DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC ROTI

MAKING MACHINE

A Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by
Swetha Tirlingi 20L31A04G9
Pedapati Sai Geethika 20L31A04D3
Pediredla Jayanthi 21L35A0416
Pilla Manoj Naidu 20L31A04E0

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. A. Naga Jyothi
Professor and Dean Academics
Department of ECE
VIIT, Visakhapatnam

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
Affiliated to JNTUGV, Vizianagaram & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Re-Accredited by NAAC (CGPA of 3.41/ 4.00)
ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007 Certified Institution
VISAKHAPATNAM – 530039

APRIL 2024
 VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
Affiliated to JNTUGV, Vizianagaram & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Re-Accredited by NAAC (CGPA of 3.41/ 4.00)
ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007 Certified Institution
VISAKHAPATNAM – 530039
APRIL 2024

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROTI MAKING MACHINE is a bonafide
record of project work carried out under my supervision by Swetha Tirlingi
(20L31A04G9), Pedapati Sai Geethika (20L31A04D3), Pediredla Jayanthi
(20L35A0416), Pilla Manoj Naidu (20L31A04E0) during the academic year 2023-
2024, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering of VIGNAN’S
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous). The results
embodied in this major project report have not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of the Head of the Department

Dr. A. Naga Jyothi Dr. Ch Ramesh Babu
Professor Professor & HoD
Department of ECE, VIIT (A) Department of ECE, VIIT (A)

External Examiner
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
OF AUTOMATIC ROTI MAKING MACHINE” is being submitted to VIGNAN’S
INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous), in partial
fulfillment for the award of B. Tech degree during the year 2023-24 in Electronics and
Communication Engineering. The work was originally designed and executed by us
under the guidance of our supervisor Dr. A. Naga Jyothi, Professor of ECE and Dean
Academics and was not a duplication of work done by someone else. We hold the
responsibility of the originality of the work incorporated into this thesis.

Signature of the candidate

Name: SWETHA TIRLINGI
Date:

Signature of the candidate:

Name: PEDAPATI SAI GEETHIKA
Date:

Signature of the candidate:

Name: PEDIREDLA JAYANTHI
Date:

Signature of the candidate:

Name: PILLA MANOJ NAIDU
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our deepest thanks to our Guide Dr. A. Naga Jyothi, Professor, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam for her invaluable
scholarly advice, inspirations, help, and guidance that helped us throughout our project
work. We will always be indebted to her for all she has done for us, and it is a pleasure
to acknowledge her guidance and support.

We sincerely thank our Head of the Department of Electronics and

communication Engineering Dr. Ch Ramesh Babu, Professor & HoD who has helped
us incessantly and encouraging throughout the course of this project, for providing us
with necessary facilities for our project work.

We sincerely and honestly thank Dr. A Naga Jyothi, Professor of ECE &
Dean of Academics of VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous) for her valuable advices and encouragement for the
project work.

We sincerely and honestly thank Dr. J Sudhakar, Professor & Principal,

VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous). We
express heart-felt gratitude for his valuable advices and encouragement for the project
work.

We also thankful to Dr. Lavu Rathaiah, Chairman of Vignan Group, for his
constant source of inspiration and motivation.

We express thanks to our faculty members and non-teaching staff who were
directly and indirectly involved in this project for their overwhelming cooperation.

Finally we would like to extend our heart-felt thanks to our beloved parents
whose blessings & encouragement were always there as a source of strength and
inspiration.
 ABSTRACT

The "Design and Development of Roti Making Machine" project represents a

groundbreaking advancement in culinary technology, addressing the need for efficient
roti preparation in households and commercial settings. Through a combination of
mechanical, electronic, and thermal components, the machine replicates the manual
process of sheeting and cooking rotis. With automatic systems and precise sensors, it
ensures consistent dough texture and uniform roti thickness, while a dual-sided cooking
method powered by specialized heating elements guarantees perfectly cooked
flatbreads. Users can customize parameters like thickness, size, and cooking time,
enhancing flexibility. Safety features prevent overloading and overheating, ensuring
reliability. Despite limitations, such as cost and maintenance concerns, this innovation
promises significant time savings and consistent results, making it an asset in modern
kitchens, both domestically and commercially.

Key words: Automated Roti Making, Smart Kitchen Appliances, Automated food
processing, Dual Side Cooking

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter no. Title Page no.

Cover page
Certification
Declaration
Acknowledgment
Abstract i
Contents ii-iv
List of Figures v

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-3

1.1 Introduction to Roti Making
Machine 1
1.2 Significance of Roti Making in
Indian Cuisine 1
1.3 Overview of Automatic Roti
making Machine 2

Chapter 2 Design and Components 4-7

2.1 Design Concepts of Roti
Making Machine 4
2.2 Block Diagram of Roti
Making Machine 4
2.3 Block diagram explanation 5

Chapter 3 Working Principle and 8-9

Methodology

ii
 3.1 Introduction to the Working
principle 8
3.2 Sheeting and Heating
Mechanism 8
3.3 Cooling and Stacking
Mechanism 8

Chapter 4 Control System and

Programming 10-19
4.1 Control System Architecture 10
4.2 Sensors and Actuators
Integration 11
4.3 Programming Logic and
Algorithms 12

Chapter 5 Machine Operation and User 20-21

Interface
5.1 Startup Procedure 20
5.2 Safety Features 21

Chapter 6 Maintenance and

Troubleshooting 22-23
6.1 Maintenance Schedule 22
6.2 Common Issues and
Troubleshooting Guide 23
6.3 Safety Precautions During
Maintenance

iii
Chapter 7 Testing and Quality Assurance 24-25
7.1 Testing Protocols and
Procedures 24
7.2 Quality Standards Compliance 24
7.3 Performance Evaluation
Metrics 25
Chapter 8 Market Analysis and Future
Scope 26-28
8.1 Market Trends in Automatic
Roti-Making Machines 26
8.2 Potential Applications and
Market Opportunities. 26
8.3 Future Enhancements and
Research Directions 27

Chapter 9 Conclusion 29-30

9.1 Summary of Key Findings 29
9.2 Achievements and Limitations 29
9.3 Final Thoughts on the
Automatic Roti-Making Machine
Project 30

Appendix Datasheets 31-46

GeotagPhotos 47

References 48-49

Paper Publication 50

CO- PO Mapping 52
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 LIST OF FIGURES

S.No Figure No. Description Page No.

01 2.1 Block Diagram Of Proposed System 4
02 4.1 Ready to use Machine 17

03 4.2 Activating IR sensor 17

04 4.3 Activation of motor movement through

Microcontroller 18
05 4.4 Process of sheeting through punching technique 18

06 4.5 Completion of loop after getting heated and reaches 19

to initial condition

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Automatic Roti-Making Machine

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ROTI MAKING MACHINE

The objective of the Millet Roti Making Machine is to revolutionize the traditional
method used to prepare millet rotis by introducing a streamlined system that will
revolutionize the traditional method of preparing millet rotis. As a staple food in Indian
households, millet roti serves as a source of nutrition, and the preparation of it manually
requires a great deal of time and effort. This can make it a very time-consuming and
tedious task. The purpose of the Millet Roti Maker project is to address this challenge
by simplifying the process, thereby enabling households to prepare millet rotis easily
and consistently in an efficient and consistent manner.
By using innovative technology, millet roti making machines eliminate the need for
extensive physical labor and expertise that is traditionally associate with millet roti
making.
This innovation not only saves valuable time but also ensures consistent quality,
making it user-friendly and user- friendly for individuals and families alike. In essence,
1.the millet roti maker represents a significant advancement in kitchen appliances that
meets the ever-changing needs of modern households and helps provide a more
comfortable and enjoyable cooking experience.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF ROTI MAKING IN INDIAN CUISINE
Roti, also known as chapati or Phulka, is a classic Indian flatbread cooked from whole
wheat flour (atta), water, and occasionally a bit of salt. The dough is normally kneaded
until soft and elastic, then formed into thin, circular discs and baked on a hot griddle
or tawa. Roti baking is regarded as an art form in Indian households, with each family
having its own distinct methods and preferences for preparing and cooking the bread.

