0.000 0.000 89.499
KOKAT 1.792 1.656 0.836 0.885 1.515 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.684
TOTAL 3.263 12.029 35.953 32.960 37.822 4.587 12.770 0.000 0.000 139.384

Table 4.2 b. Growing stock in terms of number of trees for Chil working circle

TREE CLASSES
Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL
CHIL 3522 8602 15497 4428 1418 0 0 0 0 33466
SAIN 1410 0 705 0 0 0 0 0 0 2116
SAL 6087 8190 10688 6286 4563 224 877 0 0 36914
KOKAT 17917 5867 1179 474 474 0 0 0 0 25910
TOTAL 28937 22658 28069 11187 6454 224 877 0 0 98406

[282]
 Table 4.2 c. Growing stock (m3) in terms of volume of Chil working circle

TREE CLASSES
Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL
CHIL 177.524 2149.61 10609.25 5997 3202.8 0 0 0 0 22135.775
SAIN 179.121 0 588.842 0 0 0 0 0 0 767.9628
SAL 773.024 3013.74 8924.564 11127 13825 1027 5598.368 0 0 44289.037
KOKAT 1146.69 1079.53 492.7384 419.1 717.5 0 0 0 0 3855.5944
TOTAL 2276.36 6242.88 20615.39 17542 17746 1027 5598.368 0 0 71048.369

Table 4.2 (d) Compartment wise detail & analysis of growing stock in the PB-III areas

Sr Name of Existing growing stock Desired growing stock, * as per the Yield
No. compartment Table of the Sal and Chil pine for the PB-III
(Site quality-III) (Average age, 40 yrs)
(Reference: Companion of Indian Forester)

No. of stem Volume No. of stem per hectare* Volume Cum

per hectare Cum ha-1 ha-1

1 Kansar C-3 100 (Sal & 20.88 458 (Sal & Misc.), 432 (Chil 124.8
Misc.), 30 pine) = 890
(Chil pine) =
130

2 Kansar C-4 60(Sal & 12.60 510(Sal & Misc), 205 (Chil 113.10
Misc.), pine) = 715
10(Chil pine)
= 70

3 Kansar C-1 Chil pine= 15.08 1,442 (Chil pine) 167.27

130

4 Barthal C-3 180 (Sal & 34.71 510 (Sal & Misc), 206 (Chil 112.63
Misc.), pine) = 716
30(Chil pine)
= 210

5 Bharog C-2 180 (Sal & 34.80 510 (Sal & Misc), 205 (Chil 112.52
Misc.), 30 pine) =715
(Chil pine) =
210

6 Kando Bharog 70(Sal & 17.98 417 (Sal & Misc), 142.15
C-1 Misc.), 50 600(Chilpine)= 1017
(Chil pine) =
120

7 Sumaon kanon 180 (Sal & 51.04 306(Sal & Misc),700 (Chil 134.44
C-6 Misc.), pine) =1006
170(Chil
pine) = 350

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 8 Sumaon Kanon 170(Sal & 35.38 460 (Sal & Misc),721(Chil 163.67
C-3 Misc.), 50 pine) =1181
(Chil pine) =
220

9 Sumon Kanon 100(Sal & 23.20 397(Sal & Misc),480(Chil 124.75

C-2 Misc.), 50 pine) =877
(Chil pine) =
150

10 Sumon Kanon 100 (Sal & 34.80 425(Sal & Misc),540(Chil 136.59
C-1 Misc.), 60 pine) = 965
(Chil pine) =
160

11 Barthal C-4 210 (Chil 39.44 1,442 (Chil pine) 168.2

pine)

12 Kanon C-2 150 (Chil 17.40 1,442 (Chil pine) 168.2

pine)

• Growing stock (Number of stems per hectare and volume) extrapolated based on the proportionate
distribution of stem number present in the respective compartment and the desired number required for
exploiting the site production potential (Site quality III)

Analysis of the details reveal that:

1. All the compartments under consideration are heavily under under-stocked with respect
to the distribution of number of stems on per hectare basis
2. For carrying out removals, it is recommended to remove only the dead, dying, diseased
as the compartments are heavily understocked.
3. In exceptional cases supressed trees can be removed where the congestion is heavy
(only localised places)

4.6.2 Silvicultural System: The forest covered under this working circle will be managed under
the Indian Irregular shelter wood system as this allows felling in accordance with nature of
ground and introduces irregularity in the crop by way of retaining advance growth, the
regeneration will be by natural means.
4.6.3 Rotation Period: A rotation of 100 years is prescribed keeping in view d.b.h of 55 cm. The
regeneration period shall be 25 years as Chil crop after this age attains sufficient height to be out
of danger from the ground fire.

4.6.4 Harvestable Diameter: Keeping in view the Mean Annual Increment (MAI) and Current
Annual Increment (CAI), resin extraction and outturn of standard sized timber, the exploitable
diameter is kept as 55 cm.

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4.6.5 Reducing Factors and Reduced area: The areas are not reduced.

4.6.6 Felling Cycle: 25 years

4.6.7 Divisions into Periods and Allotment to Periodic Blocks: With the rotation of 100 years
and regeneration period of 25 years, four periodic blocks have been constituted. In Paonta Sahib
Division, only PB-II and PB-III areas exist, PB-II crop has age between 50-75 years and PB-III
having crop ranging between 26-50 years.

4.6.7.1 Abstract of areas allotted to various PB

The reason for not shifting the PBII to PBI & PBIII to PB II is because of the lack of mature trees
and preponderance of advance growth and immature trees. Therefore, PB areas and allotment
remain the same as Vineet Kumar Working Plan.

Division Range PB-I PB-II PB-III PB-IV Total (ha)

Paonta Sahib Girinagar - 51.41 575.97 - 627.38

Forest allotted to PB-II

Range Block Beat RF Comp. No Type Area (ha)

Girinagar Kanser Kanser R-58 RF C-2 RF 51.41

Forest allotted to PB-III

Range Block Beat RF Comp. No Area (ha)

Girinagar Kanser Bharog-Baneri Bharog-59(A) C-2 67.91
C-1 88.03
Samon-Kanon-60 C-6 40.32
C-3 65.15
C-2 70.52
C-1 102.12
Kando-Baila Barthal-72 C-3 32.64
Kando-Kanser R-58 Kansar C-4 47.36
C-3 22.4
C-1 39.52
575.97

4.6.8 Calculation of Yield: All the forests falling under Chil working circle in Paonta Sahib
Forest Division fall under PB-II and PB-III periodic blocks. Further, analysis of Table 4.2 (d)
and as consulted by silviculture experts from UHF, Nauni, following points are noted:

[285]
 1. All the compartments under consideration are heavily under under-stocked with respect
to the distribution of number of stems on per hectare basis
2. For carrying out removals, it is recommended to remove only the dead, dying, diseased
as the compartments are heavily understocked. However, the salvage removals will allow
some space and opening for Chil regeneration since Chil is a strong light demander. No
thinning is prescribed for the lower age-classes during this Plan period.
3. However, in exceptional cases supressed trees may be removed where the congestion is
heavy (only localised places).

Therefore, no yield is prescribed except for the annual salvage removals in the area.

4.6.9 Table of Felling: Seeding felling and final felling is not prescribed.

4.6.10 Method of Executing Felling:

4.6.10.1 Treatment in PB II:

Recommendations have been made keeping in view the very limited area of 51.41 ha allotted to
this Periodic Block.

● All dry (completely dry) and fallen trees should be marked for felling.
● Lantana and other bushes should be removed.
● After the debris and slash should be removed.
● All unhealthy malformed saplings should be cut back.
● Climber cutting should be done.

4.6.10.2 Treatment in PB III: Following guiding principles are laid down:

1. Completely dead/dry, fallen and all salvage trees should be marked. This will also help
to give space and light for proper development of advance growth. However, in
exceptional cases supressed trees of lower classes may be removed where the congestion
is heavy (only localised places).
2. On the broken ground, Nala banks and steep slopes, markings should be conservative.
3. Climber cutting should be done
4. Lantana and other bushes should be removed.
5. After the debris and slash should be removed.

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4.6.11 Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations:

Following subsidiary silvicultural operations shall be carried out areas:

● Lopping will not be allowed.

● Cuttings and removal of weeds like Lantana, Eupatorium etc. will be done for the next
three to five years. Only unwanted weeds will be removed.
● Fire lines of 5 m width should be cleared before fire season. Control burning will be
carried out in fire lines, roads and forest paths before fire season.
● Fast growing broadleaved species like Toon, Robinia, Papri, Siris, Ohi (Albizzia
stipulata) will be planted. These will serve as firebreaks also. Similarly, along depressions
the local fuel/fodder yielding broadleaved species will be planted. Bamboos should be
preferred in depressions and nallah areas. In and around villages, fodder yielding trees
may be planted.
● The Chil needles should be collected from felled area immediately after vacation and
shall be distributed to local villagers for making of pine briquettes which may be used by
the villagers for cooking purposes. Pine needles can also be used in making of brushwood
check dams for control of soil erosion by the forest department.
● The lower most branches of the young plants /poles (fire ladders) should be pruned to
avoid fire hazards before fire season.

4.6.12 Regeneration: The following regeneration operations will be carried in regeneration

areas of Chil:

i. Closure: The compartments where regeneration is obtained will be closed for grazing. The
area will be fenced with 5 strings of barbed wire with fence posts.

ii. Fire Protection: Chil is very susceptible to fire. In regeneration area, sign boards can be
erected so that people may not enter the area during fire season. Small fire lines of 3-5 m width
can be constructed on the periphery of regeneration area. These fire lines should be clear from
fuel (pine needles) during fire season. A watcher can be engaged during fire season for policing.

iii. Removal of Lantana and other bushes: Lantana and other bushes which interfere with
regenerating crop should be removed. The removal is done 2-3 times in a year in initial years of
5 years.

[287]
iv. Artificial Regeneration: If natural regeneration is not realized, planting will be done by
nursery raised plants of one year old in vacant areas. Other mix native species suitable to the area
can be planted around ANR areas.

4.6.13 Associated Regulations and Measures:

i. Boundary Demarcation: The boundaries of each of the compartments selected for

silvicultural operations is to be demarcated with the help of GPS (GIS Survey) and Geo
referenced maps will be prepared.

ii. Fire Protection: The repeated forest fire is main problem in Chil areas. Regeneration needs
to be effectively protected from fire by careful planning & execution at the field level. Control
burning should be carried out latest by the middle of March. Due to non-felling and no cultural
operations being done for a long time, many areas of the working circle are having dense
regeneration in patches. There is always hazard of major fire in these areas. Care should be taken
to protect these areas from forest fire. If Forest Corporation does any activity it should be its
responsibility to protect the area from fire.
iii. Resin tapping: It has been observed that smaller trees of 30 cm dbh and lesser are marked
for resin tapping which should be controlled and not permitted. In the technique of resin tapping,
Rill method is applied on mature trees of more than 35 cm of dbh. Resin tapping in smaller trees
affects growth and timber quality of Chil trees. It is prescribed that resin should be tapped 5 years
before felling of a tree. It may continue for 5 years till harvesting of mature tree. Resin tapping
may not be carried out on soil erosion areas. Special care should be taken during fire season.
Method for Resin tapping:
Rill method: This is an improved method, standardized at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
to overcome the disadvantages of the cup and lip method. In rill method, the bark of the tree over
a surface area of about 45 cm in height and 30 cm in width is removed with the help of a bark
shaver. The surface is made very smooth and the thickness of the bark left should not be more
than 2 mm to facilitate freshening of the blaze. The blaze frame is kept on the stem in the vertical
portion, 15 cm above the ground level and the position of the blaze is marked with a marking
gauge. The control groove is cut with a grove cutter by drawing it from top to bottom. The lip is
then fixed in the tree with nails.
For freshening of the blaze, the tapper stands near the tree on one side of the blaze and holds the
freshening knife at the lowest point of the control groove. The knife is then pulled up by the
tapper along with blaze line marked on the tree. The depth of the rill is about 2mm into the wood.

[288]
After making a freshening on both arms of the blaze a 1:1 mixture of dilute Sulphuric acid (20%)
and dilute nitric acid (20%) or Ethephon is sprayed on the freshly cut rill with the help of spray
bottle. Exudation of oleoresin starts soon after the rills are made. The pot containing the oleoresin
is emptied into a collection can. The resin adhering to the pot is removed with the help of a
scraper. The control groove is also increased to avoid accumulation of resin in it. Resin from chil
pine forests are tapped from April to November each year. Most of the forest trees are owned by
Government while a small yield is also obtained from private or community forest.
Yield: Experiments conducted on trees growing at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, have
shown that a maximum yield of 5.13 kg/blaze/year of resin can be obtained by rill method, while
the corresponding yields by the other two traditional methods are 1.5 kg/blaze and 3.1 kg/blaze
per year respectively (Chaudhari et al.,1990).
iv Grazing: Excessive grazing by the wild life as well as domestic cattle has very serious adverse
effects on the regeneration of Chil. Trampling and browsing of regeneration is common and the
result is compactness of the top soil which is very detrimental to the regeneration of seeds
specially Chil. Erosion is accentuated and thorny unpalatable shrubs like Carissa opaca and
Lantana camara increase proportionately. Excessive grazing also arrests seral development of
vegetation and sometimes leads to retrogression. Hence effective control on grazing is required
and the following suggestions should be implemented at the field level:

● All PB III areas in the working circle should be remain closed to grazing for the cattle.
● Areas where special cultural operations are prescribed in this working circle shall remain
closed to grazing for the plan period.
● Areas undertaken for ANR should be effectively fenced. Five strand barbed wire fencing
including one cross strand using concrete pillars strongly anchored in the ground with
cement concrete on ground and side supports is prescribed.
● Soil erosion treatment: There are some Nalas in some pockets of Girinagar range which
are prone to gully-erosion and scouring. It is prescribed that stable soil and moisture
conservation & protection measures be taken to control further erosion.

[289]
 CHAPTER-5
PROTECTION CUM REHABILITATION WORKING CIRCLE

5.1 General Constitution: - The Working Circle covers poor quality miscellaneous Broad-
leaved forests situated on moderate or steep eroding formations, poor/refractory soil generally
inferior for supporting good forest growth. The constitution remains same as was in the previous
plan. The increase in area from previous Working Plan of 8984.63 ha has been of 545.47 ha,
making the total area as 9540.64 ha, which is basically the area taken from Khair (Overlapping)
Working circle which was originally a part of PCR .This was done keeping in view the CEC
guidelines (in I.A. No. 87648 of 2020 in Writ Petition (C) no. 202 of 1995 -T.N. Godaverman
Thirumlkpad Vs Union Of India and Ors ) wherein it has been stressed upon that No area under
PCR WC has to be taken for silviculture working or green felling. Moreover, the area taken from
Khair (overlapping) is of plantation origin that was carried out with the purpose of protection of
the forests prone to erosion, illicit mining, felling owing to sharing boundaries with other states
as well being along streams and nallahs.
5.2 General Character of Vegetation: The forest sub types vary from Northern Dry Mixed
Deciduous forests) to lower Western Himalayan Temperate Ban, Oak Forests in Paonta Sahib
andBhagani Ranges. These areas have variable vegetation. On the gentle slopes, Chil, Pine occurs
scattered, singly or in groups with deciduous species. In moist and shady areas, Sal is present.
miscellaneous scrub is found in lower areas of Majra and Paonta Sahib Ranges. Bamboos, which
thrived in some of the areas, have almost been destroyed due to gregarious flowering (during late
fifties and early sixties) and extensive grazing, lopping and hacking. The forest falls in following
categories of the Champions Revised Classification of the Forest Types of India:-

5B/C 1a Dry Shiwalik Sal Forest.

5B/C 2 Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest
5B/1S 2 Khair Sissoo Forest
9/C 1a Lower Himalayan Chir Pine Forest
12/C 1a Lower Himalayan Temperate Ban Oak forest

Easy accessibility to plains and heavy grazing and lopping of tree growth on these weak
geological formations have almost made these areas devoid of the tree growth and caused serious

[290]
soil and subsoil erosions. The moisture retention capacity of the soil has been considerably
reduced. There are substantial areas in the forests which are under-stocked, have less than 40
percent canopy density and areas with lantana infestation which need to be brought under tree
cover of economical, indigenous, medicinal and fruit trees depending upon their suitability,
ecological conditions. In the past, plantations of various species have been raised, some of which
are successful and others not successful Some of these forests have been reduced to mere scrubs
and bushes. To rehabilitate these area, plantation of indigenous species at suitable site has been
proposed.
5.3 Special Objects of Management: - Keeping in view the fact that these areas are
generally badly eroded and support little or very little poor-quality vegetation, the special objects
of management proposed are: -
(a) To improve the vegetative cover by protection the existing growth.
(b) To supplement the existing growth by providing proper closures to encourage
natural regeneration supplemented by artificial planting of suitable species.
(c) To prevent and stabilize soil erosion by adopting vegetative measures and
constructing masonry structures.
(d) Afforestation of blank or understocked areas with suitable indigenous plant
species,
(e) Increasing overall forest density and productivity,
(f) Controlling the growth of invasive species like lantana.
5.4 Blocks and compartments
No change in existing Blocks and compartments is made
5.5 Area statement
Range Area in ha.
Bhagani 3289
Paonta Sahib 2917.59
Majra 2415.69
Giri Nagar 918.36
Total 9540.64

As per CEC guidelines (CEC guidelines issued in l.A No. 87648 of 2020 in Writ Petition (C) No.
202 of 1995 TN Godaverman Thirumlkpad Vs UoI and Ors.) No area under PCR WC has to be
taken for silviculture working, Therefore the area which was earlier part of PCR WC added into

[291]
Khair WC (545.47 ha) has been shifted back to parent WC i.e PCR WC. Further keeping in view
of ecological condition of this area i.e. riverine and landslide prone region, threats of illegal
felling, and river sand mining, no green felling should be prescribed as per CEC directions.

STATEMENT OF AREA ALLOTED TO PCR WORKING CIRCLE

Range Block Beat RF Name Compartment No. Area(ha)

Bhagani Bhagani Bhagani Yamuna-7 C-2 43.84

Yamuna-7 C-1 42.76

Dhandla Dhandla-6 C-12 10.76

Dhandla-6 C-11 70.45

Mehruwala Mehruwala-8 C-1 85.47

Majri Gojjer Khojjar-5 C-7 72.19

Khojjar-5 C-6 55.84

Khojjar-5 C-5 58.35

Khojjar-5 C-2 56.84

Khojjar-5 C-1 73.95

Killor Badahna-1 C-4 84.01

Badahna-1 C-3 181.86

Badahna-1 C-2 128.42

Badahna-1 C-1 157.33

Salatha-3 C-4 38.7

Salatha-3 C-3 64.07

Salatha-3 C-2 28.67

Salatha-3 C-1 25.85

Majri Majri-4 C-9 34.96

Majri-4 C-7 59.03

Majri-4 C-6 71.69

Majri-4 C-5 51.81

Majri-4 C-4 37.73

Majri-4 C-3 55.53

Majri-4 C-2 60.35

Majri-4 C-1 73.19

Majri-4 C- 10 47.79

[292]
 Rajpur Danda Danda-9(b) C-20 71.68

Danda-9(b) C-19 20.64

Puruwala Giri-10 C-3 409.98

Giri-10 C-2 15.15

Giri-10 C-1 132.09

Rajpura Rajpur-r-2 C-4 65.15

Rajpur-r-2 C-3 62.63

Rajpur-r-2 C-2 81.2

Rajpur-r-2 C-1 50.05

Salwala Kandela-11(b) C-9 92.56

Kandela-11(b) C-8 98.6

Kandela-11(b) C-7 156

Kandela-11(b) C-6 93.06

Kandela-11(b) C- 10 168.77

Girinagar Girinagar Jalmusa Jalmusa-71 C-8 53.08

Mehrar Mehrar-64 C-15 44.02

Kanser Bharog-baneri Samon-kanon-60 C-5 25.15

Samon-kanon-60 C-4 7.55

Kando-baila Barthal-72 C-5 77.92

Barthal-72 C-4 30.4

Kando-baila-57 C-4 90.03

Kando-baila-57 C-3 52.75

Kando-baila-57 C-2 95.72

Kando-baila-57 C-1 95.83

Kando-kanser Kando-bharog-59 (b) C-5 138.83

Kando-bharog-59 (b) C-4 94.32

Kando-bharog-59 (b) C-3 81.88

R-58 kansar C-6 5.28

R-58 kansar C-5 25.6

Majra Behral Battamandi Kothewali-46 (a) C-7 6.29

Kothewali-46 (a) C-6 12.32

Kothewali-46 (a) C-1 67.91

RFGhuttanpur -45 C-6 56.1

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 RFGhuttanpur -45 C-18 57.86

RFGhuttanpur -45 C-14 15.4

RFGhuttanpur -45 C-1 54.84

RFGhuttanpur -45 C- 10 68.43

Behral Ambali-48 C-6 98.1

Ambali-48 C-5 57.85

Konchbelli-49 C-2 26.66

Konchbelli-49 C-1 17.56

Satiwala Mastali-47 C-9 29.18

Mastali-47 C-8 23.89

Mastali-47 C-6 35.21

Mastali-47 C- 10 31.95

Surjpur Mahadev ka khala-44 C-6 14.21

Surjpur-43 C-4 30.08

Surjpur-43 C-3 22.64

Gharatwali Gharatwali -(n) Gharatwali-50 (b) C-7 39.04

Gharatwali-50 (b) C-6 39.04

Gharatwali-50 (b) C-5 47.26

Gharatwali-50 (b) C-12 66.34

Gharatwali-(m) Gharatwali-50 (a) C-4 66.72

Gharatwali-50 (a) C-3 64.96

Gharatwali-50 (a) C-2 40.8

Gharatwali-50 (a) C-1 50.24

Gharatwali-(S) Gharatwali-50(c) C-9 45.84

Gharatwali-50(c) C-8 42.9

Gharatwali-50(c) C-11 49.28

Gharatwali-50(c) C- 10 41.44

Majra Johron Kiarda-40 C-8 15.09

Kiarda-40 C-7 18.36

Majra Badhighatti-39 C-4 28.17

Sukhimelion-38 C-9 36.47

Sukhimelion-38 C-12 25.15

Sukhimelion-38 C-11 26.16

[294]
 Sainwala Paniwali-37 C-5 44

Paniwali-37 C-4 41.53

Paniwali-37 C-3 16.23

Sunkron Sunkron north Sunkron-56(c) C-17 60.32

Sunkron-56(c) C-16 35.86

Sunkron-56(c) C-15 52.69

Sunkron-56(c) C-14 67.84

Sunkron-56(c) C-13 57.76

Sunkron(S) Sukron-56(A) C-7 35.36

Sukron-56(A) C-6 67.52

Sukron-56(A) C-5 22.56

Sukron-56(A) C-4 47.68

Sukron-56(A) C-3 47.68

Sukron-56(A) C-2 58.52

Sukron-56(A) C-1 47.2

Sunkron-m Sukron-56-b C-9 44.16

Sukron-56-b C-8 48.48

Sukron-56-b C-12 55.36

Sukron-56-b C-11 40.16

Sukron-56-b C- 10 55.04

Paonta sahib Chacheti Gattu Chhachheti-12(a) C-7 79.6

Chhachheti-12(a) C-6 36.4

Chhachheti-12(a) C-5 64.78

Chhachheti-12(a) C-4 96.84

Chhachheti-12(a) C-1 38.26

Chachhati Sarah Sarah-13 C-9 40.06

Sarah-13 C-5 72.94

Sarah-13 C-4 62.6

Sarah-13 C-3 118.32

Sarah-13 C-2 50.42

Sarah-13 C-1 70.77

Sarah-13 C- 10 64.25

Chachheti Chachheti Chachheti-12 (b) C-9 35.36

[295]
 Chachheti-12 (b) C-8 112.52

Chachheti-12 (b) C-15 75.46

Chachheti-12 (b) C-14 65.4

Chachheti-12 (b) C- 10 98.77

Gorakhpur Malgi Malgi-14 C-28 15.04

Malgi-14 C-26 13.76

Malgi-14 C-20 22.88

Malgi-14 C-19 13.92

Rajban Gorakhpur- 19(a) C-3 42.76

Gorakhpur- 19(a) C-2 27.67

Gorakhpur- 19(a) C-1 37.23

Rajban-18 C-5 13.08

Rajban-18 C-4 10.06

Rajban-18 C-3 59.11

Rajban-18 C-2 5.04

Rajban-18 C-1 2.52

Jamotwa Jamotwa Jamotwa-21(b) C-9 66.42

Jamotwa-21(b) C-7 36.58

Jamotwa-21(b) C-12 57.84

Jamotwa-21(b) C-11 32.32

Khara Jhara Jhara-27 C-2 33.44

Jhara-27 C-1 38.72

Khara Khara-24 C-9 30.08

Khara-24 C-8 31.84

Khara-24 C-7 25.12

Khara-24 C-6 25.28

Khara-24 C-5 30.4

Khara-24 C-4 29.92

Khara-24 C-3 29.92

Khara-24 C-2 40.48

Khara-24 C-18 17.6

Khara-24 C-1 24.8

Khara-24 C- 10 15.52

[296]
 Lai Lai-25(b) C-7 30.08

Lai-25(b) C-5 35.36

Lai-25(b) C-4 32.8

Lai-25(b) C-2 29.92

Lai-25(b) C-11 27.36

Lai-25(b) C-1 25.12

Lai-25(b) C- 10 22.88

Toka Lai-25(a) C-9 27.52

Lai-25(a) C-8 30.56

Lai-25(a) C-6 37.44

Lai-25(a) C-3 22.24

Lai-25(a) C-12 42.4

Mankundion-26 C-4 14.56

Mankundion-26 C-2 25.76

Paonta Garibnath (N) Garibnath-15 (b) C-8 17.6

Garibnath (S) Garibnath C-2 25.12

Gondpur Jambu khala-20 C5 28.64

Jambu khala-20 C4 17.28

Jambu khala-20 C3 10.56

Jamotwa-21(A) C19 26.88

Jamotwa-21(A) C18 47.52

Jamotwa-21(A) C17 26.4

Jamotwa-21(A) C16 44.96

Jamotwa-21(A) C14 55.2

Mantaruwala-16 C5 38.08

Mantaruwala-16 C4 15.36

Mantaruwala-16 C2 17.6

Mantaruwala-16 C1 12.64

Rampurbeli Rampurbeli-17 C-1 117.65

Grand Total 9540.64 ha

[297]
As areas has been degraded due to grazing, lopping and sand mining, plantation activities are
needed to rehabilitate these areas.

Areas identified for Plantations through ground truthing -

Blank
areas
Sr.No RANGE BEAT RF/COMPARTMENT (ha) Remarks
Sunkron Already proposed for
Majra RF Sunkron C2 5
1 (S) Renukaji Dam CA
Sunkron Already proposed for
Majra RF Sunkron C9 & 12 9
2 (M) Renukaji Dam CA
Gharatwali Already proposed for
3 Majra RF Gharatwali C3 5
(M) Renukaji Dam CA
RF Mehruwala C-1=20
ha is already proposed
4 Bhagani Mehruwala RFMehruwala C1 20
for CA against FCA
Case.
RF Danda C-13=12.50
ha. is already proposed
Bhagani Danda RF Danda C13 4.08
in CA against FCA
5 Case.
RF Yamuna C-1=20 ha,
C-2=25 is already
6
proposed for CA
Bhagani Bhagani RF Yamuna C1 & C2 45 against FCA case.
RF Badhana C-
Bhagani Killor RF Badhana C3 & C4 63.412 3=29.412 ha. C4=34
7 ha.
RF Majri C-6=7 ha. is
Bhagani Majri RF Majri C6 7 already proposed for
8 CA against FCA Case.
RF Dhandla C-2=30
ha, C-8=5 ha is
Bhagani Dhandla RF Dhandla C2 & C8 35
Already Proposed in
9 CA against FCA Case.

[298]
 RF Kandhela C-4 &
5=5ha, C 7= 16 ha, C-
RF Kandhela C4 & C5,
10 Bhagani Salwala 31 8=10 ha. is already
C7 & C8
proposed for CA
against FCA Case.
RF Giri C-3= 9 ha. is
9
11 Bhagani Puruwala RF Giri C3 already Purposed
Paonta Jamotwa RF Jamotwa C9 2.25 Jamotwa C-9=2.25
12 Sahib ha. is proposed in CA
against FCA Case
Grand Total
235.742

Glimpses of successful plantations showcasing the purpose of PCR areas through enrichment
and afforestation.

10 ha area plantation, 2020-21, C-8 & 9, RF Khardu, Khardu Beat, Girinagar Range

10 ha area plantation, 2021-22, C-3, RF Giri, Puruwala Beat, Bhagani Range

[299]
Site specific solutions should be proposed for the following types of degraded forests along
with the learnings of established plantations and native biodiversity;

a) Blank areas: In such areas, uprooting of lantana and weeds shall be done on the 3m
broad contour lines and advance earth work shall be done after the disposal of felling debris.
Consideration will also be given to fast growing species like Bamboo, Shehtoot, Sahjan, Dhak,
Shisham, Khirak etc. This is because the fast growth of these species will overtake lantana in
the establishment period.
b) Areas with sparse tree growth: In areas with sparse tree growth, weed removal
followed by trenching shall be done. The area shall be made contiguous by linking corridors for
plantation so that protection and maintenance is practicable.
c) Areas failed in the past: Such areas have the advantage that the trenches are already
done and they are enriched with leaf litter and the moisture regime is better. The trenches shall
be located and soil working done in advance. Beating up for maintenance shall be done in these
areas with species of Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba and other indigenous
species. Seed-ball planting should also be tried slopes.

5.6 Analysis and Evaluation of the crop:

5.6.1 Stock maps: Stock maps have been prepared on appropriate scale as per area of
compartment and attached in respective compartment history files.
5.6.2 Enumerations: The technique of Survey and Assessment of Forest Resource using Grid
and Quadrants method (Sample Plots) has been adopted and complete counting of all tree species
class wise has been done. A total of 123 Sample Plots of 0.1 hac. were laid in this working circle.
The detail of sample plots is as under;

Sr. No WC No. of sample plots Total area counted Hac

1 PCR 123 12.3

Growing stock Estimation

Per Ha. Growing Stock PCR
Spp V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
BL 74.15 26.02 11.87 6.26 2.11 0.57 0.41 0.16 0.08 121.63
Chil 6.18 2.60 1.38 0.57 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 10.89
Eucalyptus 0.24 0.49 0.41 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63
Khair 6.99 3.09 0.73 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.89
Sal 15.61 20.16 17.64 8.05 2.85 1.22 0.24 0.16 0.00 65.93
GT 103.17 52.36 32.03 15.45 5.04 1.79 0.73 0.33 0.08 210.98

[300]
 Total Growing Stock of PCR (No.)
Spp V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
BL 706363 247847 113080 59639 20138 5421 3873 1549 774 1158684
Chil 58863 24785 13167 5421 774 0 774 0 0 103784
Eucalyptus 2324 4647 3873 4647 0 0 0 0 0 15491
Khair 66608 29432 6971 774 0 0 0 0 0 103785
Sal 148708 192081 168071 76678 27109 11618 2324 1549 0 628138
GT 982866 498792 305162 147159 48021 17039 6971 3098 774 2009882

Total Growing Stock (Volume) PCR (m3)

Spp V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total
BL 45207.21 45603.83 47267.57 52780.08 30508.48 12436.44 12365.39 4944.8 2472.4 253586.2
Chil 2966.7 6193.66 9013.86 7342.61 1749.42 0 3697.07 0 0 30963.32
Eucalyptus 264.93 1449.85 1936.33 2788.19 0 0 0 0 0 6439.3
Khair 7659.97 6416.08 3694.63 810.71 0 0 0 0 0 18581.39
Sal 18885.85 70685.83 140339.12 135719.65 82139.07 53291.64 14838.87 9888.06 0 525788.1
GT 74984.66 130349.3 202251.5 199441.2 114397 65728.09 30901.33 14832.86 2472.4 835358.3

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D

n-D Curve for PCR

5.6.3 Density: The crop density varies greatly in these forests from eroded blanks to fairly
well stocked forests.
5.6.4 Natural regeneration: Natural regeneration is almost absent; some of the areas have been
subjected to with artificial regeneration in the past.
5.6.5 Weeds: The forests have been invaded with Lantana infestation to greater extent along
with Ageratum, Colebrookia, Woodfordia.

[301]
5.7 Silvicultural system:
No commercial felling is prescribed in this working circle, and only salvage removals of dry and
fallen trees are prescribed and their volume so removed will count towards overall yield
prescribed for whole of Paonta Sahib Forest Division.
5.8 Salvage removals:
Although no scientific fellings are described but Salvage removals of dry and fallen trees are
prescribed and their volume so removed will count towards overall yield prescribed for whole of
division.
5.9 Yield Exploitable Diameter Rotation/ Regeneration Period:
No Yield, exploitable dia, Rotation or Regeneration Period is prescribed as these are not
required but salvage removals can be done; their volume so removed will count towards overall
yield prescribed for whole of division.
5.10. Method of Treatment: - The forests of this working circle are divided into four
categories-viz (a) Badly eroded areas (b) Grassy blanks (c) Wooded areas (d) Riverine tracts.
Their description and treatment are as follows.
(a) Badly eroded areas: -Such areas are mainly confined to Bhagani Range. These are to be
protected very effectively so that further soil erosion and denudation is prevented. No removals
should be done from such areas. Suitable soil conservation measures should be carried out here.
Small vegetative measures and check dams may be constructed to check soil erosion. The areas
should be closed to grazing and suitable species should be planted. Considerable areas within the
division are blank or understocked, heavily infested with lantana and other weeds. These areas
are proposed for plantation efforts. Good quality bamboos and grasses should be introduced here.
The selection of areas, species and specific treatment is planned by A.C.F or R.O personally.
However specific treatment, if any, have also been suggested add recorded compartment History
Files.
(b) Grassy Blanks: -These areas are very limited and are mostly confined to sub Himalayan
region of Bhagani Range. Such areas are covered by grasses or small shrubs. These grassy blanks
be planted with indigenous species including Chil, Beul, Amaltas, Bheda, Sain, Shisham and
Kachnar etc.
(c) Wooded Areas: - These areas included forests which are to be kept in this working circle
for mere protection, aesthetics and other similar purpose. Although they bear moderate to well
stocked crop. But they must be protected for one or the other purpose citied above. Gap planting
and small vegetative measures, as and where required should be carried out.

[302]
(d) Riverine tracts: - Tracts along Rivers Yamuna and Giri in Paonta Sahib and Bhagani
Ranges which are prone to illicit mining and extraction must be protected. These also include
vast tracts of ‘Kabza Van Vibhag land’ and ‘Gair Mumkin Nadi’ entered in revenue records.
Protection of Khair trees (prone to illicit felling) are to ensured by proper watch & ward, joint
departmental operations to control illegal mining as well as closures wherever possible.
5.11 Other Regulations: -
(I) Closure: - All areas, which will be taken up for planting or soil conservation measures
will remain closed for at least eight to ten years keeping in view the establishment of plantation.
No grass cutting grass shall be allowed in areas falling under category (a) Para 5.10. In other
closed areas, grass cutting may be allowed by the D.F.O.
(II) Grazing &Lopping: -The existing state of the areas falling under this working circle is
mainly due to excessive uncontrolled grazing and lopping. This has to be checked at all costs.
Stall feeding should be promoted in villages around such areas. Strict preventive measures should
be adopted by field staff to stop/check grazing & lopping. Grass cutting however shall be allowed
as per rights in Fasla -e- junglat.
(III) Planting: - The areas closed for grazing shall be planted by suitable tree species and
grasses. Choice of species is guided by preference to Native/ Indigenous species, ability to grow
or tolerate extreme weather, importance to wildlife, High growth rate which will compete to
invasive species like lantana, species having NTFP value
(IV) Fire: - Accidental and deliberate fires occur every summer in some of the areas. Effective
and strict fire control measures should be adopted by the field staff.
(V) Right Holders requirement: - Right holders’ requirements can be met with from the
forest of this working circle as per the rights admitted in the Settlement.

5.12 Importance of Nursery: Healthy nursery plantable stock with the optimum height and
collar diameter is also a crucial criterion for ensuring survival of these plants in the forests. The
Division currently has 3 nurseries in Dudhla, Tokiyo and Girinagar with a capacity of more than
4 lakh plants being raised now.

In addition to ensuring the basic infrastructure including vermicompost adequacy, it is also

necessary for proper maintenance, shifting and grading of the plants being raised as per Nursery
protocols. Monitoring by officers (CF, DFO, ACF, RO) as per Monitoring protocols must be
ensured to keep track of growth and give technical inputs required, if any.

[303]
Species diversification is another aspect that has to be laid stress upon, especially to avoid
monoculture planting and in order to create true mixed forests that are in line with biodiversity
considerations. The rare and endangered species, slowly reducing from the native forests (eg
Sandan Ougenia sp., Tatpatanga Oroxylum sp.) must be raised in nurseries as is being done in
this Division, as also plants of medicinal and ethano-botanical values that serve the purpose of
public distribution well and give Forest Department a positive interface with communities.

A list of nursery techniques has been devised for more than 38 species that are suitable for
raising in Paonta Sahib nurseries and have been added in Appendix XIII for reference.

Dudhla Nursery Puruwala Beat, Bhagani Range

[304]
 CHAPTER-6

EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION RESTORATION &

REHABILITATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 General Constitution of Working Area:

The plantations raised during last years of the third five-year plan under a crash programme of
raising large scale plantations of industrial pulpwood. Suitable areas in Sal existing growth
leaving some standards were planted with Eucalyptus, the seeds of which were imported from
Karnataka. The Mysore hybrid as it was popularly known then was identified later on as
Eucalyptus tereticornis. In all, 340.10 hectares plantations were carried out under the
programme.

6.2 In Sal belt, however, generally blanks and patches with miscellaneous growth were selected
for the purpose. But, some forests in which Sal was growing sparsely were also taken up and
there the canopy was opened up by the removal of Sal and miscellaneous growth and Eucalyptus
was planted as under storey. The total plantations raised from 1964 to 1978 mentioned in
Kumar’s Plan were 340.10 ha.

In the current plan, the areas generally overlap the forests falling under Sal Working Circle and
Protection cum Rehabilitation working Circle. The successful plantations have resulted in small
compact patches whereas the failures in scattered trees are mixed with indigenous species. Only
those areas are included in this management plan where Eucalyptus is found in compact patches.

6.3 General Characteristics of vegetation: Eucalyptus was planted in sparse Sal areas and other
blank areas of forests for pulpwood production and local requirements. It has been observed that
Eucalyptus crop in most of the areas has not responded favorably particularly as regards diameter
growth. The main reason is the lack of good deep soil. Scattered Sal, Sain, Khair, Shisham and
other naturally occurring of planted species are also found along with Eucalyptus in these areas

[305]
 Eucalyptus plantation patches in RF Giri, Puruwala Beat, Bhagani Range

6.4 Felling Series, Cutting Section and JFM areas: There is one felling series prescribed in
this Working Circle.

6.5 Blocks, Compartments and JFM area:

Area Statement: -

Name of Division Name of Range Area (Ha.)

Paonta Sahib Bhagani 114.47

Paonta 31.96

Majra 171.57

Giri Nagar 22.1

Total 340.1

[306]
Compartment Statement:

Range Block Beat RF Compartment No Eucalyptus Plantation

(ha)
BHAGANI BHAGANI AMBOYA Amboya-9(a) C-4 3.74
BHAGANI Yamuna-7 C-2 17.28
DHANDLA Dhandla-6 C-9 12.85
C- 10 16.09
DHANDLA MEHRUWALA Mehruwala-8 C-2 3.6
MAJRI GOJJER Khojjar-5 C-3 3.39
MAJRI Majri-4 C-2 2.53
RAJPUR DANDA Danda-9(b) C-18 6.05
PURUWALA Giri-10 C-2 10
C-1 38.94
Total 114.47
GIRINAGAR CHANDPUR CHANDPUR -1ST Chandpur-62(a) C-15 2.65
C-13 3.52
GIRINAGAR KHARRARU Kharraru-66 C-9 8
C-8 7.93
Total 22.1
MAJRA BEHRAL BATTAMANDI Ghuttanpur-45 (a) C-9 2.04
BEHRAL Ambwali-48 C-2 2.58
SURJPUR Kattapathar-42 C-9 0.76
C-8 3.98
C-7 1.94
C-1 21.38
Mahadev ka C-6 0.89
khala-44
C-4 0.92
C-3 0.36
GHARATWALI GHARATWALI - Gharatwali-50 (b) C-5 9.38
(N)
C-12 1.5
GHARATWALI-(S) Gharatwali-50(c) C-9 2
C-8 2.7
MAJRA JOHRON Banswalli-41 C-7 5.12
C-1 10.2
Kiarda-40 C-4 3.7
C-2 1.5
C-1 4
MAJRA Badhighatti-39 C-3 6
Sukhimelion-38 C-2 20
C-1 3.05
SAINWLA Jamanwali-34 C-4 4.11
C-2 2.5
C-1 2.1
Paniwali-37 C-4 1.19

[307]
 C-3 12.25
Sainwala-36 C-4 4.43
C-3 4.86
C-1 10.03
Tokian-35 C-7 3.22
C-3 10.95
SUNKRON SUNKRON NORTH Sunkron-56(c) C-16 4.3
C-15 7.63
Total 171.57
PAONTA JAMOTWA JAMOTWA Jamotwa-21(b) C-12 10
C-11 8
Paonta Sahib GARIBNATH (S) Garibnath C-18 3
C-17 4
C-16 3.44
GONDPUR Jamotwa-21(a) C17 3.52
Total 31.96
Grand Total 340.1

During the current working plan period treatment of 340.10 Hac. area under eucalyptus plantation
is under taken for restoration and rehabitaltion under this management plan as mentioned above.
This 340.10 Hac. has been derived from Sal Working Circle, Coppice Working Circle etc. After
the end of this working plan period the area restored and rehabilitated may be allotted to other
working circles after the analysis of crop composition and other parameters.

6.6 Special Objectives of Management: Eucalyptus is a species of exotic origin. Eucalyptus

was introduced on experimental basis as it finds use as pulp, fuel wood small timber and
extensively used in various industries especially paper and pulp industry. The success achieved
by Eucalyptus ecologically however has been contested and the plantations have far outlived the
utility and continue to exist due to ban on green felling. Therefore, the special objects of
management shall be as under: -

(i) To exploit the existing mature Eucalyptus plantations and replace felled areas by artificial
regenerationand plantation of indigenous species.

(ii) To meet the local requirement of small timber and fuel wood etc.

(iii) To rehabilitate the areas from long term ecological impacts of eucalyptus, to restore ground
water levels and soil fertility

[308]
6.6.1 Analysis of Crop: Crop consisted of Eucalyptus plantation carried out in the gaps of sal
and other indigenous species for paper and pulp production. In the current plan, the area generally
overlaps the forests falling under Sal working circle and coppice working circle. The working
in the working circle will be the area where Eucalyptus was planted in the patches. Eucalyptus
has been impacting on adverse impact on regeneration of indigenous species and also damaging
for the ecology and biodiversity of the areas due to allelopathic impact of its leaves on
regeneration. Growth of Eucalyptus also not found to be good. Scattered trees of Sal, Sain, Khair
and other naturally occurring are also found along with Eucalyptus in these areas.

6.6.1.1 Stock Maps: Stock maps have been prepared on appropriate scale as per area of
compartment and attached in respective CHFs.

