Discrete Probability

Distributions

1
 Chapter Outline

• 4.1 Probability Distributions

• 4.2 Binomial Distributions
• 4.3 More Discrete Probability Distributions

2
 Section 4.1

Probability Distributions

3
 Section 4.1 Objectives

• Distinguish between discrete random variables and

continuous random variables
• Construct a discrete probability distribution and its
graph
• Determine if a distribution is a probability
distribution
• Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a
discrete probability distribution
• Find the expected value of a discrete probability
distribution
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 Random Variables
Random Variable
• Represents a numerical value associated with each
outcome of a probability distribution.
• Denoted by x
• Examples
▪ x = Number of sales calls a salesperson makes in
one day.
▪ x = Hours spent on sales calls in one day.

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 Random Variables
Discrete Random Variable
• Has a finite or countable number of possible
outcomes that can be listed.
• Example
▪ x = Number of sales calls a salesperson makes in
one day.
x

0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Random Variables
Continuous Random Variable
• Has an uncountable number of possible outcomes,
represented by an interval on the number line.
• Example
▪ x = Hours spent on sales calls in one day.

0 1 2 3 … 24

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 Example: Random Variables

Decide whether the random variable x is discrete or

continuous.
1. x = The number of stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial
Average that have share price increases
on a given day.

Solution:
Discrete random variable (The number of stocks
whose share price increases can be counted.)
x

0 1 2 3 … 30

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 Example: Random Variables

Decide whether the random variable x is discrete or

continuous.
2. x = The volume of water in a 32-ounce
container.
Solution:
Continuous random variable (The amount of water
can be any volume between 0 ounces and 32 ounces)
x

0 1 2 3 … 32

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 Discrete Probability Distributions
Discrete probability distribution
• Lists each possible value the random variable can
assume, together with its probability.
• Must satisfy the following conditions:
In Words In Symbols
1. The probability of each value of 0  P (x)  1
the discrete random variable is
between 0 and 1, inclusive.
2. The sum of all the probabilities is ΣP (x) = 1
1.
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 Constructing a Discrete Probability
Distribution
Let x be a discrete random variable with possible
outcomes x1, x2, … , xn.
1. Make a frequency distribution for the possible
outcomes.
2. Find the sum of the frequencies.
3. Find the probability of each possible outcome by
dividing its frequency by the sum of the frequencies.
4. Check that each probability is between 0 and 1 and
that the sum is 1.

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 Example: Constructing a Discrete
Probability Distribution
An industrial psychologist administered a personality
inventory test for passive-aggressive traits to 150
employees. Individuals were given a score from 1 to 5,
where 1 was extremely passive and 5 extremely
aggressive. A score of 3 indicated Score, x Frequency, f
neither trait. Construct a 1 24
probability distribution for the 2 33
random variable x. Then graph the 3 42
distribution using a histogram. 4 30
5 21

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 Solution: Constructing a Discrete
Probability Distribution
• Divide the frequency of each score by the total
number of individuals in the study to find the
probability for each value of the random variable.
24 33 42
P(1) = = 0.16 P(2) = = 0.22 P(3) = = 0.28
150 150 150
30 21
P(4) = = 0.20 P(5) = = 0.14
150 150
• Discrete probability distribution:
x 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.16 0.22 0.28 0.20 0.14

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 Solution: Constructing a Discrete
Probability Distribution

x 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.16 0.22 0.28 0.20 0.14

This is a valid discrete probability distribution since

1. Each probability is between 0 and 1, inclusive,
0 ≤ P(x) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities equals 1,
ΣP(x) = 0.16 + 0.22 + 0.28 + 0.20 + 0.14 = 1.

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 Solution: Constructing a Discrete
Probability Distribution
• Histogram
Passive-Aggressive Traits
0.3
Probability, P(x)

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5

Score, x

Because the width of each bar is one, the area of

each bar is equal to the probability of a particular
outcome.
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 Mean

Mean of a discrete probability distribution

• μ = ΣxP(x)
• Each value of x is multiplied by its corresponding
probability and the products are added.