• Nutritional Value: Roti is cooked with whole wheat flour, a healthier option
than refined flour. It contains vital elements such as carbohydrates, proteins,
fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making it a healthy supplement to any diet.

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• Versatility: Roti is versatile and can be served with a wide range of dishes, both
vegetarian and non-vegetarian. It can be enjoyed with spicy curries, savory
sauces, or even sweet fillings, making it suitable for various tastes and
preferences.

• Symbol of Hospitality: In Indian culture, offering roti to guests is considered a

symbol of hospitality and generosity. It is a gesture of warmth and welcome,
reflecting the host's desire to provide nourishment and comfort to their guests.

• Connection to Rituals and Festivals: Roti making is often associated with

rituals and festivals in India. It is a common practice to prepare roti during
religious ceremonies, weddings, and other auspicious occasions, symbolizing
abundance, prosperity, and togetherness.

• Economic Value: Roti is an economical and cost-effective food option for many
Indian households. It can be made with minimal ingredients and requires simple
cooking techniques, making it accessible to people across different socio-
economic backgrounds.

1.3 OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATIC ROTI MAKING PROCESS

Automated roti-making processes typically involve several steps, including dough
preparation, sheeting, heating, and sometimes even packaging. Here's an overview of
each step:

1. Dough Preparation:

• The process begins with mixing flour, water, and other ingredients (if
any) to form the dough. This can be done manually or through
automated dough-making machines.

• Automated systems often use precise measurements to ensure

consistency in the dough's texture and composition.

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2. Sheeting:

Once the dough is prepared, it's fed into a sheeting machine. This machine
rolls out the dough into thin, flat sheets of consistent thickness.

• Sheet thickness can be adjusted according to the desired roti thickness.

• Some sheeting machines also incorporate mechanisms to cut the

rolled dough into circular shapes, which is common for roti.

3. Heating:

• After sheeting, the dough rounds are transferred to a heating

apparatus, typically a conveyor belt oven or a specialized roti-making
machine.

• The heating process can involve several methods, including:

• Traditional Tandoor: In some setups, the rotis are cooked on a

traditional tandoor, a cylindrical clay or metal oven with a
wood or charcoal fire.

• Conveyor Belt Oven: In more automated setups, the rolled

dough rounds are passed through a conveyor belt oven
equipped with heating elements. The rotis are cooked as they
move through the oven at a controlled temperature.

• Press and Cook: In some machines, the dough is pressed

between heated plates, similar to a panini press, to cook the
rotis.

4. Control Systems:

• Automated roti-making processes often incorporate control systems

to regulate temperature, dough consistency, and cooking time.

• These systems ensure consistent quality and allow for adjustments to

accommodate variations in ingredients or environmental conditions.

Overall, an automated roti-making process streamlines production, ensures

consistency in quality, and increases efficiency compared to traditional manual
methods. These systems are commonly used in commercial settings such as
restaurants, cafeterias, and food manufacturing facilities.

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CHAPTER 2

DESIGN AND COMPONENTS

2.1 DESIGN CONCEPT OF AUTOMATIC ROTI-MAKING MACHINE

An automatic roti-making machine incorporates a sheeting mechanism that rolls the

dough into thin sheets via adjustable rollers. These sheets then pass through a heating
unit with temperature controls, where they are cooked on a heated surface. A
synchronized shaping and cutting mechanism shapes the cooked dough into rotis,
while a conveyor system transports the dough sheets through each stage at adjustable
speeds. The machine is controlled via a centralized interface, ensuring ease of
parameter input and feedback. Safety features such as emergency stop buttons,
guards, and overload protection are integrated, along with provisions for easy
cleaning and maintenance. Quality control measures, including inspection for
consistency and removal of defective rotis, are implemented, and customization
options allow for adjustable size, thickness, and the production of various flatbreads.

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Figure. 2.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System

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2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

A. DOUGH BALL UNIT INTERFACED WITH IR SENSOR

In an automatic roti-making machine, incorporating an infrared (IR) sensor to detect

the presence and position of dough balls can enhance automation and efficiency. The
IR sensor can be strategically placed along the dough preparation unit to detect the
arrival of dough balls before they enter the sheeting mechanism. As the dough ball
passes the sensor, it triggers the next stage of the process, signaling the sheeting
mechanism to start rolling the dough into thin sheets. This ensures a continuous and
seamless operation by automating the process of initiating dough sheeting without
the need for manual intervention. Additionally, the IR sensor can help prevent jams
or delays by detecting any inconsistencies in dough ball supply, allowing the machine
to adjust its operation accordingly. Overall, integrating an IR sensor into the
automatic roti-making machine streamlines the production process, increases
efficiency, and reduces the reliance on manual oversight.

B. ACTIVATION OF SERVO MOTOR THROUGH MICROCONTROLLER

In an automatic roti-making machine, a servo motor plays a critical role in controlling
the movement and positioning of the hand responsible for holding the dough during
the sheeting process. The servo motor is intricately linked to a mechanism designed
to securely grip the dough ball and maneuver it precisely along the sheeting
apparatus. This servo motor-driven system ensures not only accurate placement of
the dough onto the sheeting mechanism but also regulates the speed at which the
dough is fed, facilitating consistent and uniform sheeting. Moreover, advanced servo
motors equipped with force feedback capabilities enable the application of optimal
pressure onto the dough, thereby refining the sheeting process. The adaptability of
servo motors allows for easy adjustments to accommodate various dough
consistencies and sheeting requirements, ensuring flexibility in production.
Additionally, integrated safety features halt the servo motor's movement in case of
obstructions, safeguarding against accidents. Ultimately, by leveraging servo motors
for holding the hand in automatic roti-making machines, manufacturers achieve
precise control, heightened efficiency, and improved roti quality.

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C. INTERFACING DC MOTOR TO MICROCONTROLLER

In an automatic roti-making machine employing the punching technique, the
activation of DC motors via a microcontroller is pivotal for orchestrating both the
sheeting and heating processes, alongside the utilization of nichrome plates. Acting
as the central control unit, the microcontroller integrates inputs from sensors and user
commands to precisely regulate the engagement of DC motors driving the sheeting
mechanism and the power delivered to the nichrome plates for heating. As the dough
passes through the sheeting mechanism, the microcontroller activates the DC motor
to engage the rollers, which employ a punching technique to form uniform
perforations on the dough sheets. Simultaneously, the microcontroller modulates the
power supplied to the nichrome plates, serving as the heating elements to cook the
perforated rotis. Through meticulous adjustment of the DC motor speed and the
power output to the nichrome plates, the microcontroller ensures consistent sheeting
and uniform heating, facilitating the production of high-quality rotis with uniform
perforations. This integration of DC motors and nichrome plates with a
microcontroller not only enables precise control over the roti-making process but also
enhances energy efficiency and reliability, rendering it ideal for large-scale
commercial production environments.
D. INTERFACING LIMIT SWITCHES TO MICROCONTROLLER
Limit switches serve as essential sensors for monitoring the sheeting and heating
stages. These switches are strategically positioned to detect specific conditions such
as the desired thickness of the dough or the temperature of the cooking surface.
Interfacing these limit switches with a microcontroller involves wiring them to the
microcontroller's input pins and programming the microcontroller to interpret their
signals. For instance, when a limit switch detects that the dough has reached the
desired thickness during the sheeting process, the microcontroller triggers the next
step, such as transferring the dough to the heating surface. Similarly, when a limit
switch detects that the cooking surface has reached the optimal temperature for
baking, the microcontroller initiates the heating process.
E. PROCESS OF SHEETING USING PUNCHING TECHNIQUE

In the intricate choreography of an automatic roti-making machine, the sheeting and

heating processes are orchestrated with precision, often employing a punching
technique to ensure uniformity and efficiency. As the dough passes through the

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sheeting mechanism, limit switches strategically positioned along the path detect
critical stages of the sheeting process. These switches signal the microcontroller to
activate the punching mechanism, exerting precise pressure to flatten the dough to
the desired thickness. Concurrently, the heating elements are monitored by another
set of limit switches, ensuring they reach the optimal temperature for baking. Once
the dough has been punched to perfection and the cooking surface is primed, the
microcontroller seamlessly coordinates the transition, guiding the dough onto the
heated surface for the transformative journey into a golden, perfectly cooked roti.
Through the fusion of punching technique and microcontroller orchestration, the
automatic roti-making machine achieves a harmonious balance of artistry and
efficiency, delivering consistent quality with each batch.