6.6.1.2 Enumerations: The technique of Survey and Assessment of Forest Resource using Grid
and Quadrants method (Sample Plots) has been adopted and complete counting of all tree species
class wise has been done. A total of 123 Sample Plots of 0.1 ha were laid in this working area.
The detail of sample plots is as under: -

Sr.No. Working Area No. of sample plots Total area counted (ha)
Management plan for Eucalyptus
1 123 12.3

6.6.1.3 Growing Stock: The current growing stock of Eucalyptus has been compiled and
presented in tables 6.1 a, b and c. The data shows that there is very low (4%) proportion of
miscellaneous native species in Eucalyptus patches. The proportion of Sal is also low (13%).
Therefore, indigenous native species like Khair, Sain, Amaltas, Kachnar, Siris, Chhal, Dhauda,
Shishametc. may be planted in the felled areas to encourage mixer of native species to improve
biodiversity.
Table 6.1 a. Per ha growing stock (cu m) of Eucalyptus

Classes of Tree

Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total

Miscellaneous spp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00

Eucalyptus 20.00 150.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 190.00

Sal 10.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.00

[309]
 Total 30.00 160.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 230.00

Table 6.1 b. Growing stock in terms of number of trees of Eucalyptus

Classes of Trees

Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total

Miscellaneous spp. 0 0 0 3401 0 0 0 0 0 3401

Eucalyptus 6802 51015 6802 0 0 0 0 0 0 64619

Sal 3401 3401 0 3401 0 0 0 0 0 10203

Total 10203 54416 6802 6802 0 0 0 0 0 78223

Table 6.1 c. Growing stock (cu m) of Eucalyptus

Classes of Trees

Species V IV III II-A II-B I-A I-B I-C I-D Total (cum)

Miscellaneous spp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 3009.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3009.89

Eucalyptus 775.43 15916.68 3401.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20093.11

Sal 431.93 1251.57 0.00 6019.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7703.27

Total 1207.36 17168.25 3401.00 9029.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30806.26

6.6.2 Management Practice: It was recommended by Central Empowerment Committeein

2017 against writ petition (c) of 202 of 1995 that Eucalyptus may be replaced by a mix of native
species by artificial regeneration. Silvicultural felling was done in accordance of the order of
Hon’ble Supreme Court. Eucalyptus felling was done in Paonta Sahib Forest Division at two
sites; RF Giri Compartment 3 (18.5 ha- 379 trees were felled), RF Lai C 28 (118 trees felled in
approx 1 ha patch). In RF-Giri C 3 site, plantation of 18.5 ha land was taken up where the site
was planted at a norm of 200 tall plants of native species (Shisham, Amla, Jamun, Arjun, Baheda
etc.). A total of 3700 plants were planted. The survival percentage of planted mix species was
95%. Eucalyptus exists on multiple sites as an overlapping species in Paonta Sahib Forest
Division. A substantial amount of area can be found under the Eucalyptus working area.
Therefore, based on the positive experience with this silviculture exercise from both ecological
and survival points of view, the objectives and prescriptions have been modified in this Chapter.

[310]
The felling period was kept at 15 years in most of the places in the past. The plantations have far
outlived the utility and continue to exist due to ban on green felling. Apart from being an
ecological misfit, the eucalyptus has limited value as timber or fodder species. As such the
eucalyptus covered areas need to be felled and the exotic species needs to be replaced by native
species. This will not only be restoring the ecosystem to its original state but will also provide
revenue and employment to the locals. Therefore, the system is Clear-Felling (for only
Eucalyptus species) with artificial regeneration of native species. As it was recommended by
CEC and Hon’ble Supreme court orderof 2018 that Eucalyptus be replaced through artificial
regeneration using native species. The regeneration period of native species will be 10 years. It
is expected that mix crops will attain a minimum of 20 cm dbh in 15 years. Therefore, a rotation
of 15 years is prescribed. In case the dbh attained is high, the produce can be used as small
timber.

6.6.3 Felling cycle: A felling cycle of 10 years is prescribed. Since the system is clear-felling
with respect to Eucalyptus and object is to replace it with fast growing native species, the felling
cycle is taken as 10 instead of 15 years.

6.6.4 Calculation of Yield: Yield shall be controlled by the area as the silvicultural system is
clear felling of Eucalyptus followed by artificial regeneration. Total area is 340.10 ha and is to
be felled in 10 years. Thus, each annual coupe area will be divided into 34 ha. The list of Forest
compartment and areas to be felled is given. Since the rotation is on higher side and the crop is
generally over mature and is found in small compact patches of widely varying areas scattered
here and there. A 10% reservation especially along Nallahs and streams is however being done
keeping in view the adverse ecological conditions that may arise as well as protection purpose.

Total growing stock of Eucalyptus in WC = 20093.11 m 3

Harvestable Growing Stock: (90% of total GS) = 18083.8m 3

Growing stock per ha =53.1m 3

Size of the coupe: 34 ha

Annual Yield prescribed (34 ha size of coupe) = 34x53.1 =1808 m 3

[311]
6.6.5 Table of Felling:

Name of Name of Forest Comptt. Total Eucalypus management

Range No. Area (ha) area (ha.) prescribed for
felling

2023-24 Majra R-38 Sukhimelion C1 32.00 3.05

C2 37.98 20.00

Paonta R-15 Garibnath C16 22.56 3.44

C17 30.08 4.00

C18 27.53 3.00

TOTAL 33.49

2024-25 Majra R-39 Badhighati C3 29.68 6.00

Paonta R-21 Jamotwa C11 40.32 8.00

C12 67.84 10.00

C17 29.92 3.52

Girinagar R-66 Kharraru C8 55.08 7.93

Total 35.45

2025-26 Majra R-40 Kiarda C1 28.92 4.00

C2 25.15 1.50

C4 30.18 3.70

Bhagani R-7 Yamuna C2 61.12 17.28

R-8 Mehruwala C2 46.78 3.60

Girinagar R-62 Chandpur C13 22.39 3.52

C15 55.33 2.65

Total 36.25

2026-27 Majra R-41 Banswali C1 28.92 10.20

C7 35.21 5.12

R-56 Sunkron C15 60.32 7.63

C16 40.32 4.30

[312]
 Girinagar R-66 Kharraru C7 41.41 8.00

Total 35.25

2027-28 Majra R-42 Kata Pather C1 25.40 21.38

C7 31.44 1.94

C8 13.83 3.98

C9 15.40 0.76

R-44 Mahadev Ka- C3 40.24 0.36

Khala
C4 36.22 0.92

C6 15.10 0.89

R-48 Ambwali C2 31.94 2.58

Total 32.81

2028-29 Majra R-45 Ghutanpur C9 20.12 2.04

R-50 Gharatwali C5 56.64 9.38

C8 45.60 2.70

C9 47.84 2.00

C12 67.84 1.50

R-35 Tokian C3 17.12 10.95

C7 27.84 3.22

Bhagani R-5 Khojjar C3 52.63 3.39

Total 35.18

2029-30 Bhagani R-10 Giri C1 171.03 38.94

Total 38.94

Majra R-37 Paniwala C3 28.48 12.19

C4 42.72 1.19

R-36 Sainwala C1 23.90 10.03

C3 22.64 4.86

C4 22.64 4.43

[313]
 Total 32.70

2030-31 Bhagani R-4 KhodiMajri C2 62.88 2.53

R-5 Khojjar C3 52.63 3.39

R-9 DhandaAmboya C4 50.30 3.74

C18 40.24 6.05

R-34 Jamnjwali C1 30.44 2.10

C2 44.28 2.50

C4 40.24 4.11

Total 24.42

2031-32 Bhagani R-6 Dhandla C9 42.76 12.85

C10 62.88 16.09

Total 28.94

6.6.6 Method of Executing Felling: The felling of Eucalyptus will be governed by following
marking rules:

(1) All Eucalyptus trees shall be marked. No other species will be felled.

(2) Unmarked and damaged poles below 10 cm diameter will be cut back at the time of
felling.

(3) In case where Eucalyptus is growing with other species the standards of other species will
be kept.

(4) The stumps in case of coppice felling will be about 15 cm high and will be given a sharp
slanting cut facing the direction opposite to sun rays.

6.6.7 Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations cleaning and thinning: Following subsidiary

operations shall be carried out:

(1) The area felled shall be completely cleared of the felled material. Nothing will be left
after felling. Debris will be collected in nallah and control burnt.

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(2) Lantana and other weeds will be removed from the felled areas after felling. Fencing will
be carried out well before coming out of coppice shoots of other native species. The fencing will
be comprised of five strands of wires and posts

(3) The regeneration area will be fenced for 8-10 years i.e. period upto the establishment of
plantation to control grazing/browsing.

(4) Tall plants of important indigenous species like Sain, Toon, Shisham, Kachnar, Siris,
Khair etc. shall be planted in gaps.

(5) Removal of weeds and unwanted bush cutting will be continued upto next two-three
years.

6.6.8 Regeneration: The following operations will be carried out in regenerating areas:

i. Closure: The compartments where regeneration is obtained will be closed for grazing. The
area will be fenced with 5 strings of barbed wire with fence posts.

ii. Fire Protection: In regeneration area, sign boards can be erected so that people may not enter
the area during fire season. Small fire lines of 3-5 m width can be constructed on the periphery
of regeneration area. These fire lines should be clear from fuel during fire season.

iii. Removal of Lantana and other bushes: Lantana and other bushes which interfere with
regenerating crop should be removed. The removal is done 2-3 times in a year in initial yearsof
5 years.

iv. Regeneration Assessment Survey: Regeneration assessment survey will be carried out every
year till the area is fully regenerated with indigenous species and is closed completely for exercise
of rights.

6.6.9 Associated regulations and Measures:

(1) Extension of Eucalyptus crop over areas having alternative crop shall be avoided. Suitable
indigenous species (Semul, Amaltas, Shisham, Siris, Papdi etc.) should be planted in a mixture
instead.

(2) Coppice shoots of Eucalyptus to be removed gradually.

6.6.10 Calendar of activities to be carried out (As per CEC report) :

i. Pre-felling planning of operations in preceding year of felling:

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 Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time
Preparation and submission of cost estimates for pre-felling, felling April
and post felling operations. Fencing and planting
Eradication of weeds in forests infested with Lantana and other September to
obnoxious weeds February
Compartment wise basic technical data in relation to approved working November
plan and compartment history file to be checked by DFO and to be
approved by CF
Validation and approval in principle to take up the forest for December
silviculture felling by CCF/ APCCF-approval for deviations, if any,
from working plan prescription to be sought from PCCF (WP)
Validation of areas and boundaries by GIS cell January

ii. Operations in the year of Felling:

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time
100% enumeration for analysis floristic composition of each forest April-May
as per approved guidelines
Silvicultural Marking which must include markings/removals for fire June-July
lines as per approved guidelines.
Approvals of Silvicultural marking by CF after field inspection 1-15 September
Hand over lots to HPHFDC Ltd By 15 September
Completion of felling and extraction operations 31 March
Procurement of Barbed wire and RCC fence posts March

iii. Post Felling Operations in the succeeding year for ensuring regeneration

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time
Erection of RCC pole 5 strands barbed wire fencing as per the latest May-June
approved cost norms for approved forest to be certified by CF
Planting of only tall plants to augment/ supplement natural/coppice First fortnight of
regeneration July
Regeneration Survey Assessment- Natural/coppice/ artificial to be October-
carried out in fenced forest twice a year in April and October as November
approved guidelines and methodology of assessment of regeneration.

Checking onsite compliance of approved interventions for ensuring 15 Nov to 15 Dec

th th

regeneration by CCF/APCCF as per approved formats. Maintenance to

be carried out annually till regeneration is fully established

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 CHAPTER – 7
KHAIR (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE

7.1 Name of Working Circle: Khair (Overlapping) Working Circle

7.2 General constitution of Working Circle: The working circle consists of various
established Khair plantations. These were raised from 1950s onward in suitable pockets all over
the tract largely comprising of vulnerable and erosion-prone areas near streams, nallas etc to
basically rehabilitate the degradation areas. The main crop in the compartment included generally
miscellaneous broadleaved, scrub and in some cases, Sal is also found distributed. As per CEC
guidelines (CEC guidelines issued in I.A No. 87648 of 2020 in Writ Petition (C) No. 202 of 1995
TN Godaverman Thirumlkpad Vs UoI and Ors.), “No green felling in forest areas falling under
Protection-cum-Rehabilitation Circle”. Keeping in view the guidelines, the 545.47 ha of Khair
overlapping (originally in PCR working circle in the past) has been shifted back exclusively to
the PCR working circle. This was also done keeping in view the ecological conditions of the said
area being prone to landslides, river-mining, illicit felling and bank erosions along border areas
of three states (Uttarakhand, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh), therefore no felling of Khair is
prescribed for area falling under PCR Working Circle.

Further remaining area of 160.84 ha area which is truly overlapping with Sal WC has been kept
under this overlapping working circle. Thus, the final area of Khair working circle (Overlapping)
in this Working Plan is 160.84 ha.

7.3 General Characteristics of Vegetation: Khair is distributed in Champion and Seth

classification of forest types of 3C/C2 Moist Bhabar Sal-Bhabar-Dun Sal, Sub Group(5B)-
b (1)-

Northern Tropical dry deciduous forest, 5B/C -Dry Shiwalik Sal forests and 5B/1 - Khair- Sissoo
1a S2

Forests. The areas support pure even aged Khair crop (above 75%). This has come out mainly as
a result of plantations. The earliest record of plantations available is of 1951-52. It shows that in
Bhagani Range an area of 2 ha was planted, in Giri R.F 0.5 ha, in Kather and 0.4 ha in East
Yamuna in 1951-52 with Khair/Shisham. The quantum of plantations remained very small upto
1968-69. From 1969-70 onwards, we come across larger areas. In many areas, Khair was planted
pure whereas in some of them it carried a mixture of Shisham, Semal, Bahera or other
broadleaved species. In some areas, trees like Sal and Sain are also found. These occur naturally
as Khair planting was also undertaken in some suitable pockets in Sal/ scrub forests. At some
places, Kachnar, Drek etc. are also found mixed. These species were also planted there along

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with Khair. The spacing in plantations is generally 3 x 3 m. At some places, however, it is 2.5 x
2.5m also.

Over a period of time, openings have occurred in the plantations. These are mainly due to salvage
removals/illicit felling in the past. Some trees show signs of heart rot (Fomes badius Berk.) and
Witch’s broom. No serious attack of any disease is, however, noted. Lopping is common
throughout the area. Among the bushes, prominent is Lantana camara which has invaded the
openings and forms a complete cover there. Others are Murraya (gandhela or kadipatta), Carissa
(Kandlai or Katrarh) and Adhatoda (basooti or bansa).

It is also pertinent to mention here that Khair presence is also there in riverine tracts of land
classified as Malik- Himachal Pradesh Sarkar, Kashtkar/Kabza Van Vibhag, Type/Kism: Gair-
mumkin Nadi in revenue records. No records of the same are available with forest department.
Moreover, no working is prescribed since the area is highly prone to mining and erosion.

7.4 Felling Series, Cutting Section and JFM areas: Felling series will be only one, named as
Poanta Felling Series as mentioned in Table 7.6.9.

7.5 Blocks, Compartments and JFM area: The blocks and compartments area range wise are
given as under:

Range Block Beat RF Compartment no. Area (ha)

Bhagani Bhagani Amboya Amboya-9(a) C- 10 7.27
Dhandla-6 C- 10 8.64
MAJRI Gojjer Khojjar-5 C-9 5
Khojjar-5 C-8 15
Danda-9(b) C-16 22.52
Danda-9(b) C-13 3.56
Danda-9(b) C-11 8.56
Kandela-11(a) C-5 4.08
Kandela-11(a) C-3 6.53
Kandela-11(a) C-2 16.28
Total 97.44
Girinagar Girinagar Kharraru Khrararu-66 C-9 10
Total 10
MAJRA MAJRA Johron Banswalli-41 C-8 15
Banswalli-41 C- 10 2
KIARDA-40 C-3 2
Total 19
Rajban Rajban-18 C-6 4
Khara Jhara Jhara-27 C-20 5

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 Toka Lai-25(a) C-33 2
Lai-25(a) C-25 5
Lai-25(a) C-23 7
Garibnath-15(b) C-7 5.08
Garibnath-15(b) C-12 1.78
Garibnath-15(b) C-11 4.54
Total 34.4
Grand Total 160.84

Figure 7.1 Range wise allotment of area under Khair WC

Range wise area (ha) under Khair WC

120
97.44
100
80
60
34.4
40
19
20 10
0
Bhagani Girinagar Majra Paonta Sahib

Figure 7.1 revealed that maximum workable area of Khair is in Bhagani range followed by
Paonta, Girinagar and Majra ranges. On ground truthing of entire 160.84 ha of Khair WC, it was
found that Khair plantations were actually found on 86.96 ha area. The plausible reasons for the
reduction in actual area include rot, salvage and illicit removals, plantation failures etc.
Therefore, for yield calculation purpose, same area of 86.96 ha has been considered so that
maximum possible extent of the true picture of the yield will be reflected. The DFO shall ensure
100% enumeration when working for silviculture in Khair WC.

7.6 Special Objectives of Management: The followings are the objectives of this working
circle:

(i) To bring pure Khair (75% or above) plantation under scientific management

(ii) To augment supply of Khair wood for Katha manufacture, fuel wood and fence posts

(iii) To maintain ecological balance by planting of mixture of indigenous species along with
Khair

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7.6.1 Analysis of Crop:

7.6.1.1 Stock maps: Stock maps have been prepared on appropriate scale as per area of
compartment and attached in respective Compartment history files.

7.6.1.2 Enumerations: The technique of Survey and Assessment of Forest Resource using Grid
and Quadrants method (Sample Plots) has been adopted and complete counting of all tree species
class wise has been done for the entire 160.84 ha area. A total of 28 Sample Plots of 0.1 ha were
laid in this working circle. The detail of sample plots is as under:

Sr. No Working Circle No. of sample plots Total area counted (ha)

1 Khair (Overlapping) 28 2.8

7.6.1.3 Growing Stock Estimation Results:

Table 7.1 below revealed the statistics of growth of Khair. Due to higher value of Khair tree and
low exploitable diameter, the volume factor is based on 5 cm diameter class as was adopted in
previous working plan by Sh. Vineet Kumar and reproduced as under:

Table 7.1 Volume (cu m) of Khair in different diameter classes

Diameter Quality of Crop Commercial timber in Heartwood (m3)
Classes (cm) round (m3)
Oct-15 V-1 0.083 -
15-20 V-2 0.115 0.068
20-25 IV-1 0.149 0.093
25-30 IV-2 0.218 0.139
30-35 III-1 0.34 0.303
35-40 III-2 0.53 0.405
40-45 IIA-1 0.768 0.503
45-50 IIA-2 1.047 0.66
50 &above IIB & above 1.283 0.883

The tables 7.2 a, b, c, showed the number of trees in sample plots and growing stock in terms of
per ha volume, total number of Khair trees in the working circle and total growing stock of trees
for 86.96 ha. The data of growing stock revealed that maximum Khair crop in this working circle
is at 15-20 cm dbh. Khair by volume is more than Sal, as well as in terms of no. of trees, Khair
is the maximum. This also correlates with the fact that Khair of plantation origin were done in
Sal forests and Sal Working Circle areas.

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 Table 7.2a Per ha Growing stock (cum) of Khair WC

Species V1 V2 IV1 IV2 III1 III2 IIA1 IIA2 IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL

Khair 4.03 7.68 8.35 8.25 4.66 1.14 0.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 34.38

Sal 0 0 0 0.13 0 3.28 0 6.32 3.25 3.28 4.56 4.56 0 25.38

Shisham 0 0.18 0 1.13 0 0.67 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 2.68

Kokath 0 0.34 0 0.99 0 1.05 0 0.63 1.08 0.82 1.14 0 0 6.05

TOTAL 4.03 8.21 8.35 10.5 4.66 6.13 0.27 7.65 4.33 4.1 5.7 4.56 0 68.49

Table 7.2b Growing stock of Khair WC in terms of number of trees

Species V1 V2 IV1 IV2 III1 III2 IIA1 IIA2 IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL

Khair 4224 5839 4876 3075 1149 248 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 19442

Sal 0 0 0 31 0 342 0 311 93 62 62 62 0 963

Shisham 0 280 0 497 0 31 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 870

Kokath 0 466 0 528 0 217 0 62 62 31 31 0 0 1397

TOTAL 4224 6585 4876 4131 1149 838 31 435 155 93 93 62 0 22672

Table 7.2c Growing Stock of Khair WC in terms of Volume (cum)

Species V1 V2 IV1 IV2 III1 III2 IIA1 IIA2 IIB IA IB IC ID TOTAL

Khair 366.04 685.74 763.54 737.98 415.45 98.76 23.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 3091.37

Sal 0 7.89 0 11.43 0 285.26 0 549.71 376.41 427.38 594.9 594.9 0 2847.88

Sain 0 15.9 0 98.39 0 58.01 0 60.69 0 0 0 0 0 232.99

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Kokath 0 29.81 0 85.72 0 90.87 0 54.97 94.1 71.25 99.17 0 0 525.89

366.04 739.35 763.54 933.52 415.45 532.91 23.85 665.37 470.52 498.62 694.06 594.9 0 6698.13

n-D curve for Khair

7000
6000 5839
5000 4876
4000 4224
3000 3075
2000
1000 1149
0 248 31 0 0 0 0
V1 V2 IV1 IV2 III1 III2 IIA1 IIA2 IIB IA IB

7.6.1.4 Density: The crop has moderate density owing to plantation origin patches as well as
salvage removals or natural blanks.

7.6.1.5 Site Quality: The site qualities are not standardized, mostly ranging from
III/IV. However, height measurement of Khair trees was taken from some plantation areas,
which corroborated with Haldwani Forest Division studies – referring to poor site quality. In a
few places e.g. RF Giri, the quality also goes up.

7.6.2 Silvicultural System: The silvicultural system will be Coppice with Standards system.
Khair trees will be harvested (25cm dbh and above) in line with CEC approved guidelines
approved By Hon’ble Supreme Court for I. A. Nos.12688 and 38050/2023). All young trees will
also be retained for the future crop. The Khair forests are mixed with Shisham, Semal, Sal,
Eucalyptus, Jhingan, etc. However, they will not be exploited as per recommendations of CEC
with regard to Khair Working Circle.

7.6.3 Rotation Period: The rotation period is 30 years for Coppice during which the crop is
expected to attain dbh of 25 cm in general. The rotation for standards is fixed at 40 years when
the crop diameter attains 30 cm.

7.6.4 Harvestable Diameter: The CEC recommendation is ‘‘minimum diameter of 25 cms at

breast height in respect of natural forests.’ The exploitable diameter is therefore fixed at 25 cm
for Khair (for coppice) and 30 cm (for standards). Also, regarding the other species the

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recommendation mentions, “no felling of broadleaved species be permitted in the compartments
to be taken up for regeneration felling irrespective of any recommendations which might have
been made in the Working Plans” is considered. Hence, other species will not be considered for
felling.

7.6.5 Reducing factors and reducing area: No reduction is applied.

7.6.6 Felling Cycle: 30 years as per CEC Guidelines (Khair of plantation origin coppices fast
after first removal. With reference from Troupe’s ‘Silviculture of Indian trees’, 30 years is
proposed keeping in view the quality and quantity of Katha ‘as heartwood of very old trees would
not be of good quality or quantity’.)

7.6.7 Division into Periods and allotment to Periodic Blocks: Since silvicultural system of this
working circle is Coppice with standard and seeding felling will be carried out as per the annual
coupes in the compartments. Therefore, no periodic block is allotted.

7.6.8 Calculation of Yield:

i) Total area under Khair (Overlapping) WC = 160.84 ha out of which Khair present in 86.96 ha

ii) Annual area (Coupe) to be felled =86.96/30 = 3 ha (app.)

Yield from the Final Felling:

Yield Calculations Vol. (m ) 3

Total Growing Stock (V1) above 25 cm dia (Prescribed for felling) 1276

Annual Yield V4 = V3/Felling Cycle (30 yrs) 42.5

* l.A No. 87648 of 2020; CEC approved guideline by Hon’ble Supreme Court

7.6.9 Table of felling: The compartment wise area to be felled per year is indicated below:

Sr No Year Range Forest Compartment Area (Ha)

1 2023-2024 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-11 3
2 2024-2025 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-11 3
3 2025-2026 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-11 3
4 2026-2027 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-11 3.74
5 2027-2028 Bhagani Amboya-9(a) C- 10 3
6 2028-2029 Bhagani Amboya-9(a) C- 11 2.28

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 7 2029-2030 Girinagar Khrararu-66 C-9 3
8 2030-2031 Girinagar Khrararu-66 C-9 3.49
9 2031-2032 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-16 3
10 2031-2032 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-16 0.77
Bhagani Dhandla-6 C- 10 2.17
11 2032-33 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-2 3
12 2033-34 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-2 3.5
13 2034-2035 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-2 3.5
14 2035-2036 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-2 3.7
15 2036-2037 Paonta sahib Lai-25(a) C-25 2.75
16 2037-2038 Paonta sahib Garibnath-15(b) C-11 3
17 2038-2039 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-13 2.5
18 2039-2040 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-13 2.31
19 2040-2041 Majra Banswalli-41 C- 10 1.85
Bhagani Khojjar-5 C-9 0.96
20 2041-2042 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-3 2.65
21 2042-2043 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-3 2.65
22 2043-2044 Majra KIARDA-40 C-3 3
23 2044-2045 Majra KIARDA-40 C-3 1.68
Paonta sahib Garibnath-15(b) C-12 1.2
24 2045-2046 Bhagani Dhandla-6 C- 10 2.5
25 2046-2047 Bhagani Dhandla-6 C- 10 2.5
26 2047-2048 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-5 2.13
27 2048-2049 Bhagani Kandela-11(a) C-5 2.13
28 2049-2050 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-16 3
29 2050-2051 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-16 3
30 2051-2052 Bhagani Danda-9(b) C-16 3

7.6.10 Method of Executing Felling: The State of Himachal Pradesh has filed l.A No. 87648
of 2020 in Writ Petition (C) No. 202 of 1995 seeking permission of from Hon’ble Supreme Court
to allow the State to carry out silviculture felling of Khair (Acacia catechu) trees in the forest
areas of the State in accordance with the Approved Working Plans. Recommendations of
Central Empowered Committee approved By Hon’ble Supreme Court for I. A. Nos. 12688
and 38050/2023 in May 2023 are as follows basis which the prescriptions have been made.

i) Subject to availability of Government of India approved working plans permission for

silvicultural felling including thinning in the State of Himachal Pradesh in respect of Khair
Working Circles be limited to forest areas occurring below 1500 MSL in ten forest divisions so
as to encourage regeneration of the forests aimed at achieving mixed species forests with multi
layered canopy.

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ii) The removal of Lantana weed to be an integral component of regeneration felling and
first round of removal of Lantana has to be completed as per standard prescribed procedure before
the felling operations commence;

iii) The eradication operations of Lantana shall continue during 2nd and 3rd years of
operations so as to ensure total elimination of the weed;

iv) The mother trees / seed bearer trees are to be identified in advance i.e. at least one or two
years prior to the proposed felling in the compartment and labelled as mother trees or standards
and these trees are not permitted to be lopped by locals thereafter;

v) There will be total ban on burning of debris including after seeding or over wood felling
in order to encourage natural regeneration of broad-leaved species and reduce soil erosion

vi) The demarcation and survey of boundaries and fencing of the area are to be scrupulously
carried out as prescribed in the Reports of the Monitoring Committee and as prescribed in
schedule;

vii) No felling of broad-leaved species be permitted in the compartments to be taken up for

regeneration felling irrespective of any recommendations which might have been made in the
Working Plans;

viii) Regeneration of Khair is undertaken through coppice with standards as well as artificial
planting. In respect of pure Khair plantations the first two rotations regeneration is achieved
through coppice supplemented by planting seedlings in gaps;

ix) Rotation age of Khair be kept at 30 years with minimum dia. of 25 cm at breast height in
respect of natural forests. However, in respect of pure plantations of Khair same rotation age of
30 years be followed without a limit on the girth of trees and such plantations are regenerated
through coppice for at least another two rotations and supplemented with artificial regeneration;

x) Each compartment will act as unit of regeneration area in Khair Working Circle. The
officer in charge of the Forest Circle, while preparing the First Preliminary Working Plan, will
fix an annual target for taking up silvicultural fellings of Khair in the working plan of a given
forest division after dividing by twenty the total number of compartments in Khair working circle
in a given territorial forest circle;

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xi) As far as possible the felling operations in the adjoining forest compartment of the already
felled area/compartment in Khair Working Circle are to be taken up only after 5 years of
regeneration felling in the given compartment and after ensuring that the regeneration is
established in the already cleared forest area. This will ensure that the large tracts of the forest in
a given locality are not closed for grazing at any given time and also large gaps are not created
within the forest;

xii) Planting component in Assisted Natural Regeneration shall include at least 50% seedlings
of native broad-leaved and multipurpose use species and the rest shall be of Khair;

xiii) All the un-authorized occupation of forest land within the forest area are evicted before
undertaking planting of the compartments selected;

xiv) Adequate soil and moisture conservation measures are to be undertaken in regeneration
area;

xv) No green felling is to be carried out in steep slopes and along streams and nallas as
per the standard prescription in the Working Plan Code and in the forest, area falling
under Protection cum Rehabilitation Working Circle;

7.6. 11 Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations cleaning and thinning:

I) Slash Disposal: Slash after felling will be removed from felling areas immediately and will
be disposed of in nallah areas. The slash can also be provided to the local people for their needs.

II)Bush/Lantana Cutting: Lantana and other harmful weeds should be removed from the
compartments before felling operations otherwise weeds and other bushes will suppress coppice
regeneration. The regeneration takes 6-7 years to establish. It is prescribed to carry on
bush/Lantana cutting by monkey jack after winter rains but before seed fall so as to take
advantage of natural regeneration in freshly exposed soil which becomes available after
uprooting the bushes by monkey jack. The eradication of Lantana weed should be an integral
component of regeneration felling. Therefore, the removal of Lantana must be completed before
the felling operations commence so that the regeneration of the felled area is taken up forthwith.
Successful regeneration would depend on successful Lantana management. It is imperative that
Lantana management operations are carried out in accordance with the protocol with no
deviation. Staff must be adequately trained and must go through refreshers courses at regular
intervals. It has also been noticed that wherever correct protocol for Lantana management has

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not been followed, the results of regeneration are not commensurate with the efforts and funds
spent. The success of any silvicultural operation cannot be there without management of Lantana
in accordance with the protocol.

III) Planting: (Only after Final Felling). The result of coppicing will be cleared in the year next
to the year of felling. Therefore, planting shall have to be carried out in lieu of failed stumps as
soon as the position becomes clear. Planting component in Assisted Natural Regeneration shall
include at least 50% seedlings of native broad leaved and multipurpose use species and the rest
shall be of Khair nursery stock should be raised accordingly. The planting of suitable species can
be carried out. Beating up failures may also be also carried out as and when required.

IV) Cleaning and thinning: Cutting of climbers and other bushes interfering with regeneration
are to be removed as and when required while singling operation in coppice stumps will be started
after 3 years of felling stumps. Singling will improve growth at faster rate to single leaders.

7.6.12 Regeneration: As per CEC recommendation “regeneration of Khair is undertaken

through coppice with standards as well as artificial planting”. ‘50% should comprise Khair, and
remaining should be native broad-leaved species.’

The coppice regeneration shall have to be supplemented by artificial regeneration. This will have
to be done immediately in the year next to the year of felling. The natural regeneration by seed,
if appears, shall have to be well protected. Regeneration of the felled forests will be undertaken
during the rainy season (planting season) using tall seedlings, more or less of same species,
naturally occurring in the district. The regeneration of the area is achieved through coppice
growth, artificial planting and natural regeneration to ensure development of broadleaved mixed
forest. While taking up plantation it is ensured that at least 50% of the seedling are used other
than the Khair species. The number of plants to be planted per hectare will be decided on the
basis of site requirement and ranged from 200 to 800 plants per ha. The principal species Khair
in these forests should constitute half the proportion (50%) in case of enrichment planting.
Artificial regeneration operations which meant planting of tall nursery grown plants will be done
on priority in the felled areas which have to be fenced. In respect of pure Khair plantations the
first two rotations regeneration is achieved through coppice supplemented by planting seedlings
in gaps.

The regeneration areas will be protected from forest fires. All the fuels/debris in the peripheral
felled areas will be controlled burnt before fire season. All the necessary arrangement will also

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be made for control of forest fires. All regeneration areas are to be inspected at CCF and DFO
level.
7.6.13 Associated regulations and Measures:

i. Closure: All finally felled areas shall be closed for grazing till the crop is completely
established i.e. becomes beyond the danger of being grazed/browed/trampled by cattle. A period
of about 7-8 years is required for the purpose. Five strands of barbed wire fencing including one
cross strand using concrete pillars strongly anchored in the ground with cement concrete on
ground and side supports has been prescribed. Fencing of the proposed regeneration
compartments is mandated to be done before the re-generation work commences Lopping and
grazing will be suspended till the establishment of regeneration. T.D. can be sanctioned in areas
other than those under closure.

ii. Boundary Demarcation: As per CEC guidelines, felling compartments will be identified with
GPS demarcation and polygons of felled compartments/sites will be prepared.

iii) Fire Protection: Effective fire prevention measures are to be ensured in regeneration areas.
As also recommended by CEC, total ban on burning and Fire Protection: total ban on burning of
debris arising from felling and weeding operations to encourage natural regeneration and reduce
soil erosion. Cleaning/clearing of fire lines along the boundary fence is to be undertaken to
protect the natural regeneration and plantation from damages of fire.

iv) Adequate soil and moisture conservation measures: The SMCs works will have to be
undertaken in regeneration area. Creation of small water storage structures and check dams to
strengthen water regime can go a long way in enriching soil and regulating soil moisture regime.
7.6.14 Calendar of activities to be carried out (As per CEC report for Khair) :

i. Pre-felling planning of operations in preceding year of felling:

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time
Preparation and submission of cost estimates for pre-felling, felling April
and post felling operations. Fencing and planting
Eradication of weeds in forests infested with Lantana and other September to
obnoxious weeds February
Compartment wise basic technical data in relation to approved working November
plan and compartment history file to be checked by DFO and to be
approved by CF

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 Validation and approval in principle to take up the forest for December
silviculture felling by CCF/ APCCF-approval for deviations, if any,
from working plan prescription to be sought from PCCF (WP)
Validation of areas and boundaries by GIS cell January

ii. Operations in the year of Felling:

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time
100% enumeration for analysis floristic composition of each forest April-May
as per approved guidelines
Silvicultural Marking which must include markings/removals for fire June-July
lines as per approved guidelines.
Approvals of Silvicultural marking by CF after field inspection 1-15 September
Hand over lots to HPHFDC Ltd By 15 September
Completion of felling and extraction operations 31 March
Procurement of Barbed wire and RCC fence posts March

iii. Post Felling Operations in the succeeding year for ensuring regeneration

Activity/Intervention Implementation
Time
Erection of RCC pole 5 strands barbed wire fencing as per the latest May-June
approved cost norms for approved forest to be certified by CF
Planting of only tall plants to augment/ supplement natural/coppice First fortnight of
regeneration July
Regeneration Survey Assessment- Natural/coppice/ artificial to be October-
carried out in fenced forest twice a year in April and October as November
approved guidelines and methodology of assessment of regeneration.
Checking onsite compliance of approved interventions for ensuring 15 Nov to 15 Dec
th th

regeneration by CCF/APCCF as per approved formats. Maintenance to

be carried out annually till regeneration is fully established

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 CHAPTER-8
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & SOIL CONSERVATION
(OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE

8.1 Constitution of Working Circle

The working circle is overlapping in nature and will include all working circles
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing
the optimum use of water resources. It is an aspect of water-cycle management. The field of
water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing
the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global climate change and the long-
term impacts of past management actions, this decision-making will be even more difficult. It is
likely that ongoing climate change will lead to the situations that have not been encountered. As
a result, alternative management strategies, including participatory approaches and adaptive
capacity are increasingly being used to strengthen water decision-making.
Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for
water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with
other resource management, this is rarely possible in practice so decision-makers must priorities
issues of sustainability, equity and factor optimization to achieve acceptable outcomes. One of
the biggest concerns for water-based resources in the future is the sustainability of the current
and future water resource allocation.
Sustainable Development Goal no. 6 has a target related to water resources management: "Target
6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through
transboundary cooperation as appropriate."
Like water, soil is an extremely valuable natural resource that is indispensable for supporting
plant and animal life, including forests. In the absence of vegetal cover, soil gets lost through the
process of erosion. In the forest estate under study, water erosion is the dominant form of erosion.
Water erosion takes place through the formation of rills and gullies. The situation has been
exacerbated by uncontrolled grazing, lopping, forest fires and defective extraction paths that
make soil more vulnerable towards erosion. When the land is left barren, the flow of water results
not only in the loss of soil cover, but also reduces water percolation, resulting in the depletion of
water table and drying of water sources such as wells, ponds and springs. This working circle
therefore also aims to prioritise critical areas that require immediate and effective preventive and
remedial measures for water conservation and the control of soil erosion. It tries to stabilise the
erosion infected areas by the use of vegetative cover and / or mechanical measures. On the

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preventive front, it also tries to minimise troublesome anthropogenic activities in and around
forested areas. Concomitantly, it endeavours to evolve an acceptable strategic methodology for
diverse soil and water conservation works to be executed throughout the forest estate. All the
areas of forest which are prone to soil erosion would also be part of this Working Circle. The
main emphasis is to reduce top soil erosion and minimize soil loss during floods. The effective
soil conservation measures along with the catchment and watershed management are the pre-
conditions for a sustainable forest management. The forests are also sources of water (surface,
sub-surface and ground water). Over exploitation of the ground water resources results in a
decline in ground water levels; there is an urgent need to augment the ground water resources
through suitable management interventions. It is desirable to have forest management practices
with the principles of watershed-based development approach especially in the source areas of
water. Such areas should have restrictions on tree felling but there should be operations to
improve the water regimes and natural regeneration. Special provisions shall be made in the
working plan to sustain water resources and to address the livelihood issues of the people living
in and around the natural inland water sources. Further, areas susceptible to soil erosion such as
steep slopes and areas in the vicinity of perennial streams shall be focused for soil and water
conservation using mechanical or vegetative control measures.

8.2 Special Objects of Management: The special of Management are as under

1. To survey and identify the available source of water in the jurisdiction of working plan area’
2. To identify the recharge zones
3. To prepare and implement spring shed management plan.
4. To link forest management with watershed management.
5. To develop forest as to increase percolation and to reduce run-off.
6. To prioritize critical areas that requires immediate and effective preventive and remedial
measures for water conservation and the control of soil erosion.

7. To stabilise the erosion infected areas by the use of vegetative cover and / or mechanical
measures.

8. To periodically monitor the river flow pattern with reference to annual rainfall/duration to
show the status of improvement due to various control measures proposed.

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8.3 Core Strategy

Watershed approach to protect soil and water would be undertaken in the Division. The
stream/river sand will be protected as it acts as cushion for the meandering waterways. Catchment
area treatment will be carried out based on the need to protect the fertile soil of the forest. The
concept of springshed sanctuaries will be promoted. Hydrological regime will be maintained and
flow of environmental goods and services is to be ensured by maintaining the runoff. The
regenerative capacity of the endemic species will be enhanced by maintaining the optimum soil
moisture. Activities would be undertaken with involvement of fringe village population.

A total ecosystem conservation concept will be adopted for conservation of the wildlife habitat
and conservation of biodiversity in these forests. An effective naturalization plan needs to be
devised based on principles for maintaining natural diversity. To enrich the low diversity areas,
efforts should be made to restore native (indigenous) complementing natural species. Monocrop
should be avoided. Natural regeneration should be encouraged and wherever necessary, aided
natural regeneration should be taken up. Introduction of exotic species in the area will be
restricted and plantation of both, slow and fast-growing native species of herbs, shrubs, and trees
shall be promoted. Involvement of local communities especially youth, women from the forest
and fringe villages will be sensitized in forest protection.

8.4 PROPOSED TREATMENT

1. The recharge zone of water resource area be protected from biotic interferences
2. The forest cover around spring shed area should be increased by planting suitable tree,
herb, shrubs and grasses species.
3. The rights and concessions of local right holders in recharge zone areas should be
exercised in exigencies and in minimum quantities.
4. The measures like contour bunding, Contour trenching, percolation trenches etc. should
be included in annual plan operations.
5. The engineering structures like water harvesting structures, farm ponds, percolation tanks
/wells be included in annual plan of operations
6. The funding be ensured from various schemes like State plan, centrally sponsored
schemes, CAMPA, CSR etc.

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Summarily, for soil and water conservation works, the following model should be followed, as
has been further discussed with the success of Project Jalodari:
● Identification of SWC related issues during micro planning.
● Technical and social feasibility of soil and water conservation works.
● Development of detailed project report.
● Gully plugging works to check further extension of the gullies.
● Minor engineering works in eroded areas and in slips prone areas to check the soil
erosion and reduce runoff.
● Create works on the sides of diversion drains to checking further cutting of the
drains/channels.
● Planting of cuttings of soil binding species in vegetative spurs but avoid exotic species.
● Gabion structures mainly retention walls, diversion drains if required after technical
feasibility would be proposed. Proper anchorage of the gabion structures needs to be
ensured.
● Creation of continuous trenches across the slope and planting of soil binding species in
the pit. The dug-out soil will be placed towards the flow of water to check the soil
erosion and reduce run-off.
● Riparian species and other less transpiring, water conserving species should be planted
on the riparian areas and near water bodies.
● Identification of spring sheds The field survey was conducted and different

information sources was compiled as depicted below on the map:

[333]
8.5.1 Success Model of Project Jalodari
Project Jalodari was carried out in collaboration with Himmothan society, an arm of Tata trust in
Dhaulakuan beat of the Paonta Sahib Forest Division. Elaborate consultative meetings apprising
ground-water and forest degradation issues/ workshops on technical aspects were held among all
stakeholders and a detailed project was devised and approved by Government of Himachal
Pradesh. The working model of the groundwater recharge project involved

• Geological/technical expertise and funding of Himmothan.

• Terrain knowhow and monitoring of forest department
• Labor and consequential employment of local villagers
• All the structures were made by participants of local Van Samiti who were provided wage
labour.
• The geographical location of all structures was inventorised.
• The protection walls and check-dams yielded instant results, the change in recharge and
water-table owing to trenches and percolation ponds shall be measured in medium-term.
The Project went on to win President’s Award of ‘Swachch Sujal Shakti Samman’ under
‘Catch the Rain’ Programme by Ministry of Jal Shakti in February 2023.
Recharge ponds under Project Jalodri

[334]
 Rainwater percolation

Location Map for Treatment Measure

[335]
8.6 UNDERSTANDING MODEL FOR HOLISTIC WORKS IN GIRINAGAR RANGE:

The works were conducted in the last two years under the Project Jalodri after comprehensive
technical studies by geologists engaged with Himmothan society and Forest Department. With
the success of this model, the future model of water resource management is proposed.

Soil and water conservation work: The groundwater development and conservation works are
much essential for the sustainability of the aquifer system. Excavation ofstaggered contour
trenches in the sloppy terrain and recharge ponds on comparatively flat areas are initiated in this
area. The volumetric details of these structures are given below for one-time filling during
monsoon season (taking 40% evaporation and other losses).

Volume
Sr. No Type of Structures Total No's
Cum Ltr
1 SCT 90 320.2 320200
2 Recharge Ponds 253 4245.754 4245754
Sub-Total 343 4565.954 4565954
Evaporation @40% 1826382
Total Groundwater recharge @60% 2739572

Recharge Ponds Structures on comparatively flat area.

[336]
 Staggered Contour Trenches on slopes
About Catchment Treatment area and activities
The whole process for digging of trenches and recharge ponds activity was initiated in approx.
25 ha area of Byas reserve forest area. Details of treatment measures adopted for groundwater
development is given below.

