Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to Exercise 7A

1a The population increases by a factor of 3 every decade, this means the factors for
the years 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 are 3, 9, 27, 81 and 243 respectively.

1b The population was 10000 in 1970. The existing population is 1000000 which is
100 times that of 1970’s.
Hence, the population of 1000000 was in the decade 2010-2020

2 a 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096
2b i) 3,9,27,81,243,729
2b ii) 5,25,125,625,3125
2b iii) 6,36,216
2b iv) 7, 49, 343
2b v) 10, 100,1000,10000,10000,100000,1000000
2b vi) 20,400,8000,160000,3200000,64000000
2c i)1,4,16,64,256,1024,4096
2c ii)1,8,64,512,4096
2d 1,9,81,729
2e 1,25,625

3a 8
3b 64
3c 81
3d 729
4
3e 9
8
3f 27
729
3g 10000
16
3h 49
5
3i 9
3j 1

4a 1
4b 1
1
4c 5
1
4d 11
1
4e 36
1
4f 100
1
4g 27
1
4h 125

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1
4i 32
1
4j 1000000

5a 5
5b 11
7
5c 2
2
5d 7
4
5e 3
23
5f 10
1
5g 10
5h 10
5i 100
5j 50
1 1
6a → 25
52
1
6b 1 → 25
( )−2
5
3
6c 5 = 125
6d 24 = 16
6e 106 = 1000000
3 2 9
6f (2) = 4
3 4 81
6g (2) = 16
2 4 16
6h (3) = 81
5 2 25
6i (2) = 4
6j 1

7a 29+5 = 214
7b 𝑎8+7 = 𝑎15
7c 72−10 = 7−8
7d 𝑥 7−5 = 𝑥 2
7e 96−6 = 90 = 1
7f 𝑎5−5 = 𝑎0 = 1
7g 51−4 = 5−3
7h 84+1−4 = 8

8a 78−3 = 75
8b 𝑎5−7 = 𝑎−2
8c 𝑥10−(−2) = 𝑥12
8d 𝑥 −10−2 = 𝑥 −12
8e 28−(−8) = 216

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

8f 28−8 = 20 = 1
8g 𝑦 12−1 = 𝑦11
8h 𝑦 1−12 = 𝑦 −11

9a 𝑥 5+5+5 = 𝑥15
9b 𝑥 5×3 = 𝑥15
9c 𝑧 2×7 = 𝑧14
9d 𝑎−2−2−2 = 𝑎−6
9e 𝑎−2×3 = 𝑎−6
9f 5−7×4 = 5−28
9g 𝑦 −2×(−5) = 𝑦 10
9h 2−4×(−4) = 216

10a 3𝑥 = 32 → 𝑥 = 2
10b 2𝑥 = 24 → 𝑥 = 4
10c 5𝑥 = 53 → 𝑥 = 3
10d 2𝑥 = 26 → 𝑥 = 6
10e 7𝑥 = 7−1 → 𝑥 = −1
10 f 5𝑥 = 5−1 → 𝑥 = −1
10g 9𝑥 = 9−2 → 𝑥 = −2
10h 2𝑥 = 2−3 → 𝑥 = −3
10i 3−𝑥 = 31 → 𝑥 = −1
6 −𝑥 6
10j (5) = (5) → 𝑥 = −1
10k 9𝑥 = 90 → 𝑥 = 0
10l 12𝑥 = 120 → 𝑥 = 0

11a 9𝑥 2
11b 125𝑎3
11c 64𝑎6
11d 81𝑠 4 𝑡 4
11e 49𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2
11f 𝑥 −5
11g 9𝑥 −2
𝑦2
11h
25
49𝑎2
11i 25
27𝑥 3
11j 8𝑦 3

12a Volume = length×breadth×height = 3×2×0.5 = 3 km3

12b 1 km = 103 m and 1 m = 103 mm → 1 km = 106 mm. Hence 1 km3 =
10 mm3
18
volume of brick 3×1018
12c Number of grains = volume of 1 grain = = 3×1018 grains
1

1
13a 9

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1
13b 𝑥
1
13c 𝑏2
1
13d − 𝑎4
1
13e 7𝑥
7
13f 𝑥
9
13g −𝑥
1
13h 9𝑎2
3
13i
𝑎2
4
13j 𝑥3

14a 𝑥 −1
14b −𝑥 −2
14c −12𝑥 −1
14d 9𝑥 −2
14e −1𝑥 −3
14f 12𝑥 −5
14g 7𝑥 −3
14h −6𝑥 −1
𝑥 −1
14i
6
𝑥 −2
14j − 4

3 −1 2
15a (2) =3
7 −1 3
15b (3) =7
8 −1 3
15c (3) =8
5 −2 4
15d (2) = 25
10 −3 3 3 27
15e (3) = (10) = 1000
20 −2 3 2 9
15f (3) = (20) = 400
2 −1 10
15g (10) = = 5
2
12 −1 5
15h (5) = 12
9 −1 4
15i (4) =9
5 −2 4
15j (2) = 25
5 −3 8
15k (2) = 125
1 −2
15l (20) = 400

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

5 𝑥 5 2
16a (8) = (8) → 𝑥 = 2
5 𝑥 8
16b (8) = 5 → 𝑥 = −1
3 𝑥 3 −2
16c (5) = (5) → 𝑥 = −2
3 𝑥 3 −3
16d (2) = (2) → 𝑥 = −3
10 2 10
16e 𝑥 2 = (13) → 𝑥 = 13
16f 𝑥 −2 = 2−2 → 𝑥 = 2
1 −3 1
16g 𝑥 −3 = (3) → 𝑥 =3
9 −2 9
16h 𝑥 −2 = (8) → 𝑥 =8

17a 2𝑥+3
17b 3𝑥+1
1
17c 7−𝑥 = 7𝑥
17d 52𝑥−3
17e 106𝑥
1
17f 5−8𝑥 = 58𝑥
17g 64𝑥+10𝑥 = 614𝑥
17h 23𝑥−4

18a 𝑥6𝑦4
𝑦
18b 𝑥 −5+3 𝑦 3−2 = 𝑥 2
21𝑎3
18c 𝑥
𝑠 −2+1 𝑡 3−5 1
18d = 3𝑠𝑡 2
3
18e 7𝑥/𝑦 2
5 5𝑏 10
18f (𝑎−2−4 𝑏 4−(−6) ) =
4 4𝑎6
𝑠6
18g 𝑦9
𝑐2
18h 5𝑑3
18i 27𝑥 8 𝑦17
2𝑎3+4 2𝑎7
18j = 𝑦 15
𝑦9
3−(−2) 0
18k 5𝑠 𝑡 = 5𝑠 5
250𝑥 8
18l 250𝑥 6−(−2) 𝑦 −6−6 = 𝑦 12

2×𝑥×1 1
19a (𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 )2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 − 2) + = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 + 2
𝑥
2𝑥×1 1
19b (𝑥 − 𝑥 −1 )2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 − 2) − = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 − 2
𝑥

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1 2𝑥 2 ×1
19c (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −2 )2 = 𝑥 4 + 4 − = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 −4 − 2
𝑥 𝑥×2
20a 2𝑥+1
20b 2𝑥+1
20c 3𝑥+1
20d 3𝑥+1
20e 2𝑥+2
20f 2𝑥+5
20g 5𝑥+3
20h 3𝑥+4
20i 2𝑥−1
20j 3𝑥−2