F. AUTOMATIC STACKING OF ROTIS

In the intricate dance of automation within an automatic roti-making machine, the

final act involves the graceful stacking of freshly cooked rotis onto a waiting plate,
orchestrated by a servo motor holding hand. As the golden discs emerge from the
heated surface, a delicate ballet unfolds. The microcontroller, ever vigilant, receives
signals from limit switches indicating the completion of each roti's cooking cycle.
With precision timing, it commands the servo motor holding hand to delicately grasp
each roti and elegantly transfer it to the awaiting plate. The servo motor's dexterity
ensures a gentle touch, preventing damage to the delicate texture of the rotis. As the
stack grows, the microcontroller coordinates the servo motor's movements with
finesse, ensuring each roti finds its place with grace and precision. The result is a
mesmerizing display of mechanical artistry, culminating in a perfectly stackedmound
of rotis, ready to delight the waiting diners with their warm, fragrant embrace.Through
the seamless integration of servo motor technology and microcontroller intelligence,
the automatic roti-making machine transforms a mundane task into a captivating
spectacle of precision and efficiency.

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CHAPTER 3

WORKING PRINCIPLE AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKING PRINCIPLE

The heating and sheeting processes form the cornerstone of functionality in an

automatic roti-making machine, relying on a sophisticated interplay of mechanical
precision and thermal control. At the heart of the operation lies a meticulously
designed heating element, responsible for imparting the perfect amount of heat to
transform raw dough into golden-brown rotis. As the dough enters the machine, it
encounters a sheeting mechanism engineered to exert consistent pressure, gradually
flattening it to the desired thickness. Embedded within this mechanism are precision
sensors, which monitor the dough's progress, ensuring uniformity in thickness.
Simultaneously, the heating element springs to life, meticulously regulated by
temperature sensors to achieve and maintain the ideal baking temperature. This
synchronized choreography between sheeting and heating processes is orchestrated
by a central microcontroller, which interprets input from sensors and issues commands
to adjust pressure and temperature settings as needed. Through this intricate dance of
mechanics and control, the automatic roti-making machine transforms raw ingredients
into delectable rotis, each one a testament to the seamless fusion of engineering
ingenuity and culinary artistry.

3.2 SHEETING AND HEATING MECHANISM

In the intricate choreography of an automatic roti-making machine, the sheeting and

heating mechanisms converge with finesse, employing a punching technique to
ensure precision and uniformity in each roti. As the dough is fed into the machine, it
encounters a sophisticated sheeting mechanism that deftly controls its thickness. This
mechanism utilizes a punching technique, where precision-driven rollers exert
consistent pressure to flatten the dough to the desired thickness. Embedded within
this mechanism are sensors that meticulously monitor the dough's thickness, ensuring
uniformity and accuracy at every stage of the process. Simultaneously, the heating
element springs into action, carefully calibrated to reach and maintain the optimal
temperature for baking. This harmonious interplay of sheeting and heating is

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orchestrated by a central microcontroller, which interprets sensor data and adjusts

parameters in real-time to achieve the perfect balance of texture and flavor in each
roti. Through the marriage of punching technique, thermal control, and
microcontroller intelligence, the automatic roti-making machine transforms raw
dough into culinary masterpieces, delighting palates with its consistency and
precision.

3.3 COOLING AND STACKING MECHANISM

In the final act of the intricate ballet performed by an automatic roti-making machine,
the cooling and stacking mechanism takes center stage, guided by the gentle precision
of a servo motor holding hand. As the freshly baked rotis emerge from the heat, they
are guided to a designated cooling area, where they await their graceful ascent onto
a waiting plate. The servo motor holding hand, an embodiment of mechanical finesse,
delicately grasps each roti and orchestrates its placement onto the growing stack with
unparalleled precision. Through the watchful eye of the central microcontroller,
signals from sensors ensure that each roti is cooled to the perfect temperature before
being elegantly stacked. The servo motor's dexterity prevents any mishaps,
guaranteeing the preservation of the rotis' delicate texture and form. With each
rotation and placement, the stack grows, a testament to the seamless fusion of
technology and culinary artistry. In this mesmerizing display, the automatic roti-
making machine transcends mere functionality, elevating the act of roti preparation
into a captivating spectacle of precision and grace.

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CHAPTER 4

CONTROL SYSTEM AND PROGRAMMING

4.1 CONTROL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The control system architecture for an automatic roti-making machine is designed to

efficiently coordinate and manage the various processes involved in producing rotis.
At its core, the architecture integrates several key components to ensure seamless
operation and consistent output.

Firstly, sensors are deployed throughout the machine to monitor parameters such as
dough consistency, temperature, and cooking time. These sensors feed data to a
central processing unit (CPU) or microcontroller, which acts as the brain of the
system. The CPU analyzes the incoming data and executes control algorithms to
adjust parameters such as dough thickness, cooking temperature, and rotation speed
of the cooking surface.Additionally, actuators play a crucial role in the control system
architecture by translating the commands from the CPU into physical actions. These
actuators control mechanisms such as sheeting plates, heating elements, and
rotational motors. By precisely controlling these actuators, the system can ensure
uniform shaping, cooking, and flipping of the rotis.Furthermore, the control system
incorporates feedback loops to continuously optimize the production process.
Feedback from sensors allows the system to make real-time adjustments based on
variations in dough quality, environmental conditions, or other factors. This closed-
loop control mechanism helps maintain consistency and quality in the final product.

Moreover, the control system architecture may feature user interfaces for operators
to input parameters, monitor production progress, and troubleshoot any issues that
arise. These interfaces could range from simple control panels with buttons and
displays to more sophisticated touchscreen interfaces with intuitive graphical
interfaces.

Overall, the control system architecture for an automatic roti-making machine is a

sophisticated integration of sensors, actuators, processing units, and feedback loops.
Its primary objective is to automate the roti-making process while ensuring consistent
quality and efficiency.

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4.2 SENSORS AND ACTUATORS INTEGRATION

In an automatic roti-making machine, the integration of sensors and actuators is

essential for achieving precision and efficiency throughout the production process.
Sensors are strategically placed to gather data on various parameters such as dough
consistency, temperature, and cooking time. These sensors provide real-time
feedback to the control system, enabling it to make informed decisions and
adjustments.

For instance, sensors may detect the thickness and elasticity of the dough as it passes
through rollers, ensuring uniformity in its texture. Temperature sensors monitor the
heat levels of the cooking surface, ensuring that the rotis are cooked evenly and at
the desired level of crispness. Additionally, sensors can monitor the rotation speed of
components such as conveyor belts and cooking surfaces, optimizing the production
flow.

Actuators, on the other hand, translate the instructions from the control system into
physical actions. They are responsible for controlling various mechanisms such as
dough rollers, conveyor belts, heating elements, and rotational motors. Actuators
adjust parameters such as dough thickness, cooking temperature, and rotation speed
based on the feedback received from sensors.

For example, actuators may adjust the pressure exerted by dough rollers to achieve
the desired thickness of the rotis. They can control the speed of conveyor belts to
regulate the flow of dough through different stages of the process. Actuators also
manipulate the heating elements to maintain the optimal temperature for cooking.

The integration of sensors and actuators creates a closed-loop control system, where
feedback from sensors informs the actions of actuators, ensuring precise and
consistent production of rotis. This synergy between sensors and actuators is
fundamental to the seamless operation of an automatic roti-making machine,
enabling it to efficiently produce high-quality rotis with minimal human intervention.

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4.3 PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND ALGORITHMS

In an automatic roti-making machine, programming logic and algorithms play a cruci

role in orchestrating the complex series of actions required to produce rotis efficientl
and consistently. The programming logic encompasses a set of instructions an
algorithms that dictate how the machine operates at each stage of the productio
process.

At the core of the programming logic are algorithms designed to control various
components such as dough rollers, conveyor belts, heating elements, and rotational
motors. These algorithms govern actions such as dough flattening, cooking, flipping,
and ejection. For example, algorithms may dictate the speed and duration of dough
flattening to achieve the desired thickness of rotis, or they may regulate the
temperature and cooking time to ensure uniform browning and cooking.

