Vector Group of Transformer
The three phase transformer windings can be connected several ways. Based on the windings’
connection, the vector group of the transformer is determined.
The transformer vector group is indicated on the Name Plate of transformer by the
manufacturer. The vector group indicates the phase difference between the primary
and secondary sides, introduced due to that particular configuration of transformer
windings connection.
The Determination of vector group of transformers is very important before connecting two
or more transformers in parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups are connected
in parallel then phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers and large
circulating current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.
Phase Displacement between HV and LV Windings
The vector for the high voltage winding is taken as the reference vector. Displacement of the
vectors of other windings from the reference vector, with anticlockwise rotation, is
represented by the use of clock hour figure.
IS: 2026 (Part 1V)-1977 gives 26 sets of connections star-star, star-delta, and star zigzag,
delta-delta, delta star, delta-zigzag, zigzag star, zigzag-delta. Displacement of the low voltage
winding vector varies from zero to -330° in steps of -30°, depending on the method of
connections.
Hardly any power system adopts such a large variety of connections. Some of the commonly used
connections with phase displacement of 0, -300, -180″ and -330° (clock-hour setting 0, 1, 6 and 11).
Symbol for the high voltage winding comes first, followed by the symbols of windings in
diminishing sequence of voltage. For example a 220/66/11 kV Transformer connected star,
star and delta and vectors of 66 and 11 kV windings having phase displacement of 0° and -
330° with the reference (220 kV) vector will be represented As Yy0 – Yd11.
The digits (0, 1, 11 etc) relate to the phase displacement between the HV and LV windings
using a clock face notation. The phasor representing the HV winding is taken as reference
and set at 12 o’clock. Phase rotation is always anti-clockwise. (International adopted).
Use the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. Because there are 12 hours
on a clock, and a circle consists out of 360°, each hour represents 30°.Thus 1 = 30°, 2 = 60°,
3 = 90°, 6 = 180° and 12 = 0° or 360°.
The minute hand is set on 12 o’clock and replaces the line to neutral voltage (sometimes
imaginary) of the HV winding. This position is always the reference point.
Example
Digit 0 =0° that the LV phasor is in phase with the HV phasor
Digit 1 =30° lagging (LV lags HV with 30°) because rotation is anti-clockwise.
Digit 11 = 330° lagging or 30° leading (LV leads HV with 30°)
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Digit 5 = 150° lagging (LV lags HV with 150°)
Digit 6 = 180° lagging (LV lags HV with 180°)
When transformers are operated in parallel it is important that any phase shift is the same
through each. Paralleling typically occurs when transformers are located at one site and
connected to a common bus bar (banked) or located at different sites with the secondary
terminals connected via distribution or transmission circuits consisting of cables and
overhead lines.
Phase Shift (Deg) Connection
0 Yy0 Dd0 Dz0
30 lag Yd1 Dy1 Yz1
60 lag Dd2 Dz2
120 lag Dd4 Dz4
150 lag Yd5 Dy5 Yz5
180 lag Yy6 Dd6 Dz6
150 lead Yd7 Dy7 Yz7
120 lead Dd8 Dz8
60 lead Dd10 Dz10
30 lead Yd11 Dy11 Yz11
The phase-bushings on a three phase transformer are marked either ABC, UVW or 123 (HV-
side capital, LV-side small letters). Two winding, three phase transformers can be divided
into four main categories
Group O’clock TC
Group I 0 o’clock, 0° delta/delta, star/star
Group II 6 o’clock, 180° delta/delta, star/star
Group III 1 o’clock, -30° star/delta, delta/star
Group IV 11 o’clock, +30° star/delta, delta/star
Minus indicates LV lagging HV, plus indicates LV leading HV
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Clock Notation 0 (Phase Shift 0)
Clock Notation 1 (Phase Shift -30)
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Clock Notation 2 (Phase Shift -60)
Clock Notation 4 (Phase Displacement -120)
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Clock Notation 5 (Phase Displacement -150)
Clock Notation 6 (Phase Shift +180)
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Clock Notation 7 (Phase Shift +150)
Clock Notation 11 (Phase Shift +30)
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