21 33𝑥−1 = 32 → after we take logarithms of both the sides, we get the equation
3𝑥−1 = 2 → 𝑥 = 1
21a 5𝑥+3 = 25 → 𝑥 + 3 = 2 → 𝑥 = −1
21b 32𝑥−8 = 81 → 2𝑥 − 8 = 4 → 𝑥 = 6
21c 47−𝑥 = ¼ → 7 − 𝑥 = −1 → 𝑥 = 8
1
21d 45𝑥+2 = 64 → 5𝑥 + 2 = −3 → 𝑥 = −1
1 𝑥+1
21e (3) = 27 → −𝑥 − 1 = 3 → 𝑥 = −4
1 𝑥+1 1 𝑥−1 1 𝑥+1 1 3𝑥−3
21f (5) = (125) → (5) = (5) → 𝑥 + 1 = 3𝑥 − 3 → 𝑥 = 2

1
22a number of neutrons in 1 kg = 1.675×10−27 = 5.97×1026
3
4 (1.11×10−15 )
22b volume = (3) ×𝜋×𝑟 3 = 4×3.1415× = 5.72×10−45 m3
3
mass 1.675×10−27 kg
22c density = volume → density = = 2.9×1017
5.72×10−45 m3

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to Exercise 7B
1
1a (52 )2 = 5
1
1b (62 )2 = 6
1
1c (102 )2 = 10
1
1d (33 )3 = 3
1
1e (43 )3 = 4
1
1f (103 )3 = 10
1
1g (34 )4 = 3
1
1h (25 )5 = 2
1
1i (106 )6 = 10
1
1j (10002 )2 = 1000

1 3
2a (252 ) = 53 = 125
1 3
2b (92 ) = 27
1 2
2c (273 ) = 9
1 2
2d (83 ) = 4
1 3
2e (16 ) = 23 = 8
4

1 3
2f (814 ) = 33 = 27
1 4
2g (273 ) = 34 = 81
1 5
2h (42 ) = 32
1 3
2i (325 ) = 8
1 2
2j (643 ) = 16

1
3a 7
1
3b 2
5
3c 9
3
3d 2
1
3e 8
1
3f 125

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

8
3g 27
27
3h 1000

4a 28561
4b 109.5209
4c 1.1258×1015
4d 15
4e 1.1161
4f 1.0849
4g 7.2247×10−11
4h 0.1969

1 1
5a 𝑥 2 +2 = 𝑥
5 7
5b 𝑥 2 +2 = 𝑥 6
1 7
5c 𝑥 4−2 = 𝑥 2
9 7
5d 𝑥 2 −2 = 𝑥 1
1 1
5e 𝑥1−2 = 𝑥 2
5 19
5f 𝑥 −7−2 = 𝑥 − 2
6
5g 𝑥3 = 𝑥2
2
5h 𝑥 (−3)×6 = 𝑥 −4
2
5i 𝑥 9×3 = 𝑥 6

1 1
6a 22+2 = 21 = 2
1 1
6b 22−2 = 20 = 1
1 5
6c 22+2 = 23 = 8
9 11
1
6d 32− 2 = 3−1 = 3
1 1
6e 251−2 = 252 = 5
2 2
6f 73−3 = 70 = 1
1
6g 33+4−10 = 3−3 = 27
1
1
6h 3(−3)×6 = 3−2 = 9
8
6i 94 = 92 = 81

1
7a 32𝑥 = 3 → 𝑥 = 2
1
7b 112𝑥 = 11 → 𝑥 = 2
1
7c 34𝑥 = 3 → 𝑥 = 4

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1
7d 26𝑥 = 2 → 𝑥 = 6
1 2𝑥 1 1
7e (5) = (5) → 𝑥 = 2
1 3𝑥 1
7 f (2) = 2 → 𝑥 = 1/3

8a √𝑥
3
8b √𝑥
8c 7√𝑥
8d √7𝑥
4
8e 15 √𝑥
3
8f 𝑥2
5
8g 6(√𝑥)
3 4
8h ( √𝑥 )

1
9 a 𝑥2
1
9b 3𝑥 2
1
9c (3𝑥)2
1
9d 12𝑥 3
1
9e 9𝑥 6
1
9f 𝑥3
9
9g 𝑥2
6
9h 25𝑥 5

1 1
10a 1 =5
252
1 1
10b 1 = 10
1002
1 1
10c 1 =5
1253
1 1
10d 1 =2
164
1 1
10e 3 =8
164
1 1
10f 2 =9
273
1 1
10g 3 = 27
814
1 1
10h 3 = 343
492

1
11a 164 = 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1
11b 1253 = 5
1
11c 492 = 7
1
11d 273 = 3
3
11e 164 = 8
3
11f 814 = 27
3
9 2 27
11g (4) = 8
2
8 3 4
11h ( ) =
125 25

1 1
12a 9𝑥 2+2 𝑦 2+1 = 9𝑥𝑦 3
1 1 2 1
12b 35𝑎3−3 𝑏 3+3 = 35𝑏
5 1
12c 3𝑠 2−2 = 3𝑠 2
1 1 3 5
12d 𝑥 2−2 𝑦 3−2 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
1 1 1 1
12e 𝑎 2 +2 𝑏 2 −2 = 𝑎
12f 𝑎−1 𝑏 2
12g 2𝑥𝑦 −2
12h 𝑝2 𝑞 −6
12i 𝑥 3+4 = 𝑥 7

1
13a 𝑥 −2
1
13b 12𝑥 −2
1
13c −5𝑥 −2
1
13d 15𝑥 −3
2
13e −4𝑥 −3
3
13f 𝑥2
3
13g 5𝑥 −2
5
13h 8𝑥 2

14a 4+5 = 9
14b 2 − 5 = −3
1 1 1
14c − 5 = 20
4
1
1
1 2 3
14d 9 × (100) = 10
2

15a 6000×1 = $6000

15b 6000×1.03 = $6180

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

15c i) 6000×(1.03)5 = $6960

15c ii) 6000×(1.03)0.5 = $6090
15c iii) 6000×(1.03)3.5 = $6650

16a 5764801 = 5.7648×106

16b 12.613 = 1.2613×101
16c 0.8243 = 8.243×10−1
16d 7.943×10−3
16e 8.8249 = 0.8824×10−1
16f 29.9545 = 2.9955×101
16g 0.0762 = 7.72×102
16h 5.1569×104

1 2𝑥×1
17a 𝑥 +𝑥+ = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 + 2
𝑥
1 2𝑥×1
17b 𝑥 +𝑥− = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 − 2
𝑥
5 5
1
17c 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 5 – 2𝑥 2−2 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 −5 − 2

1
18a 72𝑥 = 7−1 → 𝑥 = − 2
1
18b 34𝑥 = 3−1 → 𝑥 = − 4
2
18c 23𝑥 = 22 → 𝑥 = 3
2
18d 23𝑥 = 2−2 → 𝑥 = − 3
3
18e 22𝑥 = 23 → 𝑥 = 2
3
18f 22𝑥 = 2−3 → 𝑥 = − 2
3
18g 33𝑥 = 33 → 𝑥 = 4
4
18h 33𝑥 = 3−4 → 𝑥 = − 3
1
18i 5−2𝑥 = 5 → 𝑥 = − 2
5 −3𝑥 5 2 2
18j (2) = (2) → 𝑥 = − 3