Moreover, the programming logic incorporates decision-making algorithms to handle

different scenarios and variations encountered during production. For instance,
algorithms may adjust cooking parameters based on feedback from sensorsregarding
dough consistency or ambient temperature. Decision-making algorithms also enable
the machine to detect and respond to potential issues such as dough jams or
irregularities in the cooking process.

Furthermore, the programming logic includes error-handling mechanisms to address

unexpected situations and ensure the smooth operation of the machine. These
mechanisms may involve error detection algorithms that monitor sensor readings and
actuator responses for anomalies, as well as error recovery algorithms that attempt to
correct or mitigate errors when they occur.

Overall, the programming logic and algorithms in an automatic roti-making machine

serve to optimize production efficiency, ensure product consistency, and enhance
reliability. By orchestrating the actions of various components in response to real-
time feedback and predefined instructions, the programming logic enables the
machine to automate the roti-making process with precision and reliability.

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PROGRAM LOGIC

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo;

const int motorIN1 = 2;

const int motorIN2 = 3;

const int lt1 = 4;

const int lt2 = 5;

const int ir = 8;

void setup()

myServo.attach(9);

delay(100);

myServo.write(50);

pinMode(motorIN1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(motorIN2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ir, INPUT_PULLUP);

pinMode(lt1, INPUT_PULLUP);

pinMode(lt2, INPUT_PULLUP);

void stopMotor()

digitalWrite(motorIN1, LOW);

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delay(1000);

digitalWrite(motorIN2, LOW);

delay(400);

void forwardLoop()

digitalWrite(motorIN1, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(motorIN2, LOW);

delay(400);

void reverseLoop()

digitalWrite(motorIN1, LOW);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(motorIN2, HIGH);

delay(400);

void loop()

bool irSensorLow = digitalRead(ir) == LOW;

if (irSensorLow)

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delay(3000);

myServo.write(0);

delay(1000);

int lt1State = digitalRead(lt1);

int lt2State = digitalRead(lt2);

if (lt1State == LOW)

forwardLoop();

while (digitalRead(lt2) == HIGH)

stopMotor();

delay(2000);

reverseLoop();

while (digitalRead(lt1) == HIGH)

stopMotor();

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delay(2000);

forwardLoop();

while (digitalRead(lt2) == HIGH)

stopMotor();

delay(2000);

reverseLoop();

while (digitalRead(lt1) == HIGH)

stopMotor();

delay(400);

myServo.write(80);

delay(500);

myServo.write(50);

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ALGORITHM
Initially, Machine is in off condition

Step 1: Plugging the AC current in for supply to motor and heating plates

Figure 4.1: Ready to use Machine

Step 2: Activating IR sensor by putting the dough ball through the pipe

Figure 4.2:Activating IR sensor

IR sensor signals are sent to the Microcontroller and program is executed to run the
DC motor and servo motor
Step 3: Automation process begins while Limit switch 1 is in off condition
Hand position on servo motor rotates 50 degrees to keep the dough ball at the center
of the plates.

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Figure 4.3: Activation of motor movement through microcontroller

Step 4:Upper Nichrome plate goes down until it reaches limit switch 2 and waits for
2 seconds delay
When the limit switch 2 is activated it is programmed for delay of 2 seconds and going
to initial condition.

Figure 4.4: Process of sheeting through punching technique

Here the process of sheeting and heating gets completed
Step 5: It stops for 2 seconds and goes up again to initial condition

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Figure 4.5: Completion of loop after getting heated and reaches to initial condition
Step 6: One loop successfully completes.
Servo motor hand is again activated to move 180 degrees to push the roti out of the
plates
Step 7:We get sheeted and heated roti.

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CHAPTER 5

MACHINE OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE

5.1 START-UP PROCEDURE

The startup procedure for an automatic roti-making machine involves a series of steps
to ensure that the machine is initialized correctly and ready for production. Initially,
operators would power on the machine using a designated switch or button. Upon
startup, the machine undergoes a self-diagnostic check to verify that all components
are functioning properly and that sensors, actuators, and control systems are
operational.

Following the diagnostic check, the machine enters a standby or idle mode, awaiting
input from the operator to initiate the production process. Operators may interact with
a user interface, such as a control panel or touchscreen, to input parameters such as
desired roti thickness, cooking temperature, and production quantity. Alternatively,
the machine may have pre-programmed default settings that are automatically loaded
upon startup.

Once the desired parameters are set, the operator initiates the production sequence,
typically by pressing a designated start button or issuing a command through the user
interface. The machine then begins its automated production process, which typically
includes stages such as dough preparation, flattening, cooking, flipping, and ejection.

Throughout the production process, operators may monitor the machine's operation
via the user interface, observing real-time data such as dough consistency, cooking
temperature, and production progress. In the event of any abnormalities or issues
detected during production, operators may intervene by pausing or stopping the
machine and performing troubleshooting procedures as necessary.

Upon completion of the production run or when instructed by the operator, the
machine enters a shutdown sequence. This typically involves ceasing all motorized
movements, powering down heating elements, and returning the machine to astandby
or idle state. Operators may also perform routine maintenance tasks as part of the
shutdown procedure, such as cleaning components or replenishing supplies.

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Overall, the startup procedure for an automatic roti-making machine ensures that
the machine is initialized correctly, parameters are set appropriately, and production
can commence smoothly and efficiently. By following a structured startup
sequence, operators can maximize the reliability, consistency, and productivity of
the machine while minimizing the risk of errors or malfunctions.

5.2 SAFETY FEATURES

Safety features are integral components of the operation and user interface of an
automatic roti-making machine, designed to ensure the well-being of operators and
prevent accidents or injuries during operation. One essential safety feature is
emergency stop buttons strategically located on the machine and the user interface,
allowing operators to quickly halt all machine operations in case of emergencies.
These buttons are easily accessible and instantly deactivate all motorized movements
and heating elements to prevent accidents. Moreover, interlocking mechanisms may
be implemented to prevent the machine from operating unless all safety guards and
covers are securely in place, reducing the risk of accidental contact with moving
parts. Additionally, the user interface may incorporate visual and audible alerts to
warn operators of potential hazards or errors, such as high temperatures or equipment
malfunctions. Furthermore, safety protocols and guidelines may be prominently
displayed on the user interface, providing operators with essential information on
safe operating procedures, emergency protocols, and maintenance requirements. By
integrating these safety features into both the machine's operation and user interface,
automatic roti-making machines prioritize the safety of operators and minimize the
risk of accidents or injuries, ensuring a secure and reliable production environment.

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CHAPTER 6

MACHINE OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE

6.1 MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING

Regular maintenance is essential for ensuring the optimal performance and longevity
of an automatic roti making machine. A comprehensive maintenance schedule
typically includes several key tasks. Firstly, daily cleaning is crucial to remove any
leftover dough or debris, preventing buildup that could affect the machine's
operation. This involves wiping down surfaces, removing and cleaning trays or
components, and ensuring all moving parts are free of obstruction. Additionally,
weekly inspections should be conducted to check for wear and tear, such as frayed
wires or loose bolts, and to lubricate moving parts as needed to prevent excessive
friction and prolong their lifespan. Monthly maintenance may involve more thorough
checks, such as testing electrical connections, calibrating sensors, and inspecting
heating elements for any signs of damage or inefficiency. It's also important to follow
manufacturer guidelines for specific maintenance procedures and to address any
issues promptly to avoid more significant problems down the line. By adhering to a
regular maintenance schedule, operators can maximize the reliability and efficiency
of their automatic roti making machine, ensuring consistent performance and
minimizing downtime.

6.2 COMMON ISSUES AND TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

Automatic roti making machines, like any complex equipment, may encounter
common issues that require troubleshooting to ensure smooth operation. One
frequent problem is dough consistency issues, which can lead to irregularly shaped
or improperly cooked rotis. Troubleshooting this involves adjusting the dough
consistency by adding water or flour as necessary and ensuring the dough is properly
kneaded. Another common issue is uneven cooking, which can result from uneven
heat distribution or incorrect settings. To address this, operators should check the
heating elements for damage or blockages and adjust temperature settings as needed.
Additionally, mechanical issues such as jammed rollers or malfunctioning sensors
may occur, causing the machine to stop or produce defective rotis. Troubleshooting

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these issues involves carefully inspecting the machine for any obstructions, cleaning
or replacing damaged components, and recalibrating sensors if necessary. It's also
essential to regularly maintain the machine according to the manufacturer's
guidelines to prevent potential issues and ensure optimal performance. By following
these troubleshooting steps and conducting routine maintenance, operators can
effectively address common problems with automatic roti making machines and keep
them running smoothly.