8.6.1 Trenching
Trenching is one of the major engineering measures for erosion control in non-arable lands and
is mainly aimed to slope stabilization and drainage line treatment as well as groundwater
development. The area with steep slope, are prone to soil erosion due to lack of vegetative cover
and accelerated transportation of soil. The slopy area exhibits the characteristics of “high rainfall,
quick drainage” that provides little retention time to the runoff to infiltrate into the soil profile.
The overland flow velocity is often surpassing the safe limit to cause soil erosion from surface.
The trenches constructed in these regions of address the problem of soil conservation to act as
flow barrier (restricting the flow velocity within the safe limit from soil erosion point of view)
and facilitating in-situ water conservation for establishment of vegetation.

8.6.2 Recharge Ponds

Recharge ponds are rectangular shape water conservation structures usually larger in length and
width in comparison of trenches. These types of structures are usually recommended for the area

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having slope ranges between 0-15% in average. The depth of these structures is depending on
the thickness and strength of soil cover constituting the area.

Volumetric Details of recharge Structures

Volume
Sr. No Type of Structures Total No's
Cum Ltr
1 SCT 90 320.2 320200
2 Recharge Ponds 253 4245.754 4245754
Sub-Total 343 4565.954 4565954

8.6.3 Drainage line treatment works

The drainage line treatment works are useful in the prevention of rapid erosion from drainage
flow during rainy season. These works included construction of gabion structures, protection
walls structures with crate/GI wire mess. Foundation excavation and filling of loose boulder into
GI mess for gabion/protection wall structure was completed at Chandpur reserve forest area.
8.6.4 Reason Behind large gabion wall: -The construction of this large gabion cum loose
boulder structure with crate wire mess was also a part of the submitted detail technical report to
DFO Office during Nov-2019. The main objective of these structure is protection of local aquifer
area from rapid erosion cause by the heavy flow of drainage and also helpful to local forest
species. Another reason behind the construction of this structure is the availability of material
required for short dimensional, feasible sites for gabion structures coming under the core zone of
the reserve forest area and are much far from the reach of local labor.

[338]
 Construction of Gabion structures
This gabion structure with crate wire structures is also saving the 37 no. of Sal trees from rapid
erosion caused by the drainage. All volumetric and dimensional details of this structure is given
below in tabular form. For long term sustainability of this structure, the construction is followed
by two step design with crate wire mess.

Dimensional Details (Mtr)

Lengt
Type h Width Height Stone Used (Cum)
Step-1 92 2 1.5 276
Step-2 91.4 1.5 1.2 164.52

Inspection visits by field staff: Continuous visits to the catchment treatment sites for the
technical feasibility, damage/loss of fauna or local flora and other quantitative or qualitative
inspection of all structures built for water security purpose.

8.7 FUTURE SCOPE:

A combination of proper surveying, intensive treatment measures with expertise and CSR
contribution can prove to be a replicable model for recharging of watersheds and springsheds.

The ongoing and future scope of treatment under Bata Watershed area is depicted below.

[339]
 Location Map for Treatment Measures

8.7.1 Recharge Area Details: - The possible recharge are of the aquifer system which is feeding
the demand of groundwater in this valley situated near or surrounding the area dominated by
loose unconsolidated soils with alteration of fine grained silty and clayey material, fluvial
sediments deposited by the river’s or drainages flowing in this area. Whole area is in a shape of
valley bounded by two perennial rivers. Due to the presence of coarse-grained sandy material the
storability and transmissivity of aquifer system is comparatively high and the river which is
flowing throughout the year also playing an important role to recharge this aquifer system.

Treatment area for recharge activity (mechanical measures) falls in both right and left bank of
Bata River, Northern direction of Bata watershed. Medium to Dense sal forest located in
treatment area and treatment area falls under Girinagar range. Maximum and minimum altitude
of the catchment area is 850m and 450m, average slope percentage of Catchment area is 19.8 %
and slope range 0 to 15 as show in slope map. Treatment area comprise by sandstone in upper
0 0

ridges sand clay to silt stone alternation of sandstone and siltstone observed in treatment area and
thick cover of fine grained silty to clayey soil, various size boulders of sandstone, siltstone
present in catchment area. Geomorphic slope aspect of treatment area show is NE to SW
direction.

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Treatment plan to be implemented for Dunga & Janglot Beats of Paonta Sahib Forest
Division in the next 2 years (technical analysis has been conducted)

a) Recharge Ponds

Sr. no. Earthern Location of Total Rate/ Cost of

Works structure Ponds Pond Excavation
(Rs.)
1 Recharge pond 30°31'20.05"N 80 8775 702000
(Size : 9x5x1 77°25'51.83"E
m3)

[341]
 b) Contour & Staggered Trenching

Line Location and

Size of Structure No's of Trenches & Rate
item Recharge area Total
Sr.N
o Leng Widt Total Cost for
Height GPS No's of
th H
Earthen Are No Rate / Trench Excavation
Location of a Trenches Trenc
Works in h
(m) (m) (m) structure Ha /Ha

30°31'41.20"N
CCT/SC
1 T 3 0.6 0.6 6 180 1080 210.6 227448
77°25'18.30"E
30°31'41.78"N

CCT/SC
2 T 4 0.9 0.6 5 120 600 421.2 252720
77°25'19.66"E

30°31'28.57"N
CCT/SC
3 T 5 0.9 0.6 4 100 400 526.5 210600
77°25'30.33"E

30°31'18.83"N

CCT/SC
4 T 3 1 0.6 3 120 360 351 126360
77°25'34.97"E

30°31'19.88"N
CCT/SC
5 T 4 1 0.6 5 120 600 468 280800
77°25'42.65"E

Total 23 - 4140 - Rs. 1097928

(c) Loose Boulder Check Dams

Line item Size of Structure Location No's of Structure & Rate

Total Cost
for
Sno Leng Wid Heig
th th ht GPS Construction
Earthen Location
Works Total No Ponds Rate / Stru
of structure
(m) (m) (m)

30°30'59.18"
N
1 12 1.5 1.5 2 77664 155328
77°25'33.71"E

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 30°30'59.13"
N
2 11 1.5 1.5 2 71369 142738
77°25'31.94"E
30°30'59.52"
N
3 10 1.5 1.5 2 65540 131080
77°25'30.32"E
30°30'58.02"
N
4 8 1.5 1.5 2 54309 108618
77°25'27.85"E
30°31'01.74"
N
5 8 1.5 1.5 2 54309 108618
77°25'27.12"E
30°31'06.03"
N
6 5 1.5 1.5 2 34589 69178
77°25'23.04"E
Loose 30°31'08.64"
Boulder N

7 10 1.5 1.5 2 65540 131080

Check Dams 77°25'23.03"E
30°31'12.90"
N
8 10 1.5 1.5 2 65540 131080
77°25'23.50"E
30°31'15.04"
N
9 10 1.5 1.5 2 65540 131080
77°25'22.21"E
30°31'15.74"
N
10 8 1.5 1.5 2 54309 108618
77°25'22.46"E
30°31'16.97"
N
11 8 1.5 1.5 2 54309 108618
77°25'22.27"E
30°31'22.36"
N
12 6 1.5 1.5 2 40518 81036
77°25'22.54"E
30°31'30.72"
N

13 7 1.5 1.5 1 47104 47104

77°25'21.36"E

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 d) Vegetative measures
Sr. Type Area Rate Total
No
1 Plantation 5Ha 96000 480000

2 Grasses 27Ha 10000 270000

Total Rs. 750000

All these activities are subjected to ground-water development soil moisture conservation and
prevention of erosion. These structures can control the erosion rate of earth material as well as
also raise the ground-water level of this area.

Similar studies can be conducted by DFO concerned for further identification of water resource
management areas in other parts of Paonta Sahib Forest Division basis hydrological and climatic
impact analysis in future. Since watershed approach converges with other Divisions as well
including Nahan, Renukaji, Shimla (WL), convergence planning can be done for a holistic water
treatment plan as per the watershed area spread and site-specific requirements that will lead to a
long-term rejuvenation of water-resources in the region.

[344]
 CHAPTER 9

THE FOREST PROTECTION (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE

9.1 General Constitution: -This Working Circle includes all forests which overlaps with
other Working Circles and is constituted to address the forest protection problems like Fire, Illicit
felling, Encroachment, Illegal mining etc. The forest areas which are vulnerable to fire, status of
damage reports, progress in prosecution/ compounding and illicit felling, mining etc. along with
their future strategies are also discussed in detail under this Working Circle. This Working Circle
is overlapping Working Circle which includes other land cutting across other Working Circles.
The rivers Giri and Yamuna are prone to illicit mining in Paonta Sahib Forest Division. Yamuna
River is also the border between Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, it is difficult to act since
the offenders can escape to neighboring state. Collaborative action with neighboring state is
required. Same rivers contain extensive Khair patches which are difficult to protect on a porous
boundary. About 60% of the forest cover in the division is Sal forest which sheds leaves in pre-
summer posing potent fire danger. The Sal timber is commercially valuable too. The Paonta
valley is much more densely populated than upper Himachal and thus pressure on forest is higher
& encroachment issues prevail. Overall, protection issues are a major concern in this Division.

9.2 General Character of Vegetation: -The forests allotted to this Working Circle have their
scattered distribution throughout the tract; hence, they represent various forest types starting from
scrub and riverine in lower elevations to Sal and Chil forests extending up to higher elevation.
These types are described under the different Working Circles constituted under this plan.

9.3 Special objects of Management: -The special objects of management of the forest
allotted to this Working Circle are: -

1. To protect all forests from all types of forest offences, including indiscriminate
exploitation and to preserve eco-systems of the region.
2. To protect and conserve all forest land to ensure no illegal mining, encroachment and
non-forestry activities on forest land under the provision of Indian Forest Act, 1927, HP Mines
& Mineral (Concession) Revised Rules, 1971, Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation)
Act, 1957, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, HP Land Revenue Act, 1954 and HP Public
Premises & Land (Eviction & Rent Recovery) Act, 1971 etc.

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3. To address the problem of forest fire to the best possible extent by adopting the legal
measures and other preventive measures under the provision of Law i.e. IFA, 1927, IPC and
Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1984.
4. To manage grazing in the Division as per carrying capacity while keeping in view the
rights of various stakeholders

9.4 Illicit Felling: -

9.4.1 General: -Though organized and large-scale illicit felling in this division has been largely
contained by various administrative, patrolling and legislatives measures, but threat remains high
in the Division. Also, owing to Paonta Sahib Forest Division’s location being at the cusp of 4
state borders namely Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, the Division
area becomes a crucial transit point for movement of forest produce. Open forest wealth is
accessible to people especially near road side and multiple entry and exit routes. Illicit felling of
trees by unscrupulous mafia is another factor responsible for damaging the forest property. The
details of cases of illicit felling of trees detected for the period 2012-13 to 2022-23 is tabulated
in Table No. 9.1

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 Table No. -9.1

Year wise detail of illicit felling cases in respect of Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionfor the period 2012-13 to 2022-23
Year Opening balance at the Cases detected during the Total cases Cases No. Of Estimated Cases Balance cases at
beginning of the year year compounded cases value challaned the end of
during the year registered in the the year
No. Timber Value of No. Timber Value of No. Timber Value of trees No. Amount with court No. Value of
Of involved trees Of involved trees Of involved involved (In Of realized police Of trees
case (In m3 ) involved cases (In m3) involved cases (In m3) Rs.) cases (In Rs.) cases involved
(In Rs.) (In Rs.) (In Rs.)

2012-13 17 10.791 327079 64 44.978 574325 81 55.769 901404 56 408071 1 156884 -- 24 336449

2013-14 24 15.265 336449 81 37.106 591861 105 52.371 928310 81 664260 2 73310 1 21 190740

2014-15 21 13.797 159302 95 46.006 596434 116 59.803 755736 93 506129 2 100254 2 19 149353

2015-16 19 11.386 114022 59 26.957 357187 78 30.343 471209 51 308999 1 48514 -- 26 113696

2016-17 26 11.461 113696 40 21.705 525603 66 33.166 639299 30 158152 12 125367 -- 24 355780

2017-18 24 10.112 255780 17 35.298 1514475 41 45.41 1770255 1 4000 17 1514475 -- 23 251780

2018-19 23 10.112 251780 8 24.005 1382412 31 34.117 1634192 - -- 7 1309951 -- 24 324241

2019-20 26 17.35 495692 1 1.462 78986 27 18.812 574678 - - 1 78986 -- 26 495692

2020-21 26 17.35 495692 3 3.198 234617 29 20.548 730309 - - 3 234617 -- 26 495692

2021-22 26 17.35 495692 5 5.297 678820 31 22.647 1174512 1 25578 3 648328 -- 27 500606

2022-23 29 18.336 515039 8 2.501 38932 37 20.837 553971 10 49813 - - -- 27 504158

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 As per Indian Forest Act, 1927, any act causing damage by negligence or deliberately felling of
a tree or breaking of land or clearing of land for cultivation or any other purpose in ‘Reserved
Forest’, is an offence and punishable with imprisonment for a term may extend to two years or
with fine up to five thousand rupees, or both.

Sub section (3) of Section 2 of Indian Forest Act, 1927 defines the term “Forest Offences”
to mean an offence punishable under the Indian Forest Act or rules made there under. Nature of
forest offence is varied. There may be serious aggravation of offences perspective of money value
involved and similarly, criminal intent behind the offence may not be that serious as compared
to the damage caused for forest ecology and environment. There are two types of forest offenders
that one comes across. A section of the poor people and forest dwellers i.e. right holders who
break the law and rules to keep up their livelihood and to meet their basic needs. The other class
of forest offenders belongs to a chain of criminals e.g. forest mafia, encroachers or Company or
Corporate bodies or Contractors who knowingly break the law and rules and commit forest
offences to meet their illegal ends through gullible, needy groups and villagers.

9.4.2 Causes of Illicit Fellings: -

These are briefly enumerated as under: -

.With ever increasing human population and urbanization of tract of Paonta Sahib Forest Division,
the demand for constructional timber, fuelwood, and agricultural implements have increased
manifolds. That is why some people indulge in illicit felling to satisfy their needs if their demands
are not met with judiciously.
i.Poor economic conditions of forest dwellers have compelled them to resort to illicit felling of
trees who further sell timber to wood smugglers and other persons or building contractors to earn
their livelihood.
ii.Installation of imported timber depot, Saw Mills, furniture Industry and failure of the department
to fulfill their requirement, sometimes, leads to illicit felling in the forests.

9.4.3 Forests area Prone to Illicit Felling: -Based on the field observation and record of illicit
felling, following forests area are prone to illegal felling/cutting of trees which need effective
protection and measures is tabulated as well as susceptibility of forest beats to forest fires.

[348]
 Table No.-9.2

List of Forest areas Prone to Illicit Felling

Sr. Name of Sensitive Forest details Compartment No.

No Range beats

1 Paonta Rampurbelli Khair, Shisham RF Rampurbeli C-1

Sahib
2 Rajban Sal, Khair RF Rajban C-4

3 Lai Sal, Sain RF Lai C-33

4 Toka Sal RF Lai C-24

Sal RF Lai C-28

1 Majra Sunkron (N) Chal, Jingum, Tendu, RF Sunkron C- 1 to 7

Khair, Eucalyptus, Sain

2 Sunkron (M) Chal, Jingum, Tendu, RF Sunkron C- 8 to 12

Khair, Eucalyptus, Sain

3 Sunkron (S) Chal, Jingum, Tendu, RF Sunkron C- 13 to 17

Khair, Eucalyptus, Sain

4 Gharatwali Chal, Jingum, Tendu, RF Ghratwali C- 1 to 4

(M) Khair, Eucalyptus, Sain

5 Gharatwali Chal, Jingum, Tendu, RF Ghratwali C- 5, 6, 7 & 12

(N) Khair, Eucalyptus, Sain

6 Gharatwali Chal, Jingum, Tendu, RF Ghratwali C- 8 to 11

(S) Khair, Eucalyptus, Sain

7 Batamandi Sal, Sain, Khair, Behra, RF Ghuttanpur C-2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8,

Tendu 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 & 20

8 Satiwala Khair, Shisham UPF Satiwala

9 Behral Papdi, Khair RF KonchBeli C-1 & 2

10 Johron Sal, Khair, Eucalyptus, RF Banswali C-1 to 14

Sain

11 Sal, Khair, Eucalyptus, RF Kirarda C-1 to 8

Sain

12 Majra Sal, Khair, Eucalyptus, RF Badighati C-1 to 4

Sain

Sal, Khair, Eucalyptus, RF Sukhimelion C-1 to 12

Sain

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 13 Sainwala Sal, Khair, Eucalyptus, RF Sainwala C-2
Sain

Sal, Khair, Eucalyptus, RF Tokion C-6

Sain

1 Girinagar Khararu Khair, Sal, Kokat RF Khararu C-8

Khair, Sal, Kokat RF Khararu C-9

1 Bhagani Danda Sal, Khair, Shisham, RF Danda C-11, 13, 20

2 Puruwala Khair, Shisham, RF Giri C-1, 3

Eucalyptus

3 Salwala Khair, Sal RF Kandela C-7, 8

4 Gojjar Khair, Sal RF Khojjar C-1, 2, 3

4 Majri Khair, Sal RF Majri C-1, 2

5 Yamuna Khair, Shisham, RF Yamuna C-1, 2

Eucalyptus

6 Amboya Khair, Sal RF Amboya C-4, 8, 10

7 Mehruwala Khair, Sal RF Mehruwala C-1, 4, 9

8 Dhandla Khair, Shisham, RF Dhandla C-2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11

Eucalyptus

9.4.4 Preventive/Remedial Measures: -

Strategy for Sensitive Beats:

● Need to ensure sensitive beats are not lying vacant or functioning on additional charge at
either beat/block level. There is in fact need for provisioning of at least two Forest
workers/manpower to be attached with forest guards especially in sensitive beats.
● Forest Guards must patrol the forests falling in jurisdiction of their respective beats
regularly to avoid any chance of illicit felling. Range Officer & Block Officer are equally
responsible to prevent large scale illicit felling in their respective jurisdiction and they
should check all the sensitive forests periodically, preferable organizing group
patrolling/night raids etc. Similarly, ACF should check sensitive forests fortnightly to
plug any loopholes left by subordinate staff. Divisional Forest Officer himself should
review the progress of detection of forest offences regularly and inspect the forest area
prone to illicit felling monthly.

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● Ensuring boundary pillars re-assessment is carried out for foresters to be clear about their
forest boundaries / providing staff with GPS sets/compass individually.
● Carrying out proper demarcation exercises with revenue department (preferable if DFOs
are provided with Forest ‘patwaris’ to avoid undue delays)
● Compounding powers to be redefined and better enable foresters to curb offences
● Increased joint patrolling and intelligence sharing from locals
● Drone usage as deterrence among locals as well as for actual monitoring purpose to
identify damage in remote areas
● Capacity building of field staff with respect to making seizure memos/DR etc.
● Incentivising people for protection of forests in intelligence gathering and information
sharing– rewards, Timber Distribution preference etc.
● Adequate awareness should be spread among local people regarding importance of forests
● Police should also be involved in group patrolling in highly sensitive beats. Investigation
of forest offences by police after FIR is necessary for deterrence
● Provision of patrolling vehicle at range level round the clock; To check the illegal trade
of timber and poaching, patrolling staff/ ROs must be provided with vehicle, mobile
phone, rifle etc.
● Ensuring proper checking of salvage lots with mandatory monitoring by Range Officers,
ACF, DFO, CF and strictly adhering to the time periods for carrying out operations
● Before provisioning of timber for TD distribution, proper stock-taking and record of
available dry-standing trees beat wise with photographs and GPS coordinates
● Relooking at TD policy to automate the process through ‘e-TD’ (mobile based) so that
actually affected are able to avail benefit on-time
● Adhering to the TD policy timelines and strict non-issuance during fire-seasons
● In coordination with District Administration convergence, create purposeful employment
activities eg. under MGNREGA especially in the lean season when illicit threats increase
● Considering the concept of ‘smart forests’ and using of ‘green bots’ on experimental basis
for early detection and warning of illicit activities
● Proposal for new check-post at Palori and upgradation of temporary infrastructure at
Khodri Majri forest checkpost to further curb illegal movement of vehicles should be
approved within first two years of the Working Plan Period.
● Frequent checking of saw mills and wood-based industries are indispensable to prevent
illegal trade of timber.

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 ● Whenever, a complaint is received by the staff by any means whether orally,
telephonically or in writing, whether by name or anonymously or pseudonymously, the
preliminary enquiry shall be initiated immediately and completed within two weeks if a
forest offence is found to have been committed. Damage report shall be issued
immediately and action shall be taken by following the rules and procedure including
Court Challan. Major cases of illicit felling should invariably be registered with police
immediately.
9.4.5 Prosecution of Forest Offences: - The cases of petty nature may be compounded or
challaned in the court of law under the provision of Indian Forest Act, 1927, but the case
involving large scale felling aggravate with Criminal offence under the provision of Indian Penal
Code be registered with the Police. The first information report under Section 154 of Cr. PC is
that information which is given to the police first in point of time, on the basis of which,
investigation commences and relates to a cognizable offence. Non-cognizable offences cannot
be investigated by the police without the special order from a competent Magistrate, when a
police officer receives information of a non-cognizable offence committed within the limits of
his police station, he enters the substance in his daily diary report and refers the information to
the Magistrate. When the Police Officer receives the order from the Magistrate to investigate the
case, he may exercise the same power in respect of investigation as in cognizable offence.

For the purpose of the Criminal Procedure Code, all the offences have been classified into
different categories but the code has not given any guidelines to determine, whether, a particular
offence belong to one category or the other. It all depends upon, whether, it is shown as
cognizable or non-cognizable in the 1 schedule of the code. That schedule refers to all the
st

offences under the Indian Penal Code and puts them into the cognizable and non-cognizable
categories. The offences under the laws other than the Indian Penal Code which are punishable
with imprisonment for three years or more have been in the 1 schedule as cognizable and those
st

punishable with less than three years have been shown as non-cognizable. This rule is of course
subject to any rule to the contrary provided in that law. In case of a cognizable offence, a police
officer can arrest the accused person without any warrant or authority issued by a Magistrate and
can investigate into such a case without any order or direction from a Magistrate under Section
156 (I) and 157 of Cr. P.C.

In the case of forest offences under the Indian Forest Act, 1927 or any other special law
all those that are punishable with imprisonment of less than three years or with fine only, are

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bail-able/non-cognizable offence unless there is a provision to the contrary. Hence, all forest
offences are non-cognizable-bail-able offence as at present.

Proceeding in a non-cognizable offence start by means of a complaint addressed to a

Magistrate, whereas, no complaint needs to be made in the case of cognizable offences. In
cognizable offence Police begins the investigation on getting information of the crime under
Section 154 read with Section 156 of Cr. P.C. Section 2 (d) of Cr. P.C ‘Complaint’ means any
allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his acting under the code, that
some person, whether, known or unknown has committed an offence but does not include a police
report.

Therefore, the position with regard to forest offences under Indian Forest Act is that they
are non-compoundable under the Criminal Procedure Code and treated as complaint cases under
chapter XV of Cr. P.C; and under Section 68 of Indian Forest Act, all offences except those
falling under Section 62/63 are declared as compoundable offence. Composition of forest
offences is on a different footing and it is clearly distinguishable footing from the compounding
of offences punishable under the Indian Penal Code as mentioned in Section 320 of Cr. P.C.

As per State Govt. instruction, it is the duty of every beat Guard to take cognizance of a
forest offence committed to issue the damage report (DR) under Section 33 of Indian Forest Act,
1927, get the damage accepted by the offender also to seize the forest produce and the implements
used in committing the offence. The forest offence cases can either be compounded by the forest
officer himself or if, he is not competent to compound the cases, be registered with the police or
prepare challan and put in court for prosecution under the provision of Indian Forest Act, 1927.
If the offence is committed on non-forest land i.e. Govt. land other than Demarcated Protected
Forests, Damage report shall not be issued under Section 33 of Indian Forest Act, 1927 and FIR
shall be registered with the police by involving the provision of Indian Penal Code only and to
take cognizance of offence which has been committed.

The Indian Forest Act is not self sufficient for dealing with all legal problems relating to
forest protection and conservation of forests. So, it becomes quite often necessary to invoke the
provision of the Indian Penal Code along with Indian Forest Act, 1927. Any Forest or Police
Officer may without orders from a Magistrate and without a warrant, arrest any person in any
forest offence punishable with imprisonment for one month or upwards under Section 64 of the
Act, provided that nothing in this section shall be deemed to authorize such arrest for any act
which is an offence under Chapter-IV, unless such act has been prohibited under clause (C) of

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Section 30 of the Act. Meaning thereby arrest of offender cannot be made for the offences
committed in protected forests in absence of notification under clause (C) of Section 30 of the
Act.

Every officer making an arrest under sub section 2 of Section 64 shall, without
unnecessary delay and subject to the provision of this Act as to release on bond take or send the
person arrested before the Magistrate having jurisdiction in the case or to the office in-charge of
the nearest Police Station. If there is reason to believe that such person comes under the
provisions of Section 41 of Cr. P.C, a Police officer shall re-arrest him under Section 43 of Cr.
P.C, but no police officer or forest officer shall detain in custody a person arrested without
warrant for exceeding twenty-four hours exclusive of the time necessary for the journey from the
place of arrest to the Magistrate’s court under Section 57 of Cr. P.C. No person who has been
arrested by a police officer shall be discharged except on his own bond, or on bail or under the
special order of a Magistrate.

9.4.6 Compounding of Forest Offences: - Under Section 68 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927,
the Conservator of Forests are empowered to fixed the rates of compensation for compounding
of various forests offences vide H.P. Govt. notification dated 5-5-2010.The Forest field staff
should act immediately as per instructions issued from Pr CCF H.P. in this regard and within the
time frame.

9.4.7 Disposal of Forest Offences: - It has been observed that in spite of instruction issued
from time to time by the Govt. due care is not taken regarding prompt and timely disposal of
forest offence cases. The cases are not being challaned in the court of Law within the limitation
period under Section 468 of Cr. P.C with the result that the accused even in serious forest offence
cases involving property worth lac of rupees are being acquitted simply on the technical ground
of limitation and non production of certified copies of notification under Section 29, 30/31 of
Indian Forest Act, 1927 as required under Section 78 of the Evidence Act, 1972, which is not
desirable.

In order to avoid any such recurrence in future, it is hereby laid down that the following
procedure will be followed for disposal of the forest offence cases: -

(i) It is the duty of every forest guard in beat to take cognizance of a forest offence which
has been committed or is suspected to have been committed or is about to be committed.
A report to the effect should be issued damage report immediately giving the date of

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 occurrence, time of offence, name and compartment of forest, detail of damage, name,
age and address of offender and name and address of witnesses, if any.
(ii) In case, repeated offence in the same year, reference to previous damage reports should
be given.
(iii) The report should be prepared in triplicate. In case a witness is not available on the spot,
circumstantial evidence to be collected through photograph or video film in presence of
the offender and the offender must be taken to the nearest village Panchayat authority or
any influential person or reliable person of village in whose presence the arresting officer
will make a report of the offence committed and got the report witnesses.
(iv) The implements and the forest produce may be seized immediately at the time of arrest
and will be placed in the custody of the Lambardar or any other reliable person near the
place of offence under a proper receipt in the form of a supuradnama or seizure memo
etc.
(v) If the offender admits the commission of the offence and express his willingness to
compound the offence without being challaned in a court of law, he should be required
to put signature or thumb impression on the ‘Iqbal nama’ printed on the back of the
damage report, which should be got witnessed by two independent witnesses.
(vi) Thumb impression or signature on the ‘Iqbal nama’ should be taken, even if the offender
merely admits the commission of the offence and yet is not willing to compound the
offences under Section 68 of the Act in the presence of witnesses.
(vii) In case, where the identity of an offender is not known to the Forest Officer, it is his duty
to arrest him, seize implements or tools used in the commission of offence including
mobile phone etc. as well as forest produce and take him to the village Lambardar or
Panchayat authority or in his absence any respectable or reliable person with a view to
establishing his identity. After ascertaining his full particulars, the normal procedure
prescribed above should be followed.
(viii) In a case, where the offender has escaped arrest on the spot an immediate report will be
made and got signed by the nearest Lambardar or an influential person or reliable person.
The implements or tools or the forest produce seized will be entrusted to “Sapurdar” and
efforts will be made to trace the offender. If the offender admits commission of the
offence in his ‘Iqbal nama’ or restrain to discharge his duty should be taken in the manner
described above. In case, an offender refuses to sign the ‘Iqbal nama’ he must be
prosecuted through the Police and complete details of such case should be furnished to
the police officer concerned for investigation. Wherever possible, the Range Officer will

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 release the offender on bond to appear, if and when, so required, before the Magistrate or
before the officer incharge of the nearest Police Station under Section 65 of Indian Forest
Act.
(ix) Where an offender resists arrest, the nearest police officer or right holders may be called
upon to render necessary assistance under Section 79 of Indian Forest Act, 1927.
(x) The Police help may also be sought in case of aggravate of criminal offence or serious
offences under the Indian Forest Act involving prolonged investigation. All cases of
assault on departmental forest official or officers in the course of discharge of their
official duties, voluntary causing of hurt to commit a forest offence, abetment of forest
offence, criminal trespass, mischief by fire and injury to public property, giving false
evidence, concealing offenders and forest produce, counterfeiting trade or property
marks, selling goods marked with counterfeit trade mark or property mark and tempering
with property mark with intent to cause injury or damage, theft of timber through
organized fellings and damage to public property through setting fire etc or arrested
person should be reported to the police for action under the Indian Penal Code read with
IFA, 1927 or any other law applicable to the case. It is also emphasized that no premises
can be searched without a search warrant either from the Conservator of Forests or DFO
or from the Magistrate having jurisdiction.
(xi) Any damage report issued by a forest guard should be reported to the concerned Deputy
Ranger within 48 hours and reported to Range Officer concerned within 3 days and
thereafter, within 4 days to the DFO concerned. If the matter is reported, it is the
responsibility of the Forest Range Officer/ACF/DFO to take further action or otherwise
in case of failure for the same field functionaries are responsible for lapses under H.P.
Preservation of Specific Corrupt Practice Act, 1983 and CCS (CCA) Conduct Rules,
1965.
(xii) Forest Guards and other concerned staff shall maintain a daily diary report on the lines of
the ones maintained by the Police department, where they should record the events of the
day, the forest/village visited and observation made or reports received. This daily dairy
should be inspected and maintained by the Block Officer and sent a fortnightly report to
Range Officer concerned and Range Officer/ACF/DFO should inspect the daily diary of
the forest guard and Van Thana staff when the jurisdiction of the respective forest guard.
(xiii) On receipt of the damage report, the Range Officer will enter them in the Damage Report
Register. In entering them he will ensure that the continuity of serial number of a damage
report of beat is maintained and no damage report is missed or tempered. On the damage

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 report itself the serial number of the ‘Damage Report Register’ will be filled. One copy
of the damage report will be retained in the Range office and field by beats for record.
(xiv) The Range Officer is responsible to see that the damage reports are either compounded
or taken to court and filed (with Divisional Forest Officers sanction) within six months
of the commission of the offence.
(xv) The register of cases compounded with the Range Forest Officer will show the disposal
of each case. The disposal of each case will either be compounded or prosecuted or filed.
In each case of the DFO sanction will be quoted. In the case of prosecution, a cross
reference to the prosecution report will be given.
(xvi) In complete or defective damage reports or tempered D.R. which can neither be
compounded nor can be taken to court will be filed or written off by the DFO with prior
concurrence of Conservator of Forests provided that he is satisfied about error of
judgment on the part of the beat guard and Deputy Ranger etc.
(xvii) At the close of the financial year, all undecided damage reports will be brought forward
in red ink in the register of offences compounded with the Range Officer and dealt with
in a normal way.
(xviii) The compounding of offences under Section-68, the compensation in all such cases must
be realized within a period of 3 months of the commission of offences. In cases the
offenders is/are not willing to compound the cases for which his/their statements must be
recorded in presence of two independent witnesses. The cases should then be challaned
in the court of law before the 6 months or expiry of limitation period under Section 468
of the Cr. P.C. However, all challan must be submitted by the Range Office to DFO for
according sanction for the commission of offence.
(xix) The ACF will scrutinize the cases with the help of ADA (Assistant District Attorney) and
enter the same in the Divisional prosecution register before these are put to DFO for his
sanction. Thereafter, these cases will be challaned in the court of law under the signature
of the RO/DFO concerned.
(xx) The cases must be put in court before the expiry of 6 months period positively or before
the expiry of limitation period under Section 468 of Cr. P.C, failing which the
responsibility for delay will rest with concerned Range Officer (whatsoever delays the
prosecution of cases) who will be personally responsible to make good the loss of
Government.

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(xxi) All FIR of forest offences under Section 154 of Cr. P.C issued by the Police officer may
be sent to DFO within 3 days from the date of issuance of the FIR and should immediately
entered in the damage register maintained in the Range Office.
The Public Prosecutors have been entrusted the job of prosecuting the forest offence
cases. However, Dy. Ranger or Range Officer should assist the Public Prosecutor in conducting
the forest offence case in CJM court and ACF should assist the Deputy District Attorney or
District Attorney in District and Section Judge Court. They will also keep the DFO and ROs
concerned and submits monthly progress report of the cases duly verified by the ADA/Dy. DA
or DA concerned.

9.4.8 Indian Forest (HP 2 Amendment) Act, 1991: -Vide Indian Forest (HP 2 Amendment)
nd nd

Act, 1991 certain changes have been made in the Chapter-IX of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 in
order to check the large-scale illicit felling and smuggling of forest produce particularly by
engaging vehicle by certain unscrupulous person. The State Legislative in their wisdom amended
the Indian Forest Act in many States in the country, creating another forum, namely the
‘Authorized Officer’ to order confiscation of property which is instrumental in the commission
of forest offences. There were no provisions in the Act enabling the forest officers to confiscate
such timber or forest produce and implements or tools or vehicle etc. used for committing forest
offences even in a case where he was satisfied that a forest offence had been committed. In view
of this, the State Govt. necessary amendments have been made in Section 52 and after Section
52, inserted the provision of Section 52 A and 52 B, 58 and 59 A in the Act.

Under Section 52(3) Authorized Office can passed order for confiscation of property on
being satisfied that forest offence has been committed in respect thereof. It is true, as pointed out
by Learned Counsel that the standard of proof required for confiscation proceedings in one case
and that required for conviction of offender in the other case is not the same. But for that reason,
these provisions cannot be regarded as confiscating or repugnant to each other. Conviction may
result in sentence of imprisonment involving deprivation of right to life and liberty and other
serious consequences, while order of confiscation of property under Section 52A does not such
grave or serious consequences except to remove the vehicle out of circulation and as deterrent.
The intention of the legislative is to ensure that the vehicle used in the transaction is no longer
available for such misuse and to act as deterrent for the offender and others. These objects can
be well served by confiscating the vehicle. Thus, the scheme of the Act providing for a separate
confiscation procedure has a substantial public purpose to serve and is in tune with Articles 14,
48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution of India.

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 It is further provided under the provision to Section 52 B that no order confiscating the
motor vehicle shall be made except after giving notice in writing to the registered owner of the
vehicle and further after considering his objection, if any, it is so found that the vehicle was being
used or used for carrying the timber without knowledge or connivance of the owner confiscation
order shall not be passed. The burden of the proof, is generally, on the parties seeking relief or
having the affirmative of an issue. The burden then shifts to the respondent to establish the
contrary provision of the Act. In other words, in quasi-judicial proceedings, there is no burden
caste on any party, similarly, to the one in criminal proceeding. The law does not ordinarily
recognize the principle of criminal proceeding and giving the benefit of doubt to a party or whom
the burden of proof lies.

9.5 Fire Protection: -

9.5.1 General: - Forest fires over the years have increased, partly linked to the climatic changes
and anthropogenic factors and more area is burnt each year. Fire is a major factor that causes
considerable damage to the forests of this division. The fires both accidental and incendiary are
very common in this tract due to the reason that majority of forests are easily approachable by
roads/paths. Forest fires are a menace for nature, largely driven by anthropogenic factors,
aggravated by varying climatic events like prolonged droughts, and people’s false notions about
forest fires, especially grazers. In the process, there is damage to new plantation, forest
vegetation, fauna and even human beings where settlements are too close to the fires. Lack of
co-operation between local people and forest field staff also results in deliberate starting of fires
at times. In recent times, the effect of climate change is becoming more evident year after year,
with longer spells of dryness that completely absorb the soil moisture necessary to fight back
ground fires.

In State of Himachal Pradesh, as many as 5,280 forest fires were reported from November
2021 to June 2022, which saw a rise from 4,110 in November 2020 to June 2021. This is a
significant rise from 536 fires reported from November 2019 to June 2020 and is an all-time high
forest fires in the last three years. Records of the H.P. Forest Department suggest 22% or 8267
Sq. Kms. of the total forest area in the state is fire prone.

Fire has an adverse effect on soil, water and ecological balance of the affected area. Soil
becomes vulnerable to soil erosion and its structure gets affected, thereby retarding plant growth.
The soil building micro-organisms are destroyed and the area is ultimately rendered susceptible
to erosion and decreasing productivity. The young regeneration is wiped out, growth of surviving

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 vegetation is adversely affected, the yield of forest produce is immensely reduced and the
vegetation damaged by the fire becomes vulnerable to insect and fungal attack. The high salvage
removals are attributed to this. In the fire burnt forests, change in crop pattern takes place,
resulting in mixed crop in the forests.

The Sal and Chil forests in this Division are subjected to frequent fires in the months of
April to June every year. If fires are not controlled in time, these cause serious damage. Year
wise detail of fire incidences occurred since 2012-13 is tabulated below in Table 9.3:

9.3 Fire Incidences Abstract in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionsince 2012-13

Sr. No. Year No. of case Total Area affected (ha) Total loss (Rs.)
1 2012-13 25 212.5 340070
2 2013-14 2 9.5 10000
3 2014-15 2 21 18500
4 2015-16 13 71 383750
5 2016-17 51 407 238000
6 2017-18 11 81.5 350600
7 2018-19 46 308 289000
8 2019-20 35 193 635885
9 2020-21 2 22 10200
10 2021-22 23 166 469080
11 2022-23 36 207.8 249300
GRAND TOTAL 246 1699.3 2994385

Prevention and control of forest fire assumes great importance in Paonta Sahib Forest
Divisionand there is an urgent need to take effective steps to counter menace of forest fires, with
the aim of: -
a) Protecting forests from damaging fires by taking up all preventive measures like
administrative, technical, social, legal etc.
b) Preparing adequately and taking appropriate action for controlling, suppressing and
extinguishing forest fires, in order minimize the loss caused by them;
c) Educating local people about fire damage and eliciting their cooperation in preventing,
controlling and extinguishing fires.
9.5.2 Causes of Forest Fires: -The main causes attributable for the outbreak of forest are
various and can be summarized as under: -

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i. Natural: -This caused due to lightening, friction between twigs, stones and dry grasses.
However, such natural incidents of forest fires in the tract are not met with so far.
ii. Accidental: Such fires are more common and are caused due to: -
a) Throwing of burning cigarette/Bidi pieces in forest areas by local people without
visualizing possibility of causing forest fire there-from.
b) Burning fire left behind in forests by hunters, workers, fuelwood collectors and grazers-
again without contemplating possibility of incidence of fire there from.
c) Sometimes, fires spreads to forests, from adjoining private fields/land where local
inhabitants set fire to burn useless bushy growth, or to get new flush or grass shoots.
iii. Incendiarism: -The outbreak of fire may be due to incendiarism. The general motives behind
the cause of incendiarism in forest are given below: -
a) In case of illicit felling, the defaulters maliciously burn such forests to conceal their illegal
actions.
b) Hunters/Poachers burn forests to facilitate killings.
c) Local people burn forests, plantations if their genuine requirement of timber, fuel are not
catered judiciously by the department.

d) Local inhabitants set fire in the forests deliberately to get new flush of grass for their
cattle and collector of Minor Forest Produce.

e) Sometimes encroachers intentionally burn forest area, adjacent to their cultivated lands,
orchards to extend their holdings illegally in Government land.

9.5.3 Special Fire Risk Zones: -The areas burnt during previous years indicate that the
following blocks of forests are especially prone to fire is given in table No.9.4

Table No.-9.4 List of Highly Sensitive Fire Prone beats

Sr. No. Name of Block Beat

Range
1 Bhagani Majri Gojjar
2 Majri
3 Bhagani Mehruwala
4 Rajpur Dhandla
5 Danda

1 Paonta Sahib Gorakhpur Gorakhpur

2 Kukron
3 Rajban

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 4 Khara Khara
5 Toka
6 Chhachheti Gatu
7 Sarah
8 Paonta Sahib Jamotwa
9 Gondpur

1 Majra Majra Majra

2 Johron
3 Behral Surajpur
4 Batamandi
5 Sainwala
6 Gharatwali Gharatwali (M)
7 Gharatwali (N)
8 Gharatwali (S)

1 Girinagar Kansar Kando Baila

2 Kansar

Map No. 9.4 Highly Sensitive Fire Prone

Special attention is required for the above forest zones during the fire season.

9.5.4 Management of Fire Protection

The following steps will prove effective in fire management: -
a) Fire prevention measures.
b) Timely detection of forest fires and information to concerned staff.

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 c) Process of fire control and fire fighting.
d) Penal provisions and a system of rewards.
a) Fire Preventive Measures: - “Prevention is better than cure”, and this holds good in case
of forest fires too. Prevention of fire is more beneficial and cost effective than fighting the fire.
For this effective step should be taken well in time, such as summarized below: -

● Forest fire reviews in 1st week every month and weekly for fire-season for constant
monitoring, preparedness and strategizing
● Database of concerned officials and locals in case of fire emergency to be shared
across. Timely updating of contact numbers on FAMS (Forest Fire Alert Messaging
System) with transfer postings of field staff.
● Ensuring rotational patrolling of forests with the help of field staff, R4F volunteers,
Mahila and Yuvak mandals in fire-seasons
● Water ponds creation akin to Van Sarovars and Amrit Sarovars linking with ‘Catch
the Rain’ scheme nearby sensitive forests and areas
● Tools procurement for fire-fighting. However, the challenge with the extreme slopes
fire requires aerial interventions through water spraying from helicopters as often
done in the West
● Village-level awareness meetings in fire-sensitive areas especially related to ‘ghasnis’
(grasslands) with ‘Dos and Donts’ including myth-busting that fires cause better grass
growth and fertility!
● Division-level as well as Range level workshops for fire management and support
● Co-ordination with Fire Department, CISF and R4F volunteers
● Pine-needle collection before fire-season and utilization for micro check-dams, fibre
and briquette making
● Reward system should be institutionalized annually for fire-fighting volunteers

b. Fire Protection Staff: -Divisional Forest Officer will engage sufficient number of fire
watchers during the fire season. Fire watchers (preferably the local villagers), will patrol the areas
extensively for detection and protection against fires and will ensure all preventive measures with
the local forest field staff. During fire season, fire fighting squad be formed out as well. This
squad should always be ready at every Range H.Q and as soon as any information of fire
occurrence is received, they be rushed using fire-patrolling vehicles to that spot.

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 c. Fire Protection Equipments: -The field staff (near the fire prone forests) should be provided
with sufficient fire equipments such as brooms, shovels, slashes, axes, hatches, forks, buckets,
gunny bags etc., so as to meet any emergency and for facilitating the speedy extinguishing of
fire. Field staff should be imparted training for effectively controlling forest fires.

d. MCR formation: Master Control Room to be setup as the nodal forest fire information
centre, to be located in the Forest Divisional Headquarter. The MCR must be provided with
Wireless Communication Network.