1
19 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 113 → taking 6th power, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 112 = 121
1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 52 → taking 6th power, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 53 = 125
𝐿𝐻𝑆 < 𝑅𝐻𝑆, hence proved
1
19a 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 33 → taking 6th power, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 32 = 9
1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 22 → taking 6th power, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 23 = 8
1 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 > 𝑅𝐻𝑆. Hence, 33 > 22
1
19b 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 22 → taking 10th power, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 25 = 32

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 55 → taking 10th power, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 52 = 25
1 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 > 𝑅𝐻𝑆. Hence, 22 > 55
3
19c 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 72 → taking 2nd power, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 73 = 343
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 20 → taking 2nd power, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 202 = 400
3
𝐿𝐻𝑆 < 𝑅𝐻𝑆. Hence, 72 < 20
1
19d 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 33 → taking 15th power, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 35 = 241
1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 55 → taking 15th power, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 53 = 125
1 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 > 𝑅𝐻𝑆. Hence, 33 > 55

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to Exercise 7C
1a because 23 = 8
1b because 25 = 52
1c because 1000 = 103
1d 2
1e log 3 81 = 4
1f log10 100000 = 5

2 a means 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦
2b means log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

3a 10𝑥 = 10000 = 104 → 𝑥 = 4

3b 10𝑥 = 1000 = 103 → 𝑥 = 3
3c 10𝑥 = 100 = 102 → 𝑥 = 2
3d 10𝑥 = 10 = 101 → 𝑥 = 1
3e 10𝑥 = 1 = 100 → 𝑥 = 0
1
3f 10𝑥 = 10 = 10−1 → 𝑥 = −1
1
3g 10𝑥 = 100 = 10−2 → 𝑥 = −2
1
3h 10𝑥 = 1000 = 10−3 → 𝑥 = −3

4a 3𝑥 = 9 → 𝑥 = 2
4b 5𝑥 = 53 → 𝑥 = 3
4c 7𝑥 = 72 → 𝑥 = 2
4d 2𝑥 = 26 → 𝑥 = 6
4e 4𝑥 = 43 → 𝑥 = 3
4f 8𝑥 = 82 → 𝑥 = 2
4g 8𝑥 = 8 → 𝑥 = 1
4h 8𝑥 = 1 → 𝑥 = 0
4i 7𝑥 = 7−1 → 𝑥 = −1
4j 12𝑥 = 12−1 → 𝑥 = −1
4k 11𝑥 = 11−2 → 𝑥 = −2
4l 6𝑥 = 6−2 → 𝑥 = −2
4m 4𝑥 = 4−2 → 𝑥 = −3
4n 8𝑥 = 8−2 → 𝑥 = −2
4o 2𝑥 = 2−6 → 𝑥 = −6
4p 5𝑥 = 5−3 → 𝑥 = −3

5a 𝑥 = 72 = 49
5b 𝑥 = 92 = 81
5c 𝑥 = 53 = 125
5d 𝑥 = 25 = 32
5e 𝑥 = 43 = 64

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

5f 𝑥 = 1003 = 106
5g 𝑥 = 71 = 7
5h 𝑥 = 110 = 1
1
5i 𝑥 = 13−1 = 13
1
5j 𝑥 = 7−1 = 7
1
5k 𝑥 = 10−2 = 100
1
5l 𝑥 = 12−2 = 144
1
5m 𝑥 = 5−3 = 125
1
5n 𝑥 = 7−3 = 343
1
5o 𝑥 = 2−5 = 32
1
5p 𝑥 = 3−4 = 81

6a 𝑥 2 = 49 → 𝑥 = 7
6b 𝑥3 = 8 → 𝑥 = 2
6c 𝑥 3 = 27 → 𝑥 = 3
6d 𝑥 4 = 10000 → 𝑥 = 10
6e 𝑥 2 = 10000 → 𝑥 = 100
6f 𝑥 6 = 64 → 𝑥 = 2
6g 𝑥 2 = 64 → 𝑥 = 8
6h 𝑥1 = 125
6i 𝑥 = 11
1
6j 𝑥 −1 = 17 → 𝑥 = 17
1
6k 𝑥 −1 = 6 → 𝑥 = 6
1
6l 𝑥 −1 = 7 → 𝑥 = 7
1
6m 𝑥 −2 = 9 → 𝑥 = 3
1
6n 𝑥 −2 = 49 → 𝑥 = 7
1
6o 𝑥 −3 = 8 → 𝑥 = 2
1
6p 𝑥 −2 = 81 → 𝑥 = 9

7a 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = 1
7b 𝑎 = 𝑥
7c 𝑥 = 𝑎
1
7d 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = −1
7e 𝑎−1 = 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 1/𝑎
1
7f 𝑥 −1 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = 𝑎
7g 𝑎𝑥 = 1 → 𝑥 = 0
7h 𝑥 = 𝑎0 = 1

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

7i 𝑥 > 0, as 𝑥 0 = 1, base can only be positive.

8a 1
8b log 𝑎 𝑎−1 = −1
8c 3
8d log 𝑎 𝑎 −2 = −2
8e log 𝑎 𝑎 −5 = −5
1
1
8f log 𝑎 𝑎 2 = 2
1
1
8g log 𝑎 𝑎 −2 = − 2
8h 0

9a 21 = 2 and 22 = 4 hence number lies between 1 and 2

9b 22 = 4 and 23 = 8 hence number lies between 2 and 3
9c 21 = 2 and 20 = 1 hence number lies between 0 and 1
9d 23 = 8 and 24 = 16 hence number lies between 3 and 4
9e 25 = 32 and 26 = 64 hence number lies between 5 and 6
9f 29 = 512 and 210 = 1024 hence number lies between 9 and 10
9g 2−1 = 0.5 and 20 = 1 hence number lies between −1 and 0
9h 2−2 = 0.25 and 2−1 = 0.5 hence number lies between −2 and −1

10a 101 = 10 and 102 = 100 hence number lies between 1 and 2
10b 100 = 1 and 101 = 10 hence number lies between 0 and 1
10c 103 = 1000 and 104 = 10000 hence number lies between 3 and 4
10d 30 = 1 and 31 = 3 hence number lies between 0 and 1
10e 33 = 27 and 34 = 81 hence number lies between 3 and 4
10f 34 = 81 and 35 = 243 hence number lies between 4 and 5
10g 52 = 25 and 53 = 125 hence number lies between 2 and 3
10h 71 = 1 and 72 = 49 hence number lies between 1 and 2
10i 10−1 = 0.1 and 100 = 1 hence number lies between −1 and 0
10j 10−2 = 0.01 and 10−2 = 0.1 hence number lies between −2 and −1

11a 0.301
11b 1.301
11c 2
11d 20
11e 3.1622
11f 31.622
11g 0.5
11h 1.5
11i 3
11j 6
11k 1000
11l 1000000