6.3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING MAINTENANCE

Safety precautions during maintenance on an automatic roti making machine are

paramount to safeguard both the operator and the equipment. Firstly, before
commencing any maintenance work, it is imperative to power off the machine and
disconnect it from its electrical source to prevent electrical accidents. Additionally,
wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety
goggles, and possibly even thermal gloves for handling hot components is essential
to mitigate the risk of injury. Careful attention should be paid to moving parts, sharp
edges, and hot surfaces to avoid cuts, burns, or other accidents. Using the correct
tools for maintenance tasks is crucial to ensure both efficiency and safety, as using
improper tools can lead to damage or accidents. Following the manufacturer's
maintenance guidelines diligently is imperative to prevent accidents or damage to the
machine. In cases where maintenance tasks are complex or unfamiliar, seeking
guidance from qualified technicians or professionals is recommended to mitigate
risks. Regular training and reinforcement of safety protocols among operators can
also contribute significantly to maintaining a safe working environment during
maintenance activities. By adhering strictly to safety precautions, operators can
conduct maintenance on automatic roti making machines effectively while
prioritizing the well-being of everyone involved.

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CHAPTER 7

TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

7.1 TESTING PROTOCOLS AND PROCEDURES

Testing protocols and procedures for an automatic roti making machine are essential to
ensure its functionality, consistency, and safety in producing high-quality rotis. Firstly,
before conducting any tests, it's crucial to thoroughly clean the machine to remove any
residual dough or debris that could affect the results. Once cleaned, testing can begin
with a series of operational checks to verify that all components, including rollers,
heating elements, sensors, and motors, are functioning correctly. This involves running
the machine through its various cycles, such as dough preparation, rolling, cooking, and
ejection, while closely monitoring for any abnormalities or malfunctions. Additionally,
testing should include evaluating the machine's performance under different settings
and conditions to ensure versatility and reliability in various scenarios. Quality control
tests should also be conducted to assess the consistency of roti production, including
size, thickness, texture, and cooking uniformity. This may involve sampling rotis at
regular intervals and conducting visual inspections and taste tests to ensure they meet
desired standards. Safety testing is equally important and should include checks for
overheating, electrical faults, and any potential hazards that could compromise the
safety of operators or consumers. Throughout the testing process, detailed
documentation should be maintained, recording any issues encountered, adjustments
made, and test results obtained. By following comprehensive testing protocols and
procedures, operators can identify and address any issues with the automatic roti
making machine, ensuring its optimal performance, safety, and quality output.

7.2 QUALITY STANDARDS COMPLIANCE

Compliance with quality standards is vital for automatic roti making machines to ensure
they meet regulatory requirements and deliver consistent, safe, and high-quality rotis.
Manufacturers must adhere to established quality standards such as ISO 9001 to
maintain rigorous quality management systems throughout the production process.
These standards encompass various aspects, including design, manufacturing, testing,
and documentation, to ensure that the machines meet predefined specifications and

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performance criteria. Additionally, compliance with food safety regulations, such as

those set by the FDA or equivalent authorities, is essential to guarantee that the rotis
produced by these machines are safe for consumption. This involves ensuring that the
materials used in the construction of the machine are food-grade and do not pose any
health risks. Quality standards also encompass factors such as reliability, durability,
and efficiency, ensuring that the machine operates consistently over time with minimal
downtime or maintenance requirements. Regular quality audits and inspections are
conducted to verify compliance with these standards and identify any areas for
improvement. By adhering to established quality standards, manufacturers can instill
confidence in customers regarding the safety and reliability of automatic roti making
machines, ultimately contributing to the success and reputation of their products in the
market.

7.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION METRICS

Performance evaluation metrics for automatic roti making machines are essential to
assess their efficiency, effectiveness, and overall quality of roti production. Several key
metrics can be used for this purpose. Firstly, throughput or production rate measures
the number of rotis produced per unit of time, indicating the machine's capacity to meet
demand. This metric is crucial for evaluating efficiency and productivity. Secondly,
consistency in roti size, thickness, texture, and cooking uniformity is essential for
ensuring product quality. Metrics such as standard deviation or coefficient of variation
can be used to quantify the consistency of roti characteristics. Thirdly, yield measures
the percentage of usable rotis produced compared to the total input materials, indicating
the machine's effectiveness in minimizing wastage. Additionally, equipment downtime,
maintenance frequency, and repair costs are important metrics for assessing reliability
and overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). Lower downtime and maintenance
frequency indicate higher reliability and availability of the machine for production.
Energy consumption metrics can also be evaluated to assess the machine's efficiency in
terms of power usage per roti produced. By evaluating these performance metrics,
manufacturers can identify areas for improvement, optimize machine settings and
processes, and ultimately enhance the overall performance and competitiveness of
automatic roti making machines in the market.

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CHAPTER 8

MARKET ANALYSIS AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 MARKET TRENDS IN AUTOMATIC ROTI-MAKING MACHINES

In recent years, the market for automatic roti making machines has witnessed several
notable trends driven by technological advancements, changing consumer preferences,
and global market dynamics. Firstly, there's been a growing demand for automation in
food preparation, fueled by the need for increased efficiency, consistency, and labor
cost savings. Automatic roti making machines offer businesses a way to streamline
production processes while maintaining high-quality standards. Secondly, there's an
increasing focus on customization and versatility in roti making machines to cater to
diverse consumer preferences and dietary requirements. Machines with adjustable
settings for roti size, thickness, and ingredients allow for greater flexibility in
production. Additionally, there's a rising awareness of health and wellness among
consumers, leading to a demand for healthier roti options made from whole grains or
alternative flours. Automatic roti making machines equipped with features to
accommodate such ingredients are gaining traction in the market. Moreover,
sustainability has emerged as a key consideration, with consumers and businesses alike
seeking eco-friendly solutions. Manufacturers are developing machines with energy-
efficient technologies and using recyclable materials to reduce environmental impact.
Lastly, the market is witnessing increased competition and innovation as new players
enter the arena, driving advancements in machine capabilities, ease of use, and
affordability. Overall, these trends reflect a dynamic and evolving landscape in the
automatic roti making machine market, characterized by a focus on automation,
customization, health, sustainability, and innovation to meet the evolving needs of
consumers and businesses alike.

8.2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND MARKET OPPORTUNITIES

The potential applications and market opportunities for automatic roti making
machines are diverse and expansive, encompassing various sectors within the food
industry and beyond. Firstly, in the commercial food sector, such machines offer

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significant opportunities for restaurants, catering businesses, and foodservice providers

to streamline roti production processes, reduce labor costs, and ensure consistent
quality. These machines can cater to a wide range of establishments, including Indian
restaurants, hotels, cafeterias, and event venues, where rotis are a staple food item.
Additionally, automatic roti making machines can find applications in institutional
settings such as schools, hospitals, and military facilities, where there is a need to
produce large quantities of rotis efficiently to serve a diverse population. The
convenience and consistency offered by these machines make them ideal for such high-
volume production environments.
Furthermore, there are opportunities for automatic roti making machines in the retail
market, where consumers increasingly seek convenient and time-saving solutions for
home cooking. By offering compact and user-friendly machines designed for domestic
use, manufacturers can tap into the growing demand for automated kitchen appliances
and capitalize on the trend of home cooking and healthy eating.
Moreover, automatic roti making machines can also find applications in non-food
sectors such as research and development laboratories, where flatbreads like rotis are
used as model food substrates for studying various aspects of food science, nutrition,
and sensory evaluation.
Overall, the market opportunities for automatic roti making machines are vast and
diverse, spanning across commercial foodservice, institutional catering, retail, and non-
food sectors. With continued innovation, customization, and market penetration,
manufacturers can capitalize on these opportunities and drive growth in the automatic
roti making machine market.