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 Example: Finding the Mean

The probability distribution for the personality

inventory test for passive-aggressive traits is given. Find
the mean.
Solution: x P(x) xP(x)
1 0.16 1(0.16) = 0.16
2 0.22 2(0.22) = 0.44
3 0.28 3(0.28) = 0.84
4 0.20 4(0.20) = 0.80
5 0.14 5(0.14) = 0.70
μ = ΣxP(x) = 2.94
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 Variance and Standard Deviation

Variance of a discrete probability distribution

• σ2 = Σ(x – μ)2P(x)

Standard deviation of a discrete probability

distribution
•  =  2 = ( x −  ) 2 P ( x )

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 Example: Finding the Variance and
Standard Deviation
The probability distribution for the personality
inventory test for passive-aggressive traits is given. Find
the variance and standard deviation. ( μ = 2.94)
x P(x)
1 0.16
2 0.22
3 0.28
4 0.20
5 0.14

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 Solution: Finding the Variance and
Standard Deviation
Recall μ = 2.94

x P(x) x–μ (x – μ)2 (x – μ)2P(x)

1 0.16 1 – 2.94 = –1.94 (–1.94)2 = 3.764 3.764(0.16) = 0.602
2 0.22 2 – 2.94 = –0.94 (–0.94)2 = 0.884 0.884(0.22) = 0.194
3 0.28 3 – 2.94 = 0.06 (0.06)2 = 0.004 0.004(0.28) = 0.001
4 0.20 4 – 2.94 = 1.06 (1.06)2 = 1.124 1.124(0.20) = 0.225
5 0.14 5 – 2.94 = 2.06 (2.06)2 = 4.244 4.244(0.14) = 0.594

Variance: σ2 = Σ(x – μ)2P(x) = 1.616

Standard Deviation:  =  2
= 1.616  1.3
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 Expected Value

Expected value of a discrete random variable

• Equal to the mean of the random variable.
• E(x) = μ = ΣxP(x)

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 Example: Finding an Expected Value

At a raffle, 1500 tickets are sold at $2 each for four

prizes of $500, $250, $150, and $75. You buy one
ticket. What is the expected value of your gain?

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 Solution: Finding an Expected Value

• To find the gain for each prize, subtract

the price of the ticket from the prize:
▪ Your gain for the $500 prize is $500 – $2 = $498
▪ Your gain for the $250 prize is $250 – $2 = $248
▪ Your gain for the $150 prize is $150 – $2 = $148
▪ Your gain for the $75 prize is $75 – $2 = $73

• If you do not win a prize, your gain is $0 – $2 = –$2

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 Solution: Finding an Expected Value
• Probability distribution for the possible gains
(outcomes)
Gain, x $498 $248 $148 $73 –$2
1 1 1 1 1496
P(x)
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

E (x ) = xP (x )
1 1 1 1 1496
= $498  + $248  + $148  + $73  + (−$2) 
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
= −$1.35

You can expect to lose an average of $1.35 for each ticket

you buy.
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 Section 4.1 Summary

• Distinguished between discrete random variables and

continuous random variables
• Constructed a discrete probability distribution and its
graph
• Determined if a distribution is a probability
distribution
• Found the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a
discrete probability distribution
• Found the expected value of a discrete probability
distribution
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 Section 4.2

Binomial Distributions

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 Section 4.2 Objectives

• Determine if a probability experiment is a binomial

experiment
• Find binomial probabilities using the binomial
probability formula
• Find binomial probabilities using technology and a
binomial table
• Graph a binomial distribution
• Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a
binomial probability distribution

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 Binomial Experiments

1. The experiment is repeated for a fixed number of

trials, where each trial is independent of other trials.
2. There are only two possible outcomes of interest for
each trial. The outcomes can be classified as a
success (S) or as a failure (F).
3. The probability of a success P(S) is the same for
each trial.
4. The random variable x counts the number of
successful trials.

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 Notation for Binomial Experiments

Symbol Description
n The number of times a trial is repeated
p = P(s) The probability of success in a single trial
q = P(F) The probability of failure in a single trial
(q = 1 – p)
x The random variable represents a count of
the number of successes in n trials:
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , n.

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 Example: Binomial Experiments

Decide whether the experiment is a binomial

experiment. If it is, specify the values of n, p, and q, and
list the possible values of the random variable x.
1. A certain surgical procedure has an 85% chance of
success. A doctor performs the procedure on eight
patients. The random variable represents the number
of successful surgeries.

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 Solution: Binomial Experiments

Binomial Experiment
1. Each surgery represents a trial. There are eight
surgeries, and each one is independent of the others.
2. There are only two possible outcomes of interest for
each surgery: a success (S) or a failure (F).
3. The probability of a success, P(S), is 0.85 for each
surgery.
4. The random variable x counts the number of
successful surgeries.
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 Solution: Binomial Experiments

Binomial Experiment
• n = 8 (number of trials)
• p = 0.85 (probability of success)
• q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.85 = 0.15 (probability of failure)
• x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (number of successful
surgeries)

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 Example: Binomial Experiments

Decide whether the experiment is a binomial

experiment. If it is, specify the values of n, p, and q, and
list the possible values of the random variable x.
2. A jar contains five red marbles, nine blue marbles, and
six green marbles. You randomly select three marbles
from the jar, without replacement. The random
variable represents the number of red marbles.