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

11m −0.154
11n −2.155
11o 0.7
11p 0.007

12a log10 45 ≑ 1.7

12b 101.65 ≑ 50

1
1
13a 𝑥 = log 7 72 → 𝑥 = 2
1
1
13b 𝑥 = log11 112 → 𝑥 = 2
1
13c 𝑥 = 92 → 𝑥 = 3
1
13d 𝑥 = 1442 → 𝑥 = 12
1
13e 𝑥2 = 3 → 𝑥 = 9
1
13f 𝑥 2 = 13 → 𝑥 = 169
1
1
13g 6𝑥 = 63 → 𝑥 = 3
1
13h 9𝑥 = 3 → 𝑥 = 2
1
13i 𝑥 = 643 → 𝑥 = 4
1
13 j 𝑥 = 164 → 𝑥 = 2
1
13k 𝑥3 = 2 → 𝑥 = 8
1
13l 𝑥 6 = 2 → 𝑥 = 64
1
13m 8𝑥 = 2 → 𝑥 = 3
1
13n 125𝑥 = 5 → 𝑥 = 3
1
13o 𝑥 = 72
1
13p 𝑥 = 7−2
1
1
13q 𝑥 −2 = 7 → 𝑥 = 49
1
1
13r 𝑥 −2 = 20 → 𝑥 = 400
1
13s 4𝑥 = 2−1 → 𝑥 = − 2
1
13t 33𝑥 = 3−1 → 𝑥 = − 3
1
1
13u 121−2 = 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 11
1 1
13v 𝑥 = 81 − 4 → 𝑥 = 3
1
1
13w 𝑥 −4 = 2 → 𝑥 = 16
1
1
13x 𝑥 −4 = 2 → 𝑥 = 16

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to Exercise 7D
1a log 6 9 + log 6 4 = log 6 (9×4)
= log 6 36
= log 6 62
=2
75
1b log 5 75 − log 5 3 = log 5 ( 3 )

= log 5 25
= log 5 52
=2
12×6
1c log 2 12 + log 2 6 − log 2 9 = log 2 ( )
9

= log 2 8
= log 2 23
=3
2a log 6 2 + log 6 3 = log 6 (2×3)
= log 6 6
=1
2b log15 3 + log15 5 = log15 (3×5)
= log15 15
=1
2c log10 4 + log10 25 = log10 (4×25)
= log10 100
= log10 102
=2
2d log12 72 + log12 2 = log12 (72×2)
= log12 144
= log12 122
=2
2e log10 50 + log10 20 = log10 (50×20)

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

= log10 1000
= log10 103
=3
2f log 6 18 + log 6 2 = log 6 (18×2)
= log 6 36
= log 6 62
=2
15
3a log 3 15 − log 3 5 = log 3 ( 5 )

= log 3 3
=1
20
3b log 4 20 − log 4 5 = log 4 ( 5 )

= log 4 4
=1
24
3c log 2 24 − log 2 3 = log 2 ( )
3

= log 2 8
= log 2 23
=3
50
3d log 5 50 − log 5 2 = log 5 ( 2 )

= log 5 25
= log 5 52
=2
810
3e log 3 810 − log 3 10 = log 3 ( 10 )

= log 3 81
= log 3 34
=4
96
3f log 2 96 − log 2 3 = log 2 ( 3 )

= log 2 32

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

= log 2 25
=5
4a log 30 2 + log 30 3 + log 30 5 = log 30 (2×3×5)
= log 30 30
=1
4b log12 9 + log12 8 + log12 2 = log12 (9×8×2)
= log12 144
= log12 122
=2
12×6
4c log 2 12 + log 2 6 − log 2 9 = log 2 ( )
9

= log 2 8
= log 2 23
=3
6×12
4d log 3 6 + log 3 12 − log 3 8 = log 3 ( )
8

= log 3 9
= log 3 32
=2
12×2
4e log 5 12 + log 5 2 − log 5 24 = log 5 ( )
24

= log 5 1
=0
2
4f log 5 2 − log 5 50 = log 5 ( )
50

1
= log 5 (52 )

= log 5 5−2
= −2
6
4g log 2 6 − log 2 48 = log 2 (48)
1
= log 2 (23 )

= log 2 2−3

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

= −3
1 12
4h log 2 12 + log 2 3 = log 2 ( 3 )

= log 2 4
= log 2 22
=2
1 9
4i log 7 9 + log 7 9 = log 7 (9)

= log 7 1
=0
5a log 𝑎 8 = log 𝑎 23
= 3 log 𝑎 2
5b log 𝑎 16 = log 𝑎 24
= 4 log 𝑎 2
5c log 𝑎 64 = log 𝑎 26
= 6 log 𝑎 2
1
5d log 𝑎 2 = log 𝑎 2−1

= − log 𝑎 2
1
5e log 𝑎 8 = log 𝑎 2−3

= −3 log 𝑎 2
1
5f log 𝑎 32 = log 𝑎 2−5

= − 5log 𝑎 2
1
5g log 𝑎 √2 = log 𝑎 22
1
= 2 log 𝑎 2
1
1
5h log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 2−2
√2
1
= − 2 log 𝑎 2

6a log 2 9 = log 2 32
= 2 log 2 3

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

6b log 2 25 = log 2 52
= 2 log 2 5
6c log 2 6 = log 2 2 + log 2 3
= 1 + log 2 3
6d log 2 10 = log 2 2 + log 2 5
= 1 + log 2 5
6e log 2 18 = log 2 2 + log 2 32
= 1 + 2log 2 3
6f log 2 20 = log 2 22 + log 2 5
= 2log 2 2 + log 2 5
= 2 + log 2 5
2
6g log 2 3 = log 2 2 − log 2 3

= 1 − log 2 3
1 5
6h log 2 (2 ) = log 2 ( )
2 2

= log 2 5 − log 2 2
= log 2 5 − 1
7a log 2 15 = log 2 3 + log 2 5
≑ 1.58 + 2.32
≑ 3.90
7b log 2 9 = log 2 32
= 2 log 2 3
≑ 2×1.58
≑ 3.16
7c log 2 10 = log 2 2 + log 2 5
≑ 1 + 2.32
≑ 3.32
7d log 2 50 = log 2 2 + log 2 25
= 1 + log 2 52

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

= 1 + 2log 2 5
≑ 1 + 2×2.32
≑ 5.64
3
7e log 2 2 = log 2 3 − log 2 2

= log 2 3 − 1
≑ 1.58 − 1
≑ 0.58
3
7f log 2 5 = log 2 3 − log 2 5

≑ 1.58 − 2.32
≑ −0.74
2
7g log 2 3 = log 2 2 − log 2 3

≑ 1 − 1.58
≑ −0.58
7h log 2 75 = log 2 3 + log 2 25
= log 2 3 + log 2 52
= log 2 3 + 2log 2 5
≑ 1.58 + 2×2.32
≑ 6.22
8a log10 103 = 3log10 10
= 3×1
=3
8b log 7 75 = 5log 7 7
= 5×1
=5
8c log12 121.3 = 1.3×log12 12
= 1.3×1
= 1.3
8d log 8 8𝑛 = nlog 8 8