8.3 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

Future enhancements and research directions for automatic roti making machines are
poised to revolutionize the industry, offering advancements in efficiency,
customization, sustainability, and convenience. Firstly, there's significant potential for
further automation and integration of smart technologies, such as artificial intelligence
(AI) and machine learning algorithms, to optimize machine performance, predict
maintenance needs, and adapt to changing production demands in real-time. These
advancements could enhance productivity, reduce downtime, and improve overall
operational efficiency.

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Secondly, there's a growing demand for customization and personalization in food

production, driven by evolving consumer preferences and dietary requirements. Future
research could focus on developing automatic roti making machines with modular
designs and adjustable settings to accommodate various types of flour, flavors, and
nutritional additives, enabling customization based on individual preferences and
dietary needs.
Additionally, sustainability is becoming increasingly important in the food industry,
and future enhancements to automatic roti making machines could focus on reducing
energy consumption, minimizing waste, and using eco-friendly materials in machine
construction. Integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power,
and optimization of heating and cooling systems could contribute to a more sustainable
and environmentally friendly production process.
Moreover, there's potential for advancements in hygiene and food safety features, such
as self-cleaning mechanisms, antimicrobial coatings, and advanced sanitation
protocols, to ensure the highest standards of food safety and hygiene in roti production.
Furthermore, research could explore the integration of Internet of Things (IoT)
technologies and cloud-based systems to enable remote monitoring, data analytics, and
predictive maintenance capabilities, allowing operators to monitor and manage
automatic roti making machines from anywhere, improving efficiency and reducing
operational costs.
Overall, future enhancements and research directions for automatic roti making
machines are poised to drive innovation, efficiency, sustainability, and customization
in the industry, offering exciting opportunities for manufacturers, operators, and
consumers alike. By embracing these advancements, the automatic roti making
machine market can continue to evolve and thrive in the years to come.

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CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

9.1 SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS

Key findings in the field of automatic roti making machines highlight advancements in
automation, customization, sustainability, and efficiency. These machines offer
significant opportunities for commercial foodservice, institutional catering, retail, and
non-food sectors by streamlining production processes, reducing labor costs, and
ensuring consistent quality. Future research directions focus on integrating smart
technologies like AI and machine learning to optimize performance, enhancing
customization capabilities to meet diverse consumer preferences, and prioritizing
sustainability through energy-efficient design and waste reduction measures.
Additionally, advancements in hygiene and food safety features, along with IoT
integration for remote monitoring and predictive maintenance, promise to further
improve operational efficiency and ensure the highest standards of food safety and
hygiene. By embracing these advancements, the automatic roti making machine
industry can continue to evolve and thrive, catering to the evolving needs of consumers
and businesses while driving innovation in the food production sector.

9.2 ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS

The development of automatic roti making machines represents a significant
achievement in the food industry, offering numerous benefits such as increased
efficiency, consistency, and convenience. These machines have revolutionized roti
production, particularly in commercial settings, by streamlining processes, reducing
labor costs, and ensuring consistent quality. By automating tasks such as dough
preparation, rolling, cooking, and ejection, these machines have significantly increased
production rates and minimized manual labor requirements, thereby enhancing
productivity and profitability for businesses. Moreover, automatic roti making
machines have facilitated greater customization and versatility, allowing for the
production of rotis in various sizes, thicknesses, and flavors to meet diverse consumer
preferences. However, despite these achievements, automatic roti making machines

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still have some limitations. They may require significant upfront investment and
ongoing maintenance costs, making them inaccessible for some smaller businesses.
Additionally, while advancements have been made in terms of consistency and quality,
there may still be variations in roti characteristics, especially compared to handmade
rotis. Furthermore, challenges related to hygiene, sanitation, and food safety remain,
necessitating stringent cleaning protocols and regular maintenance to ensure
compliance with regulatory standards. Overall, while automatic roti making machines
have made significant strides in improving efficiency and consistency in roti
production, ongoing innovation and refinement are needed to address remaining
limitations and further enhance their utility and accessibility in the food industry.

9.3 FINAL THOUGHTS ON THE AUTOMATIC ROTI-MAKING MACHINE

PROJECT

The automatic roti-making machine project stands as a testament to the fusion of

innovation and tradition, revolutionizing the age-old art of roti preparation. In its
intricate design lies a symphony of mechanical precision, thermal control, and
intelligent automation, orchestrated to produce perfect rotis with consistency and
efficiency. From the initial feeding of dough to the final stacking of freshly baked rotis,
every step is guided by the watchful eye of sensors and the precise commands of a
central microcontroller. Through punching techniques, heating elements, and servo
motor holding hands, the machine seamlessly transforms raw ingredients into culinary
delights, preserving the authenticity of homemade rotis while streamlining the cooking
process. Beyond its functional prowess, this project embodies a deep respect for
culinary tradition, bridging the gap between tradition and technology to offer a taste of
heritage in a modern world. As the aroma of freshly baked rotis fills the air and plates
are filled with warm, golden discs, the automatic roti-making machine project serves
not only as a marvel of engineering but also as a reminder of the power of innovation
to enrich and elevate everyday experiences.

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APPENDIX

DATA SHEETS

1. ARDUINO NANO

ArduinoNano Front

ArduinoNanoRear

Overview
TheArduinoNanoisasmall,complete,andbreadboard-
friendlyboardbasedontheATmega328(Arduino Nano 3.0) or ATmega168
(Arduino Nano 2.x). It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino
Duemilanove,butinadifferentpackage.ItlacksonlyaDCpowerjack,andworkswith
aMini-BUSBcable instead of a standard one. The Nano was designed and is
being produced by Gravitech.

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SchematicandDesign
ArduinoNano3.0(ATmega328):schematic,Eaglefiles.
Arduino Nano 2.3 (ATmega168): manual(pdf), Eagle files. Note: since thefree
versionof Eagle does not handlemorethan2layers,
andthisversionoftheNanois4layers,itispublishedhereunrouted,sousers can
open and use it in the free version of Eagle.

Specifications:
Microcontroller AtmelATmega168 or ATmega328

OperatingVoltage(logic level) 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

InputVoltage(limits) 6-20V
DigitalI/O Pins 14(ofwhich6providePWMoutput)
AnalogInput Pins 8
DCCurrentperI/OPin 40mA
FlashMemory 16KB(ATmega168)or32KB(ATmega328)ofwhich2KBused by

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bootloader
SRAM 1KB(ATmega168)or2KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 512bytes(ATmega168)or1KB(ATmega328)
ClockSpeed 16 MHz
Dimensions 0.73"x 1.70"
Power:
The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V
unregulated external power
supply(pin30),or5Vregulatedexternalpowersupply(pin27).Thepowersourceis
automaticallyselected to the highest voltage source.

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TheFTDI
FT232RLchipontheNanoisonlypowerediftheboardisbeingpoweredoverUSB.As
aresult, when running on external (non-USB) power, the 3.3V output (which is
supplied by the FTDI chip) is not available and the RX and TX LEDs will flicker
if digital pins 0 or 1 are high.

Memory
The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2
KBis used for the bootloader); the ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB
used for the bootloader). The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and
512bytesofEEPROM(which
canbereadandwrittenwiththeEEPROMlibrary);theATmega328has2KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

InputandOutput
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA andhasaninternalpull-
upresistor(disconnectedbydefault)of20-50kOhms.Inaddition,somepinshave
specialized functions:

Serial:0(RX)and1(TX).Usedtoreceive(RX)andtransmit(TX)TTLserialdata.T
hesepinsare connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
ExternalInterrupts:2and3.Thesepinscanbeconfiguredto
triggeraninterruptonalowvalue,a rising or falling edge, or a change in
value. See the attachInterrupt()function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite()function.
SPI:10(SS),11(MOSI),12(MISO),13(SCK).ThesepinssupportSPIcommunication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included
in the Arduino language.
LED:13.Thereisabuilt-
inLEDconnectedtodigitalpin13.WhenthepinisHIGHvalue,theLEDison,
when the pin is LOW, it's off.

