CE 313-QUIZ 3 REVIEWER

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAYS

SOURCES OF STANDARDS
• A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, 1965
• A Policy on Design of Urban Highways and Arterials Streets,
1973
• Standard Specifications for Highways and Bridges, Revised
1972
• General Specifications for Roads and Bridges, 1976
FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGHWAY DESIGN
• Classification of Highways
• Design Vehicles and Turning Path
• Driver Performance and Human Factors
• Traffic Characteristics
• Traffic-Flow Relationships
• Highway Capacity
CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAYS
Design Type-based on major geometric features, helpful for highway
location and design procedure (e.g. expressways, conventional streets,
highways).
Route numbering-can characterize traffic operations and purpose they
serve within the network.
National Primary-2
National Secondary-3
Expressways-1
Administrative Classification-levels of government responsibility and
financing.
Road Network
Local Government
Local/Provincial/City Roads
National Government
Expressways
National Roads
Rotunda
KM
0036--- Distance from the km marker in luneta
P--------The initial of the next town/city. In this case, ‘P’ for Plaridel.
6--------The distance to the next town/city.
Arroyo Fountain-prominent landmark located at the heart of the city,
found in front of the old Iloilo Provincial Capitol or Casa Real.
The rotunda marks the kilometer zero of Panay Island.
Functional classification – character of provided service of highway.
Driving Task(pyramid)
Navigation-trip planning and route following
Guidance-road following in response to road and traffic condition
Control-steering and speed control
Traffic and vehicle data forms the major controls for highway design.
The design of a highway or any part thereof should consider jointly all
data relating to traffic such as traffic volume, character of traffic and
axle loading. Traffic information serves to establish the “loads” for
geometric highway design.
Volume
Average Daily Traffic- basic measure of traffic demand
Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)-Number of vehicles in 24
hours for 365 days in both directions.
Design Hourly Volume (DHV)-Expected number of vehicles in one
hour in both directions.
Directional Design Hourly Volume (DDHV)-Expected number of
vehicles in one hour in one direction.
TRAFFIC FLOW RELATIONSHIP
Volume Flow Rate- veh/hr
Speed-kph
Density-veh/km
Level of Service-is a qualitative measure used to relate the quality of
traffic service.
THE CROSS SECTION OF A TYPICAL HIGHWAY
HAS A LATITUDE OF VARIABLES TO CONSIDER
SUCH AS:
• The volume of traffic
• Character of the traffic
• Speed of the traffic
• Characteristics of motor vehicles and the driver
Travel Lane- A part of a roadway that is designated to be used by a
single line of vehicles to control and guide drivers and reduce traffic
conflicts.
Median Strip- When traffic volumes are quite heavy, travel lanes may
be divided into two parts by proving this.
Standard Width of Road
3m for one lane highway
3.6m for freeways and other major highway.
FOR A TWO LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS
A 7.20 meters wide surface is required for safe clearance between
commercial vehicles and is recommended for main highways.
FOR A COLLECTOR ROADWAY
A 6.00 meters wide surface is acceptable only for low volume traffic
including few trucks travelling thereon.
FOR LOCAL RURAL ROADWAY
The minimum surface width is 4.80 meters for a 30 km/hr. design speed.
FOR URBAN ROADWAY
The minimum design width is 3.60 meters although 3.00 meters is
allowed where space is limited.
Road Shoulders(verge)- That portion of the roadway between the edge
of the traffic lane and the edge of the ditch, gutter, curb or side slope .
Width is defined as “extending from the edge of the surfacing to the
point where shoulder slope intersect the side slope ” .
The cross slope of the pavement is the slope of the pavement surface
measured transverse to the centerline of the highway.
The high point of a normal cross slope of a roadway is known as the
crown.
Side slopes are provided on embankments and fills to provide stability
for earthworks .
The important sections of the cross slope are the hinge point , the
foreslope , and the toe of the slope.
The hinge point should be rounded since it is potentially hazardous and
may cause vehicles to become airborne while crossing it, resulting in
loss of control of the vehicle.
The foreslope serves principally as a recovery area, where vehicle
speeds can be reduced and other recovery maneuvers taken to regain
control of the vehicle.
The toe of slope is rounded up in order to facilitate the safe movement
of vehicles from the foreslope to the backslope.
GUIDE FOR EARTH SLOPE DESIGN
• Earth fill of normal height is safe on a slope of 1:2 ratio.
• Ordinary undisturbed earth fill – 1:1 ratio
• Rock cuts – 1:2 up to 1:4 ratio
• Slopes are lowered to facilitate plant growth which reduces erosion and
decrease maintenance cost.
A median is the section of a divided highway that separates the lanes in
opposing directions.
A median barrier is defined as a longitudinal system used to prevent an
errant vehicle from crossing the portion of a divided highway separating
the traveled ways for traffic in opposite directions.
Roadside barriers protect vehicles from obstacles or slopes on the
roadside. They also may be used to shield pedestrians and property from
the traffic stream.
Curb and gutters are concrete or asphalt structures used to collect
surface runoff from paved streets, parking lots, or other impervious
surfaces and convey it to a storm drain system or appropriate treatment
and/or infiltration system.
Curbs are raised structures made of either Portland cement concrete or
bituminous concrete (rolled asphalt curbs) that are used mainly on urban
highways to delineate pavement edges and pedestrian walkways.
Gutters or drainage ditches are usually located on the pavement side
of a curb to provide the principal drainage facility for the highway. They
are sloped to prevent any hazard to traffic.
Guard rails are longitudinal barriers placed on the outside of sharp
curves and at sections with high fills.
Sidewalks should be provided when pedestrian traffic is high along
main or high-speed roads in either rural or urban areas.