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

= 𝑛×1
=𝑛
9a 10log10 100 = 100

9b 3log3 7 = 7
9c 4log4 3.6 = 3.6

9d 6log6 𝑦 = 𝑦
10a log 𝑎 𝑎2 = 2log 𝑛 𝑛
= 2×1
=2
10b 5 log 𝑎 𝑎3 = 5×3×log 𝑎 𝑎
= 15×1
= 15
1
10c log 𝑎 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑎−1

= −1×1
= −1
1
10d 12 log 𝑎 √𝑎 = 12×log 𝑎 𝑎 2
1
= 12× 2 × log 𝑎 𝑎

= 6×1
=6
11a log 𝑎 𝑥 3 = 3log 𝑎 𝑥
1
11b log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 −1
𝑥

= − log 𝑎 𝑥
1
11c log 𝑎 √𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 2
1
= 2 log 𝑎 𝑥
1
11d log 𝑎 𝑥 2 = log 𝑎 𝑥 −2

= −2 log 𝑎 𝑥
11e log 𝑎 𝑥 3 − log 𝑎 𝑥 5 = 3log 𝑎 𝑥 − 5log 𝑎 𝑥

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

= −2 log 𝑎 𝑥
1 1
11f log 𝑎 𝑥 4 + log 𝑎 𝑥 2 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 4 × 𝑥 2 )

= log 𝑎 𝑥 2
= 2 log 𝑎 𝑥

11g 2 log 𝑎 𝑎4 − log 𝑎 𝑥 8 = 2×4 log 𝑎 𝑎 − 8 log 𝑎 𝑥

= 8 − 8log 𝑎 𝑥
1 1 3
11h log 𝑎 + 3log 𝑎 √𝑥 = log 𝑎 + log 𝑎 (√𝑥)
√ 𝑥 √ 𝑥

1 3
= log 𝑎 ( ×(√𝑥) )
√ 𝑥

2
= log 𝑎 (√𝑥)

= log 𝑎 𝑥
12a log 𝑎 𝑦𝑧 = log 𝑎 𝑦 + log 𝑎 𝑧
𝑧
12b log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑧 − log 𝑎 𝑦

12c log 𝑎 𝑦 4 = 4 log 𝑎 𝑦

1
12d log 𝑎 𝑥 2 = log 𝑎 𝑥 −2

= −2 log 𝑎 𝑥
12e log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 3 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 3
= log 𝑎 𝑥 + 3 log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑥2𝑦
12f log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 2 + log 𝑎 𝑦 − log 𝑎 𝑧 3
𝑧3

= 2log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 − 3 log 𝑎 𝑧

1
12g log 𝑎 √𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑦 2
1
= 2 log 𝑎 𝑦
1
12h log 𝑎 √𝑥𝑧 = log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑧)2
1
= 2 log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑧)
1
= 2 (log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑧)

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

13 Given that log10 2 ≑ 0.30 and log10 5 = log10 10 − log10 2 ,

log10 5 = log10 10 − log10 2
≑ 1 − 0.30
≑ 0.70

13a log10 20 = log10 10 + log10 2

≑ 1 + 0.30
≑ 1.30
2
13b log10 0.2 = log10 10

= log10 2 − log10 10
≑ 0.30 − 1
≑ −0.70
13c log10 360 = log10 36 + log10 10
= log10 62 + 1
= 2log10 6 + 1
= 2(log10 2 + log10 3) + 1 (Given that log10 2 ≑ 0.30 and log10 3 ≑ 0.48)
= 2(0.30 + 0.48) + 1
= 2.56
1
13d log10 √2 = log10 22
1
= 2 log10 2
1
≑ ×0.30
2

≑ 0.15
1
13e log10 √8 = log10 (23 )2
3
= log10 22
3
= 2 log10 2
3
≑ 2 ×0.30

≑ 0.45

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1 1
13f log10 = log10 1
√10 102
1
= log10 10−2
1
= − 2 log10 10
1
= − 2 ×1

= −0.50
1
13g log10 √12 = log10 (12)2
1
= 2 log10 (3×22 )
1
= 2 (log10 3 + log10 22 )
1
= 2 (log10 3 + 2 log10 2) (Given that log10 2 ≑ 0.30 and log10 3 ≑ 0.48)
1
≑ 2 ×(0.48 + 2×0.30)

≑ 0.54
1 1
13h log10 = log10 1
√5 52
1
= log10 5−2
1
= − 2 log10 5 (We found that log10 5 ≑ 0.70 above)
1
≑ − 2 ×0.70

≑ −0.35
14a log 𝑎 64 = log 𝑎 26
= 6log 𝑎 2
= 6𝑥
1
14b log 𝑎 30 = log 𝑎 30−1

= −log 𝑎 30
= −log 𝑎 (2×3×5)
= −(log 𝑎 2 + log 𝑎 3 + log 𝑎 5)
= − log 𝑎 2 − log 𝑎 3 − log 𝑎 5
= −𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

14c log 𝑎 27𝑎5 = log 𝑎 (33 ×𝑎5 )

= log 𝑎 33 + log 𝑎 𝑎5
= 3log 𝑎 3 + 5log 𝑎 𝑎
= 3log 𝑎 3 + 5×1
= 3log 𝑎 3 + 5
= 3𝑦 + 5
100
14d log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 (102 ×𝑎−1 )
𝑎

= log 𝑎 102 + log 𝑎 𝑎−1

= 2log 𝑎 10 − log 𝑎 𝑎
= 2log 𝑎 10 − 1
= 2(log 𝑎 2 + log 𝑎 5) − 1
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑧 − 1
3
14e log 𝑎 1.5 = log 𝑎 2

= log 𝑎 3 − log 𝑎 2
=𝑦−𝑥
18
14f log 𝑎 25𝑎 = log 𝑎 (18×5−2 ×𝑎 −1 )

= log 𝑎 18 + log 𝑎 5−2 + log 𝑎 𝑎−1

= log 𝑎 (2×32 ) − 2 log 𝑎 5 − log 𝑎 𝑎
= log 𝑎 2 + log 𝑎 32 − 2 log 𝑎 5 − 1
= log 𝑎 2 + 2 log 𝑎 3 − 2 log 𝑎 5 − 1
= 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 1
1
14g log 𝑎 0.04 = log 𝑎 25
1
= log 𝑎 52

= log 𝑎 5−2
= −2log 𝑎 5
= −2𝑧
8
14h log 𝑎 15𝑎2 = log 𝑎 8 − log 𝑎 15 − log 𝑎 𝑎2

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

= log 𝑎 23 − log 𝑎 (3×5) − 2 log 𝑎 𝑎

= 3log 𝑎 2 − (log 𝑎 3 + log 𝑎 5) − 2
= 3log 𝑎 2 − log 𝑎 3 − log 𝑎 5 − 2
= 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 2
15a 10 = 3log3 10

15b 3 = 10log10 3

15c 0.1 = 2log2 0.1

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to Exercise 7E
log 8
1a log 2 8 = log10 2
10