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 Solution: Binomial Experiments

Not a Binomial Experiment

• The probability of selecting a red marble on the first
trial is 5/20.
• Because the marble is not replaced, the probability of
success (red) for subsequent trials is no longer 5/20.
• The trials are not independent and the probability of
a success is not the same for each trial.

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 Binomial Probability Formula

Binomial Probability Formula

• The probability of exactly x successes in n trials is
n− x n!
P( x) = n Cx p q
x
= p x q n− x
(n − x)! x !
• n = number of trials
• p = probability of success
• q = 1 – p probability of failure
• x = number of successes in n trials

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Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities

Microfracture knee surgery has a 75% chance of success

on patients with degenerative knees. The surgery is
performed on three patients. Find the probability of the
surgery being successful on exactly two patients.

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 Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities

Method 1: Draw a tree diagram and use the

Multiplication Rule

 9 
P(2 successful surgeries) = 3    0.422
 64 
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 Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities

Method 2: Binomial Probability Formula

3 1
n = 3, p = , q = 1− p = , x = 2
4 4
2 3− 2
3 1
P(2 successful surgeries) = 3 C2    
4 4
2 1
3! 3 1
=    
(3 − 2)!2!  4   4 
 9  1  27
= 3    =  0.422
 16  4  64

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 Binomial Probability Distribution

Binomial Probability Distribution

• List the possible values of x with the corresponding
probability of each.
• Example: Binomial probability distribution for
3
Microfacture knee surgery: n = 3, p = 4
x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.016 0.141 0.422 0.422

▪ Use binomial probability formula to find

probabilities.

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 Example: Constructing a Binomial
Distribution
In a survey, workers in the U.S. were asked to name
their expected sources of retirement income. Seven
workers who participated in the survey are randomly
selected and asked whether they expect to rely on Social
Security for retirement
income. Create a binomial
probability distribution for
the number of workers who
respond yes.

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 Solution: Constructing a Binomial
Distribution
• 25% of working Americans expect to rely on Social
Security for retirement income.
• n = 7, p = 0.25, q = 0.75, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
P(x = 0) = 7C0(0.25)0(0.75)7 = 1(0.25)0(0.75)7 ≈ 0.1335
P(x = 1) = 7C1(0.25)1(0.75)6 = 7(0.25)1(0.75)6 ≈ 0.3115
P(x = 2) = 7C2(0.25)2(0.75)5 = 21(0.25)2(0.75)5 ≈ 0.3115
P(x = 3) = 7C3(0.25)3(0.75)4 = 35(0.25)3(0.75)4 ≈ 0.1730
P(x = 4) = 7C4(0.25)4(0.75)3 = 35(0.25)4(0.75)3 ≈ 0.0577
P(x = 5) = 7C5(0.25)5(0.75)2 = 21(0.25)5(0.75)2 ≈ 0.0115
P(x = 6) = 7C6(0.25)6(0.75)1 = 7(0.25)6(0.75)1 ≈ 0.0013
P(x = 7) = 7C7(0.25)7(0.75)0 = 1(0.25)7(0.75)0 ≈ 0.0001
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Solution: Constructing a Binomial
Distribution

x P(x)
0 0.1335 All of the probabilities are between
1 0.3115 0 and 1 and the sum of the
2 0.3115 probabilities is 1.00001 ≈ 1.
3 0.1730
4 0.0577
5 0.0115
6 0.0013
7 0.0001

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 Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities

A survey indicates that 41% of women in the U.S.

consider reading their favorite leisure-time activity. You
randomly select four U.S. women and ask them if
reading is their favorite leisure-time activity. Find the
probability that at least two of them respond yes.

Solution:
• n = 4, p = 0.41, q = 0.59
• At least two means two or more.
• Find the sum of P(2), P(3), and P(4).

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Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities

P(x = 2) = 4C2(0.41)2(0.59)2 = 6(0.41)2(0.59)2 ≈ 0.351094

P(x = 3) = 4C3(0.41)3(0.59)1 = 4(0.41)3(0.59)1 ≈ 0.162654
P(x = 4) = 4C4(0.41)4(0.59)0 = 1(0.41)4(0.59)0 ≈ 0.028258

P(x ≥ 2) = P(2) + P(3) + P(4)

≈ 0.351094 + 0.162654 + 0.028258
≈ 0.542

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 Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Using Technology
The results of a recent survey indicate that when
grilling, 59% of households in the United States use a
gas grill. If you randomly select 100 households, what is
the probability that exactly 65 households use a gas
grill? Use a technology tool to find the probability.
(Source: Greenfield Online for Weber-Stephens Products
Company)

Solution:
• Binomial with n = 100, p = 0.59, x = 65

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Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Using Technology