9.5.5 Fire Lines: -The existing fire lines be properly maintained and kept clear of all bushes,
needles etc. to avoid any chance of fire. It is laid down that all such roads/paths and fire lines
should be kept clear of all inflammable material especially during the fire season, so as to act as
fire lines. The detail of fire lines existing have been discussed in Part I, however a new fire-line
has been proposed in Table 9.5

Table No.-9.5: List of Proposed Fire Line

Sr. Range/ Beat RF Compartment Length Width Remarks

No. Block

1 Paonta Sahib Gatu RF 3, 4 3Km 6 Upto the

/ Chhachheti Chhachheti meters boundary
of
2 Chhachheti RF 12, 13, 14, 15 Girinagar
Chhachheti Range

3 Sarah RF Sarah 6, 7, 8

9.5.6 Construction of Watch Towers: -A network of watch towers, at suitable commanding

locations, at least one in each range (Majra, Bhagani, Girinagar, Paonta Sahib) should be
constructed. These should be permanently manned by fire watchers/Forest Workers during the
fire season. The fire watcher will immediately come to know and report to the beat guard, any
outbreak of fire that may occur. The beat guard will take further necessary action for fire-fighting.

9.5.7 Control Burning: -

The detailed instructions on control burning are contained in the H.P. Forest Manual Vol.
IV and are summarized as below: -

i) The control burning should be done during winters in February-March.

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ii) Burning should progress from uphill to downhill in calm weather and special care should be
taken, to keep the line of fire as straight as possible and under control.

iii) The fire should start along the ridge, a cleared path or specially cleared lines.

iv) The needles and other inflammable material should be fully raked to ensure through burning.

v) Cleanings and early thinning in young regeneration areas must be completed before the
control burning.

vi) Burning shall be done always under strict supervision and control of the executive staff and
shall never be left to the engaged labor.

viii) The existing fire lines should be properly maintained and kept clear. The roads, bridle and
inspection path etc. must be kept clear of all inflammable material, so as to act as fire lines.

ix) Sufficient number of trained fire watchers should be employed during the fire season to help
the field staff and provided with necessary equipments. No felling operations, even to the
right holders, should be allowed during the fire season.

It is, however, to be noted that areas under regeneration should not be control burnt, until
the regeneration reaches a height of about 2.5 m. In such areas, however, the grass cutting/needle
collection by right holders be encouraged.

9.5.8 Preparation of Annual Plan: - Preparation of an exhaustive annual plan for the fire
protection is also, recommended.

9.5.9 Legal Measures: - All cases of incendiarism should be properly investigated and punitive
measures should be taken against the culprits. Legal provisions regarding forest fires are
available under Indian Forest Act, 1927. Setting fire to Reserve Forest is punishable under
Section 26 of the Act with imprisonment up to two years or fine up to Rs. Five thousand or both.
Similarly, whenever, fire is caused willfully or by gross negligence in a protected forest, the State
Government may, notwithstanding, that any penalty has been inflicted under this section, direct
that in such forest or any portion thereof the exercise of any right of pasture or to forest produce
shall be suspended for such period as it thinks fit.

Section 79 (1) of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 makes obligatory on every person, who
exercises any right in a reserved or protected forest or who is permitted to take any forest produce
from forest or Govt. employee shall be bound to furnish without un-necessary delay to the nearest

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 Forest Officer or Police Officer any information with respect to any commission of forest
offence, and shall forthwith take steps, whether so required by Forest Officer or Police Officer
or not:-

a) To extinguish any forest fire in such forest of which he has knowledge or information.

b) To prevent by any lawful means in his power any fire in the vicinity of such forest of which
he has knowledge or information from spreading to such forest, and shall assist any Forest
Officer or Police Officer demanding his aid.

c) In preventing the commission in such forest of any forest offence.

d) When there is reason to believe that any such offence has been committed in such forest in
discovering and arresting the offender.

And any violation of the provision of this Section is punishable under Section 79(2) with
imprisonment for term which may extend to one month, or with fine which many extend to two
hundred rupees or with both.
Therefore, field functionaries/staffs must act accordingly so that the object of
fundamental duty could be achieved.
Further, the H.P. Govt. has framed rules regarding fire protection known as Himachal
Pradesh Forest (Protection from Fires) Rules, 1999 vide H.P. Govt. Notification No. FFE-A(C)7-
1/96 dated 7-11-1999. The field functionaries should follow the Rules and instructions as
contained in the given notification.

9.5.10 Assessment of Loss Caused by Fire: -Fire causes tangible and intangible damages to
the forests & wild life. Loss of timber, resins etc. are tangible, whereas loss of soil fertility and
soil constituent are intangible. Fire causes adverse effect on regeneration and destroys under
growth leading to invasion by weeds. Being afraid of disciplinary action, the loss caused by forest
fire is often not actually recorded by field staff and is also under estimated because of which
calculation of exact magnitude of loss is hardly possible. The methodology for assessment of fire
loss developed by the CCF, Forest Protection, Bilaspur shall be followed.

9.5.11 Fire Record and updation on Integrated Forest Management System portal: -A
complete record of fires will be maintained, both in Range, as well as Divisional office. Maps of
the forests showing the area burnt by fire will be maintained along with other relevant details
regarding fire. The fire reports should contain a map of the area burnt. All the fire reports are

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sent to higher authorities on the prescribed proforma along with inspection report of R.O/ACF
and DFO and follow up action taken accordingly. Since 2022, regular updating at Range level
regarding forest fire-incidences on Integrated Forest Management System portal of HPFD
have begun which must be adhered to in future as well for linking with FSI portal of fire-
reporting.

9.6 Encroachment: -The problem of encroachment is seriously persistent in forested region

of Himachal Pradesh. There can be no denying fact that during the past three decades forest areas
have been shaved off extensively for non-forestry purpose. Year by year, more and more land
under forest cover is being brought under the plough even by way of large-scale encroachments.
The land grabbers have evolved a strangely novel method to eliminate the forest growth.

Under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, diverting of forest lands for non-forestry
purpose without the prior approval of Govt. of India is not permissible. As such, even the
settlement staff of the revenue department cannot divert forest land for non-forestry purposes
without the permission of the Govt. of India. The provision of Indian Forest Act, 1927 are only
punitive. For eviction of the encroachers, simultaneous action is to be taken to file a challan
before the Assistant Collector Grade-I concerned for taking up proceeding under Section 163 of
H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954 for ejectment of the encroachers on the Govt. land i.e. other than
forest land and whereas in respect of the encroachment on forest land eviction proceedings by
the DFO-cum-Collector shall be commenced under the Himachal Pradesh Public Premises and
Land (Eviction & Rent Recovery) Act, 1971, unless the proceedings are initiated under the Act,
eviction of the encroachers will not be possible under the Indian Forest Act, 1927. The latest
position of encroachment cases in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionhas been updated on MOFEES
portal of HP Forest Department. The summary of cases is as follows (It is to be noted in Hon’ble
High Court HP Orders, the areas have been evicted in 6 no. cases after retaining 5 bigha
i.e. 2.4 ha).

Table No.-9.6 Encroachment cases summary

Total no. of Cases Total Area Actually Evicted Yet to be evicted Under trial

Cases Area Cases Area Cases Area

188 37.44 hac. 133 32.485 hac. 30 1.384 hac 25 1.171 hac

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 9.6.1 Causes of Encroachment: -The main causes of encroachment can be summarized as
under: -

i) Due to increase in population, the greed for having more and more land for fulfilling their
basic needs amongst the local people has increased.

ii) The grant of Nautor land inside the forests is also responsible for encroachment on the forest
land.

iii) Forest Rights Act, 2006 {Scheduled Tribes & other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006}, the act’s tendency to be misused by some cohorts (leaving out
the genuine ones) is also responsible for large scale of encroachments.

iv) Forest boundaries are not properly demarcated either on the ground or in the record.

v) In a very large number of cases the notified forest areas have not been recorded properly in
the land records, maintained by the revenue department and continue to be shown as non-
forest areas.

vi) There is no provision or mechanism to book and punish the abettors of encroachments. This
encourages the highly organized land mafia, politicians and influential section of society to
actively support and encourage large scale encroachments as they derive financial, political
and social benefit from such benefits.

vii) Influential persons with political affiliations not only promote encroachments, but also abet
the entire process.

viii) The punishment meted out to the offenders is insignificant compared to the gravity of the
offence committed.

ix) There is no special provision provided in the Indian Forest Act, 1927 for eviction of
encroachment as like provision provided in the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. Similarly,
there is no provision for recovering environmental losses from the encroachers caused due to
the damage to flora and fauna and for the loss of productivity of the forest land. This
emboldens them to encroach more forest land.

x) In the absence of proper demarcation under Section 107 of the H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954
by the competent Revenue Authority, the proceeding initiated against encroachers cannot be
held to be legal and valid.

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xi) Large scale encroachment removals result in serious law and order problem requiring a strong
political will, contingent of police force and presence of a magistrate. These are not available
to the forest department, whenever needed, which results abandoning such drives or eviction
on spot in the past.

9.6.2 Preventive Measures: -

i) Forest officials must be well conversant with boundaries of the forests falling in their
respective jurisdictions. Range Officer, Block Officers and Forest Guards must check the
boundary pillars frequently and if anything is found wrong, immediate step should be taken for
maintenance of boundary pillars and booked the wrongdoer under the Act.

ii) Forest Guard must issue the damage report under the provision of Indian Forest Act, 1927
and information in this regard be sent to his superior within 3 days. On the report of incharge
beat guard, Block Officer/Range Officer, should get the area encroached upon demarcated under
Section 107 of the H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954 and challan the case before the DFO-cum-
Collector court for initiating eviction proceedings under the H.P. Public Premises and Land
(Eviction & rent Recovery) Act, 1971. Limitation period for challaning the forest offence under
Section 468 of Cr. P.C is 3 years but challans should not be delayed unreasonably.

iii) Periodic checking of all forest offence cases and review of progress etc. by ACF/DFO
and CF is, therefore, necessary.

9.6.3 Steps Taken for Eviction on Forest Land: -All Divisional Forest Officer have been
delegated with the powers of Collector under H.P. Public Premises and Land (Eviction & Rent
Recovery) Act, 1971 within their respective jurisdiction vide H.P. Govt. Notification No. 1-
21/71-SLG dated 8-6-1994 besides taking punitive action against the encroachers under Section
447 of IPC read with Section 26 of Indian Forest Act, 1927.

Powers of carrying out demarcation of disputed land in question are vested with Revenue
Authority under Section 107 of the H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954

The forest and revenue officers/officials are responsible and liable for detection/removal
of encroachment cases under the provision of H.P. Prevention of Specific Corrupt Practice Act,
1983.

Therefore, revenue officers/official are responsible for initiating eviction proceeding

under Section 163 of the H.P. Land Revenue Act, 1954 against the encroacher who have

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 encroached upon the Govt. land i.e. other than forest land which is not a notified forest land under
the provision of Indian Forest Act, 1927.

In compliance of the Hon’ble High Court order dated 28-8-2009, Pr. Secretary Forests
issued notification on dated 5-5-2010 has directed that, when encroachment is detected on forest
land, action for removal of such encroachment shall be initiated under the Himachal Pradesh
Public Premises and Land (Eviction and Rent Recovery) Act, 1971 and also action for
committing forest offence by the encroacher shall be initiated under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
FIR under various provisions of Indian Penal Code shall be registered with Police in case: -

i) Boundary pillars have been tampered with;

ii) Permanent structure has been made;

iii) Area encroached more than 10 bighas;

iv) There is encroachment within the Protected Area Network (PAN) i.e. in a Wild Life Sanctuary
or National Park.

v) The cases involving avoidable damages exceeding rupees 10 lacs caused by the Companies
or Corporate Bodies.

Thus, it should be made clear to the field executive staff that encroachments are their
direct responsibility. If any encroachments are allowed, the Forest Guard concerned shall be
personally responsible for allowing such encroachment. In case the Forest Guard issue a damage,
reports and submit the cases to the B.O. and the Block Officers/Range Officer do not take further
action under the provision of law, they shall be responsible for the encroachment. The Range
Officer and the Divisional Forest Officer shall also be held responsible for such cases, if these
are kept pending in their respective office without taking further action in compliance of the
Hon’ble H.P. High Court order. Therefore, the Range Officer has to ensure that no encroachments
take place in reserved forests and wherever such encroachments have already taken place or to
be taken, the case should be detected and challan be prepared for eviction and punishment after
following the due process of law.

The field staff is required to carry out preliminary survey for detection of encroachment
on forest land with the help of forest Patwari/Kanungo before getting demarcation from the
revenue authority by the field functionary authorities. Further, the details of boundary pillars to
be constructed/repaired in the Division are given below.

Sr. No Name of Range No. of boundary Pillars to be constructed/repaired

1. Girinagar 634
2. Bhagani 1222

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 3. Paonta Sahib 99
4. Majra 322
Total 2277

The ones already constructed have been discussed in Part I.

9.7 Mining

9.7.1 General: -The Western Himalayas and its foothills is a treasure house of the minerals
being exploited by human being since time immemorial with the advent of society. The methods
of extraction of the minerals became more and more mechanized which resulted in extraction of
the minerals at a pace much faster than the pace at which the nature could meet itself with such
a situation is recover from the onslaughts of human beings. The production of aggregate in a
particular area is a function of the availability of resources, the size of population, the economy
of the area and various development and infrastructural works being undertaken in the area i.e.
road construction and Hydro power projects etc. It brought into sharp focus the conflict between
development and conservation of natural resources, which served to emphasize need for
reconciling the twin objectives into the large interest of the society. Illegal mining is a major
menace near the river beds of Yamuna, Giri and Bata where sand and stone mining is a rampant
issue. The map depicts the mining sensitive beats in the Division along riverine tracts.

Map No. 9.7.1

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9.7.2 Supreme Court on Mining: -Mining in forest area is another cause of forest degradation
and environmental pollution but in State of Himachal Pradesh there is few numbers of cases of
mining in protected forest. Mining operation is being carried out in this tract on Govt. waste land
i.e. River/streambed such as Gair Mumkin Khad/Nallah, Na-Kabil Charand and private land
under the administrative Control of Himachal Pradesh Industries Department and State
Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board. The State Geologist in the Director of
Industries designated as Authority on behalf of the State Govt. to supervise and control of such
work w.e.f. 19-12-1998. Thus, the forest department has major role only under Section 2 of the
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 for granting or renewal of mining lease in forest area in
compliance of the Hon’ble Supreme Court order dated 12-12-1996. The area applied for lease on
non-forest land shall be inspected by a committee constituted as per River/Stream Bed Mining
Policy guidelines for the State of Himachal Pradesh, 2004 dated 28-2-2004. Based on the
approval of the sites for setting up of the Stone Crusher unit & grant of mining lease after
obtaining consent to operate from the State Pollution Control Board, Forest Department and
Mining Department etc. The permanent registration shall be issued to the owner of the Stone
Crusher by the Geological Wing, Department of Industries is under the provisions of the
Himachal Pradesh Minor Minerals (Concession) Revised Rules, 1971.

Thus, it clears that no mining operation is allowed on forest land without prior permission
of Central Govt. under Section 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. In series of orders in
the T.N. Godavarman case, the Supreme Court dealt at length and at times in minute details
about instances of mining taking place in forest area. The Supreme Court, however, made it clear
that it was not against mining per-se but against mining which is in violation of the Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980 and also mining in National Park and Sanctuaries in compliance of the
court order dated 14-2-2000.

The Supreme Court kept a strict watch on the implementation of the order. Not only was
it concerned about the fact that no illegal mining activities should take place in forest areas, but
it also kept a vigil against any leniency shown to those involved in illegal mining. The court made
it amply clear that it has to be informed about all development, which relate to illegal mining.

It is also pertinent of point out that as per directions given by the Hon’ble Supreme Court
of India, in mining matters, the mining of any mineral is a non-forest purpose and is therefore,
not permissible without prior approval of the Central Government.

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 The meaning of Forest shall be understood strictly in accordance with the law laid down
by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in the case T.N. GodavarmanThirumulkpad etc. versus
Union of India and others (AIR 1997 SC 1228). The word ‘Forest ‘must be understood
according to its dictionary meaning. This description covers all statutorily recognized forests,
whether designated as reserved protected or otherwise for the purpose of Section 2(1) of the
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

For the purpose of application of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, the expression ‘Forest’
land would mean a tract of land covered with trees, shrubs, vegetation and undergrowth under
mingled with trees with pastures, be it of natural growth or manmade forestation. The
GairMumkin area i.e. river beds, nallas, khalas/dhank/junglejhari, such areas fall within the ambit
of expression forest land.

In compliance to directions of Hon’ble Supreme Court, all the cases of mining lease, are
required to be processed, under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and further mining operation
may be allowed subject to the following conditions: -

i) No mining operation shall be allowed in forest land unless or until permission for its non-
forestry purpose is obtained from Central Government under the provisions of Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980.

ii) Mining operation in private land may be allowed, only if, it does not cause any damage to
the adjoining forests that too after obtaining prior permission from the competent authority.

iii) The mining shall be started from top to bottom by making benches 6mx6m keeping general
angle of repose as 45º.

iv) Dumping sites for mine works and top of soil shall be provided in such a way so that there is
no damage to the adjoining land; the same does not roll down the slope. Top soil shall be
used for afforestation purpose in the barren/exhausted paths.

v) The lessee shall erect check dams of undressed stones at different suitable sites along the
slope of the area and also along nalla to avert the flow of debris rolling down the slope and
to check soil erosion.

vi) The lessee shall take all necessary precaution while carrying out blasting operations, if needs.

vii) Adequate measures shall be taken to check the air pollution.

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viii) Sufficient funds should be provided to Forest Department to carryout afforestation and soil
conservation works after the lease is over apart from minor works carried out as mentioned
above during the mining operations.

ix) No extraction of sand, gravels, and stone shall be allowed along the roads and river bank to
check the menace of erosion.

x) Trees of suitable species shall be planted to develop a green belt within and along the
boundary of the premises.

The Hon’ble Supreme Court further directed that before any mining operations
commence, the lease holders shall obtain all statutory clearances including environmental
clearance in term of MOEF notification dated 14-9-2006 and also the approval under the Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980 read with the Environment Protection Act, 1986. The details of stone
crusher units and Mining leases is tabulated in Tables No.-9.7a & 9.7b.

Table 9.7a: Detail of Stone crusher areas in Paonta Sahib Division

Sr. Name of Name of Stone Govt./ Khasra No. Location with Area
No Range Crusher /Mining Pvt. (Mauza)
Land
1 Paonta Mahinder Singh Pvt. 861/283 Kunja Matralion
Sahib Devinagar Land 2-12-1 Bigha
2 Paonta Balaji Stone Crusher Pvt. 487/332 /148/3 Rampur Ghat
Sahib Land 11.15 Bigha
3 Paonta Rocklime And Allied Pvt. 485/ 332/148/3 Rampur Ghat
Sahib Products Land 3.00 Bigha
4 Paonta Akhilesh Enterprisese Pvt. 470/71/72/73 Kedarpur
Sahib Land 2.01 Bigha
5 Paonta All Stone Mine & Pvt. 383/285/153 Rampur Ghat
Sahib Minerals Land 3-01-02 Bigha
6 Paonta Sab Giri Industries Pvt. 575/542/485 Rampur Ghat
Sahib Land /332/148/2 5-01 Bigha
7 Paonta Shubhgiri Crushing Pvt. 542/485/332/148 /2/4 Rampur Ghat
Sahib Company Land 3-01 Bigha
8 Paonta Shubhgiri Industries Pvt. 388/285/2 Rampur Ghat
Sahib Land 3-00 Bigha
9 Paonta Ashish Stone Crusher Pvt. 350/148 Rampur Ghat
Sahib Land 3-02-1 Bigha
10 Paonta Yaksha Industries Pvt. 542/485/332/148/ Rampur Ghat
Sahib Land 2/3/2
11 Paonta Yaksha Industries Pvt. 907/679/908/ Manpurdevra
Sahib Land 679/ 729/270/472/ 57.12 Bigha
9/270/5
12 Girinagar Prempal S/O Gopalsingh Pvt. 57 Mauza Mehat 24-12
R/O Village Mehat P.O Land Bigha
kansar

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13 Girinagar Dalipsingh S/O Pvt. 58/1 Mauza Mehat 25-03
Naryansingh R/O Land Bigha
Village Mehat P.O
Kansar
14 Majra Sirmour Industries Pvt. 953/2/2 Mauza Bata Mandi
Land 3-52-81 Hactare
15 Bhagani Devraj Stone Crusher Pvt. 1114 / 609 Manpurdevra
Land
16 Bhagani Guru Nanak Stone Pvt. 1118 / 609 Manpurdevra
Crusher Land
17 Bhagani Chandel Associates Pvt. 1248 / 1026/912 Manpurdevra
Land
18 Bhagani Goyal Crushing Pvt. 1122/609/1123/ 609 Manpurdevra
Land
19 Bhagani Meera Mines and Pvt. 1127/609/1128/ Manpurdevra
Mineral Land 609/1130/609
20 Bhagani Himalyan Stone Pvt. 288/239/2/2/ 1 Bangran
Crusher Land
21 Bhagani Shree Krishna Stone Pvt. 522/02 Manpurdevra
Crusher Land
22 Bhagani Gopal Stone Crusher Pvt. 222 Shyampurgorkhuwala
Land
23 Bhagani Rj Stone Crusher Pvt. 638/613/590/188/ 13 Mokampur Navada
Land
24 Bhagani Mahadev Stone Crusher Pvt. 1093/608 Manpurdevra
Land
25 Bhagani Yamuna Mines and Pvt. 330/254/155/2/2 Gojaradain
Minerals Land
26 Bhagani Dev Raj Negi Pvt. 330/254/155/92/1/ 1 Gojaradain
Land /1
27 Bhagani Mohit Stone Crusher Pvt. 255/155 Gojaradain
Land
28 Bhagani Randeep Singh, Mauza Govt. Mauza And Mohal
And Mohalbhagani Land --- bhagani
54.668 Hactare

Table 9.7 b: Detail of mining lease areas in Paonta Sahib Division

Sr. Name of Name of Stone Govt./ Khasra No. Location with Area
No Range Crusher /Mining Pvt. (Mauza)
Land
1 Paonta Mahinder Singh Pvt. Land 861/283 Kunja Matralion
Sahib Devinagar 191.10
(Lease)
2 Paonta Balaji Pvt. Land 637/613/188 Mohakampur Navada
Sahib (Lease) &639/563/480
3 Paonta Rocklime And Pvt. Land 238/168/242/169 Bangran
Sahib Allied Products 121.12 Bigha
(Lease)
4 Paonta Akhilesh Pvt. Land 53/2 Ganguwala
Sahib Enterprisese 122.12 Bigha
(Lease)
5 Paonta All Stone Mine & Pvt. Land 431/322/1 Mohakampur Navada
Sahib Minerals (Lease) 86.12 Bigha

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 6 Paonta Sab Giri Industries Pvt. Land 638/613/590/188/8 Manpurdevra
Sahib (Lease) 81.18 Bigha
7 Paonta Shubhgiri Crushing Pvt. Land 288/239/2/1 Manpurdevra
Sahib Company 111.01 Bigha
(Lease)
8 Paonta Shubhgiri Pvt. Land 638/613/590/188/10 Manpurdevra
Sahib Industries & 638/613/590/188/3 162.15 Bigha
(Lease)
9 Paonta Ashish Stone Pvt. Land 250/228 /4/3 & Bangran
Sahib Crusher 250/228 /4/4 70.12 Bigha
(Lease)
10 Paonta Aashutosh Stone Pvt. Land 162/1/2 Phoolpurshamshergharh
Sahib Crusher 57.08 Bigha
(Lease)

The mining activities in the Govt. land i.e. River beds/waste land falls under the provisions of
forest department notification dated 25-12-1952. According to this notification every Govt. waste
land over which the State Govt. has the proprietary right or the property of the Govt. is a forest
land for the application of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 in compliance of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court order dated 12-12-1996. Thus, River beds/waste lands of the tract in this division
attract the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Therefore, it is the duty of the Forest
department to keep watch and ward over their properties primarily as nodal officer under the
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. And after registration of stone crusher unit and mining lease
area by the Geological Wing, Department of Industries under the provisions of H.P. Minor
Minerals (Concessions) Revised rules, 1971, the Sub-Divisional Level Flying Squad or
Committee under the chairmanship of the Sub-Divisional Magistrate constituted by the Govt. of
H.P. vide notification No. Udyog-II(F) 6-20/2005 dated 30-4-2001 is responsible for all un-
authorized or illegal and unscientific mining and stone crushing operation without realizing the
proper compounding fee in terms of the law laid down by the Hon’ble High Court.

Vide H.P. Govt. Notification No. Rev. B.A (4)8/2004-loose dated 21-4-2006 notified that
notification issued in the year 1952 by the Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, Forest Department, the
provision of Indian Forest Act, 1927 and Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 will not apply to the
lands vested in the State Govt. under the provision of the H.P. Ceiling on Land Holding Act,
1972 and H.P. Village Common Lands Vesting and Utilization Act, 1974 unless any land which
vested in the State Govt. under the aforesaid enactments was recorded as forest land in the
revenue record before vestment etc.

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 9.7.3 Mining Lease Mandatory for Running a Stone Crusher Unit: -In order to ensure legal
and regular supply of minor minerals, every owner of stone crusher, shall have a valid mining
lease for this purpose.

No person shall install or run any stone crusher in any area within the State of Himachal
Pradesh unless he obtains a provisional registration from the Geological Wing, Department of
Industries. For this an application Form “A” shall be submitted and it shall be accompanied by
fee of Rs. 2500/- only. Permanent registration shall be issued to the owner of the stone crusher
by the Geological Wing, Department of Industries after obtaining consent to operate from the
Pollution Control Board on Form-‘B’. in case of renewal of the registration, the owner of stone
crusher shall apply for the renewal at least six months prior to the expiry of the registration in
Form- “A”.

9.7.4 Other Condition for Running of Stone Crusher: -The owner of the stone crusher shall
observe the provisions of: -

i) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and rules framed thereunder.

ii) The Air (Prevention and Control of Population) Act, 1981 and rules framed thereunder.

iii) The Water (Prevention & Control of Population) Act, 1974 and rules framed thereunder.

iv) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and rules framed thereunder.

v) The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

9.7.5 Condition for Mining Lease: -As per strategy No. 9.6 of River/Stream Bed Mining
Policy guidelines and Rule 21 (4) (i) of the H.P. Minor Mineral (Concession) Revised Rules,
1971 (as amended on 10-6-2004) every applicant shall submit Working-cum-Environment
Management Plan for carrying out systematic and scientific mining.

9.7.6 Delegation of Powers:- All Deputy Commissioners/ CFs, Divisional Forest

Officers/ACF’s and Range Forest Officers have been delegated with the powers under Sub
Section (2) of Section 26 read with Section 21 (4) of the Mines & Minerals (Development &
Regulation) Act, 1957 to empower to seize any minerals raised or transported or caused to be
raised or transported by any person without any lawful authority, any mineral from any land for
that purpose use any tool/equipment, vehicle or any other thing for this purpose

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 All forest guards have been delegated with powers under Section 22 of the Mines &
Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957 to make complaint in written in the court of
competent jurisdiction in respect of any offence punishable under the said Act or any rules made
thereunder. Similarly, Assistant Conservator of Forests and Range Officers have also been
delegated with powers under the Act to make complaints in courts in writing in respect of any
offence punishable under the Act or any rules made there under in their respective jurisdiction

The powers also have already been delegated to all Deputy Commissioner/Executive
Magistrates and SP in HP within their jurisdiction to seize any material raised by any person
without any lawful or any tool, equipment, vehicle or any other thing brought on the land for the
purpose, under Section 21 of Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957.
Similarly, all Directors, State Geologist, Deputy Commissioners, Executive Magistrate and
Police Officers have also been delegted with powers under the act to make complaint in writing
in the court of competent jurisdiction in respect on any offense punishable under the Mines &
Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957.

Following Sub-Divisional Level Flying Squad has been constituted vide Notification No.
Udyog (Chh) 7-3/90 dated 11-3-1993 and revised vide notification No. Udyog (Chh) 7-3/90
dated 20-11-1993.

1. Sub Divisional Magistrate - Chairman

2. Assistant Conservator of Forests/Range Officer - Member

3. DSP or his representative having local jurisdiction - Member

The above committee is authorized to requisition the relevant record from the office of
Mining Officer and the Services of Mining Officers and his staff for the purpose of carrying out
such inspections.

9.7.7 Illegal Mining: -Under Sub Rule (I) of rule 53 of the H.P. Minor Minerals
(Concession) Revised Rules, 1971, no person shall undertake any operations in any area, except
under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the mining lease, contract or permit
granted under these rules.

Under Sub Rule (2) of rule 53, any contravention of sub-rule (1) shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to five
thousand rupees, or with both and in case of a continuing contravention, with an additional fine

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which may extended to five hundred rupees for every day during which the contravention
continues after conviction for the first such contravention.

9.7.8 Cognizance of Offences: -Under Rule 54, no court shall take cognizance of any
punishable under these rules except upon a complaint in writing made by the Director or any
other officer authorized by him in this behalf within six months of the date on which said offence
is alleged to have been committed.

9.7.9 Restrictions on Transport of the Minerals Under Rule 57: -

i) The holder of a mining lease or mining permit or a person authorized by him in this behalf
shall issue a pass in Form ‘M’ duly countersigned by the concerned Mining Officer/General
Manager, District Industries centre or any officer authorized in this behalf to every person
carrying a consignment of minor mineral by a vehicle, animal or any other mode of transport.

ii) No person shall carry within Himachal Pradesh a minor mineral by a vehicle, animal or any
other mode of transport, excepting railway, without carrying a pass in Form ‘M’ issued under
sub-rule (1)

iii) Every person carrying any minor mineral shall on demand by any officer of the State
Government authorized in this behalf, show the said pass to such officer and allow him to
verify the correctness of the particulars of the pass with reference to the quantity of the minor
mineral.

iv) The State Government may establish a check post for any area included in any mining lease
or permit, and when a check post is so established, public notice shall be given of this fact,
by publication in the Gazette and in such other manner as may be considered suitable by the
State Government.

v) No person shall transport a minor mineral to which these rules apply from such area without
first presenting the mineral at the check post fixed for that area for purposes of verification
of the weighment or measurement of the quantity of the mineral.

vi) Any person found to have contravened any provision of sub-rule (2), (3) or (5) above shall,
on conviction, be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend upto six months or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees or both.

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 Besides this the Himachal Pradesh Minerals (Prevention of illegal Mining Transportation
& Storage) Rules, where stringent provision has been made in case of violation have been notified
by the Govt. vide notification No. Ind. II (F) 11-3/2000 dated 11-8-2004. To curtail illegal
mining, instructions have also been issued to all the Mining Officers that no case of illegal
extraction of mineral shall be compounded for less than five thousand rupees. If the offence is
repeated, the case shall not be compounded and shall be lodged in the court of law.

9.7.10 Compounding of Offences Under the Mines & Minerals (Development &
Regulation) Act, 1957: -

Rule 23 A (1) any offence punishable under this Act or any rule made thereunder may,
either before or after the institution of the prosecution be compounded by the person authorized
under Section 22 to make a complaint to the court with respect to that offence, on payment to
that person, for credit to the Government, of such sum as that person may specify:

Provided that in the case of an offence punishable with fine only, no such sum shall
exceed the maximum amount of fine which may be imposed for that offence.

(2) Where an offence is compounded under sub Section (1) no proceeding or further
proceeding, as the case may be, shall be taken against the offender in respect of the offence so
compounded, and the offender, if in custody, shall be released forthwith.

9.7.11 Rule 23 B Power of Search: -

If any Gazetted officer of the Central or a State Government authorized by the Central
Government or a State Government, as the case may be, in this behalf, by general or special order
has reason to believe that any mineral has been raised in contravention of the provisions of this
Act or rules made thereunder or any document or thing in relation to such mineral is secreted in
any place or vehicle, he may search for such mineral, document or thing and the provisions of
Section 100 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 shall apply to every such search.

Rule 23C (1) the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make
rules for preventing illegal mining, transportation and storage if minerals and for the purposes
connected therewith.

(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules
may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely: -

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 a) Establishment of check-posts for checking of minerals under transit.

b) Establishment of weigh-bridges to measure the quantity of mineral being transported.

c) Regulation of mineral being transported from the area granted under a prospecting license
or a mining lease or a quarrying license or a permit, in whatever name, the permission to
excavate minerals, has been given.

d) Inspection, checking and search of minerals at the place of excavation or storage or during
transit.

e) Maintenance of registers and forms for the purposed of these rules.

f) the period within which and the authority to which applications for revision of any order
passed by any authority be preferred under any rule made under this section and the fees
to be paid therefore and powers of such authority for disposing of such applications.

g) Any other matter which is required to be or may be prescribed for the purpose of
prevention of illegal mining, transportation and storage of minerals.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 30, the Central Government shall have
no power to revise any order passed by a State Government or any of its authorized officers or
any authority under the rules made under sub-Sections (1) and (2).

9.7.12 Power of Entry and Inspection: -

Rule 24 (1) for the purpose of ascertaining the position of the working, actual or
prospective, of any mine or abandoned mine or for any other purpose connected with this Act or
the rules made thereunder, any person authorized by the Central Government or a State
Government in this behalf, by general order, may-

a) Enter and inspect any mine.

b) Survey and take measurements in any such mine.

c) Weight, measure or take measurements of the stocks of minerals lying at any mine.

d) Examine any document, book, register or record in the possession or power of any person
having the control of, or connected with, any mine and place marks of identification
thereon, and take extracts from or make copies of such document, book, register or record.

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 e) Order the production of any such document, book, register, record, as is referred to in
clause.
f) Examine any person having the control of, or connected with, any mine.
(2) Every person authorized by the Central Government or a State Government under
sub-Section (1) shall be deemed to be a public servant within the meaning of section 21 of the
Indian Penal Code, and every person to whom an order or summons is issued by virtue of the
power conferred by clause (c) or clause (f) of that sub-section shall be legally bound to comply
with such order or summons, as the case may be.

9.7.13 Penalties: -
Rule 21 (1) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-Section (1) or sub-Section (IA) of Section
4 shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine
which may extend to twenty-five thousand rupees, or with both.

(2) Any rule made under any provision of this Act any provide that any contravention thereof
shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine
which may extend to five thousand rupees, or with both and in the case of continuing
contravention, with an additional fine which may extend to five hundred rupees for every day
during which such contravention continues after convection for the first such contravention.

(3) Where, any person, trespasses into any land in contravention of the provisions of sub-Section
(1) of Section 4, such trespasser may be served with an order of eviction by the State Government
or any authority authorized in this behalf, by that Government and the State Government or such
authorized authority may, if necessary, obtain the help of the police to evict the trespasser from
the land.

(4) Whenever, any person raises, transports or causes to be raised or transported, without any
lawful authority, any mineral from any land, and for that purpose, uses any tool, equipment,
vehicle or any other thing, such mineral, tool, equipment, vehicle or any other thing shall be
liable to be seized by an officer or authority specially empowered in this behalf.

(4A) Any mineral, tool, equipment, vehicle or any other thing seized under sub-section (4) shall
be liable to be confiscated by an order of the court competent to take cognizance of the offence
under sub-section (1) and shall be disposed of in accordance with the directions of such court.

(5) Whenever, any person raises, without any lawful authority, any mineral from any land, the
State Government may recover from such person the mineral so raised, or where such minerals

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have already been disposed of the price thereof, and may also recover from such person, rent,
royalty or tax, as the case may be, for the period during which the land was occupied by such
person without any lawful authority.

(6) Notwithstanding, anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, an offence
under sub-section (1) shall be cognizable.

Paonta Sahib Forest Division, especially in the last four years with the special efforts of the DFO
and field staff has led a major crackdown on compounding with respect to illegal mining cases.
The details of cases detected and challans made are given in Table 9.7.13

Table 9.7.13 Mining cases details

Sr. No. Year Mining cases detected Amount challaned (Rs.)

1 2012-13 46 526600
2 2013-14 120 907600
3 2014-15 113 1329600
4 2015-16 52 385948
5 2016-17 54 306438
6 2017-18 35 311577
7 2018-19 106 1234320
8 2019-20 117 1575714
9 2020-21 271 4196335
10 2021-22 162 3007428
11 2022-23 200 4201176

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9.7.14 Preventive/Remedial Measures: -

Field functionaries are advised to act against the mining mafia or offenders under the Mines and
Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 read with Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,
so that illegal mining could be halted/checked on the forest land including Charagah Billa
Darakhatan, Gair Mumkin Khad, Nallah, River Bed/Stream etc. in compliance of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court order dated 12-12-1996.

All vehicle carrying stone, sand, bajri etc. are required to carry with them “M” Form duly signed
by the Mining Officer or authorized officer. Action need to be taken against vehicle not
accompanied by ‘M’ Form signed by authorized signatory, as it shall be presumed that the
mineral has been brought from forest if the vehicle incharge or owner of the vehicle failed to
proof the legal source of material with satisfaction of the forest officer, police officer or mining
officer etc. under the provisions of the Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act,
1957. Similarly, Incharges at all check posts should also check all vehicle carrying minerals i.e.
Sand, Bajri and Stone etc. for ‘M’ Form and a record of all such vehicle checked should be
maintained at check post’s register and fortnightly report may be submitted to Range Officer.

Additionally, following measures are must when it comes to mining control:

● A great degree of the forest area in the Division can be covered by vehicles. Hence
provision of patrol vehicles will be highly useful. The same is imminently required for
action on illicit mining and patrolling Khair areas.
● Collaboration with neighboring state forest department is also required urgently to
combat illicit mining and boundary issues.
● Special discount needs to be given to staff of border division beats for procuring fire arms,
as risk exposed is high during night time patrolling near mining sites.
● A task force at division level, equipped with vehicular mobility is required to combat
illicit mining. Joint patrolling with police, mining and revenue officials also adds
deterrence to the mining mafia.
9.8 Grazing

The geographical area of Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionis 45053 hectares while Forest area is
29568.16 hectare (it includes 431-hectare Shamlat land and 346-hectare Ceiling land, rest of area
is Reserved Forest) thus 15485 hectares is in private land. Over grazing is harmful for the
regeneration of forests and in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionarea available for grazing has

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decreased over the time. Out of this forest area some area has been diverted under Forest
Conservation Act,1980 and Forest Rights Act, 2006. Beside this, in compliance to the Hon’ble
Supreme Court of India order dated 16th February, 2018 (in the matter of Interlocutory
Application No. 3840 of 2014 in W P (C) No. 202/1995 in T N Godavarman Thirumulapad vs
Union of India and others, silviculture felling is allowed in approximately 293.21 ha of Paonta
Sahib Forest Divisionon an experimental basis. The Hon’ble Supreme Court permitted
silviculture felling of trees to a very limited extent to observe whether such silviculture felling
actually helps in the regeneration of forests or not. It should also be ensured that these forest
areas are kept free from grazing and are protected. In all these forests grazing shall not be
allowed as these areas are being felled especially for regeneration of Sal forest, therefore neither
grazing nor any other biotic pressure except Silvicultural operation prescribed for establishment
of young regeneration of Sal be allowed.

The grazing is one of the major causes for degradation of forests as maximum
damage is caused to the young seedlings by way of browsing as well as by trampling under the
hoofs of domestic cattle. The National commission on Agriculture (1976) also mentioned about
the need to reduce the numbers of goats in India. For formulation of grazing policy cardinal
principle laid down in National Forest Policy includes; rotational grazing to prevent destruction
of better strains of grasses, grazing incidents are to be kept at minimum and should be eliminated
from regeneration of forest areas. It has also been emphasized in National Forest Policy that
restriction be imposed on sheep grazing and total exclusion of goats from forests as damage to
young plants caused by these animals is often un-repairable and their admission to the forest is
incompatible with the aims and the objects of forest management. Keeping in view the above
principles, Government of Himachal Pradesh vide notification no. 784-13/66(M) dated 29.2.1968
appointed a high-level Grazing Advisory Committee to review the entire grazing Policy of the
Himachal Pradesh. During the meeting of State Grazing Advisory Committee held on 17.10.1989
it was decided that “the number of animals found grazing presently be frozen at the present level.
Thus, number of animals grazing in the forests of Himachal Pradesh cannot be increased beyond
the number of animals fixed in the year 1989 level. And further meeting of Gaddi Kalyan Board
held on 16.02.2011 it was decided that the number of cattle shall not be increased.

Graziers in Paonta Sahib Forest Division can be divided into following four categories:

● Local Right Holders

● Nomadic Graziers

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 ● Migratory Graziers
● Others

1. Local Right Holders- They are almost entirely agriculturists and have their bonafide livelihood
rights in the forests of this division. They keep buffaloes and cows for milk and manure and are
stall fed but graze goats in the forests throughout the year. Until recently, grazing permits were
issued to such graziers by the department known as ‘‘Punchi Permits’, but as on today and there
is no strict regulation on them.

2. Nomadic Graziers – Ban gujjars are a purely pastoral race owning large herds of buffaloes.
They can be classified into two groups i.e, Jammuwal Gujjars and others, who have migrated
from Uttarakhand. The Jammuwal Gujjars were issued temporary grazing permits but now they
have developed permanent settlements in Jammukhala and Chhaluwala area of Paonta Sahib
Forest Range and practice agriculture in forest land. Their population has increased considerably
in last few years and there is large number of Jammuwal gujjars in this division who are grazing
their buffaloes without permits. Some gujjars have migrated from Uttarakhand and are settled
illegally in this Division.

3. Migratory graziers – They are nomadic pastoral people from Kinnaur and Rohru area of Shimla
District. For generations they exercised rights of grazing during winter months in certain areas
of Uttar Pradesh, particularly in the Dehradun District. But due to some interstate dispute, they
were not allowed into Uttar Pradesh after 1977-78. In 1988 Government of Himachal Pradesh
issued directions to temporarily issue permits for 8000 sheep and goats for winter grazing in
Paonta Sahib Forest Division. They visit this division during winters and in practical they let
more cattle than the permitted numbers into forests. However, there is no provisions to have any
right and concessions to migratory graziers in Sirmaur district as per Faisla-e –Janglat and under
the provisions of Revenue settlement.

4. Others- They include people from the hill tracts of Trans- Giri area of Sirmour. They visit this
division during winters and are issued grazing permits on a regular basis.

List of Grazing Permits has been already attached in Appendix X.

9.8.1 Damage caused to the forest by grazing-

1. It negatively affects regeneration as animals graze the seedlings of desired species

along with grass, herbs etc. which can lead to the change in the composition of the

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 future crop. If an area is allowed to be overgrazed, the vegetation is repeatedly
trampled thus making the germination and survival of native species difficult.
2. Indiscriminate and heavy grazing causes soil compaction which further decreases soil
porosity and aeration due to which water absorption capacity of soil gets reduced.
Hooves of animals break down soil aggregates which give crumby structure to the
soil and thus making it susceptible to erosion and accelerated run off.
3. Physiological disturbance to the preferred species is caused by overgrazing which is
indicated by reduction in height growth, basal growth and reproductive activity.
4. The original vegetal cover gets replaced by species of lower stages of succession
which have low fodder value and poor yield thus leading to retrogressive succession.
5. Invasive species which are indicative of conditions of heavy grazing such as, Lantana
camara, Opuntia sp., Euphorbia sp. and Agave sisalana become abundant in areas
subjected to indiscriminate grazing.