0.90
≑ 0.30

≑3
log10 81
1b log 3 81 = log10 3

1.91
≑ 0.48

≑4
log10 10000
1c log100 10000 = log10 100

4
=2

=2
log 7
2a log 2 7 = log10 2
10

0.845
≑ 0.301

≑ 2.807
Checking, 22.807 ≑ 7
log10 26
2b log 2 26 = log10 2

1.415
≑ 0.301

≑ 4.700
Checking, 24.700 ≑ 26
log10 0.07
2c log 2 0.07 =
log10 2

−1.155
≑ 0.301

≑ −3.837
Checking, 2−3.837 ≑ 0.07
log10 4690
2d log 3 4690 = log10 3

3.671
≑ 0.477

≑ 7.694

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Checking, 37.6944 ≑ 4690

log 2
2e log 5 2 = log10 5
10

0.301
≑ 0.699

≑ 0.4307
Checking, 50.4307 ≑ 2
log10 31
2f log 7 31 = log10 7

1.491
≑ 0.845

≑ 1.765
Checking, 71.765 ≑ 31
log 3
2g log 6 3 = log10 6
10

0.477
≑ 0.778

≑ 0.6132
Checking, 60.6132 ≑ 3
log 2
2h log12 2 = log 1012
10

0.301
≑ 1.079

≑ 0.2789
Checking, 120.2789 ≑ 2
log10 0.1
2i log 3 0.1 = log10 3

−1
≑
0.477

≑ −2.0.96
Checking, 3−2.096 ≑ 0.1
log10 0.0004
2j log 3 0.0004 = log10 3

−3.398
≑ 0.477

≑ −7.122
Checking, 3−7.122 ≑ 0.0004

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

log10 1000
2k log11 1000 = log10 11

3
≑ 1.041

≑ 2.881
Checking, 112.8808 ≑ 1000
log 0.2
2l log 0.8 0.2 = log10 0.8
10

−0.699
≑
−0.097

≑ 7.213
Checking, 0.87.123 ≑ 0.2
log 0.89
2m log 0.03 0.89 = log10 0.03
10

−0.051
≑ −1.523

≑ 0.03323
Checking, 0.030.03323 ≑ 0.89
log10 0.003
2n log 0.99 0.003 = log10 0.99

−2.523
≑ −0.004

≑ 578.0
Checking, 0.99578 ≑ 0.003
log10 1000
2o log 0.99 1000 = log10 0.99

3
≑ −004

≑ −687.3
Checking, 0.99−687.3 ≑ 1000
3a 2𝑥 = 15 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 2 15
log10 15
⇒𝑥= log10 2

1.176
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 3.907
Checking, 23.907 ≑ 15

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

3b 2𝑥 = 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 2 5
log 5
⇒ 𝑥 = log10 2
10

0.699
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 2.322
Checking, 22.322 ≑ 5
3c 2𝑥 = 1.45 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 2 1.45
log10 1.45
⇒𝑥= log10 2

1.161
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.5361
Checking, 20.5361 ≑ 1.45
3d 2𝑥 = 0.1 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 2 0.1
log10 0.1
⇒𝑥= log10 2

−1
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ −3.322
Checking, 2−3.322 ≑ 0.1
3e 2𝑥 = 0.0007 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 2 0.0007
log10 0.0007
⇒𝑥= log10 2

−3.155
⇒𝑥≑ 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ −10.48
Checking, 2−10.48 ≑ 0.0007
3f 3𝑥 = 10 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 3 10
log10 10
⇒𝑥= log10 3

1
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.477

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 2.096
Checking, 32.096 ≑ 10

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

3g 3𝑥 = 0.01 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 3 0.01

log10 0.01
⇒𝑥= log10 3

−2
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.477

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ −4.192
Checking, 3−4.192 ≑ 0.01
3h 5𝑥 = 10 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 5 10
log10 10
⇒𝑥= log10 5

1
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.699

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 1.431
Checking, 51.431 ≑ 10
3i 12𝑥 = 150 ⇒ 𝑥 = log12 150
log10 150
⇒𝑥= log10 12

2.176
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 1.079

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 2.016
Checking, 122.016 ≑ 150
7 7
3 j 8𝑥 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 8 9
7
log10
9
⇒ 𝑥 = log
10 8

−0.109
⇒𝑥≑ 0.903

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ −0.1209
7
Checking, 8−0.1209 ≑ 9

3k 6𝑥 = 1.4 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 6 1.4

log10 1.4
⇒𝑥= log10 6

0.146
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.778

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.1878
Checking, 60.1878 ≑ 1.4

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

3 l 30𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 30 2
log 2
⇒ 𝑥 = log 1030
10

0.301
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 1.477

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 0.2038
Checking, 300.2038 ≑ 2
3m 0.7𝑥 = 0.1 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 0.7 0.1
log 0.1
⇒ 𝑥 = log10 0.7
10

−1
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ −0.155

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 6.456
Checking, 0.76.456 ≑ 0.1
3n 0.98𝑥 = 0.03 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 0.98 0.03
log 0.03
⇒ 𝑥 = log10 0.98
10

−1.523
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ −0.009

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 173.6
Checking, 0.98173.6 ≑ 0.03
3o 0.99𝑥 = 0.01 ⇒ 𝑥 = log 0.99 0.01
log 0.01
⇒ 𝑥 = log10 0.99
10

−2
⇒ 𝑥 ≑ −0.004

⇒ 𝑥 ≑ 458.2
Checking, 0.99458.2 ≑ 0.01
4a 2𝑥 > 32 ⇒ 𝑥 > log 2 32
⇒ 𝑥 > log 2 25
⇒ 𝑥 > 5 log 2 2
⇒ 𝑥>5
4b 2𝑥 ≤ 32 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ log 2 32
⇒ 𝑥 ≤ log 2 25

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 5 log 2 2
⇒ 𝑥≤5
4 c 2𝑥 < 64 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 2 64
⇒ 𝑥 < log 2 26
⇒ 𝑥 < 6 log 2 2
⇒ 𝑥<6
4d 3𝑥 ≥ 81 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ log 3 81
⇒ 𝑥 ≥ log 3 34
⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 4 log 3 3
⇒ 𝑥≥4
4e 5𝑥 > 5 ⇒ 𝑥 > log 5 5
⇒ 𝑥>1
4f 4𝑥 ≤ 1 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ log 4 1
⇒ 𝑥≤0
1 1
4g 2𝑥 < 2 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 2 2

⇒ 𝑥 < log 2 2−1

⇒ 𝑥 < −log 2 2
⇒ 𝑥 < −1
4h 10𝑥 ≤ 0.001 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ log10 0.001
⇒ 𝑥 ≤ log10 10−3
⇒ 𝑥 ≤ −3log10 10
⇒ 𝑥 ≤ −3
5a log 2 𝑥 < 3 ⇒ 0 < 𝑥 < 23
⇒ 0<𝑥<8
5b log 2 𝑥 ≥ 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 23
⇒ 𝑥≥8
5c log10 𝑥 > 3 ⇒ 𝑥 > 103
⇒ 𝑥 > 1000

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

5d log10 𝑥 ≥ 1 ⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 101
⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 10
5e log 5 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > 50
⇒ 𝑥>1
5f log 6 𝑥 < 1 ⇒ 0 < 𝑥 < 61
⇒ 0< 𝑥<6
5g log 5 𝑥 ≤ 3 ⇒ 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 53
⇒ 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 125
5h log 6 𝑥 > 2 ⇒ 𝑥 > 62
⇒ 𝑥 > 36
6a 2𝑥 > 12 ⇒ 𝑥 > log 2 12
log10 12
⇒ 𝑥> log10 2