From the displays, you can see that the probability that
exactly 65 households use a gas grill is about 0.04.
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 Example: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Using a Table
About thirty percent of working adults spend less than
15 minutes each way commuting to their jobs. You
randomly select six working adults. What is the
probability that exactly three of them spend less than 15
minutes each way commuting to work? Use a table to
find the probability. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau)

Solution:
• Binomial with n = 6, p = 0.30, x = 3

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 Solution: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Using a Table
• A portion of Table 2 is shown

The probability that exactly three of the six workers

spend less than 15 minutes each way commuting to
work is 0.185.
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 Example: Graphing a Binomial
Distribution
Fifty-nine percent of households in the U.S. subscribe to
cable TV. You randomly select six households and ask
each if they subscribe to cable TV. Construct a
probability distribution for the random variable x. Then
graph the distribution. (Source: Kagan Research, LLC)

Solution:
• n = 6, p = 0.59, q = 0.41
• Find the probability for each value of x

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 Solution: Graphing a Binomial
Distribution

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 0.005 0.041 0.148 0.283 0.306 0.176 0.042

Histogram:
Subscribing to Cable TV
0.35

0.3
Probability

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Households

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 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation

• Mean: μ = np

• Variance: σ2 = npq

• Standard Deviation:  = npq

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 Example: Finding the Mean, Variance,
and Standard Deviation
In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, about 56% of the days in a
year are cloudy. Find the mean, variance, and standard
deviation for the number of cloudy days during the
month of June. Interpret the results and determine any
unusual values. (Source: National Climatic Data Center)

Solution: n = 30, p = 0.56, q = 0.44

Mean: μ = np = 30∙0.56 = 16.8
Variance: σ2 = npq = 30∙0.56∙0.44 ≈ 7.4
Standard Deviation:  = npq = 30  0.56  0.44  2.7

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Solution: Finding the Mean, Variance, and
Standard Deviation

μ = 16.8 σ2 ≈ 7.4 σ ≈ 2.7

• On average, there are 16.8 cloudy days during the
month of June.
• The standard deviation is about 2.7 days.
• Values that are more than two standard deviations
from the mean are considered unusual.
▪ 16.8 – 2(2.7) =11.4, A June with 11 cloudy days
would be unusual.
▪ 16.8 + 2(2.7) = 22.2, A June with 23 cloudy
days would also be unusual.
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 Section 4.2 Summary

• Determined if a probability experiment is a binomial

experiment
• Found binomial probabilities using the binomial
probability formula
• Found binomial probabilities using technology and a
binomial table
• Graphed a binomial distribution
• Found the mean, variance, and standard deviation of
a binomial probability distribution

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 Section 4.3

More Discrete Probability

Distributions

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 Section 4.3 Objectives

• Find probabilities using the geometric distribution

• Find probabilities using the Poisson distribution

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 Geometric Distribution
Geometric distribution
• A discrete probability distribution.
• Satisfies the following conditions
▪ A trial is repeated until a success occurs.
▪ The repeated trials are independent of each other.
▪ The probability of success p is constant for each
trial.
• The probability that the first success will occur on
trial x is P(x) = p(q)x – 1, where q = 1 – p.

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 Example: Geometric Distribution

From experience, you know that the probability that you

will make a sale on any given telephone call is 0.23.
Find the probability that your first sale on any given day
will occur on your fourth or fifth sales call.

Solution:
• P(sale on fourth or fifth call) = P(4) + P(5)
• Geometric with p = 0.23, q = 0.77, x = 4, 5

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 Solution: Geometric Distribution

• P(4) = 0.23(0.77)4–1 ≈ 0.105003

• P(5) = 0.23(0.77)5–1 ≈ 0.080852

P(sale on fourth or fifth call) = P(4) + P(5)

≈ 0.105003 + 0.080852
≈ 0.186

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 Poisson Distribution
Poisson distribution
• A discrete probability distribution.
• Satisfies the following conditions
▪ The experiment consists of counting the number of
times an event, x, occurs in a given interval. The
interval can be an interval of time, area, or volume.
▪ The probability of the event occurring is the same for
each interval.
▪ The number of occurrences in one interval is
independent of the number of occurrences in other
intervals.
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 Poisson Distribution
Poisson distribution
• Conditions continued:
▪ The probability of the event occurring is the same for
each interval.
• The probability of exactly x occurrences in an interval is
x −
P (x ) =  e where e  2.71818 and μ is the
x! mean number of occurrences

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 Example: Poisson Distribution

The mean number of accidents per month at a certain

intersection is 3. What is the probability that in any
given month four accidents will occur at this
intersection?

Solution:
• Poisson with x = 4, μ = 3
34(2.71828)−3
P (4) =  0.168
4!

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 Section 4.3 Summary

• Found probabilities using the geometric distribution

• Found probabilities using the Poisson distribution

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