9.8.3 Carrying capacity and optimum livestock level number

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of animals that can graze on a specific area over a
given period of time without causing any adverse effects such as a decrease in the production of
fodder, forage quality, soil erosion etc. Maintaining the number of live-stock on a grassland or
forest at an optimum level is necessary as it keeps the grassland at an optimum level of fodder
production and it ensures the well being of the livestock. Allowing animals for grazing beyond
carrying capacity of the area will be detrimental to forest health and will be against the basic
principle of conservation of natural resources in sustainable manner. As per the Report of the
Grazing Advisory Committee on the Grazing Policy in Himachal Pradesh standard formula to
calculate grazing incidence on the basis of weight and feeding habits of various animals has been
devised as under: -

Table 9.8.3 (a): Grazing incidence units

Sr. Type of Animal Number of units Grazing Area required hector/unit

No.
1. Sheep 1 0.50 hac.
2. Goat 1.5 0.50 hac.
3. Buffalo 6.00 0.50 hac.
4. Kine 4.00 0.50 hac.

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 5. Horse 4.00 0.50 hac.
6. Mule 5.00 0.50 hac.
7. Donkey 3.00 0.50 hac.

So that the net grazing Area required by the grazers for grazing their sheep & Goats including
buffaloes is as under: -

Table 9.8 (b): Carrying Capacity of Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Total area of Closed Area Name No. No. of Total No. Carrying Actual area
Paonta Sahib area available of of animals of units capacity affected by
Forest with for cattles/ unit required for grazing (in
Division plantatio grazing animals cattle @ 0.25 ha.)
n etc. ha per unit
grazing
incidence (in
ha.)
28791.69 ha. 3843.47 24948.22 Goat 1.5 16707 25060.50 6265.125
ha. ha.
41417.125
ha
Sheep 1 10722 10722 2680.50

Buff. 6 10051 58182 14545.5

Ox/ 4 19904 71704 17926
Cow
Total 57384 165668.50 41417.125

Forest area of Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionis 29568.16 hectare but animals grazing presently in
this division require an area of 41417.125 hectare. Thus, the animals presently grazing in Forests
of Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionare far above the carrying capacity of the forest area. Thus, the
areas of Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionare subject to overgrazing which is one of the major
environmental degradation. Overgrazing happens when groups of animals which feed
continuously and excessively an area without allowing the vegetation in the area to get rest to
fully recover and regenerate. Recommendations of State Grazing Advisory Committee as well
on the basis of proper grazing management and control, some measures are prescribed therefore.

9.8.4 Grazing Management & Remedial Measures

1. Illegal grazing -The field staff should ensure that the livestock of the graziers should not exceed
the permissible limit, for ensuring regeneration no grazing should be allowed in areas under
silvicultural operations. Illegal graziers in the division should be identified and they should be
immediately prosecuted and should be dealt under the provisions of Section 26 and 70 of the
Indian Forest Act,1927.

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2. Grazing Permits – Owing to the decision of the State Grazing Advisory Committee, no new
grazing permit can be granted and the number of cattle cannot be increased. But it should be
ensured that the areas permitted for grazing should be strictly according to the carrying capacity.

3. Control over graziers- The most important pre- requisite for the control of migratory and
nomadic herds and flocks and management of pastures grazed by them is correct enumeration of
these flocks and registration of their owners. Identity cards to the graziers should be issued and
enumeration of the livestock should be conducted annually by the concerned staff.

4. Closures- In order to implement various soil conservations afforestation and pasture

improvement programmes the areas can be closed every year. If it may not be possible to provide
alternative grazing areas in exchange of those which are closed then not more than 1/3 of the rd

grazing area allotted to any particular grazier/graziers can ordinarily be closed, advance
intimation should be given to the grazier/graziers concerned and every effort should be made to
provide alternate grazing.

5. Vaccination-Wild animals do not have immunity against FMD and Anthrax so, vaccination of
cattle entering forests, against these diseases should be ensured. In coordination with the Animal
Husbandry department; the villagers should be advised to retain HYV cattle & to vaccinate their
cattle. The cattle of the Gujjars should also be vaccinated periodically.

6. Gujjars should be rehabilitated outside forest areas. DFO should prepare proposal as per the
existing guidelines. Since, rehabilitation process will take time; hence it is prescribed that Gujjars
should be provided with alternate employment opportunity. They should be preferred as
temporary labourers in forestry operations. Gujjar women may be trained to undertake silk worm
rearing, bee keeping, composting & production of QPM in ‘Mahila Nurseries”. They may be
trained in bamboo & lantana furniture making. With the help of dairy department, they should
be linked with the nearest ‘Milk Route’.

7. Awareness campaign should be initiated to educate villagers/Gujjars about the grazing

potential of the forest and advantages of control and systematic grazing as also of stall feeding.

8. Grazing should not be allowed in plantation and regeneration areas till the young plantation or
regeneration is above the grazing damage.

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9.9 BEAT LEVEL SUSCEPTIBILITY INDEX (BSLI) for Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Need: To describe the actual ground realities of the Division on paper, an evidence-based, forest
beat-level analysis basis susceptibility to various threats to the forest and foresters must be carried
out based on the various threats that were discussed in the chapter. The main threats to the forests
of Paonta Sahib summarily include illicit felling, illicit mining, encroachment, grazing, forest
fires. An overall assessment of each of the beats on these parameters shall give the overall
susceptibility level of the beats of the Division.

It is a Bottom-up approach rather than top-down, telling the actual picture and condition of
vulnerabilities at the basic unit of a forest management area – Beat. If rightly scaled up, it will
help in streamlining ground-level policy-making, targeted interventions, budgetary allocation
and area-specific planning by higher-ups and field functionaries.

Methodology to be used: The model for Parvati Forest Division can be used for the assessment
by the DFO in Paonta Sahib as well:

•Secondary Research: Last 5 years data analysis for various offences to be carried out.
References must also be taken from complaints received, working plan prescriptions, forest-fire
records etc.

•Historical & Primary Research: – From field staff, locals and retired officials & surveying for
ground- truthing

•4-tier scoring exercise – Forest Guard, Block Officer, Range Officer, Division level to ensure
the scaling is in line with the common- understanding approach as well as evidential

Expected Impact of BSLI:

•Scalability: At the state level, a streamlined database of all susceptible beats across various
parameters can give a bird’s eye view of field reality

•Data Mining: A lot more information can be interpreted from baseline raw data – eg. Seasonality
of offences, tourism potential and regulatory interventions etc.

•Better planning: Budgetary allocation, Staffing, introducing technology etc. – all can be planned
and targeted better from policy making level to executing functionaries

•Mapping: As done for Division, the same can be done across all Divisions (territorial and
wildlife)

•Targeted Interventions: In susceptible and highly susceptible areas, targeted interventions can
be made: eg. In case of illicit activities,

•Ensuring staffing is as per actual posts/rationalization of large beats boundaries

•Increased joint patrolling

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• Drone usage as deterrence

• Ensuring no field staff position lying vacant

•Surprise night checks/nakas

•Tools required to be integrated with for proper monitoring – GIS, Drone Surveillance and
Survey, Real time and periodic tracking/progress mechanism.

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 CHAPTER 10
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT & BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE

10.1 General Constitution of Working Circle:

This Working Circle is constituted for emphasizing the necessity of conservation of wildlife
and collection of information for better management of wildlife. The whole tract dealt under
this Working Plan is ideally suited for a variety of wild animals and birds, since the forests
are distributed from low-lying elevation to the hilly terrains. Therefore, this Working Circle
overlaps all other Working Circles. In present scenario, wildlife includes faunal as well as
floral life on the Earth. It is a biodiversity as a whole, which makes wildlife’s worth. Wildlife
conservation cannot be executed in isolation. Areas outside the protected area network are
often vital ecological corridor links and must be protected with a view to ensuring the
ecological and environment security of the State. Thus, conservation efforts in Paonta Sahib
Forest Divisionby virtue of its proximity to Col. Sher Jung National Park at Simbalwara,
Renukaji Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajaji National Park in neighboring state of Uttarakhand and
Kalesar National Park in Haryana assume profuse significance. The trees and vegetation
present in these areas along with the water sources and grasslands create a suitable habitat
for wildlife especially for Himalayan Black Bear, Sambar, Leopard, Wild boars, monkeys.
Owing to the proximity to Renukaji wetland as well as Asan Conservation Reserve in
Uttarakhand (being a Ramsar wetland site as well as an ‘Important Bird Area’), birds’
richness is also found in abundance. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 was enforced in the
state w.e.f. 01.04.1975 to save the environment and wildlife. The rules under this Act were
also framed and notified Wildlife Divisions has been created to manage protected areas with
its headquarter at Shimla to look after the protection of wildlife in this area. Besides, the
Divisional Forest Officer (wildlife), the territorial D.F.O. and the subordinate staff is equally
responsible for the protection and enforcement of wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Wildlife
Working Circle has been created to look after the interests of wildlife and their habitat while
managing the forests.

10.2 Importance of Wildlife: - Due to the spread of education and awareness, there is a
growing concern for protection and preservation of wildlife and there is a steady opposition
to their killing and to the destruction of their habitat. With the increased availability of

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 information on biodiversity, a wide spread and intelligent recognition of the immense value
of the myriad species of plants and animals to the humankind has been established. Forests
provide an excellent opportunity to a man to study living beings in their natural environment.
In addition to this, there are material consideration as well, especially ecological. These
animals and plants through the intricate food web maintain the delicate balance of nature and
any breach in this chain can cause over-population of any one species, which may prove
detrimental to human interests. Wildlife is a source of sport and enjoyment to people and
fetches revenue to State as well. If the people are led to know the importance and worth of
wildlife they will appreciate it as an asset and put in efforts to conserve them.

Faunal and Floral life (Biodiversity) play a significant role in maintaining the
balance of nature. The value and importance of it from scientific, aesthetic, economic and
recreational points of view is immense and is recognized the world over and therefore,
adequate protection, and the scientific management of it is absolute necessity. In wider
perspective, it is Biodiversity conservation and development and also its further research,
which makes it more important.

This region, as a whole, has come under the enormous pressure from biotic
interferences’ both from the ongoing practice of traditional livelihoods, such as seasonal
grazing, hunting and collection of medicinal plants as well as more recent developments such
as: farming of temperate cash crops, commercial forestry, tourism, and hydroelectric power
development.

10.3 Objectives of Management: The following are the special objectives of management:

1. To conserve and protect the existing biodiversity of the ecosystem as a whole

2. To improve the wildlife habitat in terms of living space, forage conditions, protective
and breeding cover
3. To supplement the existing natural vegetation by planting fruit and fodder species
with special emphasis on trees that provide shelter to wild animals and birds.
4. To prepare scientific data base for the maintenance and development of viable
populations of fauna

10.4 Character of Vegetation: As already mentioned, the forests in the area comprise Northern
Tropical Moist deciduous forests, Northern Tropical Dry deciduous forests and Himalayan Sub-

[393]
Tropical types with predominance of trees such as Sal, Rohini, Khair, Simul, Siris, Amaltas, and
Kangu etc. The bamboo is not in abundance but the species found is Dendrocalamus strictus. A
number of fruit and fodder trees for wildlife importance occur in the areas of which the following
are important:

● Bel (Aegle marmelos)

● Amaltas (Cassia fistula)
● Mango (Mangifera indica)
● Guava (Psidium guajava)
● Jamun (Syzigium cumini)
● Dhak (Butea monosperma)
● Kinu (Diospyros tomentosa)
● Gular (Ficus glomerata)
● Pipal (Ficus religiosa)
● Kangu (Flacourtia indica)

The following palatable grasses are found: Bhabhar (Eulaliopsis binata), Khabbal (Cynodon
dactylon), Panni (Dicanthium annulatum), Dholu (Chrysopogon montanus), Sariala
(Heteropogon contortus), Sarkanda (Saccharum munja) etc.

Therefore, there is a variety of tree and grass forage found in these forests. However, there is a
persistent scarcity of water in the dry and winter months as no perennial source other than
Yamuna and Giri rivers.

10.5 Analysis and evaluation of wildlife and habitat

Wildlife Institute of India in its bio-geographical classification has recognized Shiwalik region
as one of the regions of biological significance. In this Shiwalik region, animals like Pangolin
and Pythons are rare which are included in the International Red Data list of I.U.C.N. Sambar,
barking deer and hog deer which are included in the schedule III of Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972 are also found in these forests. Leopards are found in the area. Apart from above, the list of
recorded animals in these forests is given in the following tables.

[394]
 TABLE 10.1 LIST OF FAUNA

MAMMALS OF PAONTA SAHIB

Sr. No Local Name English Name Scientific Name

1 Bhaloo Himalayan Black Bear Ursus thibetanus
2 Tendua Leopard Panthera pardus
3 En Koryal Flying Squirrel Belomys pearsoni
4 Ghoral Himalayan Goat Naemorhedus goral
5 Jungli Suar Wild Boar Sus scrofa
6 Kakar Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak
7 Khargosh Common Hare Lepus nigricollis
8 Lomri Red Fox Vulpes bengalensis
9 Sambar Sambar Cervus unicolor
10 Shail Porcupine Hystrix indica
11 Bandar Monkey (Rhesus Macaque) Macaca mulatta
12 Gidar Jackal Canis aureus
13 Gilhari Five striped Palm squirrel Funambulus pennantii
14 Jungli Billi Wild Cat Felis chans
15 Langoor Common Langoor Presbytis entellus
16 Newla Mongoose Urva edwardsii
17 Bagh Royal Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris
18 Hathi Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus

In the recent past, elephant movement from the neighbouring state of Uttarakhand’s Rajaji
National Park has been on the rise, even though occasional movement has been existing since
1990s. Himachal Pradesh’s first recorded evidence of Royal Bengal tiger movement was taken
through camera trapping in the adjoining Col. Sher Jung National Park at Simbalwara in February
2023 (movement from forests of adjoining Rajaji National Park).

[395]
 BIRDS OF PAONTA SAHIB

A variety of birds are also found in the area of which are peacock, koel, pied-crested cuckoo, red
jungle fowl, blue rock pigeon, doves, lapwings, babblers, hoopoe, bulbuls, jungle mynas, grey
tit, golden backed wood pecker, king crow, shama, common grey hornbill and grey partridges
are important occurring in numbers. The main bird species which are not seen in other parts of
the state but found in this tract include Himalayan slaty headed parakeet, Blue headed Rock
thrush, yellow backed sunbird and paradise flycatcher. The list of birds found in the tract are
given below.

Sr. No. Local name English name Scientific Name

1 Bater Common or Grey Quail Coturnix coturnix
2 Ghugi Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis
3 Harial Yellow-footed green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera
4 Jangli Murga Red Jungle Fowl Gallus gallus
5 Kabutar Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia
6 Kaleej Kalij pheasant Lophura leucomelanos
7 Lowwa Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica
8 Peora Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola
9 Kala Teetar Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus
10 Bulbul Crested bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus
11 Cuckoo Large hawk-Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides
12 Gidh Himalayan Griffin Gyps himalayensis
13 Kaua Crow Corvus splendens & culminatus
14 Kath phora Woodpecker Dendrocopos himalayensis
15 Goraiya House sparrow Passer domesticus (indicus)
16 Tota Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri

Further list has been depicted pictorially in IV List of Fauna of Part I.

[396]
 REPTILES OF PAONTA SAHIB

Sr. No. LOCAL NAME ENGLISH NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

1 Biskhopra Monitor lizard Varanus griseus (daudin)
2 Gobilda Chameleon Chameleon calcaratus
3 Kharpa Indian Cobra Naja naja
4 Krait Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus
5 Daboiya Russell Viper Vipera russelli
6 Kukri Snake Common Kukri Oligodon arnensis
7 Russel Kukri Russel’s Kukri Oligodon taeniolatus
8 Common wolf Common Wolf Lycodon capucinus
9 Teliya/Andha snake Brahminy Worm Indotyphlops braminus
10 Retila snake Common Sand Boa Eryx conicus
11 Dhodiya Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator
12 Hurhur Snake Striped Keelback Xenochrophis vittatus
13 Common Trinket Common Trinket Coelognathus helena
14 Bronzeback Bronzeback Dendrelaphis tristis
15 Dhamman Indian Rat Ptyas mucosa
16 Ajgar Indian Rock Python Python molurus
17 Domuha Red Sand Boa Eryx johnii
18 Harantal Common Vine Ahaetulla nasuta
19 Cat snake Common Cat Snake Boiga trigonata
20 King Cobra King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah

Paonta Sahib Forest Division has also recorded the first evidence of King Cobra in 2022, the
northernmost limit of the species in India recorded so far. Additionally, Paonta is home to a
variety of snake-species, both venomous and non-venomous.

BUTTERFLIES OF PAONTA SAHIB

Sr. No ENGLISH NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

1 Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra
2 Club Beak Libythea myrrha
3 Indian jezebel Delias eucharis
4 Baronet Symphaedra nais
5 Common Castor Ariadne merione

[397]
 6 Psyche Leptosia nina
7 Orange Oakleaf Kallima inachus
8 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus
9 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea
10 Himalayan Five-Ring Ypthima sakra
11 Zebra Blue Leptotes plinius
12 Lemon Emingrant Catopsilia pomona
13 Indian Tortoiseshell Aglais caschmirensis
14 Glassy Bluebottle Graphium cloanthus
15 Red Pierrot Talicada nyseus
16 Grizzled Skipper Spialia galba
17 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace
18 Common Woodbrown Lethe sidonis
19 Common Jester Symbrenthia lilaea
20 Common Leopard/ Spotted rustic Phalanta phalantha
21 Common Baron Euthalia aconthea
22 Common Peacock Papilio bianor
23 Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus
24 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita
25 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta
26 Painted Lady Vanessa cardui
27 Sorrel Sapphire Heliophorus sena
28 Grass Demon Udaspes folus
29 Cheshtnut Angle Odontoptilum angulate
30 Common Gull Cepora nerissa

FISHES

Sr. No. LOCAL NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

1 Goonch Bagarius yarrelli
2 Lachi Wallago attu
3 Mahseer Tor putitora
4 Rohu Labeo rohita

10.6 Management Imperatives: -

Human Wildlife Conflicts: -Usually in winters and in the hot months of April- June when
there is a scarcity of water and fodder inside the forests, the wild animals move out of the
forests and raid adjoining fields as well as causing loss to livestock. Primarily, the conflict

[398]
 cases pertain to leopards and bears, in addition, wild boars damage and snake-bites are also
reported occasionally.
Monkey menace is also another ensuing issue in Himachal Pradesh under which monkey-
sterilization program is being carried out annually by all the Divisions.

In the recent past, the issue of elephant movement from the neighboring state of Uttarakhand’s
Rajaji National Park has also arisen, leading to the death of 2 elephants in the last one year.
Given below are the human-animal conflict cases in the last 11 years along with compensation
disbursed:

Figure 10.2: Compensation details since 2012-13 in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Total Compensation Amount paid in (Rs)

100000
90000 90000
87000
80000 81000
70000 69000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000 23249
19525 18000
10000 11501
8326
4845 3725
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

TABLE 10.2: Compensation details since 2012-13 in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Wild life Compensation Cases in respect of Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Sr. Year No. of cases Livestock Human beings Compensation (in Rupees) Total Amount
No sanctioned (deaths) (injuries) paid in
Livestock Human
(Nos.) (Nos.) (Rupees)
beings
1 2012-13 06 05 01 8301 3200 11501
2 2013-14 15 10 05 8700 14549 23249
3 2014-15 08 05 03 4525 15000 19525
4 2015-16 04 01 03 2500 5826 8326
5 2016-17 03 02 01 2609 2236 4845
6 2017-18 03 03 0 3725 0 3725
7 2018-19 04 04 0 69000 0 69000
8 2019-20 03 03 0 18000 0 18000
9 2020-21 06 05 01 75000 15000 90000
10 2021-22 09 08 01 72000 15000 87000
11 2022-23 02 01 01 6000 75000 81000

Attached in Appendix IV

[399]
Discussion on human-conflict situations is given below.

i) Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus):- Human conflicts are not a local, small
phenomenon; but an issue that spans a diverse array of geographic and human demographic
contexts. The increase in number of black bear-human conflict cases is due to competition for
resources at different levels. Bear population, usually require large areas of land to survive.
They typically compete directly with people for resources such as space, food, security and
cover. Almost all bear species kill or injure livestock, damage agricultural or horticulture
crops.
ii) Leopard (Panthera pardus):- Leopard is the most widely distributed large cat in India,
but due to expansions of human influence and ever increasing pressure on natural resources
has greatly intensified the issue of human leopard in a wide variety of situations. Human-
leopard conflict is a complex issue influenced by political and social attitudes, the biology of
the species, and management action. Effective management of conflict will have to strike a
balance between minimizing serious conflict (attacks on people) and the long-term
conservation of the leopard species. Although, the leopard is commoner and more resilient
than other large cat species that occur in India, it is poached in the largest numbers to meet
the demand of the illegal wildlife trade. The leopard is very adaptable, and can live close to
human habitations. The presence of a species like the leopard in a human dominated landscape
will invariably lead to some predation on domestic animals. Carnivore density is known to be
dependent on prey density and leopard is no exception.
iii) Monkey (Rhesus macaque):- Monkey is widely distributed animal in the tract dealt with.
However, the population has increased more in human habitations than forests. The main
cause of increased population near human habitation is increasing availability of garbage with
food discards. The population has increased manifold in the lower part of the division and
there are a lot of complaints of crop depredation by them. All along the National highways,
State Highways and even in the link roads and paths, the monkeys can be seen in herds and
pose a threat to tourists, passersby and local inhabitants. The monkey also destroys the young
seedlings of plants as they suck the roots of the seedlings and in this process, they uproot the
seedlings. They have left the interiors of the forests and are seen near human habitation.
However, the efforts of Forest Department are in progress to reduce number by way of
sterilizing male ones. The details of sterilization carried out in Paonta Sahib Forest
Divisionare tabulated below:
Monkey sterilization measures fulfilling annual targets in order to curb the monkey population.

[400]
 Figure 10.3: Monkey Sterilization details in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Table 10.3: Monkey Sterilization details in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Year Monkeys Captured Monkey Sterilization

M F Total
(Male) (Female)
2017-18 621 198 140 338
2018-19 630 216 121 337
2019-20 337 103 89 192
2020-21 488 163 149 312
2021-22 208 69 44 113
2022-23 573 236 189 425

(Out of the total monkeys captured, only those monkeys were non-sterilized due to
reasons including captured monkeys being either pregnant, young in age and some were
already sterilized before.)
Leopard/Black Bear – Human Conflicts in Paonta Sahib Forest Division: -
The human population of Himachal Pradesh has increased over the last 30 years. As a result
of growing human population, changing land use practices and resultant anthropogenic
pressures, forest cover had either decreased or declined in quality due to habitat degradation.
Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionalso faces a lot of fragmentation of land with respect to wildlife
habitats. The movement of bears and leopards for food outside these forest areas in search of
cultivated crops leads to close encounters of man and bear, and sometimes to conflict. The
black bear/ leopard–human conflicts are in the form of crop damage, livestock predation,

[401]
human attacks and sometimes even death of humans. All these have led to strong backlash
from people resulting in confrontation with the Forest Department or the Government
authorities. Conflict scenarios include:
a) Livestock Killing: - Killing of livestock (sheep, goat, and cow) by black bears is not
uncommon and may become a serious problem. Black bear do occasionally kill livestock when
there is no food available in wild for their animal protein requirements. There are instances,
when grazing domestic animals are predated by bear in their habitats and some cases of
livestock killing in night shelters.
b) Human Attacks and Killing by Black Bear/Leopards: - Increased human population in
and around forested areas, encroachment on forest land and increased dependence on forests
by humans have led to increased frequency of human-animal encounters.
10.7 Management Initiatives Required to Address Human-Wildlife Conflicts: -
● Database Development and Maintenance: - The basic step towards understanding and
developing mitigation strategies for reducing black bear-human conflicts in this Division
and elsewhere, in the State would be the development and maintenance of a database. The
patterns of human-animal conflicts in a large landscape both in spatial and temporal scales
will be extremely important to understand underlying causes and preventing conflicts. It
is extremely important for the Forest Department of Himachal Pradesh to develop and
maintain a database on conflicts for its different regions using GIS. Changing land use
patterns, development and use of habitats by humans are the causes, while un-natural
behaviour, human habituation are the symptoms.
● Creation of Conflict Management Team:- A fully equipped, well trained and motivated
‘Conflict Management Team’/ Rapid Response Teams comprising of wildlife staff,
veterinarians, staff of related line departments or institutions, and wildlife NGOs has to be
formed at the Division/Circle Level to respond to conflict situations, including animal
rescue, treatment (if required), translocation and monitoring. Efficient and effective
response to complaints is more feasible when rapid communication is possible from and to
the conflict site and between the personnel of the Conflict Management Team and when
duties are shared amongst the members of Team.
● Awareness Creation:- Knowledge on Black Bear/ Leopard behavior is essential for the
villagers who live near bear/leopard habitats and suffer crop losses and are also vulnerable
to bear attacks. Awareness creation through elected bodies at the village or block levels,
religious or educational establishments, and other government or non-governmental
agencies needs to be explored. Simple precautionary measures such as avoiding moving

[402]
 singly during dawns and dusks in crop fields or orchards or forests during summer and
autumn could greatly reduce bear attacks on humans. Another crucial factor that can reduce
bear attacks is providing a safe passage or escape route for a stranded bear, particularly in
the villages. These ‘dos’ and ‘don’ts’ should be widely circulated through posters in local
language. T.V and print media should also used for awareness creation for villagers in
conflict area.
● Reducing Livestock Depredation by Black Bear/Leopard:-As most of the livestock killings
have taken place at the night shelters in the villages, it would be necessary to strengthen
the doors, windows and other vulnerable portions of these night shelters to reduce loss by
predation to black bear and common leopard. Supervised livestock grazing by at least 3-4
villagers will reduce livestock depredation by black bear and leopard. Villagers who were
affected by livestock depredation by black bear and leopards should be advised to use iron
doors and proper lighting at their cattle sheds or night shelters as both have been found to
be very effective in reducing livestock loss.
● Guarding of Crop from Damage:- A Village level cooperative effort for guarding of crop
fields and orchards on rotational basis could be tried as an option using the effective means
of scaring bears such as noise by drumming empty tin/metal containers. Using guard dogs
while patrolling and keeping them in villages would be of added advantage. Proper lighting
in the corners or boundaries of crop fields particularly the vulnerable points lying close to
forest fringes may be another option that may help to reduce crop depredation as observed
in a few cases during the survey.
● Monitoring of Conflict Areas:- Use of passive and preventive actions is an important step
in conflict management. There should be proper monitoring of black bear-human conflict
areas where at least one of the employees is present at the problem site until the situation
is resolved.
● Translocation and Marking of Problem Animals:- The problem animals that are captured
and translocated from the conflict areas should be marked by radio collar, florescent collar
or, by ear tags prior to their release back into the wild so that the movement and the ranging
patterns of these animals could be studied. This will be very helpful in better understanding
of problem bears and ultimately help in mitigating the problem.
● Aversive Conditioning of Problem Animals:- Aversive conditioning of problem animals
(habituated to people or raiding crops) is very much essential so that the problem animal
learns to associate ‘undesirable activities’ such as entering a village, crop field or orchard
with ‘negative events’. Such problem animal could be subjected to one or more of the

[403]
 following treatments prior to release back into the wild. The treatments include: being hit
with pepper sprays or rubber bullets, loud noise by bursting of crackers, and barking and/or
chased by specially trained dogs.
● Strengthening of Local and Traditional Deterrent Methods: - The traditional methods of
burning red chillies mixed in cow dung can also be experimented in villages which were
located in the periphery of forested areas in harvest seasons.
● Compensation for Damages Caused by Wild Animals: - The loss of cattle and human
beings due to attack by wild animals are compensated by the forest department to victims
vide notification No. FTS-(F)-6-7/82 Shimla-2, LOOSE dated 9-4-1996 and Fts. (F) 6-
7/82-II dated 28th August, 2001 but still there is no provision for compensation to the loss
of cultivated field crops due to damage by wild animals in the State of Himachal Pradesh
which need attention of the State Government in this regard. Therefore, necessary step
may be taken up with Govt. in this regard by the Divisional Forest Officer. This will be
very helpful in better understanding of problems of wildlife and ultimately help in
mitigating the problem of human-wildlife conflict.

The following are the current compensation rates and ex-gratia relief payable to the victims of
predation/depredation by wild animals as under.

10.8 Management Prescriptions: -

10.8.1 Habitat Management: - Reversing the process of degradation of forests as prescribed by

itself improves the habitat of wild life. Cost effective check dams and water bodies prescribed in
will be constructed in locations with access to wildlife or in known wildlife habitats. The water
bodies so constructed will be, to the extent possible, under vegetation cover. Rather, the
vegetation cover over the natural water bodies in the wilderness will be left undisturbed, as the
water holes without vegetation cover do not attract wild life. Dead and dying trees will be retained
as snags for smaller species of mammals and birds. In known wildlife habitats the biotic
interference in the form of collection of forest produce also will be discouraged. The availability
of food, water and shelter for wildlife has to be improved. Fire protection is one of the best
accelerating steps towards better habitat. Augmenting the fodder resources of herbivores through
artificial regeneration of fodder species such as grass, herbs and trees help in multiplication of
prey species, which in turn, support predators and scavengers. As per the policy of the State Govt.
that out of the total plantations to be done in an area, at least 10% plants are to be of fruit bearing
species, the species to be planted in a particular area is to as per the requirement of the wild life

[404]
species specifically found in that areas. Protection of micro wildlife habitats from forest fire
especially during breeding season is essential.

Habitat especially for the endangered species and the species in the schedule-I of the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972 requires to be protected by all means. The areas where schedule-I animals
are found, needs to be specially protected and entry of domestic animals should be stopped so
that wild animals get the required forage and shelter. Regular monitoring of their habitat should
be done.

There should be no felling amounting to alteration of crop composition near the water holes and
on the paths frequented by the wild animals. Gap planting with species such as Amla, Bahera,
Jamun, Ber, Mallah, Bel, Kinu, Bauhinia and Dhak should be carried out in pockets.

Weed treatment/habitat improvement: Lantana weed is the biggest hazard for deterioration of
wildlife habitat. Measures to control its further spread, and eradication and utilization of the
existing lantana weed as suggested in the Plantation Working Circle should be vigorously
adopted. Provisions have also been made in the various Working Circles to reserve the trees of
wildlife importance near the water holes, baulis, near temples and shrines. Similarly, trees
providing roosting and nesting for birds are to be left intact. One dead tree preferably of low
commercial value per hectare should be retained for shelter and resting of wildlife. Unsound and
hollow logs are to be left in the forest as shelter for wildlife provided they are not fire hazard.

Fire Protection: Fire is potentially a deadly enemy of both forests and wildlife. Rapid running
forest fires particularly crown fires are very destructive to wildlife. If it occurs in the nesting
season of birds, breeding stock may be destroyed. The wild animals are usually trapped in the
thick lantana bushes in case of fire. The rodents and reptiles are usually the bigger causalities as
they are holed up. Therefore, strict fire protection measures as prescribed in the Protection
Working Circle should be followed. The fire watch towers should be used for detection of fire
outbreaks.

Rescue Equipment adequacy: The Rapid Response Teams at Division and Circle levels should
be well-equipped with all the rescue items including ropes, trap cages, transfer cages for
large/small mammals, snake-handling hooks, torches, GPS sets, tranquilizing guns etc. as
notified by Chief Wildlife Warden of Himachal Pradesh from time to time.

[405]
Veterinary Care:- Veterinary care in areas rich in wildlife may be ensured by:-

i) Wildlife health monitoring through post-mortem examinations and direct and

indirect observations

ii) Free vaccination and preventive measures like de-worming to grazing domestic
livestock and special Veterinary care campaign for foot and mouth disease in nomadic
livestock.

iii) Extension education to owners of domestic livestock.

Training: - For carrying out multidimensional activities, ranging from routine protection to
social services, a new breed of staff with entirely different perceptions has to be made available.
The available talent can be sharpened only through training. On the job training will be given to
staff for capacity building. Trainings in weaponry, unarmed combat, participatory exercises, first
aid, veterinary care, intelligence gathering, investigation, public relations, wildlife sciences etc.
will be provided in various reputed institutions. A part from that staff should be well versed in
investigation, adducing evidence and material, dealing with wildlife offences/offenders,
compoundable and non-compoundable cases under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Staff
should be imparted training in matters like trapping of wild animals, rescue operation, snakes-
handling, post-mortem of animals, collection of samples of vital organs for histo-pathological,
viral and bacterial examination, their preservation and dispatch, sign and symptoms of common
wild life diseases, external indicators of health etc.

Research and Monitoring:- Sudden outbreak of diseases, suitability of a given area for a
particular species, carrying capacity of the forests, crop raids and methods to check the excessive
breeding of a particular species are some of the problems that need research inputs. These
problems can be addressed by appointing qualified persons for research and monitoring or by
entrusting the same to specialized research organizations like HFRI, WII and local universities.
It is essential to monitor the growth and development of wildlife in a given area to assess the
impact of management practices, so as to make the needed corrections to suit the objective.

Awareness Program and Peoples’ Participation: - Educating the local population about the
importance of wildlife in the ecosystem and creating awareness about their conservation will go
a long way in protecting our forests as well as reducing man-animal conflicts. Such awareness
can be brought through nature camps, birding trails etc. for different target groups such as
panchayats, students, fringe dwellers etc coupled with seminars, workshops and guest lectures.

[406]
Mitigating Man Animal Conflicts: - Some of the recommendations to mitigate the conflict at
the man-animal interface are: -

i) Augment sources of browse species, particularly grass and fodder species.

ii) Encouraging stall-feeding among fringe dwellers may reduce the number of live-stock
within forests

iii) Timely action for compensating the loss due to crop raiding.

iv) To ensure sufficient budgetary support to provide relief to victims. Wildlife

compensation has been made part of Public Guarantee Act in Himachal Pradesh.

v) To explore and promote alternate income generating source for forest dependent
population.

vi) To explore LPG connection on subsidies rates for forest dependent population so that
dependence on forest pressure for fuelwood could be reduced.

vii) Coordination between Forests and Wildlife Teams: Coordination between forests
and wildlife wings is imperative in the interest of forests and wildlife. Forest is the habitat
for wildlife and wildlife is the protector of forest growth. The survival of wildlife is
dependent on the existence of forests. The role of each component is required to be
understood and appreciated in their respective roles. It is therefore suggested that not only
the level of existing position of divisional functionaries of wildlife improved but effective
wildlife management should be created.

Census of Wildlife: - The Monkey census is being carried out in Himachal Pradesh. Proper
documentation of the population trends i.e. pre-sterilization and post-sterilization of monkeys are
needed for management. This will help in studying the impact of sterilization and making
decision for further improvements in future. The Monkey census was carried out during 2015-16
in this division and the details are tabulated below.

[407]
 TABLE 10.4: Monkey Census in Paonta Sahib Forest Division (2015-16)
Sr. Name No. of Category Total no. of Monkeys Total
No of Troo Column
Range p (4+5+6+7+8)
Urban Rural Forests Temple Road Side
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T
1 Paonta 42 20 19 14 53 38 65 34 137 176 282 123 581 36 49 27 109 23 36 13 72 293 451 208 952
Sahib
2 Majra 21 0 0 0 0 3 5 2 10 78 202 103 383 0 0 0 0 6 22 11 39 87 229 116 432

3 Giri N. 30 0 0 0 0 3 7 4 14 74 171 104 349 41 92 47 180 18 43 19 80 136 313 174 623

4 Bhagani 22 0 0 0 0 14 49 41 104 53 88 81 222 0 0 0 0 4 17 16 37 71 154 138 363

Total 115 20 19 14 53 58 12 81 265 381 743 411 1535 77 141 71 289 51 118 59 228 587 1147 636 2370
6

Langur Census

Sr. No Name of No. of Category Total no. of

Range Troop Monkeys Total
Urban Rural Forests Temple Road Side Column
(4+5+6+7+8)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T M F Y T

1 Paonta Sahib 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 12 5 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 12 5 26

2 Majra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Giri N. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 12

4 Bhagani 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2 9 10 1 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 16 2 53
4 0 4 8
7 0 0 0 0 0 6 14 20 21 27 23 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 33 37 91

[408]
The results of Technical Report titled ‘Population status of rhesus macaque (Macaca
mulatta) in Himachal Pradesh 2019-2020’ pertaining to Paonta Sahib following monkey
census carried out across Himachal Pradesh are as follows:

DIVISION PAONTA SAHIB

Density (Macaque groups per km ) 2
0.31
Number of groups observed 233
Standard deviation 0.31
Average group size 35
Population in the estimated area 5135
Urban Population 835
Total Population 5970

DIVISION Average Group Size 2015 2019

Paonta Sahib 35 2546 5970

As can be observed, there has been a considerable increase of 134 % in monkey population from
2015 to 2019. This points to the increasing challenge of human-animal conflict with respect to
monkeys in the Division. In addition to efforts of the Forest Department in sterilization and
capturing, a broader solution has to be reached out by all stakeholders that includes the
management of garbage disposal in the city which currently is in an abysmal condition. Similarly,
further studies to keep track of the changes as well as behavior in rhesus macaques must be taken
up for analyzing the issues confronting this challenge.

Some mitigation measures are mentioned for dealing with the conflict.

1. Improving existing population control: Himachal Pradesh Forest Department has

established 9 sterilization centres where laser assisted tubectomy and vasectomy is performed on
captured macaques. Since year 2006, total of 1,55,257 macaques have been sterilized. Monitory
incentives are given to locals for capturing and re-releasing of the macaques. As macaques are
captured from far away locations and brought to sterilization centres, reach of each centre is
limited, and also further the random re-release of them probably has affected their social
organisation and unexpected over crop raiding pattern. To avoid this, the proper release of them

[409]
at their original locations has to be ensured. However, the massive sterilisations drive has been
effective in regulating population growth of macaques through prevention of subsequent births
of progenies. A rough statistical model shows that for Himachal Pradesh, prevention of about 5-
6 lakh new births which has a cumulative effect in overall population growth of the species in
the last 14 years.

2. Management of crop raiding: Behavioural plasticity of rhesus macaque enables it to learn

and overcome any obstacles. Due to this adaptability, many preventive measures are rendered
ineffective if used for prolonged period. Also, strategies or pattern of crop raiding varies between
different groups and different sites. Hence, a turnkey based hard intervention such repellent
devices, high frequency sound emitters etc might not work equally at different places. One of the
most effective methods found is physically driving macaques away or regular patrolling.

3. Social programmes for livelihood diversification of affected community and Awareness

generation: Communities which are dependent on crops which are frequently raided by macaques
should be provided with alternative source of livelihood. Having multiple sources of livelihood
will ensure that crop loss due to macaques will not drastically affect the livelihood of the
communities. This can be done through developing eco-tourism, cultivation of non-food crops
and value addition to existing produce to maximize economic returns. Backward and forward
market linkages should be assessed for such interventions. Further, management of perception of
conflict is equally important. Public should be made aware of existing interventions being carried
out. Further synergy between forest department and citizens can be established through regular
dialogues at village, district and state level representatives.

Currently, forest department has been conducting awareness drives with local residents and
tourists. As tourism if one of the key sectors in the state, it was essential to educate the tourists
to stop deliberate provisioning of the macaques by not throwing/ offering eatables to monkeys.
Further, state wide development in transport infrastructure has resulted in reduction of stoppage
of tourists along the highways thus preventing provisioning. Awareness about social organization
or documented unique behavior of the macaques can be used as tourist attraction.

4. Solid waste (kitchen waste management): In most of the Municipal corporation areas and
other areas specifically having large number of human habitations, the door-to-door garbage
collection and kitchen waste management has probably forced sizable macaque populations to
migrate to the forests. More efforts are required in this direction so that the kitchen waste and the
waste generated by various eateries is well managed.

[410]
6. Habitat enrichment: The effort of the department to increase the quality of the habitat of
macaques through taking up plantation model comprising of plantation of mandatory 30% fruit
trees (at least) has also probably lead to bringing down the rhesus macaque population. This
effort has been further complemented by implementing plantation schemes such as ‘Habitat
Enrichment Plantations’.

Monkey-Human Interface: - The monkeys have become a problematic for the last 20 years in
Himachal. Whether, it is the townships or the rural areas now monkey menace is quite common
as they move out of the forests in search of food and convenience. Not many efforts were made
to address this problem in the past as this problem was never considered a public or
administrative problem. The efforts made for last 10 years at Forest Department level are
inadequate unless the larger issues including garbage dumping are resolved by all stakeholders.
Trap cages have been installed in the Division but success ratio of trapping has been not very
high due to the high level of adaptation by the species.

During the course of Monkey-conflict incidences estimation, a two-step strategy is

suggested:

● Preliminary observations for Monkey estimation to determine hotspots based on

complaints/experiences.

● Comprehensive monkey-estimation in the hot spots.

Census exercise was also initiated in 2022 with Wildlife Institute of India for black-bears and
leopards, second phase of which is now due in June 2023. With the help of this data once the
report is published, further clarity into their numbers, movement and habitat with remedial
measures will be clear. Such census needs to be made a regular feature and in the present-day
technologies the camera trap methodologies must be adopted for ground-truthing of traditional
‘Pug mark Method’. Necessary steps therefore may take up with the Government for camera
traps and conducting proper survey to identify such key location for trapping and plan the forestry
operation in such a way so as to cause least disturbance to wildlife and may minimize the man-
wildlife conflict.

Other IEC ideas include:

i) Create awareness among the students of schools and colleges in and around Paonta Sahib
Forest Divisionabout the importance of Wildlife conservation with particular emphasis on

[411]
 endemic species of wild fauna. Celebration of environmentally important days, Wildlife
Week etc. will further enhance sensitization.

ii) Making groups of students by forming nature clubs and linking with environment studies
exposure visits to field. These students can then be trained making use of resource person
in the respective fields.

iii) There is a scheme for payment of cash rewards for providing intelligence about persons
indulging in poaching and illegal trade in wildlife product in the state. It was framed in
February, 1994. This should be tapped properly again with proper IEC. The information
for which cash rewards would be made available should fall under either of the two
categories: -

a) Illegal held stocks of wild animals and wildlife products.

b) Any activity related to poaching, illegal trade or transport, illegal export or import
committed or to be committed.

10.9 Human-Elephant Conflict in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

In the recent past, the issue of elephant movement from the neighboring state of Uttarakhand’s
Rajaji National Park has also arisen. A brief discussion regarding the case of elephant movement
in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionover the years is given below.

Elephant Movement map within Paonta Sahib Division (with dates)

1. There has been a sharp rise in cases pertaining to Human-Elephant conflict situations in
Majra, Girinagar ranges as well as Paonta Sahib Range of this Division over the last 2-3

[412]
 years. The human elephant conflict occurs in Paonta Sahib Division due to interstate
movement of elephants from Uttarakhand and UP border to Himachal Pradesh and
subsequent visitation into human habitation. The complete details of elephant tracking
since 2019-20 has been provided below.