⇒ 𝑥 > 3.58
6b 2𝑥 < 100 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 2 100
log10 100
⇒ 𝑥< log10 2

2
⇒ 𝑥 < 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 < 6.64
6c 2𝑥 < 0.02 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 2 0.02
log10 0.02
⇒ 𝑥< log10 2

−1.699
⇒ 𝑥< 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 < −5.64
6d 2𝑥 > 0.1 ⇒ 𝑥 > log 2 0.1
log10 0.1
⇒ 𝑥> log10 2

−1
⇒ 𝑥 > 0.301

⇒ 𝑥 > −3.32

© Cambridge University Press 2019

 Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

6e 5𝑥 < 100 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 5 100

log10 100
⇒ 𝑥< log10 5

2
⇒ 𝑥 < 0.699

⇒ 𝑥 < 2.86
6f 3𝑥 < 0.007 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 3 0.007
log10 0.007
⇒ 𝑥< log10 3

−2.155
⇒ 𝑥< 0.477

⇒ 𝑥 < −4.52
6g 1.2𝑥 > 10 ⇒ 𝑥 > log1.2 10
log 10
⇒ 𝑥 > log 10 1.2
10

1
⇒ 𝑥 > 0.079

⇒ 𝑥 > 12.6
6h 1.001𝑥 > 100 ⇒ 𝑥 > log1.001 100
log 100
⇒ 𝑥 > log 101.001
10

2
⇒ 𝑥 > 0.000434078

⇒ 𝑥 > 4608 (4610 to three significant figures)

7a
As shown in the table below, cost at the beginning is $12 000 and since its value
increases by 5% (which is equal to 0.05) each year, its cost after one year is
$12 000×1.05. Since the cost becomes 1.05 times the previous year, the formula for the
cost after n years is $12,000×1.05𝑛 .
Cost (𝐶) after 𝐶 after 1 year 𝐶 after 2 years … 𝐶 after n years
0 years
$12,000 $12 000 + $12 000 ($12 000×1.05)×1.05 … …
×0.05
$12 000×(1 + 0.05) $12 000×1.05×1.05 … …
$12 000×1.051 $12 000×1.052 … $12 000×1.05𝑛
7b
𝐶 = 12 000×1.05𝑛 ⇒ 18 000 = 12 000×1.05𝑥

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

18000
⇒ = 1.05𝑥
12000

⇒ 1.5 = 1.05𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = log1.05 1.5
⇒ 𝑥 = 8.3 years.
8a
log 𝑥 log2 𝑥
log 8 𝑥 = log2 8 ⇒ log 8 𝑥 =
2 log2 23

log2 𝑥
⇒ log 8 𝑥 = 3 log2 2

log2 𝑥
⇒ log 8 𝑥 = 3
1
⇒ log 8 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥
3

8b
log 𝑥 log𝑎 𝑥
log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = log 𝑎𝑎𝑛 ⇒ log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑎 nlog𝑎 𝑎

log𝑎 𝑥
⇒ log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛
1
⇒ log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑛

9a
𝑏 𝑐 −1 𝑏 𝑐
log 𝑎 𝑐 = log 𝑎 ((𝑏) ) ⇒ log 𝑎 𝑐 = − log 𝑎 𝑏

9b
log𝑎 𝑥 log𝑎 𝑥
log 1 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ log 1 𝑥 =
𝑎 log𝑎 𝑎 log𝑎 𝑎−1
𝑎

log𝑎 𝑥
⇒ log 1 𝑥 =
𝑎 −log𝑎 𝑎

log𝑎 𝑥
⇒ log 1 𝑥 =
𝑎 −1

⇒ log 1 𝑥 = − log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑎

9c
log𝑎 𝑥 −1 − log𝑎 𝑥
log 1 𝑥 −1 = 1 ⇒ log 1 𝑥 −1 =
𝑎 log𝑎 𝑎 log𝑎 𝑎−1
𝑎

− log𝑎 𝑥
⇒ log 1 𝑥 −1 =
𝑎 −log𝑎 𝑎

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

−log𝑎 𝑥
⇒ log 1 𝑥 −1 =
𝑎 −1

⇒ log 1 𝑥 −1 = log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑎

10a 2𝑥+1 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = log 2 16

⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = log 2 24
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 4log 2 2
⇒ 𝑥+1=4
⇒ 𝑥=3
10b 32𝑥 = 81 ⇒ 2𝑥 = log 3 81
⇒ 2𝑥 = log 3 34
⇒ 2𝑥 = 4log 3 3
⇒ 2𝑥 = 4
⇒ 𝑥=2
10c 5𝑥−1 < 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 < log 5 1
⇒ 𝑥−1<0
⇒ 𝑥<1
1
1
10d 103𝑥 ≤ 1000 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ log10 1000
3
1
⇒ 𝑥 ≤ log10 103
3
1
⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 3log10 10
3
1
⇒ 𝑥≤3
3

⇒ 𝑥≤9
1 𝑥−3
10e (2) = 8 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = log 1 8
2

⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = log 2−1 23
log 23
⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = log 22−1
2

3
⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = −1

⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = −3
⇒𝑥=0

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1 5𝑥 1 1
10f (10) = 10 ⇒ 5 𝑥 = log 1
10 10

⇒ 5𝑥 = 1
1
⇒𝑥=5

10g 2𝑥−2 < 7 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 < log 2 7

⇒ 𝑥 − 2 < 2.807
⇒ 𝑥 < 2.807 + 2
⇒ 𝑥 < 4.81
10h 3𝑥+5 > 10 ⇒ 𝑥 + 5 > log 3 10
⇒ 𝑥 + 5 > 2.096
⇒ 𝑥 > 2.096 − 5
⇒ 𝑥 > −2.90
11a 2𝑥 < 1010 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 2 1010
⇒ 𝑥 < 10 ×log 2 10
⇒ 𝑥 < 10×3.322
⇒ 𝑥 < 33.2
The inequality 2𝑥 < 1010 holds for all the x values that are less than 33.2. Therefore, 33
positive integer powers of 2 are less than 1010 .