TheNanohas8analoginputs,eachofwhich
provide10bitsofresolution(i.e.1024different values).By
defaulttheymeasurefromgroundto5volts, though
isitpossibletochangetheupperendoftheirrange using the
analogReference()function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:

I2C:4(SDA)and5(SCL).SupportI2C(TWI)communicationusingtheWirelibrary(d
ocumentationon the Wiring website).

Thereareacoupleofotherpinsontheboard:

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AREF.Referencevoltagefortheanaloginputs.UsedwithanalogReference().
Reset.BringthislineLOWtoresetthemicrocontroller.Typicallyusedtoadda
resetbuttontoshields which block the one on the board.

SeealsothemappingbetweenArduinopinsandATmega168ports.

Communication
TheArduinoNanohasanumberoffacilitiesforcommunicatingwithacomputer,ano
therArduino,orother microcontrollers. TheATmega168
andATmega328provideUARTTTL (5V) serialcommunication,which is
available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board
channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI drivers(included
with the Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on the
computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple
textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs
on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and
USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1).
ASoftwareSeriallibraryallowsforserialcommunicationonanyoftheNano'sdigital
pins.
TheATmega168andATmega328alsosupportI2C(TWI)andSPIcommunication.
TheArduinosoftware includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see
the documentationfor details. To use the SPI communication, please see the
ATmega168 or ATmega328 datasheet.

Programming
The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software (download).
Select "Arduino Diecimila,
Duemilanove,orNanow/ATmega168"or"ArduinoDuemilanoveorNanow/ATme
ga328"fromtheTools

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>Boardmenu(accordingtothemicrocontrolleronyourboard).Fordetails,seethe
referenceand tutorials.
TheATmega168orATmega328ontheArduinoNanocomespreburnedwith a
bootloaderthatallows youto upload new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol
(reference, C header files).
Youcanalso bypassthebootloaderandprogramthemicrocontrollerthrough
theICSP(In-CircuitSerial Programming) header; see these instructionsfor
details.

Automatic(Software)Reset
Ratherthenrequiringaphysicalpressoftheresetbuttonbeforeanupload,theArduin
oNanoisdesignedin a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
FT232RL is connected to the reset line of the ATmega168 or ATmega328 via
a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to resetthe chip. The Arduino software uses this capability
to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the
Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter
timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the
upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Nano is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, itresets each timeaconnection is
madetoit from software (via USB). For thefollowinghalf-second or so, the
bootloader is running on the Nano. While it is programmed to ignore
malformed data (i.e.
anythingbesidesanuploadofnewcode),itwillinterceptthefirstfewbytesofdatasen
ttotheboardaftera connection is opened. Ifa sketch running on the board
receives one-timeconfiguration or otherdata when it first starts, make sure that
the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data.

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2. ARDUINO UNO

Product Reference Manual

SKU: A000066

Description

The Arduino UNO R3 is the perfect board to get familiar with electronics
and coding. This versatile development board is equipped with the well-
known ATmega328P and the ATMega 16U2 Processor.
This board will give you a great first experience within the world of Arduino.

Target areas:

Maker, introduction, industries

Features
ATMega328P Processor
Memory

AVR CPU at up to 16 MHz 32KB Flash

2KB SRAM
1KB EEPROM

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Security

Power On Reset (POR) Brown Out Detection (BOD)

Peripherals
2x 8-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register and compare channels
1x 16-bit Timer/Counter with a dedicated period register, input capture and compare
channels 1x USART with fractional baud rate generator and start-of-frame detection
1x controller/peripheral Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
1x Dual mode controller/peripheral I2C
1x Analog Comparator (AC) with a scalable reference input Watchdog Timer with
separate on-chip oscillator
Six PWM channels
Interrupt and wake-up on pin change

ATMega16U2 Processor

8-bit AVR® RISC-based microcontroller

Memory

16 KB ISP Flash 512B EEPROM

512B SRAM
debugWIRE interface for on-chip debugging and programming

Power

2.7-5.5 volts

Ref. Description Ref. Description

X1 Power jack 2.1x5.5mm U1 SPX1117M3-L-5 Regulator
X2 USB B Connector U3 ATMEGA16U2 Module
PC1 EEE-1EA470WP 25V SMD Capacitor U5 LMV358LIST-A.9 IC
PC2 EEE-1EA470WP 25V SMD Capacitor F1 Chip Capacitor, High Density
D1 CGRA4007-G Rectifier ICSP Pin header connector (through hole 6)
J-ZU4 ATMEGA328P Module ICSP1 Pin header connector (through hole 6)
Y1 ECS-160-20-4X-DU Oscillator
1.1 Processor

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The Main Processor is a ATmega328P running at up to 20 MHz. Most of its

pins are connected to the external headers, however some are reserved for
internal communication with the USB Bridge coprocessor.

1.2 Power Tree

2 Board Operation

2.1 Getting Started - IDE

If you want to program your Arduino UNO R3 while offline you need to install
the Arduino Desktop IDE [1] To connect the Arduino UNO to your computer,
you’ll need a USB-B cable. This also provides power to the board, as indicated
by the LED.

2.2 Getting Started - Arduino Web Editor

All Arduino boards, including this one, work out-of-the-box on the Arduino

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Web Editor [2], by just installing a simple plugin.

The Arduino Web Editor is hosted online, therefore it will always be up-to-date
with the latest features and support for all boards. Follow [3] to start coding on
the browser and upload your sketches onto your board.

2.3 Sample Sketches

Sample sketches for the Arduino UNO R3 can be found either in the “Examples”
menu in the Arduino IDE or in the “Documentation” section of the Arduino
website [4]

2.4 Online Resources

Now that you have gone through the basics of what you can do with the board
you can explore the endless possibilities it provides by checking exciting
projects on Arduino Project Hub [5], the Arduino Library Reference [6] and the
online Arduino store [7] where you will be able to complement your board
with sensors, actuators and more.

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3 Connector Pinout

Pin Function Type Description

1 NC NC Not connected
2 IOREF IOREF Reference for digital logic V - connected to 5V
3 Reset Reset Reset
4 +3V3 Power +3V3 Power Rail
5 +5V Power +5V Power Rail
6 GND Power Ground
7 GND Power Ground
8 VIN Power Voltage Input
9 A0 Analog/GPIO Analog input 0 /GPIO
10 A1 Analog/GPIO Analog input 1 /GPIO
11 A2 Analog/GPIO Analog input 2 /GPIO
12 A3 Analog/GPIO Analog input 3 /GPIO
13 A4/SDA Analog input/I2C Analog input 4/I2C Data line
14 A5/SCL Analog input/I2C Analog input 5/I2C Clock line

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Function Type Description

Pin
1 D0 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 0/GPIO
2 D1 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 1/GPIO
3 D2 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 2/GPIO
4 D3 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 3/GPIO
5 D4 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 4/GPIO
6 D5 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 5/GPIO
7 D6 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 6/GPIO
8 D7 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 7/GPIO
9 D8 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 8/GPIO
10 D9 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 9/GPIO
11 SS Digital SPI Chip Select
12 MOSI Digital SPI1 Main Out Secondary In
13 MISO Digital SPI Main In Secondary Out
14 SCK Digital SPI serial clock output
15 GND Power Ground
16 AREF Digital Analog reference voltage
17 A4/SD4 Digital Analog input 4/I2C Data line (duplicated)
18 A5/SD5 Digital Analog input 5/I2C Clock line (duplicated)

3.1 Board Outline & Mounting Holes

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1 Certifications

1.1 Declaration of Conformity CE DoC (EU)

We declare under our sole responsibility that the products above are in
conformity with the essential requirements of the following EU Directives and
therefore qualify for free movement within markets comprising the European
Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA).

ROHS 2 Directive 2011/65/EU

Conforms to: EN50581:2012

Directive 2014/35/EU. (LVD)

Conforms to: EN 60950-
1:2006/A11:2009/A1:2010/A12:2011/AC:2011
Directive 2004/40/EC & 2008/46/EC &
2013/35/EU, EMF
Conforms to: EN 62311:2008

1.2 Declaration of Conformity to EU RoHS & REACH 211 01/19/2021

Arduino boards are in compliance with RoHS 2 Directive 2011/65/EU of the

European Parliament and RoHS 3 Directive 2015/863/EU of the Council of 4
June 2015 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in
electrical and electronic equipment.