TABLE 10.5: Elephant Tracking Movement details in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

Name Month/ Name of Area No of GPS Location

of Date Block/Beat/RF Days of Lat. (N) Long.(E)
Year Compartment/Private Area Moveme
nt
2019- NIL NIL 0 NIL NIL
20
2020- NIL NIL 0 NIL NIL
21
2021- 22/01/2022 RF Ambwali C6 1 30° 23' 17.1492" 77° 34' 2.1936"
22
-do- 09/2021 RF Rampurbeli 1 30° 25' 77° 35' 56.6556"
48.0144"
2022- 05/09/2022 Majra, Johron, RF Banswali C-2 & 1 Banswali
23 3 C-2 30° 27' 77° 33' 29.3256"
52.0524"
C-3
30° 27' 38.7504" 77° 33' 22.0464"
-do- 07/09/2022 Majra, Johron, RF Banswali C-1 & 1 Banswali C-1
RF Kiyarda C-1&2 30° 27' 47.1024" 77° 33' 4.4136"
Kiyarda C-1
30° 28' 21.7092" 77° 32' 5.8416"
Kiyarda C-2
30° 28' 6.2184" 77° 32' 5.8416"
-do- 09/09/2022 Majra, Majra,RF Sukhimelion C-2 1 30 28’ 47’’
0 77 31’ 28’’
0

-do- 09/09/2022 Majra, Batamandi, RF Ghutanpur C- 30 25’ 33.5’’

0 77 33’ 26.9’’
0

13
-do- 10/09/2022 Majra, Surajpur, RF Katapathar C-2 1 30 26’ 59’’
0 77 32’43’’
0

-do- 12/09/2022 Majra,Majra,RF Sukhimelion C-1 1 30° 28’ 32’’ 77° 31’ 01’’
-do- 12/09/2022 Majra,Sainwala,RF Sainwala C-3 30° 28’ 55’’ 77° 30’ 01’’
-do- 12/09/2022 Majra,Sainwala,RF Jamanwali C-1 30° 28’ 39’’ 77° 29’ 46’’
&2
-do- 14/09/2022 Majra,Sainwala,RF Tokyo C-6 1 30° 29’ 16’’ 77° 29’ 38’’
-do- 14/09/2022 Majra,Sainwala, Private Area 30° 29’ 31’’ 77° 29’ 29’’
-do- 21/09/2022 Majra,Behrewala,RF Naurangabad 1 30° 29' 24.18" 77° 29' 10.32"
C-5
-do- 23/09/2022 Majra,Dhaulakuan,RF Sudanwala C- 1 30° 29' 2.094" 77° 27' 58.536"
1
-do- 24/09/2022 Majra,Dhaulakuan,RF Sudanwala C- 1 30° 29' 0.3768" 77° 27' 58.1976"
2
-do- 25/09/2022 Majra,Dhaulakuan,Private Land 1 30° 29' 0.3336" 77° 27' 46.9836"
Bhelwali
-do- 26/09/2022 Majra,Dhaulakuan,RF Garhi C-2 1 30° 29' 0.4164" 77° 27' 42.5628"
-do- 26/09/2022 Behral,Satiwala,UPF 30° 24' 26.3592" 77° 34' 28.65"
-do- 05/10/2022 UPF Satiwala 1 30° 24' 26.3592" 77° 34' 28.65"
-do- 06/10/2022 RF Konch Beli C1 1 30° 23' 29.256" 77° 34' 50.4876"

[413]
 -do- 08/10/2022 UPF Satiwala 1 30° 24' 16.8768" 77° 34' 50.4876"
-do- 13/10/2022 UPF Satiwala 1 30° 24' 14.0832" 77° 34' 30.2088"
-do- 14/10/2022 RF Konch Beli C2 1 30° 23' 6.8568" 77° 34' 50.4876"
15/10/2022 Khararu beat of Girinagar block of 1 30° 30' 29.718" 77° 27' 8.3052"
Giri Nagar Range in RF Khararu C-
9,
15/10/2022 Gullarwala beat of Kansar block of 30° 32' 38.6736" 77° 25' 44.6376"
RF Gullarwala C-10&11
-do- 16/10/2022 RF Konch Beli C1 1 30° 23' 36.3696" 77° 34' 35.4756"
16/10/2022 Ganyoni beat Girinagar block of RF 30° 32' 26.1492" 77° 27' 29.466"
Ganyoni C-9
17/10/2022 Majri/Girinagar/RF Majri 5,6,7,8 1 30° 32' 42.0108" 77° 29' 7.6812"
17/10/2022 Mehrar/Girinagar/RF Mehrar 30° 18' 36.972" 77° 29' 29.454"
4,5,6&7
-do- 18/10/2022 RF Mast Ali C2 5 30° 24' 39.3588" 77° 31' 55.6176"
18/10/2022 Parduni 1 /Chandpur/RF Parduni C-
st 30° 19' 44.4" 77° 18' 0"
2&3
18/10/2022 Parduni 2 /Chandpur/RF
nd
30° 19' 15.42" 77°.31.84.4”
Parduni C-6
18/10/2022 Chandpur1st /Chandpur/RF 30° 18' 36.972" 077°.31.38.4
Chandpur C-7
-do- 19/10/2022 UPF Satiwala 30° 24' 20.3724" 77° 34' 28.1676"
18,19,20 of Beas /Chandpur/RF Beas C-3,5&8 30° 30' 51.408" 77° 33' 24.3"
10/2022
-do- 20/10/2022 RF Konch Beli C2 30° 23' 21.552" 77° 34' 51.1284"
20,21,22 of Khara Block, Jhara, Lai, Toka and 30° 18' 3.0708"
10/2022 Khara beat (RF Jhara C-11 to 14,17 77° 21' 13.6512"
&20, RF Lai C-26, 29, 27, 28, 24,
25, 6,3,5,7,11,10, RF Khara C-18,15
& 13.
-do- 23/10/2022 UPF Satiwala 1 30° 24' 20.0124" 77° 34' 29.712"
-do- 25/10/2022 RF Konch Beli C1 1 30° 23' 25.206" 77° 34' 33.2904"
-do- 28/10/2022 RF Konch Beli C2 1 30° 23' 21.6456" 77° 34' 48.0036"
-do- 30/03/2023 RF Banswali C1 1 30 27’49’’
0 77 32’39"
0

-do- 30/03/2023 RF Badighati C3 30 27’30’’

0 77 31’14"
0

-do- 31/03/2023 RF Sainwala C2 1 30 29’12’’

0 77 30’29"
0

-do- 31/03/2023 RF Garhi C2 30 25’39’’

0 77 27’30"
0

-do- 08/04/2023 RF Garhi C2 1 30° 29' 14.316" 77° 27' 27.504"

-do- 03/2023 RF Rampurbeli 1 30° 26' 1.2336" 77° 38' 2.6988"
-do- 04/2023 Khararu/Girinagar/RF KhararuC-9 12 30° 30' 22.6224" 77° 27' 8.118"

The key point to note here is the fact that from nil elephant movement in 2019-20 and 2020-21,
to 2 days in 2021-22, to a whopping increase of 32 days of elephant movement in 2022-23 has
been noted in at least one part of Paonta Sahib Division. For 2023-24 (till 1st month of April),
already 12 days of elephant movement has been recorded.

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A copy of the report prepared by the Division in May 2022 on Human Elephant Conflict has also
been prepared in this regard regarding the conflict management, however the issue has got even
more severe since then.

2. The beats such as Satiwala and Behral are situated on the banks of river Yamuna. In the past
the visitation of elephants has been observed in these beats from Uttarakhand border.

3. The conflict between human and elephant arises in these border areas mainly because of the
issue of habitat fragmentation- this can be said on the basis on presence of human habitation,
plantation fields, agricultural lands, industrial units, roads etc along the RF stretch and absence
of continuous forest area connecting RF Konchbeli (of Paonta Sahib Forest division) to
Simbalbara National Park.

4. Based upon the data collected it has been observed that movement of elephants across border
from Uttarakhand to Himachal Pradesh is directed towards reaching Simbalbara National Park
through forest areas, but due to habitat fragmentation, after crossing Uttarakhand border and
coming to Himachal Pradesh, elephants do not have any continuous forest area for the above
movement.

5. This obstruction to their movement and absence of any continuous stretch of forest land leads
to straying of elephants into human habitation and therefore negative interactions between human
and elephant.

In this regard, the following issues are pertinent to note;

I) Brief of human-elephant conflict in Paonta Sahib:

1. The human-elephant conflict incidents occur largely in Satiwala, Behral, Batamandi beats of
Majra Range, Khardu and Jalmusa beats of Girinagar Range and Rampur beat of Paonta Sahib

[415]
Range, where the elephants pass through human habitation areas. The beats of Majra and Paonta
Sahib Ranges lie close to river Yamuna from where herds of elephants and tuskers enter from
Uttarakhand. The elephants cross-over the river towards Batamandi area, and have now begun to
move as far as RF area of Khardu beat in Girinagar via Kolar Range of Nahan Division (the
episode of a herd of 9 elephants who had entered these forests and stayed for almost a month in
March 2023 after crossing dense habitation areas, is the latest case in point of the extent of
probable conflict scenario).

2. The elephants coming from Uttarakhand have been noted to visit Simbalwara in the past.
However, over the last 2 years they have been increasingly taking detours & entering from
agriculture fields adjacent to Yamuna, as well as habitation in the above said beats, posing risk
of human-elephant conflicts.

3. There have been several incidents of elephants destroying crops, walls of the houses as well
as cow sheds in the village as well as city area while they traverse in and around human
habitation. The complaints from people regarding compensation have also summarily increased.
Two elephant deaths have already taken place in Paonta Sahib (due to electrocution in one case
and consuming insecticides in crop fields in another.

II) Action taken till now:

1. Elephant Anti-Depredation teams have been created in Majra and Girinagar ranges, who have
so far successfully prevented any major mishap of human-elephant conflicts in consonance with
concerned Gram Pradhan and others locals living in fringe areas. But the risk looms large in the
case of the staff being ill-equipped and not properly trained. These teams have been repeatedly
visiting, night patrolling& repulsing the elephants as and when information is received or any
sighting is done.

2. The teams take aid of creating loud sounds through banging of metal objects, locally made
sound guns and have to occasionally resort to the use of fire crackers as the elephants get very
close to populations at times.

3. Awareness related activities: Elephant-conflict awareness boards have been installed, meetings
with local people and pamphlet distribution in villages, habitation and nearby schools for Do’s
and Don’ts for elephant conflict situations have been carried out constantly in the last two months
and even in the past.

[416]
4. Correspondence has been taken up with various stakeholders in administration in line with
June 3rd 2020 ‘MoEF&CC guidelines on handling human-wildlife conflict including damage to
crops’ to states:

•District Collector and Sub Divisional Magistrate Paonta Sahib for taking cognizance of crop
damage caused by Elephant trespass in agriculture area as well as for solar fencing provisioning.
•Deputy Director, Agriculture for taking cognizance of the situation and aid the locals in putting
Solar Fence around agriculture fields
•SP Sirmaur and DSP Paonta Sahib for deputing of Quick Response teams for crowd
management in case of conflicts
•XEN Electricity, Paonta Sahib for repair of open wires to avoid elephant shocks and deaths
especially along the routes taken by the animals
•Wildlife Team at Simbalwara for coordination and redirecting elephant movement into
sanctuary area instead of habitation

III) Proposed future course of action:

1. Based on the Centrally Sponsored Scheme “PROJECT ELEPHANT” Guidelines 2013

(Para 6: Items of Works Identified for Financial Support Under Project Elephant) with
site-specific requirements in terms of minimizing human-elephant conflict, as well as
guidance from Project Elephant Cell, MOEFCC, an APO of Rs 44.67 lakh has been
proposed** (added below in Table 10.5) for the year 2023-24 for Paonta Sahib Forest
Division with Centre Share 60% and State share 40% as per the scheme (given below).
As per Para 6, the focus for Paonta Sahib Division is mainly on Activity no. 3. i.e
‘Eliciting public co-operation and mitigation of human elephant conflict’ and Activity no
4. ‘Improvement of support services including monitoring, research and training’ and to
an extent Activity no. 1 ‘Protection of elephants’. As regards Activity no. 2,
‘Conservation and development of habitats and corridors’, these largely pertain to
Wildlife wing at Simbalwara National Park where the main focus regarding habitat
improvement, eco-restoration of corridors by enrichment of palatable species and
removal of invasive like lantana, creation of water bodies and salt-licks must be stressed
upon, to facilitate the intended elephant corridor from Uttarakhand to Himachal Pradesh’s
wildlife protected areas which will further enhance the state’s faunal diversity in future.
In this regard, the matter may be taken up with higher-ups.

[417]
2. In line with June 3,2020 ‘MoEF&CC guidelines on handling human-wildlife conflict including
damage to crops’, it is of extreme import for State Level and District Level Coordination
committees to be notified for ensuring all stakeholders are engaged in managing elephant conflict
scenarios. It is important that timely compensation for damages to crops are paid to people so as
to allay public reactions wherein field staff and officers often face the brunt for lack of
institutionalization of compensation damage regarding crops.

3. It is also suggested here that experts from Wild Life Institute of India be invited to visit the
area & suggest further mitigation measures as per the site situations. Since radio collaring of
elephants has been undertaken in Rajaji National Park in the past, discussion along the same lines
may be taken up to work out the areas frequented by elephants and the route tracing exercise for
further management decisions.

4. It is also strongly recommended that matter be taken up at higher levels for coordinating with
the Wildlife wing of the neighboring state of Uttrakhand for joint collaboration in elephant-
human conflict situations and information sharing.

5. Elephant Corridors:

● As earlier mentioned, it has been observed that movement of elephants across border
from Uttarakhand to Himachal Pradesh is directed towards reaching Simbalbara national
Park through forest areas but due to habitat fragmentation after crossing Uttarakhand
border and coming to Himachal, elephants do not have any continuous forest area for
movement as it can be noted that human settlement, agricultural crop fields, plantation
on private land and roads obstruct their movement.
● It should also be noted that at the end of Reserve Forest Konchbeli there is an area of
approximately 300 to 500 m which meets with reserve forest area of Ambwali which can
potentially be used as elephant corridor to divert elephant visitation from private area to
forest area.)
● Therefore, it is recommended that with suitable physical barriers like EPT, Solar power
fencing, Bio fencing and modifying the cropping patterns inside RF areas like avoiding
tree species which are liked by the elephants etc, the elephants can be diverted from
private areas to this above-mentioned stretch of forest land. It will further minimize the
conflict.
● The focus here is to develop elephant corridor to divert elephants to Simbalbara NP.

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 ● Habitat improvement in Simbalbara National Park and plantation of tree species like
Bamboo, Shisham, Giloe, Bel preferred by elephants in continuous forest stretch
identified as potential elephant corridor should be carried out.
Summarily, the following conclusions are drawn in context of human-elephant elephant conflict
management.

● Data collection should be initiated at the earliest for further analysis of dynamics of
situation and potential opportunities that might be existing to deal with the issue.
● It is recommended that Anti-Depredation Squads (ADS) should be formed keeping in
mind the local factors and resources available to serve as alert and aware Human
Resource 24/7 and serve as first face to deal with emergency situations.
● Physical barrier as measures to avoid HEC should be adopted immediately. Viability and
suitability of suggested physical barriers may be got checked from the experts from Rajaji
Tiger Reserve as per the local context as recommended above. Funding provision should
be explored. The possibility of government schemes in this aspect e.g. solar fencing in
agricultural fields may be examined.
● Feasibility of elephant corridor as suggested above should be considered with
consultation with all the stakeholders.
● Awareness generation and training to deal with emergency situations is a must for the
local community. Thereby engagement with local bodies, civil administration, police,
electricity board, fire department etc is necessary. Anti-electrocution cells on Whatsapp
groups can also be created to ensure coordination with respect to naked wires and lines
repairs immediately.
● Collaboration and coordination with inter-state bodies like the forest department of
Uttarakhand, UP, Haryana, etc is also needed.
● Continuous study of situations based upon data collection and emerging situations
should be carried out to re-evaluate the strategy to deal with the situation to increase
effectiveness of measures.

Appropriate funds and planning as reported above, is essential to ably handle and reduce human-
elephant conflicts in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionas well as ensure smooth passage of elephant
movement in Uttarakhand-HP protected areas corridors through proper scientific management
and from an ecological point of view. The issue will otherwise get only more serious in the
coming future.

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 Table 10.6: Annual Plan of Operation under CSS - Project Elephant- for the Financial Year 2023-24

Sr. Items of work Unit Unit Cost Location Target Remarks

No. (Lakh)
Lat (N) Long (E) (Rs.in lakh) Rs. (lakhs)

Phy Fin Centra State

(lakh) l share share
(60%) (40%)
1 Anti-depredation No. 3.5 2 7 4.2 2.8 Paonta Sahib
Squads (including boundaries lies
vehicle): Range level between plain
elephant squad for and hills. Due to
Majra and Girinagar insufficient
ranges (the two main numbers of
conflict areas) to patrolling
handle anti- vehicles (only 1
depredation duties. in FY 2022-
Each squad will 23, the effective
comprise 1 RO, 1 BO, monitoring and
4 Forest Guards and 1 patrolling is
trained expert. Hired difficult to carry
vehicle, anti- with a number of
depredation entry points for
equipments like wildlife to
spotlight torches, crossover from

[420]
 binoculars the state of
crackers/sound gun, Uttarakhand.
siren. The same squad This area is
can be of help if there highly prone to
is any movement into human animal
Paonta Sahib Range conflict. Anti-
(which has happened depredation
in the past , teams can move
intermittently) in Campers for
effectively
addressing
conflict. The
same vehicle can
be also used for
watering troughs
and fire-fighting
in dry seasons.
2 Infrastructure - Watch No 5.21 30˚30'23.3 77˚27'09.2 2 10.42 6.52 4.168 Erection
tower installation (one of Tower with
each in Majra and Solar panel,
Girinagar ranges) battery etc.
30˚25'29.7 77˚34'47.1 @Rs.4.21 lac
each + Rs 1 lakh
each for
procurement of
VHF equipments

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 and its
accessories

Eliciting public co-operation and mitigation of human elephant conflict

3 Engagement of 'gaj- No. 0.125 50 6.25 3.75 2.5 The human
mitras' volunteers wildlife conflict
(elephant watchers) Rs in two Ranges of
12,500 per watcher (50 Paonta Sahib
no.) to tackle man- Division are very
elephant conflict high due to
during Crop Season migrating
elephants which
causes
depredation in
village farm
lands adjoining
forest
boundaries, the
period typically
varies from 30-
40 days
currently. Hence
local youth can
be engaged to
drive back the
animals into the

[422]
 forest alongwith
anti-depredation
teams.

4 Awareness and L/s 5 3 2 Awareness

sensitisation activities
- Publicity & IEC for including
elephant conservation, celebration of
pamphletsetc. elephant day,
Gajutsav , hand
outs on project
elephant, steel
awareness
signboards on
National
Highway, statues
at Van Vihar etc.

[423]
5 Solar power Km 5.5 30˚25'29.7 77˚34'47.1 1 5.5 3.3 2.2 The idea is to
fencing along Bata redirect the
Mandi area (main elephant
entry point for movement
elephants from towards
Uttarakhand) Simbalwara
Sanctuary that is
in the vicinity of
Bata Mandi
(entry point). By
creating solar
fencing and
trenches near
habitation area
from where the
elephants
currently enter
Paonta Sahib the
elephants
movement can
be directed
towards
Simbalwara.

[424]
6 Elephant proof Km 5.5 30˚25'30.7 30˚25'58.8 77˚33'30.2 77˚33'2 1 5.5 3.3 2.2 The item is
Trenches 30˚26'15.2 30˚25'05.5 8.3 77˚33'25.2 77˚ essential to avert
construction(EPT) 34'02.3 Human-Elephant
conflict
situations rising
out of frequent
elephants
crossing over to
Human
Habitation in
Majra and
Girinagar ranges.
Crop raiding by
elephants is a
persistent
problem faced in
Paonta Sahib
Division and
hence the item is
proposed to
mitigate the
same
7 Bee keeping training L/S 1 0.4 0.4 As a livelihood
and apiculture in option as well as
fringe areas with deterrence for
habitation elephant

[425]
 movement inside
habitation areas
and crop fields

Improvement of support services including monitoring, research and training

8 Holding of workshops, 2 1.2 0.8

meetings, seminars etc

for stakeholders
9 Mobile application 1 2 2 1.2 0.8 Identification of
development for hotspots, SMS
tracking elephant based alerts to
movement and staff as well as
corridor mapping and citizens nearby
miscellanous
10 Camera traps/Night No. 0.25 8 2 1.2 0.8 For tracking of
vision devices for wildlife
monitoring movement

11 Training of officers, 2 1.2 0.8 Expertise

field staff in elephant gathering in
management handling human-
techniques elephant conflict
as well as
learning best
practices from

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 elephant-
populated states

Total 44.67 26.8 17.9

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10.10: Biodiversity Conservation

“Biodiversity is the variation among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial,
marine and desert ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are a part.”
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and
important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain. The term
biodiversity was coined in 1985. It is important in natural as well as artificial ecosystems. It deals
with nature’s variety, the biosphere. It refers to variabilities among plants, animals and
microorganism species. Biodiversity includes the number of different organisms and their
relative frequencies in an ecosystem. It also reflects the organization of organisms at different
levels. Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment,
housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through
tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable
livelihood. Paonta Sahib Forest Division’s Biodiversity richness is indiciated through the map
below:
MAP No. 10.10

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Importance of Biodiversity: Biodiversity and its maintenance are very important for sustaining
life on earth. A few of the reasons explaining the importance of biodiversity are:

Ecological Stability: Every species has a specific role in an ecosystem. They capture and store
energy and also produce and decompose organic matter. The ecosystem supports the services
without which humans cannot survive. A diverse ecosystem is more productive and can
withstand environmental stress.

Economic Importance: Biodiversity is a reservoir of resources for the manufacture of food,

cosmetic products and pharmaceuticals. Crops livestock, fishery, and forests are a rich source of
food. Wood, fibres, perfumes, lubricants, rubber, resins, poison and cork are all derived from
different plant species. Biodiversity provides people with basic ecosystem goods and services.
it provides goods such as food, fibre and medicine, and services such as air and water purification,
climate regulation, erosion control and nutrient cycling. Biodiversity also plays an important role
in economic sectors that drive development, including agriculture, forestry, fisheries and tourism.
More than three billion people rely on marine and coastal biodiversity, and 1.6 billion people rely
on forests and non-timber forest products (e.g. the fruits from trees) for their livelihoods. Many
people depend directly on the availability of usable land, water, plants and animals to support
their families. In fact, ecosystems are the base of all economies.
Ethical Importance: All the species have a right to exist. Humans should not cause their
voluntary extinction. Biodiversity preserves different cultures and spiritual heritage. Therefore,
it is very important to conserve biodiversity.

10.11 Strategies for biodiversity conservation:

● Biodiversity use and conservation education.
● Integrated health care
● Afforestation
● Communities involvement in Biodiversity Conservation
● Traditional agro-ecosystems and biodiversity conservation

1. Biodiversity use and conservation education:

● People should be aware about the direct and indirect benefits from the forest and their
change in attitude is needed.
● Initiation of educational programs that comprises teaching of conservation topics and its

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 ● extension to adult literacy and schools will bring beneficial change in people’s attitude.

2. Integrated health care:

● Documentation of traditionally used plants, and selection of plants that are safe, effective
and easily available or cultivated is to be done which plants may be integrated into
modern health care system. The combination of traditional with modern system health
care can be truly effective and affordable for low income groups.

3. Afforestation:
● Multipurpose tree including legumes are marvellous, multipurpose resources that can
protect and stabilize the soil, save water, symbiotically fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce
valuable wood and fodder, and certain proteins and lipids for diet.
● In the most degraded areas where trees are difficult to grow, attention should be given to
the shrubs which are highly palatable to cattle.

4. Communities involvement in Biodiversity Conservation:

● Collection of fuel-wood for household cooking and fodder for animals undertaking
mostly by women and children should be allowed with regulation.
● Promotion of the community-based resource management systems of indigenous people
will help in accomplishing the conservation of indigenous knowledge for biodiversity
conservation.

5. Traditional agro-ecosystem and biodiversity conservation:

● Recent patterns of agricultural development are depleting soils, genetic diversity, species
diversity both in managed fields and surrounding habitats. Further, due to introduction of
imported seed of crops, fertilizers and pesticides, traditional agro-ecosystems are under
threat. A decline in the crop yield has been gradually noticed in lack of sufficient
chemicals which the country imports. To maintain the diversity and productivity of
traditional genetic resources of agriculture, the government should promote and
encourage the farmers to maintain traditional agro-ecosytems. Highly diverse plant
species shall be maintained in the village area.

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10.12 Preservation plots for Biodiversity assessment
In order to carry out biodiversity analysis from conservation point of view, preservation plots
must be identified by the DFO for the areas with rich biodiversity presence. The beats having
ecotone areas should be preferred so as to study the biodiversity presence of two ecosystems
and their cusps (indicated in Biodiversity Richness map above). The list includes Majra,
Johron, Sainwala, Behrewala, Majra Sukron (North) Gharatwali (North) of Majra
Range. This preservation plot shall not be less than 1 ha area and will be studied for ecological
succession and biodiversity of the area. No grazing shall be allowed in this area nor any type
of cultural operations will be done. Biannual studies on composition and structure of the forest
will be done. In case of trees, girth at breast height shall be recorded. The biodiversity will be
studied by laying out 3m×3m and 1m×1m quadrats as explained in the methodology of
Resource Assessment Survey. The Research Wing of Himachal Pradesh Forest Department
along with field biologists shall inspect the area annually along-with the Divisional Forest
Officer of Paonta Sahib Forest Division to record their findings.

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 CHAPTER-11
JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT (OVERLAPPING) WORKING
CIRCLE
11.1 GENERAL
By definition Joint Management would mean involving people in the decision-making process
in the management of forests. The participatory forest management started in 1972 in India from
West Bengal. A predominantly rural & hilly areas, need for participatory forest management
arose in Himachal, and the PFM started in H.P in 1985 through National Social Forestry
(Umbrella) project.

In the 1980s, the World Bank supported Social Forestry project (1984-92) and the Indo-German
Integrated Dhauladhar project (1982-92) were implemented in H.P. In these projects the draw
backs of Umbrella projects were well addressed. Therefore, in 1990s, World Bank funded
IWDP Kandi project started in the Shivalik hills in which participatory approach was
emphasized, later came the mid Himalayan watershed development project and at present IDP
project, JICA Forestry project and KFW Project are ongoing where all three issues i.e. physical
targets of Forest Department, social participation and equity are taken all together as per
guidelines of World bank and respective funding agencies.

The framework for JFM in H.P is provided by the Govt. of H.P order of 12.5.1993, which followed
the Govt. of India (JFM) circular of 1 June 1990 from the then Secretary (Environment and Forests),
st

enabling the spread of JFM to the Village Forest Development Committees (VFDC’s) for Joint Forest
Management in the Villages of Himachal Pradesh.

This working circle will be overlapping working circle and includes both degraded forests as
well as healthy forests, which needs treatment with the participation of local communities in form
of forest protection, afforestation, soil and water conservation, water resource management,
ecotourism management etc. Treatment plans and memorandum of understanding will be
different for degraded and healthy forests.

11.2 OBJECTS OF MANAGEMENT:

a) To motivate and convince local people about role of Forest department to protect the
forests and simultaneously to uplift socio-economic condition of the people and thereby
ensure involvement of local people for protection, conservation and management of forests.

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 b) To carry out socio-economic surveys in every JFMC/fringe village to accurately assess
the dependency of people over forests in terms of timber, fuelwood etc.

c) To empower village communities to play a crucial role in forest resource conservation

and enable them to resolve their issues and problems. People shall be made aware about the
benefits of conserving and improving the quality of their plantations against the backdrop
of climate change negotiations, particularly, REDD+

d) To reclaim the degraded forests by promoting natural and artificial regeneration (through
plantation activity) with active participation of the villagers

e) To document the indigenous traditional knowledge and incorporate the same in the micro
plans of the JFMCs

f) To associate the people of JFMCs with identification, documentation and implementation

of ecotourism activities.

g) To analyse the past working of JFMC and suggest suitable policy modifications required
for more effective functioning of JFMCs.

h) To win over people so that they become willing partners in protection of forests both
within and outside the JFMC areas.

i) People interested in taking up plantations that are commercially viable in their private
lands would be given technical guidance as well as seedling support to raise such
plantations

11.3 JFMCS IN PAONTA SAHIB FOREST DIVISION

Details for Paonta Sahib Forest Division as per latest available data are given below:

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 JFMCs OF BHAGANI RANGE:

Date of
Name of
Sno. Name of JFMC Registration of Area Functionality
Range
JFMC
Van Sarankshan Samiti,
1 Bhagani 2008-09 Bhagani Active
Ram Nagar

Mahila Van Evam

2 Paryavaran Surksha Bhagani 2008-09 Amboya Active
Samiti, Amboya

Van Vikas Evam

3 Sarnkshan Samiti, Bhagani 2008-09 Khodowala Active
Khodowala.

Sayed Peer Evam vikash

4 Bhagani 2008-09 Gorkhuwala Active
Samiti, Gorkhuwala

Van Samrat Vikash

5 Bhagani 2008-09 Gorkhuwala Active
Samiti, Gorkhuwala.

Baba Balanath Vikas

6 Bhagani 2009-10 Khodowala Active
Samiti Khodowala.
Nagdevta Van
7 Bhagani 2009-10 Puruwala Active
VikasSamiti
Jai Santoshi Maa Van
8 Bhagani 2009-10 Puruwala In-active
Samiti, Pager Tuniwala

Guru Van Vikas Samiti,

9 Bhagani 2009-10 Khoronwala Active
Khorowala

Gram Van Vikas Evam

10 Sarnkshan Samiti, Bhagani 2008-09 Dandiwala In-active
Dandiwala

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 11 Van Vikas Samiti, Gojjar Bhagani 2008-09 Gojjar In-active

Gramin Harit Vikas Samiti

12 Bhagani 2008-09 Killour Active
Killour.

13 Van Vikas Samiti Dhigali. Bhagani 2008-09 Dhigali Active

Shri Radhe Krishan, Van

14 Bhagani 2016-17 Ambiwala Active
Vikas Samiti, Ambiwala.

Baba Balaknath Van Vikas

15 Bhagani 2008-09 Khorowala Active
Samiti, Danda

JFMCs OF GIRINAGAR RANGE

Date of
Name of
Sno. Name of JFMC Registration of Beat Functionality
Range
JFMC
Van Vikas Samiti
1 Girinagar 2009-10 Kansar Active
Kansar
Van Sangini Mahila
2 Mandal Bharog Girinagar 2009-10 BharogBaneri Active
Baneri.
Van Vikas Samiti
3 Girinagar 2009-10 Purli In-active
Purli
Van Vikas Samiti,
4 Girinagar 2022-23 Kansar Active
Kansar

JFMCs OF PAONTA SAHIB RANGE:

Name of Date of Registration

Sno. Name of JFMC Beat Functionality
Range of JFMC

Shiv Vikas Samiti Paonta

1 2008-09 Kumbhigarh In-active
Kumbhigarh Sahib

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 Van Vikas Samiti, Paonta
2 2009-10 Malgi Active
Malgi Sahib
Mahila Mandal Dadwa Paonta
3 2009-10 DedwaKailla In-active
Kailla Sahib
Shiva Van Vikas Samiti Paonta
4 2011-12 Sirmouri Tal Active
Sirimouri Tal Sahib

JFMCs OF MAJRA RANGE:

Date of
Name of
Sno. Name of JFMC Registration of Beat Functionality
Range
JFMC
Paryavaran Suraksha
1 Majra 2008-09 Pilhori Active
Pilhori

2 Van Vikas Samiti Pilhori Majra 2008-09 Pilhori Active

3 Van Vikas Samiti Majra Majra 2010-11 Majra In-active

Forest Development
4 Majra 2019-20 Dhoulakuan Active
Committee, Dhoulakuan

As can be seen, the presence of JFMCs is largely concentrated in Bhagani Range (15 total, 12
active) and limited to 4 each in the other three ranges. There is scope for engaging stakeholders
and mobilizing communities through proper engagement and dialogue for new formation of
JFMCs in other ranges as well. This will also be in line with India’s commitments to Sustainable
Development Goals and UNFCCC where people’s participation in environment conservation and
protection activities has been given prime importance.

11.4 FUTURE SCOPE OF JFMCs IN PAONTA SAHIB FOREST DIVISION

There is reasonable scope for the JFM activities in the division provided a 360-degree approach is
ensured in engaging, consulting, working and monitoring with the stakeholders. The JFM/PFM
committees can be the future agencies of forest development, conservation and expansion. The
potential activities to be executed through JFMCs can be:

❖ Afforestation and plantation activities

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 ❖ Soil & water conservation through treatment of micro watersheds in a catchment. The
Success stories of Jalodari Project, Amboya and Ramnagar as has already been discussed
can act as guiding models for future people-driven movements with Forest Department in
the field of forest conservation, water conservation and livelihood generation.
❖ Water Resource management: Recharging of water bodies like baulis, ponds and
groundwater (akin to the model in Chandpur Block, Girinagar Range)
❖ Minor construction work of road, paths and buildings
❖ Awareness programmes for forest protection, fire protection, propagation of medicinal
herbs
❖ Livelihood options like bee keeping, mushroom cultivation, vermicomposting, cutting &
pruning etc. through effective training
❖ Maintenance and management of ecotourism sites and potential ones (Yamuna Van Vihar,
Eco Park, Sirmaur Van Vihar etc)
❖ Human-animal conflict mitigation
❖ Forest-fire control and briquette-making
❖ Forestry and conservation related awareness activities

JFMCs can decide for several income generation activities for alternative livelihood particularly
low-income group of community. They can make Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the front-line
staff of the forest department can assist them to form the groups.
In order to reduce dependence of these people on forest resources by ensuring them alternate
livelihood, SHG groups are formed so that they can earn money to meet their daily requirements
by pursuing some economic activity. SHGs also help them to inculcate habit of savings for bad
days from own savings rather than incurring loan from money lender and being in a perennial
debt trap. Self Help Groups (SHGs): The guidelines in “A Handbook on Forming Self Help
Group, National Bank for Agriculture and Development” may be followed for formation and
regulation of SHGs.
As mentioned previously, in order to expand the JFMC concept further in Paonta Sahib,
Girinagar and Majra Ranges of the Division, it is of prime import to engage stakeholders and
mobilize communities through proper communication and dialogue for new formation of JFMCs
in other ranges as well. A brief outline has been given ahead in this chapter.

1. Selection of JFM Working Areas

The following broad guidelines have been devised for selection of potential areas:

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 ❖ Interest of local forest staff in involvement in joint forest planning and management;
❖ Interest of local people in involvement in joint forest planning and management;
❖ Existence of ongoing ‘successful’ collective land management systems;
❖ Resource poor areas where there are constraints on the forest and farming system in
term of access to grazing and forest products;
❖ Relatively homogenous local communities.

The information will be gathered from village-level PRA studies; workshops held with range officers
and forest guards, in conjunction with village visits and meetings to determine local people’s
perception of problems and possible intervention.

2. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) will be used as a way to facilitate communication between users
and the Forest Department and to determine problems and priorities. At this initial discussion stage, it
is likely that only partial information will be obtained from the village, so it will be necessary to repeat
the PRA exercise. Repeated PRAs would be used to continue the dialogue and build on the information
base. PRA will be used to identify particular area needing more detailed socio-economic research.

Specifically, PRAs will be used to:

(i) Finalize village selection

(ii) Build up baseline information
(iii) Indentify forest users and their priorities
(iv) Provide the context for experimental learning for the staff and to create the basis for
effective interaction between the department and forest users
(v) Indentify local option for institution building
(vi) Draw up village level agreements.

The key objectives of this PRA would be:

1. To identify local resource use system; access rules; differential control; legal and
customary status of land of land; past and current tendril status of land.

2. To document existing land use practices and management as a basis of their development.
3. To document current interaction between forest, farm and pasture; type of usage; division
of labor.

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4. To build a detailed picture of the socio-economic context of villages; identify different
categories of household (i.e. household profiles); to identify and assess effectiveness of village
institutions and leaders; to identify different levels of decision making in resource use and their
relative importance, i.e. village council. Men, women, rich, poor.
5. To identify user’s priorities and means of reaching consensus.
6. To identify different users’ constraints to participation, for example women’s labor time,
poorer people’s lack of access to decision making.
7. To identify and assess effectiveness of existing village level institutions, cooperative
action between villages as a means to build more effective village or user group organizations.

PRA Process

The PRA process will be initiated to provide a growing dialogue between

the department and forest users. Initially, information may be colored by misunderstanding and
mistrust on both sides. It is only as familiarity and participation in the benefits of joint
management become apparent to forest users that a relationship of understanding and trust will
be built between the staff and communities.

PRA Technique
The PRA technique to be used in joint forest planning and management will include review of
secondary data and existing information
a) Direct observation
b) Semi-structured interviews
c) Group interviews (casual, focused, village).
d) Use of key information’s, local experts.
e) Use of local researchers
f) Ranking: wealth ranking, pair-wise ranking, direct matrix ranking
g) Livelihood analysis
h) Seasonal diagramming (firewood, fodder, NTFPs, labour etc.)
i) Transects (systematically walking through an area with a group of local people).
j) Participatory mapping, modeling; people’s mapping and modeling.
k) Linkage chart (showing links between village organizations, between villages, and forest
resources).
l) Case studies and stories.
m) Ethno-histories.

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n) Brainstorming (especially joint sessions with villagers)
Role of Front-Line Staff
Forest Guards will coordinate all inputs to the village and will act as the interface between
villager and the department. They will be conduit for the flow of information both up and down
the system. They will establish links with other village-level organizations and government
extension agents where appropriate. The departments most likely to be involved are Animal
Husbandry, Agriculture and Rural Development.

Forest Guards will have the following responsibilities:

a) To establish effective and representative Village Forest Development Committees;
b) To maintain contact with joint forest management groups (VFDCs);
c) To provide technical advice as required;
d) To arbitrate between groups if conflict arises and requested;
e) To collect information through PRAs;
f) To provide feedback to the department;
g) To facilitate the full participation of women and poorer people;
h) To liaise between villagers and the department.

Although these activities are all additional to the current work of forest guard; the experience
elsewhere indicates that as the JFPM process strengthens the more onerous protection workload
of the guard will reduce.

Field level Training

Field level training will be carried out through participatory workshops which
encourage an experience-based learning approach. At outset these workshops may be facilitated
by some JFPM Training specialist. Each person participating in the workshop should share his
experience and knowledge with other participants including the facilitators. A series of
workshops should be organized at different levels, such as:

● Circle-level workshops
● Divisional-level workshops
● Range-level workshops
Villagers Reorientation

Reorientation is not essential for the staff only, villagers will also need to be reoriented in their
approach to the management of local natural resources, and in their perception of the role of the

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 staff. The joint forest planning and management system forms a major part of this reorientation.
Workshops should be organized for local leaders (local politicians, ehaviors leaders, teachers,
other key persons); and VFDCs. This will provide a forum where VFDCs can share experiences,
learn from each other, and develop combined strategies and approaches to JFPM.

Micro Plan Making

Before a VFDC can manage a forest, it will be required to prepare a micro plan. The micro plan
will be prepared jointly by Executive Body of the VFDC and the Range staff, and will be
discussed with the General House. It will be finally approved by the concerned DFO. The
information’s gathered during the PRA exercise will be helpful in preparation of the micro plan.
Locally drawn maps of the area may be useful to ensure that everyone understands what areas
are to be managed. The micro plan should include:

a) Detail which households and villages have access and right to the forest lands and forest
products;
b) Include detail on protection and decision-making mechanisms;
c) Detail forest management prescription;
d) Detail soil conservation measures if considered necessary by the VFDC
e) Detail grassland management measures if considered necessary by the VFDC
f) Demarcate the responsibilities of the department and the villagers (forest users);
g) Detail unambiguous rights to the usufruct and harvesting of common plantation,
grassland and forest area;
h) Detail clear rules and mechanisms for the distribution of benefits: intermediate and the
final harvest, among users.

Duties and Responsibilities of JFM Committees

To make the JFMCs active and functional, each member of JFMC should shoulder certain duties
and responsibilities.

a) To persuade the villagers to give available areas for plantation.

b) To assist the Forest Department in planning, protection, afforestation.
c) To help the F.D. in judicious use, of all existing rights, eco-development of the area as
per approved management plan.
d) Just and fair distribution of the usufructs derived.

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 e) Ensure its management as per prescribed norms.
f) Settlement of all disputes between villagers

Power to JFMCs

The committee should make its own bye-law with the concurrence DFO. The concerned DFO
should carry out necessary procedure for granting powers of a forest officer as mentioned in
HPPFM regulations, 2001.

• Power to register Damage report.

• Power to summon the accused to the general house of JFMC.
• Make recommendations to Range officer regarding compounding of damage in respect
of offences committed on JFMC areas
MOU between Forest Department and JFMCs

In the participatory mode, the scheme is being implemented by setting up

Forest department agency (FDA) at Forest division level and JFMC at village level. As per the
notified regulation titled HPPFM regulations, 2001 notified vide no. Fts. IIB/15-10/87 dated
23.8.2001, MOUs were signed between State Govt. represented by DFO of Forest Division in
which FDA is being implemented and JFMC through its president during November 2009. Govt.
of H.P has approved this MOU after getting vetted from the law Department. This MOU shall be
valid for a period of five years from the date of signing as per terms and conditions detailed in
the MOU for proper protection, maintenance, regeneration and management of plantation created
under FDA and other forestry schemes within the jurisdiction of the JFMC.

In addition, MOU may also be signed between Forest Department

and JFMCs for fire protection. No fire watcher is engaged in the area of JFMC. Further, a
provision of honorarium/ assistance has been made to be paid to JFMCs for doing excellent works
in fire fighting.

JFMC Role in Eco-Tourism

There is need to develop specific sites for eco-tourism in JFM localities. Through various
projects like stay home scheme, traditional food/ Ethnic food serving etc. through eco-tourism
the villagers not only get employment but self-business will raise their income and it will become
a source of livelihood. Some potential and established sites include Yamuna Van Vihar, Eco
park, upcoming Sirmour Van Vihar etc. Stress should also be laid on making the sites self-

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sustaining and to benefit local live hood generation and add to be tourism potential of the
Division.

Approach to Be Adopted in Implementing JFM Schemes

● Educate people on the aim and objectives of the program/scheme before launching the
program/ scheme
● Make extensive and intensive use of PRA techniques to formulate the plan and share the
derived information with the people;
● Draw up a working scheme/ Micro plan with the active involvement of the local people,
ensuring representation of the heterogeneity of the group;
● Execute works and use PRA techniques for monitoring as well;
● Exemplify spirit of participation by well defined, lucid usufruct sharing mechanisms and
transparency in accounting the expenditure on the works.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION

The monitoring of the progress and performance of the activities taken under this working circle
under different schemes should be done at the Divisional level. Evaluation of the schemes should
be planned periodically through ‘Social auditing’.

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 CHAPTER 12
ECOTOURISM (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE

12.1 General constitution:

The working circle is looking into identification of various ecotourism destinations holding
future potential for sustainable ecotourism development as well as creating livelihood generation
opportunities for different stake holders in forest and natural resources management and
conservation. The training, capacity building of identified stake holders in effective management
of ecotourism assets is also to be ensured.

12.2 Special objectives of management

1. To identify eco-tourism sites and methods to develop them into self-sustaining entities
and to develop regional ecotourism circuits
2. To identify active JFMCs /VFDCs formed under different projects like FDA, NMPB etc.
3. To identify training needs of different stakeholders in the functioning and ensure
capacity-building
4. To create public awareness (Information, education and communication) and nature
education through the ecotourism assets and areas using tools of marketing, branding and
destination-specific campaigns
5. To promote low-impact nature tourism which ensures ecological integrity of the
ecotourism sites and its environment;
6. To promote biodiversity, traditional ecological knowledge and heritage values of
Himachal Pradesh

12.3.1 Guidelines on Sustainable Eco-Tourism in Forest and Wildlife Areas, 2021

In order to regulate and encourage planned development of areas in and around protected areas,
the Ministry of Forest, Environment and Climate Change has notified “Guidelines on Sustainable
Eco-Tourism in Forest and Wildlife Areas” in October 2021.

