1 AFFIRMATIVE : The Present Tense of “be” has three forms: am, is, are . It is used with nouns and pronouns. Singular subject pronouns : I – YOU – HE – SHE – IT Plural Subject Pronouns : WE – YOU – THEY HE WE I + AM SHE + IS YOU + ARE IT THEY Singular Nouns : Ali , Ayşe , Mr. Green , Miss. Kaplan , a tree , a computer Plural nouns : Ali and Ahmet , trees , cars , computers a) We use “am” with the pronoun “ I” . I am a worker . I am not an engineer . b) We use “is” with singular nouns and the singular subject pronouns he, she and it He is a teacher She is a model Hülya Avşar is a singer c) We use “are” with plural nouns , plural subject pronouns , and the second person singular subject pronoun YOU . Ali and Veli are friends . We are computer engineers You are teachers You are a mother 2. NEGATIVE : To make negative sentences with BE we use SUBJECT + BE + NOT ... I am not a doctor = I’m not a doctor You are not in the garden = You aren’t in the garden He is not happy = He isn’t happy She is not a musician = She isn’t a musician It is not a pencil . = It isn’t a pencil We are not sad = We aren’t sad They are not partners . = They aren’t partners 3. YES-NO QUESTIONS : The questions that can be answered by Yes or No are called Yes-No Questions . We form YES- NO questions by changing the word order . First we put the auxiliary verb (am,is,are) before the subject . Am I early ? Yes , you are / Yes , you are early No , you aren’t / No , you aren’t early Are you from İzmir ? Yes , I am / Yes , I am from İzmir. No, I am not / No , I am not from İzmir . Is she at home ? Yes , she is / Yes , she is at home . No, she isn’t / No , she isn’t at home . Is he a doctor ? Yes , he is / Yes , he is a doctor . No , he isn’t / No , he isn’t a doctor . Is this a pen ? Yes , it is . / Yes , it is a pen . No , it isn’t / No , it isn’t a pen . Are we late ? Yes , we/you are / Yes , we/you are late . No , we/you aren’t / No , we/you aren’t late . Are they in the class ? Yes , they are / Yes , they are in the class . No , they aren’t / No , they aren’t in the class . • We use the long form of the verb to be in positive short answers. Is he from Greece? Yes, he is. (NOT: Yes,he’s.) • We use the short form of the verb to be in negative short answers. Are you from Spain? No, I’m not. (NOT: No, I am not.) 4. INFORMATION QUESTIONS : They are also called wh-questions . Sometimes we cannot have enough information from the answers to YES-NO Questions . So, when we want to have more information we use wh-questions . Some of these question words are WHO , WHOSE , WHERE , WHICH , WHAT , WHEN , WHY , HOW ...... etc Questions with WHAT What is your name ? / What are they ? / What is this ? / What are those ? QUESTIONS WITH WHO Who is this girl ? / Who are they ? QUESTIONS WITH HOW How are you ? / How is the weather ? QUESTIONS WITH WHERE Where is the bird ? / Where are the children ? / Where is he from ? Where are u from ? QUESTIONS WITH WHICH Which is Ahmet’s pen ? / Which book is yours ? CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH OR: Choice questions are the questions in which we make a preference. First , we use the auxiliary verb ( am,is,are) before the given item . Then we put OR and give another item to make the choice . We cannot simply say YES or NO as an answer if we use or . Are you a teacher or a student ? Am I fat or slim ? Is it a pen or a pencil ? A teacher slim a pen I am a teacher . You’re slim . It is a pen . SUBJECT PRONOUNS • We use personal subject pronouns before verbs instead of nouns or names. Heather is an opera singer. She is from Italy. I / you / he / she / it / you / we / they I always with a capital letter You in the singular and plural He for a man or a boy She for a woman or a girl It for an animal or a thing We for people They for people, animals or things POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES We use possessive adjectives before nouns to show • that something belongs to somebody. This is his bike. • the relationship between two or more people. She is my mum. We put possessive adjectives before nouns. These are her books. Subject Pronouns Possessive Adjectives I my you your we our they their he his she her it its WHOSE Generally Possessives are used to answer the questions beginning with the question word “whose ..?” Whose car is this? It is my car. Whose project is that? Their project. Whose brother is in the team? Her brother. Whose car is he in? Your car. Whose books are those? Our books. Whose birthday is in May? My birthday. Whose pen is this? His pen. Whose is this? It is my ... HAVE GOT / HAS GOT We use the verb have got / has got • to show that something belongs to somebody. Jason has got a new camera. • to describe characteristics of people. Justine has got fair hair with hazel eyes. • to talk about relationships. I have got three brothers. 1. AFFIRMATIVE Subject have got (‘ve got) / has got (’s got) Object I / You / We / They have got (‘ve got) a lovely house. He / She / It has got (’s got) a lovely house. 2. NEGATIVE Subject have not got (haven’t got) / has not got (hasn’t got) Object I / You / We / They have not got (haven’t got) a lovely house. He / She / It has not got (hasn’t got) a lovely house. 3. INTERROGATIVE Have / Has Subject got Object? Short Answers Have I / you / we / they got a lovely house? Yes, you have. / No, you haven’t. / Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. / Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t. Has he / she / it got a lovely house. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. / Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t./ Yes, it has./ No, it hasn’t. Note: In short answers, we do not use got. Have you got a big garden? Yes, I have. (NOT Yes, I have got.) IMPERATIVES We use the imperatives to • give orders : Stop that man! • give instructions : Open the box first. • offer something : Have some coffee. • make a request : Be quiet, please. We form the imperative with the base form of the verb, without the subject. - Stand up! We form the negative imperative with do not / don’t and the base form of the verb. - Don’t speak. GIVING DIRECTIONS Commonly used questions Excuse me, where is the post office, please? Excuse me, is there a post office near here? Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the post office, please? Excuse me, how can I get to the post office, please? Excuse me, can you direct me to the post office, please? Commonly used expressions Go straight ahead/Go straight on. Turn right/Turn left. Go down the Fatih street/ Go up the Fatih street. Walk down the Fatih street/Walk up the Fatih street. Cross the Fatih street. Walk along the Fatih street/walk along this street. Keep going this street. Walk to the traffic lights. Turn right at the end of the street. Turn left at the crossroads. Take the first turning on the right. Take the second turning on the left. Walk past the post office. Turn right by the post office. The post office is on the right. The post office is on the left. The post office is on your right/on your left. The post office is next to the cinema. The post office is between the cinema and the park. The post office is opposite the park. The post office is at the end of the street. The post office is at the corner. The post office is the second building on the left. The post office is at the junction.