Substance Maximum limit (ppm)

Lead (Pb) 1000
Cadmium (Cd) 100
Mercury (Hg) 1000
Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) 1000
Poly Brominated Biphenyls (PBB) 1000
Poly Brominated Diphenyl ethers (PBDE) 1000
Bis(2-Ethylhexyl} phthalate (DEHP) 1000
Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) 1000
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 1000
Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) 1000

Exemptions: No exemptions are claimed.

Arduino Boards are fully compliant with the related requirements of European
Union Regulation (EC) 1907 /2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation,
Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). We declare none of the
SVHCs (https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/candidate-list-table), the Candidate
List of Substances of Very High Concern for authorization currently released

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by ECHA, is present in all products (and also package) in quantities totaling in

a concentration equal or above 0.1%. To the best of our knowledge, we also
declare that our products do not contain any of the substances listed on the
"Authorization List" (Annex XIV of the REACH regulations) and Substances of
Very High Concern (SVHC) in any significant amounts as specified by the Annex
XVII of Candidate list published by ECHA (European Chemical Agency) 1907
/2006/EC.

1.1 Conflict Minerals Declaration

As a global supplier of electronic and electrical components, Arduino is aware

of our obligations with regards to laws and regulations regarding Conflict
Minerals, specifically the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer
Protection Act, Section 1502. Arduino does not directly source or process
conflict minerals such as Tin, Tantalum, Tungsten, or Gold. Conflict minerals
are contained in our products in the form of solder, or as a component in metal
alloys. As part of our reasonable due diligence Arduino has contacted
component suppliers within our supply chain to verify their continued
compliance with the regulations. Based on the information received thus far
we declare that our products contain Conflict Minerals sourced from conflict-
free areas.

4 FCC Caution
Any Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible
for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.

This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:

(1) This device may not cause harmful interference

(2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired
operation.

FCC RF Radiation Exposure Statement:

1. This Transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.

2. This equipment complies with RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled
environment.

3. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the

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radiator & yourbody.

English: User manuals for license-exempt radio apparatus shall contain the
following or equivalent notice in a conspicuous location in the user manual or
alternatively on the device or both. This device complies with Industry Canada
license-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is subject to the following two
conditions:
(1) this device may not cause interference

(2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired
operation of thedevice.

French: Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d’Industrie Canada

applicables aux appareils radio exempts de licence. L’exploitation est autorisée
aux deux conditions suivantes :
(1) l’ appareil nedoit pas produire de brouillage

(2) l’utilisateur de l’appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est
susceptibled’en compromettre le fonctionnement.

IC SAR Warning:
English This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum
distance 20 cm between the radiator and your body.

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French: Lors de l’ installation et de l’ exploitation de ce dispositif, la distance entre le

radiateur et le corps est d ’au moins 20 cm.

Important: The operating temperature of the EUT can’t exceed 85℃ and shouldn’t be
lower than -40℃.

Hereby, Arduino S.r.l. declares that this product is in compliance with essential
requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 2014/53/EU. This product is
allowed to be used in all EU member states.

5 Company Information
Company name Arduino S.r.l

Company Address Via Andrea Appiani 25 20900 MONZA Italy

6 Reference Documentation
Reference Link
Arduino IDE
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
(Desktop)

Arduino IDE (Cloud) https://create.arduino.cc/editor

Cloud IDE Getting https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/Arduino_Genuino/getting-started-with-arduino-

Started web- editor-4b3e4a

Arduino Website https://www.arduino.cc/

Project Hub https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub?by=part&part_id=11332&sort=trending
Library Reference https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/
Online Store https://store.arduino.cc/

7 Revision History
Date Revision Changes

26/07/2023 2 General Update

06/2021 1 Datasheet release

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GEO TAG PHOTO WITH PROTOTYPE

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REFERENCES

[1] Design and Development of Semi-Automatic Chapati Maker Shubham Saurav,

Raghunath Singh, Saurabh Kalode, Aayush Singh, International Journal of Advances in
Engineering and Management (IJAEM) Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022: 376-379.

[2] Fabrication and Assembly of Rotti Making Machine Menaka Muchhetti, Ramavath
Suman, Kumara Naik, Samatham Madhukar, International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 8, Issue 6 Page Number:
39-49.

[3] Naga Jyothi, Aggala. "Design and Implementation of Quadri phase Sequences with
Good Merit Factor Values." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2016): S1

[4] Naga Jyothi, A., and K. Raja Rajeswari. "Cross-correlation of Barker code and Long
binary signals." International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
3 (2011).

[5] An Innovative Design and Fabrication of Indian Flatbread Making Machine S.

Rajamanickam, R. Ruban, S. Bhuvaneswar, Guhan, International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (JJSRSET) Volume 9, Issue 6 Page
Number: 342-346.

[6] Roti Making Machine Nai Vagesh Ramanbhai, Patel Divyesh Umedbhai, Patel Fenil
Jayeshbhai, Patel Gaurang Vinayakbhai, Patel Hiten Navinbhai, IJSRD - International
Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 6, Issue 03, 2018: 1825-1827

[7] DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROTI MAKING MACHINE Dhruv B Borad,

Noel R Parmar, Vatsal M Shah, Shiva Batham, Prof.Vrajesh Makwana, Journal of
Emerging Technologies, and Innovative Research (JETIR), April 2017, Volume 4,
Issue 04: 138-140

[8] Fannin, R. A. (2019). Design, Development & Fabrication of Automatic Flatbread

Machine. International Research Journal of Engineering

[9] P. Rajya Lakshmi and D. Ratna Kumari, 2016 “Design Considerations of Indian
Bread Making Tools – A Review”, International Journal of agriculture Science and
Research (IJASR). (Oct2016) vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 85-92, ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E):
2321-0087.

[10] B.S. Sridhar, and B. Manohar, 2020. “Flow modeling of continuous Indian
unleavened flatbread (Chapatis) former”, Journal of food engineering. (Oct 2021) Vol.
50, no. 1, 19-24.

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[11] K.Chandrasekar, R. Melvin Richardson, G.Nethaji, A.Nirmalkumar and

B.Praveen,2018. “Automatic chapathi making Machine”, International Journal of
Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), (Apr 2018) vol. 5, no. 4, pp.2321-2705
ISSN 2321–2705.

[12] Harshal T.Khamankar, Dr. S. B. Jaju, “A Review on Material Handling &

Clamping System for wear plate welding machine’’, International Journal of
Engineering Research and General Science Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2014.

[13] K.Othman, E. Danial and A. Adli, 2022. “Semi-Automatic Chapati Roller

Machine”, Multidisciplinary Applied Research and Innovation, (Feb 2022) vol. 3, no.
1:653-663

[14] A. Maurya, A. Karne, H. Maurya and D.B. Radkar, 2019. “Design, development
& Fabrication of Automatic Flatbread Machine”, International Research Journal of
engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 6, no. 4: 2395-0056

[15] "Rice Today, Roti Tomorrow: Diets and Diabetes in Urban Indian Households “:
Henschel Jasmine & Arbor Ann

[16] Design, development and performance evaluation of chapatti press cum vermicelli
extruder: Journal of Food Science and Technology

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PAPER PUBLICATION

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PLAGIARISM REPORT

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CO AND PO MAPPING

Project Title: Design and Development of Automatic Roti Making Machine

Batch No: C6

Student Names: 1. Swetha Tirlingi - 20L31A04G9

2. Pedapati Sai Geethika - 20L31A04D3
3. Pediredla Jayanthi - 21L35A0416
4. Pilla Manoj Naidu - 20L31A04E0
Project Course Outcomes:

CO1: Emphasizes skills related to leadership, good communication, and teamwork

CO2: Focuses on problem-solving, innovation, and creativity
CO3: Addresses the ability to adapt to new technologies and environments
CO4: Relates to proficiency in project management and quality assurance

CO-PO Mapping:

P
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
O
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
2

CO
3 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 -
1
CO
- - 3 3 3 2 - - - 3 - - - 3
2
CO
- - 2 2 2 - 3 3 - - - - 3 -
3
CO
- - - - - 1 1 3 3 3 3 - 3 3
4

Team Leader Signature Signature of the Project Guide

Dr. A. Naga Jyothi
Professor & Dean of Academics
Department of ECE, VIIT (A)

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