Considering the need for a participatory approach for conservation of wildlife and its habitats,
the guidelines emphasizes the engagement of local communities in a manner that enriches local
economies and encourage sustainable use of indigenous material though financially viable value
chains to help local communities become independent and promotes partnership among

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stakeholders in development of ecotourism as well as equitable sharing of benefits with local
communities.
Creation of foundations/societies in protected areas and sharing of revenue with local
communities has also been underscored in the guidelines. Besides, the guidelines provide for
identification of ecotourism sites, zonation and making an ecotourism plan which shall be part
of approved management plan/working plan for forest/protected area and tourism master plan in
case of eco-sensitive zone. It also provides for monitoring mechanism at district level, state level
and national level.
12.3.2 Eco-Tourism in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is renowned worldwide for its rich natural heritage and landscapes, tourist
places and striking scenic views. Also known as ‘Devbhoomi’, the state attracts on an average,
close to 1.7 crore tourists annually, which is far greater than its own population. In wake of post
Covid times, the state has begun to draw even more visitors who come seeking the beauty and
tranquility of nature from the plains below. Ecotourism is basically sustainable, nature-based
tourism, that is environmentally conservative while maintaining local culture and contributing to
the well-being of the host community. Keeping this in view, the goal is to develop a list of best
practices and recommendations for sustainable tourism and ecotourism that are specific to
Himachal Pradesh, India.

Himachal Pradesh Forest Department formulated the Eco-tourism Policy during 2001 which was
subsequently revised in 2005. A re-revised Draft Ecotourism Policy was also proposed in the
year 2017. The central theme of the 2005 policy is to ‘decongest and disperse over flowing city
tourist destinations and bring the tourists closer to nature and ensure adequate economic return
to the State and livelihood opportunities to the local communities.

To fulfill this objective H.P. Ecotourism Society has been constituted with its Headquarters at
Aranya Bhawan Talland Shimla (H.P.). It is a registered Society under the Societies Registration
Act.

The Society’s apex decision making body is the Governing body headed by Hon’ble Chief
Minister, Himachal Pradesh and Principal Secretary (Forests) as its Member Secretary. The
affairs of the Society are administered by an Executive Committee headed by Principal Secretary
(Forests) and CCF Eco-tourism as its Member Secretary.

12.4 Eco-Tourism sites in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

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The city of Paonta Sahib is popular among tourists across India for the famous Paonta Sahib
Gurudwara. The town occupies a strategic location bordering with Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
and Haryana and is richly bestowed with Sal forests, riverine tracts of Yamuna, Giri, Bata and
Tons and Shiwalik hills in the landscape. Simbalwara National Park, Renukaji wetland and
sanctuary, Asan Bird Conservation Reserve are famous attractions of natural wealth in the
vicinity. Serving as the gateway to Himachal Pradesh, Paonta Sahib holds a lot of potential for
sustainably tapping ecotourism in the area. Eco-spiritual tourism can also be tapped with various
spiritual centres located in and around the town.

Camping sites, nature parks, nature trails, nature interpretation centres are all various facets of
ecotourism that can be tapped in the Division. In 2017-18, the Division’s first Eco-Park was
opened in Rampurbeli area of Paonta Sahib Range with nature trails, landscaping, nature-
awareness boards spread across. The park has been gaining traction among youngsters of the
town.

[446]
Eco-restoration case of Yamuna Van Van Vihar – Dumping yard to green zone

In 2022, Yamuna Van Vihar along the banks of Yamuna, close to Paonta Sahib Gurudwara, was
opened to public. The creation was the brainchild of then DFO, Kunal Angrish, who with the
team of foresters of Paonta Sahib Forest Division and involvement of all stakeholders converted
a dumping yard to a public park. The piece of land under the possession of forest department was
lying vacant from 33 years owing to long-running ownership issues and consequent court cases.
The land was not only getting increasingly used for dumping of all kinds but was becoming a
favored haunt of rogues and miscreants who were suspected of using the place for drug abuse.
However, in 2021, department decided to push the status quo. Multiple rounds of talks ensued
and finally taking all the stake-holders on board, an understanding was reached where a part of
land was cleared for development of a public park by the forest department. Funding mechanism
was converged through funds from National Clean Air Programme and District Mineral
Foundation Trust.

After clearing the land from all the dumped material accumulated over the years, the site was
first of all closed for trespass by fencing through an interlink chain. This was followed by making
trail and placing sitting benches, creatively made to look like log-benches, by local artists.
Planting was done with various indigenous and flowering species. Swings and environment-
consciousness signages were put to cater to the children & youth. Since the area was in vicinity
of a mortuary, the same was hidden from the view by planting Dendrocalamus strictus. The civil
society also took note of the effort and pitched in by providing an open gym. The work was
completed within a year’s time.

The park has become the cynosure of activities in Paonta Sahib town and is now frequently
thronged by locals who throng it in the morning & evening and between the rounds of open gym
and walks, taking in hues of sunrise and sunset by the banks of Yamuna. To make the park self-
sustaining, revenue generation models are also underway through cafetaria serving local cuisine,
ticketing etc. The park has been a win-win model of eco-restoration and sustainable ecotourism.

[447]
Yamuna Van Vihar

[448]
12.5 Ecotourism sites identified for future development in Paonta Sahib Forest Division

On the success model of Yamuna Van Vihar, riverside development along Yamuna Riverfront
as part of eco-restoration of degraded areas is being undertaken, works for which began in 2022
with the initiation by then National Green Tribunal Chairman. Working on a similar model with
convergence of schemes, the Riverfront will include walking trails, river-protection, green
corridor planting of riverine species, canopy walks, landscape-zones, cycling space, recreation
etc. Funding is proposed to be through convergence of schemes including Nagar Van Yojana,
DMFT, NCAP, District funds, State Plan etc. A brief description of activities under this
Riverfront and Green Corridor development is as follows.

Broadly, the activities fall under the 4 heads namely ecological, protection, recreational and
supplementary.

a. Ecological:

i. Avenue plantation of groves: Groves will be developed of flagship species like Shisham, Papri,
Khair, Kadam and ornamental ones like Bougainvillea, Willow, Golden shower, Jacaranda,
fruiting species like Apricot, mulberry, pomegranate etc. Bamboo species and grassing including
vetiver will be used. A combination of climbers, ornamentals and herbals will be used.

ii. Themed forest patches/vatikas: Groves like in point i), alongwith beautiful indigenous grasses
and hedges. Miniatures of arboretum/bambusetum, Arogya Van, Smriti Van, Sugandhit Van etc.
will be developed inside closed fenced zones.

[449]
b. Protection

i. Barbed wire fencing with RCC Pole: Barbed wire fencing with RCC Pole would be erected
along the river banks and surrounding plantation areas, along the trails.

ii. Protection walls and measures: As the area is close to the river, it is essential to provide soil
conservation and retaining wall structures as per site conditions in portions. Some already
degraded areas due to mining shall be reclaimed in the form of river beach and soil conservation
structures.

c. Recreational

i. Trail development: A beautiful network of trails is proposed to be developed with minimum

impact on the surroundings. All the trails would be developed in such a way that these will pass
through avenue plantations, grasslands or along riverfront. Raised paths, shoreline and selfie -
points will be developed using these trails along The Yamuna River – catering to needs of young
and old, women and men alike (With CCTV installations and lighting to ensure safety).

ii. Gazebos/benches: As total area of the proposed Yamuna River Front complex is about 4 ha,
development of forest/nature observance areas and proper resting points/viewpoints/
gazebos/benches will be ensured.

iii. Meditation points: For the youngsters and health-conscious adults, a part will be dedicated to
yoga and meditation zones.

iv. Yamuna River Front development: To be taken up as part of the Yamuna River Front
development exercise like walking river-gazing, open gyms and beautiful site watching along the
Yamuna River.

v. Bird-watching trail along the walking track will be developed for visitors to enjoy the many
avian species visiting the ecotone area of River Yamuna.

d. Supplementary

i. Entry gate/ticket counter-cum-kiosk/chowkidar quarter: At entry points, gates will be

developed in local architectural style in an eco-friendly manner by local artisans with nature

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awareness themes. Also, a contiguous ticket counter-cum-souvenir shop and chowkidar quarter
is proposed for the caretaker.

ii. Nature-specific landscaping showcasing local culture/nature themes: Focus will be on using
local material, river stones, slates etc. to blend with the surroundings easily.

iii. Solar lighting/CCTVs: All along the trails to ensure safety of the visitors and keep any anti-
social elements out of picture.

iv. Signages and nature-awareness inputs: Spread over 4 ha, the area will be well-equipped with
signages, guidance maps/woodcrafts etc. to guide and educate the visitors. Driftwood will be
utilized as part of up cycling.

Similarly, another project underway taking shape under the scheme ‘Nayi Rahein, Nayi Manzil’
as ‘Sirmaur Van Vihar’ in Chhacheti block of Paonta Sahib Range after slope-stabilization
work was got carried out by Forest department near Sirmauri Taal village area, along Giri River.
The place is proposed to be developed as a nature interpretation and recreational centre for locals
and tourists. Owing to its vicinity to the village of Sirmauri Taal, the site is perfectly placed to
be developed on the theme of showcasing the history culture and nature aspects of Sirmaur. The
components to be developed at the site shall include a Interpretation Centre-cum-Museum
showcasing the folk legends, history, culture, flora & fauna, ethano-botany and various aspects
of the district. Adventure activities like zipline, ropeway as along with indigenous species-based
grooves, landscaping are being planned alongside kiosk serving local cuisines. The development
of the site will be an apt platform to showcase the Haati culture of Trans-Giri community. The
inhabitants of the area have been demanding a schedule status from a long time. The development
of the park showcasing the history and culture of the area may provide an endorsement to the
pride and honor of the Trans-Giri community.

[451]
12.6 Ecotourism sites identified for future development in Paonta Sahib Forest Division The
following eco-tourism sites have also been identified in Paonta Sahib Forest Divisionand hold
potential to be sustainable managed in the future while people seek nature-getaways from the
mundane pace of city-lives! They can be a part of a grand Paonta Sahib ecotourism circuit that
can be explored by nature-enthusiasts as well as locals. Basic amenities in these areas to be
included i.e seating, eco-friendly/pre-fabricated toilets, gazebos, fencing, protection etc. The
brief description is as tabulated below.

Sr. Name of Site Type (Trekking Range Beat GPS Coordinates Elevation
No. trail/camping site)

1 Dhoulidhang Camping Bhagani Rajpur 30°33’06.74”N 1350 m

77°44’0.57”E
2 Bhadhana (Shirgul Camping Bhagani Gojjar 30°29’37.04”N 400 m
Temple)
77°35’46.10”E
3 Kumbhigarh Camping Paonta Gatu 30°32’41.70”N 1320 m
Sahib
77°34’10.02”E
4 FRH Khara Camping/Nature trail Paonta Khara 30°29’37.04” N 400 m
Sahib
77°35’46.10” E
5 Gorakhpur to FRH Walking/trekking Trail Paonta Kukron to Khara 30°29’37.04” N 400 m
Khara Sahib 77°35’46.10” E

6 Rajpur to Walking/trekking Trail Bhagani Rajpur 30°33’06.74” N 1350 m

Dhaulidhang
77°44’0.57” E
7 Shirgul temple Walking/trekking Trail Bhagani Gojjar 30°29’37.04” N 400 m
(Bhaila) to
Badhana 77°35’46.10” E
8 Gatu to Kando via Walking/trekking Trail Paonta Gatu 30°32’41.70” N 1320 m
Kumbhigarh Sahib
Shirgul Temple 77°34’10.02” E
9 Bata bridge to Walking/trekking Paonta Rampurbeli 30°27’09.8” N 400 m
Kundion Birding Trail/ Sahib 77°35’0.18” E

10 Beas Mandir Area Vatika/ Walking Trail Giri Nagar Beas 30°30’33” N 973 m
77°33’13” E

11 Jamotwa (Arogra Birding trail, Medicinal Paonta Jamotwa 30°28’53.92” N 455 m

Van) (Arogya Van), walking Sahib 77°37’19.20” E
trail, Spring
Development, camping
etc.
12 Mantaruwala Nature trail, birding trail, Paonta Gondpur 30°27’19.43” N 445 m
Medicinal trail Sahib 77°36’34.79” E
13 Sirmour Park Nature Trail, Camping Paonta Rajban 30° 32' 24.63'' N 623m
etc. Sahib 77° 39' 18.80'' E

Rest houses & Inspection Huts: There is immediate need for major repair of the existing Rest
Houses at Majra, Khara (Paonta Sahib), Bhagani and Inspection Hut at Rajpura (Bhagani). There
is also scope for constructing inspection huts/view points at Bharog-Baneri and Kando-Baila
(Girinagar) and Konchbeli (in Majra which falls at the border of 4 states namely Himachal,
Haryana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh).

[452]
12.7 Administration of ecotourism sites

Since the ecotourism assets fall in the reserve forest area of Paonta Sahib Forest Division, the
execution of the project as well as the subsequent administrative command shall rest with the
forest department. The same shall be in consonance with the prescriptions of the Forest
Conservation Act, 1980 and rules thereof. The governance of the site can be done in the society
mode at the level of Conservator of Forests, Nahan Forest Circle. A pre-existing Eco-tourism
Society at the level of Forest circle Nahan has the participation of the Divisional Forest Officers,
representative of District Tourism Development Officer, district administration as well as civil
society. The same may be inculcated with participation of representatives from local gram
panchayat(s). The executive body of the site headed by the concerned Divisional Forest Officer
(DFO) shall be responsible for day to day running as well as planning on the sites.

The forthcoming plans as well as annual site-running report (including cash-book maintenance,
administrative actions etc.) of the shall be tabled for the ratification of the governing body. After
the initial establishment capital, the long-term running of the site shall be done in society mode
itself whereby the recurring cost to maintain the sites as well the wages of the personnel engaged
at the sites shall be managed from the proceeds of the entry ticket and other chargeable
(refreshment/adventure/stay activities) entities specific to the sites. Focus will be on engaging
local people for livelihood generation as also envisaged in Guidelines on Sustainable Eco-
Tourism in Forest and Wildlife Areas, 2021. The sites (or a part) may also be supported through
Corporate Social Responsibility of the industrial and mining units in Paonta Sahib. All the points
will add upto making the ecotourism sites self-sustaining in nature, as also develop an ecotourism
circuit for Paonta Sahib that can be relished by both locals and tourists alike.

Leveraging the Branding and Marketing Potential: Many of the rest houses (for example the
rest house at Khara) and ecotourism sites are not only located in pristine natural settings but also
have a unique place in the forestry-history of country and are thus rich repositories of ‘mixed’
heritage. This provides a very fertile ground to suitably brand and market them. Branding and
Marketting via robust online presence (on social media), documentation via coffee-table books
and video-documentaries, attractive signages, roping in cultural ambassadors/influencers etc.
will also open channels for tapping CSR streams which will in turn help to improve and maintain
the infrastructure at these sites and also deepen the people-forests/people-nature connect to have
an overall beneficial impact on conservation.

[453]
 CHAPTER 13
GENERAL FINANCIAL FORECAST & FINANCIAL PLAN OF OPERATION

13.1 General: The costs and prices are influenced by market forces and depend on supply
and demand. It further depends on the principles of management and pattern of exploitation
adopted from time to time. Therefore, it is not possible to estimate with reasonable accuracy
the expenditure and revenue during the period of this working plan. The estimates given below
are based on the current prices of various items of forest produce and the cost involved in
carrying out the prescriptions of the plan at current rates.

13.2 Past Revenue and Expenditure: The details of past revenue and expenditure have been
given in the following table 13.1.

Table 13.1: Past revenue & expenditure from 2013-14 to 2022-23 in Paonta Sahib
Forest Division

Year Revenue (Rs.) Expenditure Deficit (Rs.)

2013-14 2360521 75080120 72719599
2014-15 2635777 67119621 64483844
2015-16 1811001 62582667 60771666
2016-17 936671 78971221 78034550
2017-18 862193 89868457 89006264
2018-19 6156893 93337875 87180982
2019-20 1622089 100918200 99296111
2020-21 2212873 119108064 116895191
2021-22 3795596 110574123 106778527
2022-23 57190406 133178402 75987996
Gr. Total 79584020 930738750 851154730

****The revenue amounting to Rs. 33,83,70,177/- has been recovered and deposited in
account of HOD, HP Forest Dept. from HPSFDC on account of royalty of timber of
salvage trees during last 10 years under the revenue head ‘ 101-02- other forest produce
removed from forest by consumer & purchasers other than HPSFC’.

13.2: Projected Revenue details for 2023-24 (excluding Working circles prescriptions): -

Sr. Sources of revenue Revenue projected for

No. 2023-24 (Rs.)

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 1 10000
101-01-Timber and other produce removed from forest by the Govt.
agency.
2 28000
101-02- Other forest produce removed from forest by consumer &
purchasers other than HPSFC
3 30000
101-04-Other Forest Produce removed from Forests by Govt
Contractors.
4 25000
101-07-Receipt from Grazing and Grass.
5 1000
102-01- Receipt from registration fees
6 102-02- Receipt from societies 5000

7 800-01- Receipt from penalty damage bill other than HPSFC 70000

8 800-02-Receipt from sale of tree to Right Holder 35000

9 800-03-Comp U/s 68 of IFA,1927 4100000

10 800-04-Receipt from rent of Govt. building Treasury/Deptt. 130000

11 800-05-Receipt from Registration fee 60000

12 800-07-Receipt from Passing of Timber 2000

13 800-09-Receipt from export permit fee 2000

14 800-10- Receipt from seized timber 200000

15 1200000
800-12-Receipt from other deptt/organization for CA plantation
16 20000
800-16-Receipt from penalties/damage bills from Forest Corporation.
17 800-17-Receipt from distribution of seedlings 70000

18 800-18-Other misc. receipts treasury/Deptt. 200000

Total:- Rs. 6188000

*The approximate amount of timber royalty from Salvage trees is estimated at Rs.
1,30,00,000/-. This will be generated as revenue under revenue head ‘101-02- other forest

[455]
produce removed from forest by consumer & purchasers other than HPSFC’ and shall be
deposited in the account of HOD, HP Forest Department.

13.3: In this Working Plan there is harvesting prescription for Sal, Khair & Eucalyptus
working circles.

Table 13.3: Annual Revenue & Expenditure anticipated for FY 2023-24 for Working
Circles

Working circle Revenue (Rs.) Expenditure (Rs.) PROFIT (Rs.)

Sal working 1,07,75,26,100 15000000 1,06,25,26,100

Khair 40,00,000 6,00,000 34,00,000

Eucalyptus 35162750 15,00,000 3,36,62,750

Total 1,11,66,88,850 1,71,00,000 1,09,95,88,850

Expenditure details include – Material & Supply (Barbed wire fencing, Paint), Manpower
(Wages as per scheduled rates of Rs. 400 per day), Vehicle for works, SMC measures,
Research & Miscellaneous.

Revenue details: Basis prescribed yield and auction thereof by HP Forest Corporation (Sal:
Assuming Rs. 49,867/- market rate per cubic m for timber and 80% conversion excluding
fuelwood, Khair: Assuming Rs. 1,39,145/- market rate per cubic m for timber and 70%
conversion excluding fuelwood; Eucalyptus: Assuming Rs. 21612/- market rate per cubic
m for timber and 90% conversion excluding fuelwood).

13.4 Other Future Expenditure:

Average expenditure basis APO projected for 2023-24.

Table 13.4 Estimated expenditure

Item Qty Rate (in Estimated expenditure projected
Rs.) for 2023-24 (Rs.)
JFMC/Ecotourism
Raising Plantation/Regeneration 15 ha 42500/- 637500.00
Maintenance of plantation 45 ha 3,200/- 144000.00

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Lantana eradication 45 ha 25500/- 1147500.00
JFMC Training 2 no. 15000 30000.00
Promotion of ecotourism 1 5000000 5000000.00
Plantation and regeneration
Plantation and regeneration 26.5 99225/- 2629450.00
ha
Maintenance of plantation 550 3900/- 2145000.00
ha
Cost for maintenance of Nurseries 3 no. 14,00,000.0 4200000.00
0
Forest Protection Working Circle
Cost for implementing the protection plan

Roads and Bridges 3 17,00,000.0 5100000.00

0
Intensive protection measures including 4 50000 200000.00
patrolling, staff mobilizing etc.
Maintenance of Boundary Pillars (large) 227 6048 1372896.00

Soil & Water Conservation & other L/S L/S 2500000.00

Engineering measures
Wildlife & Biodiversity Conservation WC
Establishment of anti-wildlife depredation 1 494000.00
unit & patrolling vehicle
Elephant proof trenches 2685 167.55/- 450000.00
m3
Safe elephant corridors 4 nos. 4 10000000 4450000.00
Sterilization of Monkeys 500 700 350000.00
160 nos. wildlife awareness camps
Construction of Camps, Watch Tower 1 200000 200000.00
Construction & maintenance of Road 1 200000 200000.00
Eco tourism activities 1 5000000 5000000.00
Scientific Studies, Monitoring
Patrolling, monitoring etc. 4x2 50,000/- 300000.00
Training of staff including exposure visit 10,00,000.00
Total estimated expenditure: Rs.159,10,53,450.00

[457]
 Table 13.5 Salary Expenditure:

Rank Scale Average Pay D.A. C.A. No. Total annual Amount
(34%) (Rs.)
DFO 67700-208700 71800 24412 200 1 1156944
ACF 56100-165000 56100 19074 200 1 904488
Supdt-II 43000-136000 52900 17986 200 1 853032
FRO 38500-122700 66400 22576 210 5 5351160
Sr. Asstt 43000-136000 48800 16592 200 3 2361312
Jr.Asstt 28900-91600 31200 10608 200 6 3024576
DR 38100-120400 44800 15232 212 21 15181488
Fgd 21300-67700 33100 11190 213 70 37382520
Peon 18400-58500 26000 9100 208 12 5084352
FW 18400-58500 31400 10676 213 62 31463016
Chowkidar 18400-58500 31400 10676 213 15 7612020
Mali 18400-58500 26200 8908 213 12 5086224
Dak Runner 18000-56900 19100 6494 200 2 619056
Multi-cum-W 18000-56900 19100 6494 200 1 309528
Sweeper 18000-56900 19100 6494 200 2 619056
Driver 21300-67700 30500 10370 200 1 492840
Kanungo 43000-136000 48800 16592 200 1 787104
216 118288716
Or say Rs 1.19 Crore

Table 13.6: TA: - The expenditure is worked out on the basis of daily allowance and number
of days an officer/official is expected to tour to discharge his duties. This is tabulated as under:

Official Average Rate of Daily No. of No. of Posts Amount

Pay Allowance days in (sanction) Required/annum (Rs.)
year
DFO 71800 200 180 1 36000
ACF 56100 200 120 1 24000
Superintendent-II 52900 160 60 1 8000
Forest Range Officer 66400 160 100 5 80000
Sr. Asstt 48800 160 60 3 28800

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 Jr. Asstt 31200 140 60 6 50400
Deputy Ranger 44800 160 100 21 336000
Forest Guard 33100 140 30 70 294000
Peon 26000 130 80 12 124800
FW 31400 130 20 62 161200
Chowkidar 31400 130 20 15 39000
Mali 26200 130 10 12 15600
Dak Runner 19100 130 100 2 26000
Multi-Purpose 19100 130 80 1 10400
Worker
Sweeper 19100 130 10 2 2600
Driver 30500 130 300 1 39000
Kanungo 48800 160 200 1 32000
Total 216 1307800

ii. Table 13.7 Medical, Uniform and Liveries: - The expenditure on medical, uniform and
liveries can best be worked out on the basis of last three years experiences as tabulated
below: -
Item Total (Rs.) Average (Rs.)

2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Salary 81251139 80525546 99385363 261162048 8705403
Medical 166246 643435 514722 1324403 441468
Livery 90000 150000 100000 340000 113333
Uniform 0 0 199686 199686 66562

13.8: Cost of the Preparation of the Working Plan: The actual expenditure incurred
on the preparation of this Working Plan during 2020-21 to 2022-2023 is given in table 13.5.1
Table 13.8.1: Showing the cost of preparation of the working plan
Expenditure incurred during
Details financial year in Rs.
2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 Total
Other expenditure (Field data collection - 200000 310500 510500
from sample points, plantation survey,
boundary survey, socioeconomic survey,
encroachment survey for the forest areas of
2000 ha and travel cost of forest staff)

[459]
 ONGOING: Miscellaneous expenses for 400000 400000
printing, stationary, binding, pending liability
of vehicle used for final ground-truthing in
silviculture areas for Working Plan
Total - 200000 310500 400000 910500

13.9 Possible Funding Agencies: Normally the forestry activities are funded through various
schemes under District, State & Central sector. In the state, the district & state sector schemes
include:

Table 13.10 showing the funding sources

Sn Funding Agency Schemes involved Nature of works

o

1. Ministry of Forest & Campa (NPV, CA) Miscellaneous (Plantation, Soil Conservation work,
Environment, Schemes Wild life conservation, Raising of nursery, Lantana
Government of India Eradication, infrastructure work in Forest area,
development of degraded forest area, Biodiversity etc.)

2 Ministry of Forest & CSS Scheme a) Forest Fire Control and Management Scheme.
Environment,
Government of India b) Human conflict with elephant project.

3 Government of Samudayik Van Community based forestry works (Plantation, Soil

Himachal Pradesh Samvardhan Conservation work, lantana eradication etc.) in forest
Yojana area.

4 Government of Ek Buta Beti ke Distribution of 5 plants with Kit to each newly born
Himachal Pradesh name Scheme girl-child

5 Forest Department, Forestry Buildings, Roads, Silvicultural operations, marking,

Himachal Pradesh. developmental etc.
work

6. HP Tourism Nayi Rahein Nayi Sirmaur Van Vihar creation

Department Manzilein

7. HP Pollution Control National Clean Air Yamuna Van Vihar, Yamuna Riverfront (ongoing)
Board Programme

13.10 Prioritization of works: All the works prescribed in this plan are important for effective
forest management. Hence, funds should be made available to carry out all the prescriptions
prescribed for the sustainable management of the forest. However, scarcity of financial
allocation is often felt while working plan prescriptions are followed in the division.
Therefore, priority of works has been fixed to guide DFO while preparing annual budget &
sending his demand. It is also suggested that DFO should carry out top priority works with
the available budget:

[460]
 Table 13.12: Table showing the priority of works
Priority Nature of works to be carried out
I Forest Protection i.e. protection from forest fire, encroachment, illicit
felling, etc.
II Wildlife conflict management and under Project Elephant
III Plantation and regeneration
IV Silviculture operations
V Soil & Water Conservation works
VI Construction and Maintenance of buildings & other infrastructure
(Nursery etc.) in the Division
VII Strengthening the knowledge of field staff by imparting training &
exposure visits
VIII Community based schemes, Samudayik Van Samvardhan Yojana etc.
IX Development and green corridor of degraded forest area under Forest
Department

[461]
 CHAPTER 14
MISCELLANEOUS REGULATIONS

14.1 Petty felling

Felling of petty nature as detailed below may be carried out after the sanction of competent
authority: -

. Trees to be removed as salvage only the completely dead / dry and uprooted trees can be
classified as salvage trees All removals will be entered in controlled forms and will count towards
the yield.
a. Trees required to meet the bonafide timber requirements of the local people in accordance
with the provisions of Faisla -e-Janglat or trees granted in special cases as free grants by the
competent authority.
b. Trees coming on road, transmission and canal alignments or any other development work
or in ropeway spans including petty needs of contractors and persons employed/ residing in the
forests. This should be done keeping in view the restrictions/provisions of Forest Conservation
Act, 1980 & Forest Rights Act,2006.
c. Trees required for departmental use and for supply to Other departments including trees
to be given at Market rates. These fellings should be as minimum as possible and strictly
according to the Silvicultural principles and as per instructions on the subject at the time of such
fellings.
d. Green trees required for research and allied purposes like growth and yield data. All such
fellings will count towards' the yield.

14.2 Deviation: All operations including plantations and fellings not covered by the provisions
of the plan will constitute a deviation. Sanction for all deviations from the prescriptions of the
plan shall be obtained from the Pr.CCF or the competent authority well in advance.

Any large and unusual operation, variation from yield and target for plantation/regeneration and
other activities provided in control forms of the working plan constitutes a deviation. Deviation
beyond 25 percent of target is considered to constitute a major deviation. All deviations, which
permanently alter the basis of management laid down in a working plan, will require prior
sanction of the PCCF. All deviations, which do not permanently alter the basis of management

[462]
and with the necessity of which he agrees, may be approved and sanctioned by the APCCF,
Working Plan on behalf of the PCCF. Where there is difference of opinion between APCCF
Working Plan and the territorial Conservator of Forests, the former will refer them to the PCCF
for instructions. The PCCF, as the case may be, will counter sign the deviation statement. Minor
deviations can be sanctioned at the level of CCF or PCCF as the case may be, but the PCCF
before sanctioning the major deviations of following nature, will necessarily take prior approval
of the Ministry of Environment and Forests:
(i) Change in Silvicultural system
(ii) Clear felling of natural forest
(iii) Formation of new felling series; and
(iv) Large scale felling due to natural calamities

14.3 Grazing, Lopping and Grazing Paraos

Grazing lopping concessions as provided in the Faisla-e-Janglat are to be enjoyed by the

villagers to the extent 'that their exercise does not further deteriorate the forests. However, the
situation is entirely different in the field. There is practically no control over grazing, lopping.
Excessive damage is being caused to the forest by unrestricted grazing and lopping by local
people, gujars and nomadic grazers. Even Sal trees, which are not prescribed for lopping are
being badly lopped. This has to be checked at all cost. As per the guidelines issued in 1971, no
new paraos should be allowed to Gujjars and Gaddies and the number of grazing animals has
been fixed to the limit in 1971. However, this rule has not been followed in the past. New paraos
have been allowed in the name of temporary paraos. This is causing severe damage to the forests
and there is continuous degradation and loss of forest cover. Therefore, guidelines given in Forest
Protection (overlapping) Working circle to be ensured in context of grazing in the Division.

14.4 Road and Paths:

The existing P.W.D and forest road/paths reaches most of the forest areas. However, it has been
observed that the forest roads and paths have been badly neglected in the past. No attention has
been paid to repair them and their condition has worsened. Rajban-Khara-Mehrar road, Jalmusa-
Gullarwala road, need repair every year. Besides these all the bridle paths and inspection paths
should be maintained every year depending upon availability depending upon the availability of
funds. No new road is proposed to be constructed during this plan.

14.5 Buildings:

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A list of the existing buildings, both residential and office, and the rest houses is given in
Appendix VI. There are several beats, and blocks in Paonta Sahib Forest Division, where the
Guard hut or the B.O quarter does not exist. They have to be constructed in a phased manner.
Special attention has to be given for site selection. In the past, many guard huts have been
constructed in remote areas, far away from the habitation and even basic facilities like water
supply and electricity connections could not be provided there. This has caused problems to the
staff. In turn, such building remains unoccupied and abandoned and within few years become
dilapidated. This has to be avoided. Site selection should be done keeping in view above facts,
so that the building is well located. Many also urgently need repairs. Besides, the staff quarters
at Paonta Sahib andresidence for field staff, Check Post buildings should be constructed to house
the staff Posted at various check posts including CCTV provisioning and washroom facilities.

14.6 Settlement:

The Government of Himachal Pradesh notification Fts (F/3-13) 83 loose dated 1987 constituted
a State Level Committee to see and consider some issues relating to Forest Settlement Operation
and submit its report to them.

The salient features of committee’s recommendations as they apply to Paonta Sahib Division:

“3.4 – It is abundantly clear that variations in area figures need reconciliation in the department
records. At the same time, it is essential that area shown under forest by Revenue Department
and Forest Department should tally particularly in respect of reserved forests in demarcated
forests.”

“5.2 Reserve Forests:- These forests are required to be entered in revenue record wherever in
district where measurement are required to be carried out for these forests , necessary steps will
help to be taken hereafter , when settlement operations are taken up hereafter . “

“5.4 Undemarcated Protected Forests :- The remaining forests under undemarcated forests are
required to be surveyed , measured and demarcated after flowing the procedure prescribed in
the Himachal Pradesh Forests ( Settlement Rules ) , 1965 and the Himachal Pradesh Forests
(Settlement ) First Amendment Rules 1975 .”

“5.5- Other Categories of Forests :- The other categories of forest presently being reported are
as under:

I. Strips forest along road

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 II. Un-classed forests
III. areas under section 38 of the Indian Forests act
IV. Forests managed under Land Preservation Act
V. Forests notified under H.P. Private Forests Act.
VI. Cantonment forests.
VII. other forests.
VIII. Forests areas vested in Government under the Himachal Pradesh Village Common Lands
Vesting Utilization act, 1974 and Himachal Pradesh Ceiling and Land Holding act 1982.

14.9 Nautors and Encroachments:

Nautors were granted freely in late seventies and very early eighties. However, no nautor has
been sanctioned in the recent past. However, the encroachments have increased manifold. Weak
enforcement of law, delay in settling the Cases detected, no provision of Forest Kanungo to verify
land status have all compounded the problem. There has been growing tendency to encroach
forest land. This has to be checked efficiently and effectively.

14.8 Planting Plants of Religious, Medicinal, Food and Aesthetic: These aspects are intimately
connected with our lives but, adequate attention is not being paid them. Even the propagation
techniques of many of them are yet to be standardised. Nursery techniques for some of the
relevant species have been given in Appendix XIII

14.9 Shooting and Fishing: Shooting and hunting are not allowed in the area. Fishing permits
are issued as per the regulations. The ban on hunting should continue for another couple of years.
Strict vigil should be kept to avoid any illegal hunting and shooting.

14.10 Temperature and Rainfall Statistics: there is one rain gauge at Dhaula-kuan. Efforts
should be done to get complete/correct rainfall data to be maintained by Forest Department.
Effective maintenance of rain gauges is required.

14.11 Mother Trees: Plus, trees have been identified in the Division (with GPS coordinates) for
nursery raising purpose as depicted below. Proper record of such trees should be updated in future
as well.

[465]
Map No. 14.11

[466]
 CHAPTER 15
SCIENCE & RESEARCH

15.1 Regeneration Plots

Observations and analysis for regeneration in Experimental Silviculture areas

The regeneration survey results of the experimental Silvicultural Felling Program (conducted in
Paonta Sahib Range from 2018-19 to 2019-20) in the Sal forests in RF Kukron, RF Rajban and
RF Lai of Paonta Sahib Forest range have been conducted since 2019 annually.

The compartments were found to have regeneration, albeit the same was in very early stage. A
number of young saplings in two-leaved, four-leaved and six-leaved stage were seen. The data
of regeneration survey undertaken in October of every year suggests that the regeneration score
is a following a slow but steady trend. It is seen that the regeneration percentage is more in the
felled PB-1 area of Rajban than Kukron. In order to assist natural regeneration, fencing of the
forests after silviculture fellings have been done and bush cutting of Ardisia solanacea in Sal
forests is done on a yearly basis.

Forest (PB I areas) Regeneration Percentage

October October October October October
2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24
RF Kukron C14 17.6 % 23.8 % 19.56 % 18.85% Ongoing
(20 Ha)
RF Rajban* C10 20.9 % 28.5 % 24.7 % 29.3% 31.75%
(7.5 Ha)

Also, as a comparative study, regeneration survey was also carried out in adjacent compartment
of RF Rajban C10 (with regeneration 29.3% in Oct 2022-23). In RF Rajban C9 (PB-I area),
where silviculture operations were not carried out, regeneration survey was done using the same
methodology of Line plot. The regeneration status owing to denser canopy and no cultural
operations leading to heavy weed infestation for RF Rajban C9 was observed at only 13.71%.
One can derive that the regeneration of Sal in silviculture areas has more than doubled, in line
with expected results.

[467]
Due regard must be given to the phenomenon of dying back of Sal seedlings and the slow growth
that the Sal saplings are known to have as a result of the dying back. The dying back phenomenon
(as described by Troup in his seminal book ‘The Silviculture of Indian Trees’) involves dying of
the stem and new shoots coming up in the following season. The new shoots may come from
buds in the axils of the cotyledons or the axillary buds on the stem. Dying back with subsequent
recovery takes place when the taproot has developed with sufficient vigour to withstand the
adverse influences that may cause the death of the aerial portion of the root. The time-period
between seedling to sapling stage (where the plants begin to produce rough bark) in natural
conditions is long and variable and has been described to take atleast ten years or more in many
cases in North-western India. With this time-frame in context, any deduction on the establishment
of seedlings at present shall be far-fetched. The Working Plan of the division also recommends
carrying out regeneration survey for atleast 12 years post felling. On these lines, it can only be
recommended that the regeneration surveys are repeated till the twelth year after felling and the
results be analysed continuously.

Reasons for deficient natural regeneration in Sal forest under Experimental Silviculture
Felling

The seeding felling has been undertaken in years 2018 and 2019, the same has not been followed
up by further opening of canopy, something which is being observed to be genuinely required
presently in the experimental silviculture plots. The primary reasons include dense canopy owing
to no secondary felling operations, delay in bush cutting of Ardisia and weeding operations, the
die-back phenomenon and slow growing rate in Sal as discussed, and the last good seed year for
Sal was in 2019-20, typically 3-5 years for Sal.

Regeneration Survey Methodology followed during Experimental Silviculture program

as approved by Hon’ble Supreme Court in IA No. 3840 of 2014 in Writ Petition (Civil)
no. 202 of 1995:
Natural regeneration (seed origin) method:

● Line plot system of cruising was followed

● The regeneration survey was carried out on the cruise lines
● The cruise lines followed should be recorded in the GPS

Natural Regeneration (seed origin) Methodology

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 The cruise lines should be at least be 20 m apart, equally spaced and cover the entire
compartment area
● On each of these cruise lines, 10 square plots of 2 m × 2 m size was laid out
● 5 plots on the left-hand side and the other 5 plots on the right hand -side
● A gap of at least 5 m will be maintained between the two sample -plots
● The sample plot must be perpendicular to the cruise lines
● No sample plot should lie on Nalas, fire-lines, forest roads etc.

Sampling Intensity and Number of Regeneration Plots

Compartment Area No. of regeneration plots per Hectare

(Ha.) (Ha.)

0-10 5

11-50 3

>50 2

EVALUATION OF DATA

Score Category of Regeneration Remarks

5 Woody shoots of establishment At least one such plant is present in

height (2.5m and above) having regeneration plot
d.b.h. of 10cm or less

1.5 Seedlings up to 2.5m In the absence of above category, one or

more plants of height less than 2.5m and
are more than one year old

0.1 Current years seedlings or Fresh seedlings that have

recruitment. Two-leaved erupted after last monsoon.

0 Blank All categories of regeneration are absent

Regeneration status of the compartment- The Regeneration score of all the plots will be
summed up and the regeneration status will be determined as per the following formula:

[469]
15.2 Biodiversity Plot (Other)

It is proposed to preserve app. 1 ha area comprising of endemic species at eco-tones in the

Division where edge effect and richness in biodiversity can be studied from a conservation point
of view. In this regards, the beats’ areas criss-crossing Bata, Giri & Yamuna riverine tracts
transitioning into the forest areas should be considered including Majra, Johron, Sainwala,
Behrewala, Bata Mandi etc. Artificial protection around this forest patch to be initiated. The
boundary geo-coordinates should be recorded. Periodical measurement should be taken and
recorded. Account of any silvicultural operation, maintenance measures and natural disasters
should also be recorded.

15.3 Preservation Plot

A preservation plot of 0.5 ha (30.455411˚N 77.609651˚E) is also proposed in RF Mantaruwala,

C-5 of Gondpur beat, Paonta Range with respect to carrying out regeneration studies in Sal as
well as for experimental studies on native medicinal herbs and shrubs.

[470]
 CHAPTER 16
WEED MANAGEMENT

16.1 Weeding operations

Weeding may be defined as “a tending operation done in the seedling stage in nursery or in a
forest crop that involves the removal or cutting back of all weeds.” Any unwanted plant that
interferes or tends to interfere with the growth of the individuals of favoured species is called a
weed.

Importance of weeding operations

1. To reduce root competition and transpirational water loss-

Inadequacy of soil moisture during the critical growth period is one of the limiting factor
in the failure of Sal regeneration. Further, root competition and transpiration water loss
appear to be the dominant factor to account for the poor growth or failure of sal natural
regeneration in areas full of weed growth, thereby emphasizing the need for timely and
complete elimination of certain types of weed to avoid competition for soil moisture and
nutrients
2. To improve light conditions- Weeds adversely affected the growth of desired seedling by
reducing light reaching the seedlings as necessary for chlorophyll formation and
photosynthesis.
3. Weeding in Naturally regenerated areas-
Weeding must be done before weeds have started suppressing the seedlings and the
seedlings have stopped growing. When the growth period is over the seedlings require
protection against frost and browsing afforded by weeds and so weeding should not be
done.
In case of Sal, Rains weedings have as a rule been found most effective but since Sal has
two periods of growth i.e., March- April and June July and the moisture reserves of the
soil have also to be taken into consideration, another weeding just before the onset of
summer or in very late winter is expected to be beneficial. This will cut out the large
transpiration losses from the weeds at a critical period in the soil moisture cycle at a time
when Sal itself needs it for its first flush of growth.

[471]
 Cold weather weeding makes relatively little difference, since at this season the seedlings
are not growing and they do not benefit from the extra light and reduced competition for
moisture.
In Moist Sal regeneration, repeated shrub cutting of Ardisia solanaceae. Mallotus
phillipensis, Clerodendrum viscosum, Flemengia chappar, Murraya koengii etc is
necessary as they have been found to suppress the establishment of Shorea robusta.
In Sal forests climber species like Bauhinia vahlii (Maljhan), Milletia auriculata (Gauj),
Combertum decandrum (Roel) are common and they have to be kept under control always
by cutting and uprooting in regeneration areas during marking and cultural operations. In
case of heavy climbers, the most useful method is to cut them at two places one near the
base and the other about a meter above it. This is not effective in case of thin climbers;
they should generally be uprooted after tracing the tubers during the rainy season when
the ground is soft.
4. Weeding in artificially regenerated areas-
Within a week of the completion of the sown seed, weedings have to be started because,
even though the weeds are all destroyed at the time of soil preparation, they appear again
while the germination of the seeds is in progress, and sometimes, even before it. If
weedings are not carried out immediately the weeds kill the seedlings by suppression. In
the first year, the weedings have to be done in the plantations 2 to 3 times.
In the first weeding, which is started with in a week of the completion of the germination,
the weeds are pulled out because they have not firmly established themselves of the soil.
But while pulling out the weeds seedlings of the desired species should be held between
two fingers of the left hand so that they may not get uprooted with weeds. This weeding
should be got done under proper supervision of staff, well acquainted with the initial
stages of the seedlings of desired species so that mazdoor may not make any mistakes.
By the time first weeding is over, weeds appear again in that portion of the plantation
from where first weeding is started. Therefore, second weeding has to be started within a
month of completion of germination.tn this weeding, the weeds have to be cut as they
develop long and stout roots by then.
If tall grasses and weeds are present in the area, they should also be cut to a distance of
half meter on either side of the line or strip or in a diameter of 1 meter round the planted
pit. The cut grass and weeds should be spread in situ to act as mulch.
The weeding should be completed by the end of September, after which no weeding is
necessary.

[472]
 More weedings are required in wet areas than dry sites and in areas where growing season
is short. Slower growth attributed to either site or species require more weedings spread
over a number of years continuously.
5. Management of major weed species- Invasion of weed into the forest has become the
major concern throughout the country. There are several weed species in the forest but
Lantanacamara, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoides and Eupatorium
adenophorum have spread markedly in a short period of time and affecting the floral and
faunal diversity of forest. In addition to there has been a widespread of Ardisia solanaceae
in the Moist Sal forests which adversely affects the establishment of Sal.

There are several factors which favour their invasion. Control measures such as mechanical,
chemical and biological measures are prescribed to control the further spread to save the rich
floral diversity of the forest.

16.2 Lantana camara (Phul lakdi, Fulnu buti, Lantana)- This Tropical American species
belongs to family Verbenaceae. It has occupied most of the forests and non-forests areas
in the sub-tropical belt and badly affecting the native floral diversity and availability of
grasses. It is a perennial shrub with fragrant evergreen foliage, dark green in colour. The
flowers are pink, yellow and orange
16.2.1 Interaction with animals –
The success of lantana may be attributed to presence of a range of pollinators, accounting
for high percentage of fruit set. Pollinators are Lepidopteran species and thrips. The
process of invasion is further augmented by nutrient additions, with animal droppings,
canopy removal, soil disturbances creating good seed bed. Lantana itself benefits from
the destructive foraging activities of vertebrates, such as pigs, cattle, goats, horses, sheep,
and deer, through enhanced vegetative propagation.
16.2.2 Geographical range-
The plant is tolerant to Drought, heat and wind. It can grow in sandy to clayey loam soil
and prefers unshaded habitats but can tolerate some shade. It is intolerant to frequent and
prolonged freezing. It can sustain in wide annual rainfall range i.e., between 1000-4000
mm. thus it has ability to consistently maintain its population over a range of
environments. It can grow in slopes and exposed sites. It has wide range of phenotypic
plasticity which makes it adaptable to broad range of environment.
16.2.3 Vegetative reproduction-

[473]
 Once established, the rapid vegetative growth of Lantana facilitates the formation of large,
impenetrable clumps and high seed production.

The more common means of vegetative spread is through layering, where horizontal stems
produce roots when they come in contact with soil in addition, suckering also can occur.
Prostrate stems can root at the nodes if covered by moist soil, fallen leaves or other debris.
Dumped Lantana stems can develop roots and grow into plants and eventually flower.

16.2.4 Fire tolerance-

Although Lantana burns readily during hot dry conditions, even when green, moderate and
low intensity fires can promote the persistence and spread of Lantana thickets, rather than
reducing them. After a low intensity fire, the removal of competing neighborhood plant
species and increases in soil nutrients following burning can increase its germination.

16.2.5 Competitive ability-

Under conditions of high light, soil moisture and soil nutrients, the mortality rate of mature
Lantana plants in its naturalized range is very low. Lantana infestations are very persistent
and, in forest communities, have the potential to block succession and displace native
species, resulting in a reduction in biodiversity.

At some sites, Lantana infestations have been so persistent that they impede the
regeneration in forest. Lantana is a very effective competitor with native colonizers and is
capable of interrupting the regeneration processes of other indigenous species by
decreasing germination, reducing early growth rates, and increasing mortality. This results
in marked changes in the structural and floristic composition of natural communities.
Therefore, as the density of Lantana in forests increases, species richness decreases.
Lantana does not invade intact forests, but is found on its margins

16.2.6 Allelopathy-

The allelopathic effect of Lantana results in severe reductions in seedling recruitment of

nearly all species under its cover. No growth or only stunted growth has been observed for
other species growing close to Lantana due to allelopathic effects. Allelochemicals
promote or inhibit the crop growth based on their concentration, and the concentration

[474]
 increases from root, stem to leaf, making the leaf toxic to grazing animals. Lantadene A
and lantadene B as more potent allelochemicals.

The presence of 100% infested areas in Paonta Sahib Division is given in the following
table.
Sr. Name of Block Beat Compartment Area Percentage
No. Range (ha) (%)
1 Bhagani Bhagani Mehruwala RF Mehruwala C- 10 100%
1
2 Bhagani Bhagani Amboya RF Amboya C-2 5 100%
3 Bhagani Rajpur Puruwala RF Kandela C-2 40 100%
4 Bhagani Majri Killour RF Badana C-1 20 100%
5 Bhagani Majri Gojjar RF Khojjar C-2 10 100%
6 Bhagani Rajpur Danda RF Danda C-14 25 100%
7 Bhagani Bhagani Dhandla RF Dhandla C-2 25 100%
Total area Bhagani Range 135
8 Paonta Sahib Khara Lai RF Mankundion 5 100%
C-4
Total area Paonta Sahib Range 5
9 Majra Majra Majra RF Badighati C-2 10 100%
10 Majra Majra Majra RF Sikhimelion C- 10 100%
4
11 Majra Majra Johron RF Banswali C-1 10 100%
12 Majra Majra Johron RF Banswali C-3 10 100%
Total area Majra Range 40
Gr. Total 180

16.3 Physical Control Measures

The best time for removal of Lantana is just before rainy season, i.e. when the plants are
not in flowering and fruiting. However, prescribed period for lantana removal in
Himachal Pradesh is from 1 Nov to 31 Jan.
st st

For restoration of lantana eradicated areas broadcast sowing of grass seed is done in
January and February.

[475]
16.3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS for lantana removal
1. Lantana removal has both ecological and socio-economic benefits. The need is to continue
efforts at removal combined with regular training and increased monitoring.

2. Regular training of field staff in techniques of removal of Lantana viz. CRS Method, Calendar
of activities and maintenance of documents.

3. Site selection should follow watershed approaches like ridge-to-valley, removing lantana from
upper areas first. Larger patches of area need to be preferred. Highly infested areas need to be
considered first.

4. Disposal of removed lantana needs to be strategized in an SOP for undulating and steep areas.
Incentives to locals and firms need to be promoted.

5. Lantana infested areas could be mapped using satellite imagery and ground truthing by field
staff. This will help in prioritising areas.

6. As Lantana removal would be an extensive activity, the need to have a portal like FONIS, to
plan and monitor the lantana eradication work. It should have systems to upload kml boundaries,
update registers and photographs from the site. The portal may also have a system that integrates
manuals and site-specific recommendations using Artificial Intelligence.

7. During maintenance operations, weeds like Ageratum, Eupatorium need to be removed. The
norms for removal of these should also be formulated.

8. For soil moisture conservation, trenches and other measures are recommended to prevent soil
erosion and promote retention after removal of Lantana.

9. Rehabilitation - fast growing species to be marked specific to the site. The same needs to be
raised in the nurseries. Planning at least 3 years into the future.

a. There is a need for a proper plan to link the sites systemically to be automatically taken up
for plantation in next year.

b. Protection measures from fire, grazing, others need to be linked

[476]
 c. There is a need to create a long-term plan for targetted areas where fast growing species
are a part of nursery protocol. Further the species suggestions need to be provided based on
forest types and local ecological conditions and needs of local people.

10. Non-Forest land surrounding Lantana removal sites need to be considered as part of
treatment. Convergence with other schemes like MGNREGA and incentives to landowners as
well as firms focussing on value addition of lantana needs to be promoted.

16.4 Parthenium hysterophorus (Carrot Weed, Congress Grass, Gajar ghas, Chatak Chandni) A
member of family Asteraceae and a native of Tropical America, this herb is an aggressive
colonizer of degraded areas with poor ground cover and exposed soil such as agricultural fallows,
wastelands, roadsides, soil dumps, overgrazed pastures and degraded forests. The species, in
addition to its adverse ecological impacts, has become a serious health hazard, causing allergic
reactions in human beings. The weed was first revealed in India in 1955.

16.4.1 Habitat

This weed is spotted on bare lands, industrial areas, developing residential colonies,
railway tracks, roads, drainage and around the ditch etc. High temperature is favorable
for the development of this noxious weed production. Low temperature represses the
development of the plant and the seed productivity. It invaded sites mostly have sandy
loam soil with pH ranging from 5.4 to 7.4 and water holding capacity 16.8 to 63%.

16.4.2 Life cycle

It can flower at any time of the year, but commonly occur during raining season. After
24-48 days of germination flowering takes place. The best alternating temperature regime
for its weed seed germination is 21/16 C (day/night). Further its seeds can live for
◦

between 4-6 years in the soil as seed bank.

16.4.3 Causes of rapid spread

Seeds of Parthenium can survive under harsh conditions and remain viable for a long
time period. These qualities of this weed help in its f ast spreading. Seeds of Parthenium
can germinate any time of the year, when suitable moisture is available.

[477]
 16.4.4 Fast growth rate: It is vigorously growing annual herbaceous weed. Generally,
Parthenium flowered when it is only 4-8-week-old and can flower for several months.
Under unfavorable conditions like salt and drought stress, the weed can complete its life
cycle within 4-5 weeks.

16.4.5 Allellopathic potential: This noxious weed suppresses the development of nearby
plants by allelopathy. Leachate and extract of leaves and inflorescence prevent the germination
and growth of associated economically important crops.

16.4.6 Unpalatable to animals: Parthenium hysterophorus is unpalatable to the animals.

Generally, animals do not eat Parthenium hysterophorus because of its bitter taste and intense
odour. Earlier investigations in India had revealed its serious health hazards to the livestock in
Parthenium hysterophorus invaded areas.

16.4.7 Control measures

a) Mechanical measures

i. Controlling overgrazing: Overgrazing decreases the vigor and diversity of grassland that enable
the spread of Parthenium hysterophorus weed luxriously. Grazing during winter is generally
safe since the period has low risk of Parthenium spread. However, Parthenium may grow and
germinate in this time also.

ii. Burning: Mass vegetation of the weed can be destroyed by this practice. But it cannot be
considered as safe control strategy for the weed since there is great risk to soil, air and existing
plant and animal diversity.

iii. Manual control: Manually, Parthenium weed can be controlled by simple hand plucking. But
this is not recommended since it might cause serious health hazard. Further, the seeds may drop
off and increase the area of infestation.

16.4 Eupatorium adenophorum (Crofton Weed)

Eupatorium adenophorum is a member of family Asteraceae, this shrub is a native of

Mexico. It forms dense thickets in fallow and wastelands, degraded forests and forest fringes
out-spacing the indigenous species. The plant also causes allergic reactions and is a potential
health hazard.

[478]
 It is found upto 2200 meters above mean sea level, in ravine slopes and grassy localities. The
plant inhabits moist conditions, extremely aggressive competitor, especially in shaded
conditions although seeds do not germinate in dense shade. The plant increases its
competitive advantage through allelopathic action and by altering the soil microbial activity.
Flowering occurs in spring and summer around 10,000 to 100,000 seeds are produced per
year when mature, mid to late spring with high Germination rates. It is reported to produce
seed by means of apomixes. It is therefore likely that there is limited genetic variation within
populations, especially in its introduced range, which in turn may make it easier to control.
16.4.1 Causes for rapid spread
It is perennial, fast growing and due to wide adaptability, it is able to colonize vast tracts
in Himachal Pradesh. It is light demander and it its seed remain dormant in the absence
of direct sunlight, continuous slashing of stem give rise to affirly thick root stock

16.4.2 Control measures

16.4.3 Mechanical measures

Manual uprooting, Mowing, cutting with machete or burning of live plants. Furthermore, at
the maturity stage, uprooting of plants results in dispersal of seeds to other areas.
16.5 Ageratum conyzoides (Goat Weed, Neel- phulnu)

Ageratum conyzoides is a noxious herb, a member of family Asteraceae present in many

tropical and subtropical environments. It thrives best in rich, moist, mineral soils with high
humidity and tolerates shading. It may grow from sea level to at least 2400 meters in altitude.
In Himachal Pradesh, India, the weed is established up to 1800 meters.

16.5.1 Lifecycle Stages

It can complete its life cycle (germination to flowering) in less than two months. The plant
flowers almost throughout the year, precisely from June to March. The seeds germinate in
response to light (photoblastic) and are often no longer viable within 12 months. A.
conyzoides has the potential to produce many seeds (94,772 seeds per plant) and to shed
seeds over extended times (5 to 8 months), as well as its extraordinary physiological
plasticity, has enhanced its persistence in arable fields.

16.5.2 Features imparting invasiveness

[479]
 Fast growth and rapid spread Wide ecological amplitude; High reproductive potential

Long flowering and fruiting periods; Absence of natural predators/enemies/ competitors;

resistance to predators; Unpalatable due to high phytotoxin content; and resource
competition along with novel weapons such as allelopathy.
16.5.3 Management

Physical methods

These include manual uprooting, mowing, cutting with machete or burning of live plants.
In general, these are of some use when the plant is at the vegetative stage. However,
certain limitations are associated with these methods, for example the high cost of labour,
ill-effects on workers' health, vegetative regeneration from stolons, etc. Furthermore, at
the maturity stage, uprooting of plants results in dispersal of seeds to other areas.

In conclusion lantana camera, Parthinium hetrophorus, Eupatorium adenophorum and

Ageratum conyzoides are highly invasive exotic weed in sub tropical and temperate forest
of North Western Himalaya. Lantana is recorded most dominating shrub in the forest
ecosystem. The main reasons of their invasion are fast growth and rapid spread, wide
geographical range, high reproductive potential and allelopathic effect. Due to their
allelopathic effect and gregarious habitat they affect the native biodiversity and also the
regeneration process. Preventing the spread of these weed species is most cost-effective
management tool. However, various control measures (mechanical) are being under
taken throughout the world to reduce the further spread of these weeds. This would
require the restriction of further importation to our country, sale and use of these weeds
and strategically controlling infestations wherever it currently occurs.

16.6.Ardisia solanacea

Ardisia solanacea, commonly known as Gurbheli in local dialect and belongs to Primulaceae
family. It is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree native to Indian subcontinent. It grows in
moist ravines and in the understorey of Moist Shivalik Sal, Moist dun Sal and to some extent in
Dry Shivalik Sal forests, and in Himalayas up to 1200 m.
Description

[480]
It is a 1.5 to 4 m tall, evergreen shrub or small tree with smooth bark of brown colour. Flowers
appears from March to August and Fruit bears June to September. As an evergreen, sheds old
leaves and produce new leaves simultaneously, throughout the year.

Silviculture

A strong shade demander when young, and can survive extreme low light levels. Grows well in
alkaline soils and limestone substrates. Prefers moist forests with seedlings tolerating short period
submergences. Prefers shelter from cold drying winds and winter frosts. Sensitive to wild fires
and droughts.
Ardisia solanacea is a common understory shrub in the Sal (Shorea robusta) forests, a significant
forest ecosystem in South Asia. This species establishes dense thickets, aggressively
outcompeting native vegetation in this specific ecosystem, and could potentially be considered
invasive and disruptive to the native biodiversity.
Also, this species suffers lower foliar herbivory rates vis-à-vis other species which further leads
to its better growth in forests. Several herbivory experiments indicate even moderate levels of
leaf area loss over an area might have significant impacts on growth and potential reproductive
output, which may be the reason for its invasiveness. Population dynamics of this species varies
spatially and temporarily over all of its native range. Further, Various birds and rodents are
fond of Ardisia solanacea fruits which leads to better and far-flung seed dispersal every
year. It has evolved specific adaptations that allow it to thrive in the unique conditions of Sal
forests, such as soil type, moisture levels, and light availability. Hence, it might fulfil a unique
niche within the Sal forest ecosystem, making it less prone to competition from other species
Also, it is relatively free from significant predation or disease pressure, allowing them to grow
and reproduce without significant constraints.

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Effect on regeneration:

It is extensively present as undergrowth in moist Sal forests. It occupies the second layer
which is above grasses and herbs. The wide spread occurance of Ardesia in Sal forests
hampers the regeneration of Sal as it provides competition for light to the emerging Sal
seedlings. Sal is a light demander but its young seedlings require lateral shade for
protection against frost. Its growth inhibits overhead light to the sal seedlings, thus
negatively affecting the natural regeneration of Sal.

Coppicing of Ardisia after bush cutting

Treatment methods:

Physical method

Uprooting of the plants during initial stages is effective to some extent. However, cutting of the
plants from the base induces multiple shoots for the next year, thus aggravating the extent of its
spread. Man-days calculation exercise carried out for removal of Ardisia in Paonta Sahib
Division in experimental silviculture areas with the following results:

Sr. Location Area No. of man-days

No needed

1 Rajban Beat C-10, RF-Rajban, Paonta Sahib 1 ha 20

Range

2 Kukron Beat C-14,RF Kukron, Paonta Sahib 1 ha 18

Range

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 3 Toka Beat C-28, RF Lai, Paonta Sahib Range 1 ha 18

Average 18.66 days

It was observed that previous norms did not consider the disposal of cut bushes in nearby nalas
or depressions. The same has to be done so as to provide space to the plant regeneration coming
up as well as to remove the fire risk material. It was observed that a mean number of FOUR (4)
man-days were required to dispose the cut bushes. Hence, the total number of 4 man-days needed
for cutting & disposal of bushs (Ardisia solanaceae) was found to be 18.66+4=22.66 Man-
days.It was also observed that the roots of the bush Ardisia solanaceae were highly fleshy with
a high coppicing ability. (Pictures attached). The roots were found to be much sturdy in
comparison to Lantana camara.

Ardisia solanaceae Roots Lantana camara roots

[483]
 CHAPTER-17
CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is the global phenomenon of climate transformation characterized by the change
in the usual climate of the planet (regarding temperature, precipitation & wind) that are especially
caused by human activities.

Climate Change has undoubtedly emerged as an issue of global concern. Climate Change has a
potential to completely and adversely affect the balance of entire biodiversity. The terms ‘global
warming’ and ‘climate change’ are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference. 'Global
warming' is the gradual increase of the earth's average surface temperature due to greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, whereas the 'climate change' is a broader term. It refers to long-term
changes in climate, including changes in average temperature and rainfall due to global warming.
Climate change phenomenon which is much more complex is the result of activities that alters
the composition of atmosphere, due to undesirable and unwanted over exploitation of our natural
resources.

Paris Agreement: Paris agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change, it
was adopted by 196 parties at COP-21 in Paris on 12.12.2015 entered into force on 4.11.2016.
Its goal is to limit global warming well below 2 C, preferably to 1.5 C compared to pre-industrial
0 0

level. Climate change action needs to be massively increased to achieve the goal of Paris
agreement years, giving into new concepts of carbon-based solutions and new market. Countries,
region and cities are establishing carbon neutrality targets. Zero carbon solution is becoming
competitive across economic sector representing 25% of emission. The strategy involves energy
and climate policy including the 20/20/20 target namely reduction of CO emission by 20%,
2

increasing renewable energy market share to 20% and increase in 20% in energy efficiency. Paris
deal is world’s first comprehensive climate agreement.

Paris Agreement: What are India’s climate commitments?

In 2015 ahead of UN significant climate conference in Paris, India announced three major
voluntary commitments called the National Determined Contributions.

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 ● Improving the emission intensity of its GDP by 30-35% by2030 over 2005 level.
● Increase share of non-fossil fuels-based electricity to 40 % by 2030.
● Enhancing forest cover, thereby absorbing 2.5 to 3 billion ton of CO 2.

India’s progress in fulfilling its climate commitment:

● India has reduced emission intensity by 21% over 2005 level.

● Massive plantation activities across states YoY to increase forest cover and
highlighting ToF (Trees Outside Forests).
● Solar capacity has grown from 2.63 GW in 2014 to 36GW in 2020.
● Renewable energy capacity is the 4 largest in the world and will reach 175 GW
th

before 2022.
● India has set new target of 450 GW by 2030.
● Onward stage India has pioneered two major initiatives:
ISA (International Solar Alliance)
Coalition for disaster resilient infrastructures
General overview of climate of Paonta Sahib

The Kiardun valley region is exceedingly hot during summer months and has a considerable
rainfall in this valley. The rainy season usually begins in the middle of June and lasts till the
middle of September. A shower or two are received in April and May. The April and May rains
may also bring hailstorms

During monsoon, rains are more active in the month of July and August. About 80 per cent of
the rainfall is received by the district during July and August months. The cold season starts from
December to about middle of March. The hot season which follows lasts till the middle of June.
Up to middle of September is monsoon season and October and November constitutes the post
monsoon season. In cold, summer and post monsoon seasons, the air is dry particularly in the
afternoon while during the monsoon season, the air is humid. Skies are generally clear or lightly
clouded except during monsoon season when they are heavily clouded to overcast. In monsoon
season, winds are from the directions between south-west to north-west, the westerly being more
frequent. In post monsoon season they are predominately from the north-east or east. Easterlies
and south easterlies are common in the cold season. By the end of March, westerlies and north
westerlies appear and these predominate in summer.

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Evidence of Climate change: - Following are the evidence which proves that climate change is
the reality and needs to be considered for future policy and action.

a) Increase in average annual temperatures and likelihood of extreme events like hailstorms
b) Changes in hydrology and water supply; reduced snowpack and water availability in some
basins; changes in water quality and timing of water availability
c) Loss of water bodies, wetland ecosystems and services.
d) Increase in water bodies temperatures, with potential for changes in water regime/
chemistry and increased pollution loads.
e) Increased incidence of drought
f) Increased soil erosion and risk of inundation from increasing levels due to rain intensity
and increasing storm intensity.
g) Changes in the abundance and geographical distributions of plant species and habitats for
aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.
h) Increase in diseases, invasive species, and insect, animal and plant pests
i) Increase in forests fire frequency and intensity
j) Increased frequency of extreme precipitation events and incidence leading to flash floods
k) Increased incidence of landslides
l) Impact on soil fertility

Climate Change: Impact on Forests

Forests in Himachal Pradesh are an important ecological and natural resource and have been
aptly termed as "Green Pearl" in the Himalaya. About 26% of the State's geographical area is the

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repository of 3,295 species out of which 95% are endemic to the state and 5% (150) species are
exotic, most of the people in rural areas in the State depend directly or indirectly on forests for
their livelihood and use significant quantity of forest goods and services like non-wood forest
products, ecotourism, fodder, timber etc.
The immediate repercussions of climate change on the forests are visible in the form invasion of
weeds in forests adversely affecting the regeneration of preferred species, further contributing to
changes in the composition of forests. Changes in temperature are leading to modification of
phenological patterns of vegetation.

1. Climate Change Induced Natural Hazards

Climate Change: District Sirmour
*The data base for the period of 34 years (1979-2013) has been analysed for three developmental
block i.e Sangrah, Pachhad, Paonta Sahib on daily basis and accordingly a monthly average is
calculated. Further, a rate of change of temperature between 0.091 to 0.200degree centigrade per
year was observed in southern region during kharif and rabi season.
*Since 1979 winters are getting warmer, summer are getting either extremely hot or slight
variation in expected weather condition and extreme hot days are getting hotter threatening
moisture levels.
*Temperature are likely to be raised by 1.5 to 4 degree Celsius across the Indian Himalayan
region by 2050. Similarly, in the Northern parts of Yamuna Basin the rise in temperature is
projected by ‘3 degrees centigrade by 2050. [Ref. Report Summary, ‘Implication of climate
change on Water, Agriculture, Horticulture sectors in the Yamuna river basin’ by Department
of Environment, Science and Technology Govt. of Himachal Pradesh].

Mean annual and total annual rainfall were recorded and analysed for the similar period of time.
Mean annual rainfall followed a declining trend and decreased by 67.02 mm in1991-2000, while
by 233.55 mm in 2001-10 over the baseline. The total annual rainfall for 1991-2000 as well as
2001-10 increased by 3139.45 mm and 1474.18 mm respectively, over baseline period but total
annual rainfall during P2 followed declining trend over P1.

Time Period Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) Total Annual Rainfall (mm)
1984-1990 (BL) 1269.89 8889.20
1990-2000 (P1) 1202.87 12028.65
2000-2010 (P2) 10363.38 10363.38

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 Increase/decrease over baseline
P1 67.02 3139.45
P2 233.55 1474.1
*BL – Base Line Period

[Ref. Research article, understanding the effect of climate change on temperature and
precipitation in Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh by Reena Joshi and K.S. Verma].

Climate Change Hazard Scenarios: District Sirmour

Sirmour is the most south-eastern district of Himachal Pradesh. The region is fed by numerous
perennial rivers which originate in the glaciers and supply water to the plains throughout the year.
Having a mountainous topography, this area is also prone to the incidents of cloud burst and flash
flood. As has been seen in other parts of the State, landslides can wipe out entire villages as well
as lead to blocking and cutting off of settlements for days from the rest of the state. Due to loose
and unconsolidated material any kind of shaking can also trigger landslides or rock falls which
also pose a threat to the district.
The main hazards of Sirmour contributed by Climate change are as under -:
1. CLOUD BURST & FLASH FLOODS
a. Most of the part of district Sirmour is hilly and it is prone to cloud burst and may
lead to flash floods in local water channel during rainy season. The flash floods
are events that are sudden, severe and short lived. It is a sudden and often
destructive surge of water down a narrow channel or sloping ground, usually
caused by heavy rainfall. Flash-floods are mostly the result of cloudbursts or
blockage of river channel due to landslides. Paonta valley being a prominent inter
mountain valley in the district is most affected by flash floods caused by torrential
rains.

[488]
 The major incidences of floods in Paonta Sahib were reported on July 2012, 16 June
2013 and July 2023 of Monsoon season.

2. LANDSLIDES
Due to the mountainous terrain, several parts of the districts are prone to landslides. As per
the landslide zoning map of North India (Vulnerability Atlas, BMTPC 2007), almost the entire
district has a moderate to severe risk of landslides. Only a minor portion at the southern edge of
the district is in the ‘Unlikely’ risk zone. There is also the possibility of landslides triggered by
severe earthquakes with the possible loss of life and also blockage of important roads. The district
as per the Landslide atlas of India had witnessed a major landslide in the year 1955 October at
Sirmouri Tal in Paonta Sahib. Landslides are generally caused by high intensity rains during
monsoons and anthropogenic activities in Forest area makes the situation worse. Till date total
2742 Square Kilometre area has been affected by Landslide. The landslide prone areas in Paonta
Sahib exist in Dhartidhar range & Trans Giri area. The major landslide was reported on 4th
October 1955 in Sirmouri Taal, and in Kachidhang area during recent times. Further, during
August 2023 a massive landslide occurred in this area taking lives of 5 people and causing huge
loss to forests.

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 3. Drought
The district was affected by drought in the year 2002 and year 2009 when the government
declared drought due to lack of rainfall which further affected the agriculture in the district. This
is attributed by change in temperature and rainfall due to climate change, which can be easily
identified by the rainfall data from the revenue department.
4. Forest fire
Forest fires are common in the summer season as the heat and the wind condition help spreading
the fire rapidly. The increase in temperature due to climate change further makes the condition
favourable for Forest fire. The detail of fire incidences in Paonta Sahib is mentioned in Chapter
10 of Part-II. The uneven trend in fire-incidences points to the unpredictable climate and rainfall
patterns owing to climate change

phenomenon.
a.
5. High Winds
The South western parts of the district of Sirmour are also prone to the effects of very
high winds as per the Vulnerability Atlas of India 2007. The remaining portions are in

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 the High damage risk zone. During summers, there are instances of thunderstorms
accompanied by heavy winds, hail and lightning that can cause immense damage to the
surrounding areas.

Sectoral Strategies:
1 . Sectoral Vision and Commitment
The overall sectoral vision and commitment will be to improve forest and biodiversity
management practices through multiple strategies and initiatives in the state to minimize the
impacts of climate change and for the overall well-being of the state and its people.
2 Strategies
For improving the scientific knowledge and evidence base on climate change and its impacts, the
following will be taken up for immediate research under the Forest Department:
1. Evaluation of total carbon stock and annual increment for Himachal Pradesh.
2. Monitoring the carbon fluxes of forests in various ecological and altitudinal zones.
3. RS-GIS analysis of the whole state to evaluate/monitor the carbon stock.
4. Ex situ conservation of the genetic diversity of both the flora and fauna.
5. Documentation and monitoring of the biodiversity of various ecosystems.
6. Development of appropriate silvicultural techniques with climate change considerations.
7. Research on the eradication of invasive alien species.
8. Management of forest fires.
9. Monitoring the population dynamics and movements of wildlife.
10. Documentation of traditional knowledge related to biodiversity.
11. There is a need to carry out studies to find out the impact of global change on the carbon
mitigating capacity of the forests. There may be significant effects on the
growth/decomposition rates, the area, type and intensity of natural disturbances, land-use
patterns and ecological services. Since a large portion of the population of this area is
dependent on forests for their basic needs such as fuel and fodder, any climate response
strategy has to be developed with the community in mind. Comparing environmental and
social co-benefits and costs with the carbon benefit will help promote sustainable
development.
12. Extensive measures need to be taken by using both traditional as well as modern inputs
to contain forest fires. With the increase in the temperature, the forests are likely to be
more prone to fires. Hence, wildfire management needs to be taken up at a priority basis
to combat an increased frequency and intensity of wildfires in the future.

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Proposed actions/programmes will include the following:
1. Increasing the existing area under forests and trees and improving the quality and density
of the degraded forests. The activities contemplated under this are the following:
Management intervention in forests:
1. Plantation of climate-resilient species beneficial also to local communities in third class
forests.
2. Assisted natural regeneration in moderately dense forests.
3. Enhancing natural resources and livelihood options of the vulnerable sections
4. Identification of ways to manage ecosystems that will improve their resilience to changes
in climate conditions. Preparation of inventory of Local / native species which are more
adaptive to expected changes in environment

The following are action points towards meeting these challenges:

1. Mapping of all forest areas using remote sensing and geographical information systems
(RS-GIS), followed by ground truthing.
2. Alternate livelihood options for communities such as non-timber forest produce (NTFP)
collection, community based eco-tourism, biomass briquetting, establishment of
decentralized nurseries and cultivation of medicinal herbs
3. Protection and management initiatives towards regulated grazing.

Soil and water conservation:

The observed warming (over several decades) has been linked to changes in the large-scale
hydrological cycle, such as increasing atmospheric water vapour content; changing precipitation
patterns, intensity and extremes and changes in soil moisture and runoff.
The soil and water conservation activities will include the following:
1. Identifying vulnerable areas with the help of experts.
2. Strategic and scientific planning for road cutting that results in minimal loss of soil and
water resources.
3. Construction of large-scale rainwater harvesting structures to reduce the water stress in
moisture-deficient areas.
4. Enhancement of soil and moisture conservation regime by introduction of multi-tier forest
plantations.

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 5. Enhance water harvestings in micro watersheds and mapping of areas likely to experience
floods, establishing hydraulic and hydrological models and developing comprehensive
schemes for flood management.
6. Increase research on the impacts of changes in water temperature and regime/ chemistry
river basin, micro watershed habitats and resources.
7. Inventory and map micro watersheds- irrigated lands that are at risk of soil erosion or
inundation and develop long-term local adaptation strategies. Promotion of traditional
system of water conservation.
8. High flooding zonation’s and potential threat zoning. Inventory past flood conditions and
define and map future flood conditions.

Fire management:
With changes in the monsoon system, short-term, high-intensity precipitation accompanied by
intervening drought-like conditions are the major possible threats. Main components of the
strategy that will be adopted for effective fire management are as follows:
1. Quick response teams for firefighting.
2. Daily monitoring of fire threats with the help of satellite imagery and information
technology.
3. Utilization of pine needles as an energy-efficient eco-friendly energy source for making
pine needle check dams.
4. The Forest Department will undertake a detailed capacity needs assessment, especially
the need for frontline field staff/personnel. Additionally, the assessment will also examine
the scale and scope of capacity development that should be directed at local communities
for sensitizing school children and college students. Appropriate action measures will be
designed and taken up based on the capacity needs assessment results.
5. Restore fire-adapted ecosystems to withstand natural recurring forest fires. Develop
short- and medium-term climate change adaptation strategies for forests and other fire-
prone habitats, and improve development standards to reduce exposure to fire risk at the
urban-forests land interface
Carbon sequestration: -It is the process capturing the waste CO from large point sources.
2

Planting tree and managing their development is proven way to reduce the no. of harmful
particulate in air. If carbon is not emitted into atmosphere will ultimately reduce the GHG
effect & lessen impact of climate change.
Carbon sequestration: Role of Paonta Sahib Division

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 The forest of Paonta Sahib Division play important role in carbon sequestration as
34004.09 tons of carbon dioxide is sequestered by the Forests of this division which is
discussed in detailed of Chapter 6 of part -I. The division, as part of HP Forest Department
is further focusing on increasing the plantation area along with the active participation of
local people through various community participation schemes such as JICA programme,
Vidyarthi Van Mitra, Ek buta beti ke Naam etc.

As climate change is unfolding, the science of climate change too is in the process of
development. Nevertheless, adaptation and mitigation efforts are urgently needed
corresponding to the existing level of scientific understanding;

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 CHAPTER 18
MONITORING, ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING

18.1 Control and Records

The control forms required for control of deviation from prescriptions for the Working circles is
provided in this chapter. The control forms shall be prepared and submitted annually to the
Conservator of Forests with a copy to the Working Plan Officer (i.e. DFO Paonta Sahib) on
the 1st of January for scrutiny and obtaining sanctions of deviations, if any. The following control
forms will be used for monitoring all the important operations prescribed and suggested in this
working plan:

18.1.1 Silviculture Felling Control Form

For the felling operations and record-keeping, following control form will be used.

18.1.2 Silvicultural Control Form

For control of all other silvicultural operations such as subsidiary cultural operations, cleanings,
burnings etc., following form will be used.

18.2 Compartment History

Compartment history will be furnished and any deviation for aligning compartments for the
current context of sustainable management of forests adhering to watershed approach will be
recorded. The DFO will direct the concerned Marking Officer to write the compartment
description and maintained in the registrar. The compartment history along with a thematic map

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will include the operations, silvicultural operations, and any other operations in the compartment
as prescribed in the working circles.

18.3 Maintenance of Records

A detailed record of each forestry activity shall be maintained in order to have a solid database
for scientific monitoring, evaluation and future planning. The controlling officers should inspect
the following documents during inspection and enter signed observations.
i. Annual Plan of Operations (APO) & Annual Administration Report
ii. Plantations Journals
iii. Nursery Journal
iv. Measurement Books
v. Beat Manual
18.3.1 Annual plan of operations
An annual plan of operations should be prepared by the Divisional Forest Officer based on the
prescriptions and operations to be carried out as per the provisions of the Working Plan. It should
be approved by the Conservator of Forests.
Annual Administration Report : Yearly abstract of all kinds of works done in the Division
including civil works, plantation works, all other forestry operations, land diversion details,
revenue and expenditure details, existing strength of Division etc.
18.3.2 Plantation forms and journals
The existing system of filling plantation forms and compartment history will be furnished and
any deviation for aligning compartments for the current context of sustainable management of
forests adhering to watershed approach will be recorded. The DFO will direct the marking Officer
to write the compartment description and maintained in the registrar. The compartment history
along with a thematic map will include the operations, silvicultural operations, and any other
operations in the compartment as prescribed in the working circles.

A complete record of plantation viz. year and month of plantation, area planted, Number of plants
planted, species. All activities such as advance work, plantation, regeneration, maintenances,
felling and enumeration, maintenance cost, weed cutting, constructing of fire-lines etc. should be
recorded for a year. For each year, there will be one entry that should be signed by the Forest
Range Officer. The inspection notes by the officers should be recorded in the journals. The
Divisional Forest Officer should inspect the entries at the time of annual office inspection.

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Details of expenditure incurred month-wise, compartment wise/and operation wise including
maintenance cost for subsequent three years. At the end of each year observation regarding
success of plantation, survival percentage and the reports on monitoring and evaluation should
be given. Specific instructions given during the inspection by senior forest officers to be recorded.
Instructions of the PCCF/APCCF on checking of plantations issued from time to time should
also be followed.

18.3.3 Nursery journal

For each nursery, separate registers need to be maintained. It shall have monthly detail of
operations and expenditure incurred, plants raised, plants used departmentally, plants supplied to
the public during the month etc. Detail of plants supplied free of cost to other Government
Departments, public institutions, NGOs etc. shall also be recorded in the register. Plants
destroyed as a result of natural calamities or otherwise destroyed shall be got written off from
the competent authority. A copy of the nursery statement showing details of species wise nursery
stock should be sent to the Divisional office monthly.

18.3.4 Deviation statement

To exercise control over progress of various operations at the end of each financial year, the
prescriptions of the working plan will be compared with the actual operation done in the field on
felling, silvicultural operations and miscellaneous works and any excess or short fall shall be
recorded giving reasons for deviation and sanction of the competent authority shall be obtained
as per the details given in the Miscellaneous Regulations.

18.3.5 Beat Manuals

Each beat guard will maintain a Beat-Book to be prepared and issued by the Divisional Office.
The Beat-Manual shall contain the following information:
a) Beat map
b) Detail of forests in the beat
c) Copy of boundary register of forests
d) Duties of Forest Guard
e) Legal status of the forest area with notifications
f) Abstract copy of the relevant sections of the Indian Forest Act, 1927; Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972; Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and vernacular translation thereof.
g) List of buildings, roads, paths, fire-lines in the beat

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h) List of plantations raised during the past 10 years
i) Record of water table at various places in the area

18.3.6 Registers and Records

The following updated (till last financial year) register and records will be maintained by the
Division:
i) Compartment histories
ii) Fire records and registers
iii) Register of Boundary Pillars
iv) Register of Rights and Concessions
v) Record of forest produce harvested
vi) Free grants
vii) Register of land transferred to other departments under FCA Act.
viii) Register of soil and water conservation works
ix) Register of wildlife management may include detailed record of human wildlife conflicts
that includes data on human causalities and injuries, loss of domestic animals, and compensation
paid etc.
xii) Register of Government buildings that includes log of the repairs and addition (if any)
undertaken in the building.
xiii) Register of registered saw-mills & other industries in the Division

18.4 Annual Inspection

Annual inspection of DFO territorial office by CF/CCF and Range office by DFO territorial is
mandatory within three months of completion of financial year to have checks on annual
statements in control forms and deviation statements and maintenance of registers and records.

[498]
 CHAPTER 19
SUMMARY OF PRESCRIPTIONS

Working Circle Heading Prescription Para no.

(of Part
II)
Silvicultural Indian Irregular Shelterwood 2.6.2
Sal system and System with assisted natural
Regeneration regeneration
Rotation and 120 & 30 years respectively 2.6.3
Regeneration
Period
Exploitable Dia 40 cm 2.6.4
Felling Cycle 30 years 2.6.6
Division into Fixed; Three PBI, PB-Unallotted, 2.6.7
Periodic Blocks PB IV
Prescribed Annual By volume: 21670 m for PB I, 5340
3
2.6.8
Yield m for PB IV, Total 27010 m
3 3

Felling in PB I Guidelines given basis CEC in IA 2.6.10.1

3840 of 2020; seeding felling
prescribed with 40 trees per ha to be
retained as seed bearers of
preferably III & IIA
Treatment of PB Salvage and T.D. grants are 2.6.10.2
Unallotted prescribed. Small open patches to be
taken up for plantation. Thinning
recommended as per site-specificity.
Felling in PB IV Over-wood is to be removed and 2.6.10.3
thinning is to be carried out. Felling
sequence laid down. This can be
changed by CCF Working Plan and
Settlement.
Subsidiary Operations like bush/climber 2.6.11
Silvicultural cutting/ Ardisia removal, removal of
Operations miscellaneous growth likely to be
suppress regeneration, debris
collection, removal and burning,
closures, singling out of coppice
shoots, cleanings and special
treatment to some areas etc. laid
down.
Associated Regulation of closures, lopping, 2.6.13
Regulations & grazing, fire protection, right
Measures holders requirement, prevention
against Sal borer, availability of
funds, illicit felling control

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 Regeneration To be carried out every year till 2.6.12
Assessment regeneration gets established
Survey
Assessment of Discussed in Science & Research 2.6.12.2
Regeneration Chapter of Part II
Status
Coppice Silvicultural Coppice with standards 3.6.2
system and
Regeneration
Rotation Period 30 years for coppice and 60 years for 3.6.3
standards
Felling Cycle 10 years for 1st year thinning 3.6.6
Regulation and By area, 210 ha annually 3.6.8
calculation of
Yield
Subsidiary Nursery raising, Artificial planting, 3.6.11
Silvicultural slash disposal, singling out of
Operations coppice shoots, bush cutting,
closures, weeding, natural
regeneration protection laid down.
Associated Regulation of closures, lopping, 3.6.13
Regulations & grazing, fire protection, right
Measures holders’ requirement
Chil Silvicultural Indian Irregular Shelterwood 4.6.2
system System
Rotation Period 100 years 4.6.3
Felling Cycle 25 years 4.6.6
Periodic Blocks Four PBs; Existing only PB II & PB 4.6.7
III
Prescribed Annual Salvage removals in PB III 4.6.8
Yield
Subsidiary Lopping control, fire-protection, 4.6.11,
Silvicultural pine-needle collection, resin
Operations & tapping, grazing, bush cutting, 4.6.13
Associated closures, weeding, natural
Regulations regeneration protection laid down.
Protection-cum- Silvicultural None 5.7
Rehabilitation System
Salvage Removals Only dry and fallen trees come 5.8
within the meaning of salvage and
can be removed.
Yield, exploitable Not required as the forests are not to 5.9
Dia, Rotation/ be managed silviculturally.
Regeneration However, salvage removals will
Period. appear in control forms.
Methods of Treatment of badly eroded areas, 5.10
Treatment grassy blanks, riverine tracts and
wooded areas given

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 Other Regulations Regulations of closure, grazing, 5.11
lopping, planting, fire protection and
right holder’s requirements laid
down.
Eucalyptus Management plan for restoration and rehabilitation of 6.6
Working Area Eucalyptus plantation
Clear felling (only for eucalyptus) with artificial
regeneration of native species in accordance with Hon’ble
Supreme Court order in IA 3840 of 2020.Annual
prescribed yield 1808 cu.m
Khair Silvicultural Coppice with Standards 7.6.2
(Overlapping) System

Harvestable Dia 25 cm for Khair and 30 cm for 7.6.4

standards
Rotation 30 years for coppice and 40 for 7.6.3
standards
Felling Cycle 30 years 7.6.6
Annual Yield 42.5 cum 7.6.8
Methods of As per guidelines in I.A No. 87648 7.6.10
Executing Felling of 2020 in Writ Petition (C) No. 202
of 1995
Subsidiary Slash disposal, bush/ lantana 7.6.11
Silvicultural cutting, planting, weeding, singling 7.6.13
Operations & out of coppice shoots, singling of
associated coppice shoots, protection and
regulations tending of natural regeneration,
Closures, fire protection regulations
etc
Regeneration Guidelines given, tall planting of 7.6.12
50% Khair and 50% native species
Water Resource Treatment Spring-shed identification and 8.3
Management & proposed treatment
Soil Conservation Project Jalodari & Girinagar models 8.4.1
(Overlapping) to be followed: Including PRA
exercises, participation of
communities followed by technical
inputs for making of recharge ponds,
trenching, drainage line treatment,
gabion structures
Future Scope Treatment of Bata watershed 8.5
Wildlife Management Prescriptions given including data 10.7
Management & initiative for base management, conflict
Biodiversity human-wildlife management teams, awareness, crop
Conservation conflicts guarding, monitoring conflict areas,
(Overlapping) translocation, compensation
Prescriptions Habitat management, improvement, 10.8
rescue-equipment adequacy,
training, veterinary care, census

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 Human-elephant Anti-depredation teams, 10.9
conflict coordination, anti-electrocution cell,
management Infrastructure development-
watchtowers, elephant-proof
trenches, solar fencing, Gaj-mitras
& awareness, procurement of
camera traps & night-vision devices
and equipments, bee-keeping etc as
prescribed
Biodiversity Afforestation, integrated health care, 10.11
conservation community involvement in
conservation, preservation plots,
documentation of ethano-botanical
plants
Ecotourism Ecotourism sites Perspective on ecotourism potential 11.3
(Overlapping) management of the Division
Future scope Specific site development activities 11.4
including Sirmaur Van Vihar,
Yamuna Riverfront, developing
walking trails and camping sites
with list of areas and ensuring self-
sustainability of these ecotourism
sites with livelihood generation for
local communities
Administration of Model given for a conservation led 11.7
sites participation by local communities
under relevant acts under Society
model

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Signature of Officers

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