11b 3𝑥 < 1050 ⇒ 𝑥 < log 3 1050

⇒ 𝑥 < 50 ×log 3 10
⇒ 𝑥 < 50×2.096
⇒ 𝑥 < 104.8
The inequality 3𝑥 < 1050 holds for all the x values that are less than 104.8. Therefore,
104 positive integer powers of 3 are less than 1050 .
12a log10 300 = log10 (3×100) ⇒ log10 300 = log10 3 + log10 100
⇒ log10 300 = 0.477 + log10 102
⇒ log10 300 = 0.477 + 2
⇒ log10 300 = 2.48

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Since 2 < 2.48 < 3 ,

2 < log10 300 < 3
102 < 300 < 103
12b If 𝑥 is a two-digit number, then 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 99.
Hence, log10 10 ≤ log10 𝑥 ≤ log10 99
Therefore, 1 ≤ log10 𝑥 ≤ 1.996 which can also be written as: 1 ≤ log10 𝑥 < 2
Thus, log10 𝑥 is either equal to 1 or between the integers 1 and 2.
12c log10 𝑥 = 4.7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 104.7
⇒ 𝑥 = 50118.72336
Therefore, 𝑥 has 5 digits to the left of the decimal point.
12d log10 2520 = 20× log10 25
= 20×1.397940009
= 27.95880017
Since log10 2520 = 27.95880017,
2520 = 1027.95880017 .
1027 is a 28-digit number and 1028 is a 29-digit number. Since 1027 < 1027.95880017 <
1028 , 2520 is a 28-digit number.
12e log10 21000 = 1000× log10 2
= 1000×0.3010299957
= 301.0299957
Since log10 21000 = 301.0299957 ,
21000 = 10301.0299957 .
10301 is a 302-digit number and 10302 is a 303-digit number.
Since 10301 < 10301.0299957 < 10302 , 21000 is a 302-digit number.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to Exercise 7F
1a
𝑥 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
log10 𝑥 -1 - - - 0 0.30 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.95 1
0.60 0.30 0.12

1b

2a i
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2𝑥 1 1 1 1 2 4 8
8 4 2
ii
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2−𝑥 8 4 2 1 1 1 1
2 4 8
2b

2c The values in the second table are reciprocals of the values in the first table.
2d The graph of 2−𝑥 is the reflection of the graph of 2−𝑥 in the 𝑦-axis.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

2e i Domain: ℝ Range: (0, ∞)

2e ii Domain: ℝ Range: (0, ∞)
2f i 𝑦=0
2f ii 𝑦 = 0
2g i As 𝑥 → −∞, 2𝑥 → 0
2g ii As 𝑥 → ∞, 2𝑥 → ∞
2h i As 𝑥 → −∞, 2−𝑥 → ∞
2h ii As 𝑥 → ∞, 2−𝑥 → 0
3a i
𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2
3𝑥 1 1 1 3 9
9 3
3a ii
𝑥 1 1 1 3 9
9 3
log 3 𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2
3b

3c All the 𝑦-coordinates of the points in table 1 are the 𝑥-coordinates in table 2 and
all the 𝑥-coordinates of the points in table 1 are the 𝑦-coordinates in table 2.
3d The graph of log 3 𝑥 is the reflection of the graph of 3𝑥 in the 𝑦 = 𝑥 line.
3e i Domain: ℝ Range: (0, ∞)
3e ii Domain: (0, ∞) Range: ℝ
3f i 𝑦=0
3f ii 𝑥 = 0
3g i As 𝑥 → −∞, 3𝑥 → 0

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

3g ii As 𝑥 → 0+ , log 3 𝑥 → −∞
4a

4b

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

6a

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 1 1 1 2 4 8
4 2

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 1 1 4 5 7 11
3 3
+3 4 2

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 1 1 0 1 3 7
−1 −1
−1 4 2

6b

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = −2𝑥 1 1 -1 -2 -4 -8
− −
4 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019

 Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 3 1 1 0 0 1
1 1
= 2 − 2𝑥 4 2
𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = −2 − 2𝑥 1 1 -3 -4 -6 -10
−2 −2
4 2

6c

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = 2−𝑥 4 2 1 1 1 1
2 4 8

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = 2−𝑥 + 1 5 3 2 1 1 1
1 1 1
2 4 8

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 = 2−𝑥 − 2 2 0 -1 1 3 7
−1 −1 −1
2 4 8

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

𝑦 = log 2 (−𝑥)

𝑦 = −log 2 𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 along the 𝑥-axis.

𝑦 = log 2 (−𝑥) is the reflection of 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 along the 𝑦-axis.
𝑦 = − log 2 (−𝑥) is the reflection of 𝑦 = log 2 (−𝑥) along the 𝑥-axis.
𝑦 = − log 2 (−𝑥) is the reflection of 𝑦 = − log 2 𝑥 along the 𝑦-axis.

8a

8b

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

9a i (22 , 4)
9a ii (2−2 , 0.25)
9a iii (21.5 , 2.83)
9a iv (20.4 , 1.32)
9a v (2−0.6 , 0.66)
9b i 𝑥=1
9b ii 𝑥 = 1.58
9b iii 𝑥 = 0.25
9b iv 𝑥 = −1.32
9c i 0≤𝑥≤2
9c ii 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
9c iii 0.58 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.58
9c iv −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
9d i log 2 4 = 2
9d ii log 2 3 = 1.58
9d iii log 2 1.4 = 0.46
9d iv log 2 0.8 = −0.32
10a

10b

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

10c

10d

10e

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

10f

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to Exercise 7G

1a
6
When 𝑡 = 6, 𝑄 = 5×102 = 5×103 = 5×1000 = 5000
5.43
When 𝑡 = 5.43, 𝑄 = 5×10 2 = 5×102.715 ≑ 2594.000195 ≑ 2594
1b
𝑡
𝑄 = 5×102
𝑡 𝑄
102 =
5
𝑡 𝑄
= log10
2 5
𝑄
𝑡 = 2 log10
5
1c
500
When 𝑄 = 500, 𝑡 = 2 log10 5 = 2 log10 100 = 4
256
When 𝑄 = 256, 𝑡 = 2 log10 = 2 log10 51.2 ≑ 3.418539922 ≑ 3.419
5

2a
log 8
When 𝑄 = 4, 𝑡 = 20 log 2 (2×4) = 20 log 2 8 = 20× log10 2 = 60
10
log10 12
When 𝑄 = 6, 𝑡 = 20 log 2 (2×6) = 20 log 2 12 = 20× ≑ 71.69925001 ≑ 71.70
log10 2

2b
𝑡 = 20 log 2 2𝑄
𝑡
= log 2 2𝑄
20
𝑡
220 = 2𝑄
𝑡
220
𝑄=
2

2c
40
220 22
When 𝑡 = 40, 𝑄 = = =2
2 2
45
220 22.25
When 𝑡 = 45, 𝑄 = = ≑ 2.37841423 ≑ 2.378
2 2

𝑛
3a There are30 thirty-year intervals in 𝑛 years.
90
3bi 𝑃 = 3000000×230 = 3000000×23 = 24000000
100 10
3bii 𝑃 = 3000000×2 30 = 3000000×2 3 = 30238105.2 ≑ 30000000
3ci
𝑛
48000000 = 3000000×230
𝑛
230 = 16

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

𝑛
=4
30
𝑛 = 120 years
3cii
𝑛
60000000 = 3000000×230
𝑛
230 = 20
𝑛
= log 2 20
30
log10 20
𝑛 = 30×
log10 2
≑ 129.6578428
≑ 130 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

4a
𝑛 = 20, 𝑃 = 100×(1.05)20 ≑ 100×2.653297705 ≑ 265
𝑛 = 40, 𝑃 = 100×(1.05)40 ≑ 100×7.039988712 ≑ 704
𝑛 = 60, 𝑃 = 100×(1.05)60 ≑ 100×18.67918589 ≑ 1868
𝑛 = 80, 𝑃 = 100×(1.05)80 ≑ 100×49.56144107 ≑ 4956
𝑛 = 100, 𝑃 = 100×(1.05)100 ≑ 100×131.5012578 ≑ 13150

4b
4c
𝑛 = 20, 𝑃 ≑ 265, log10 265 ≑ 2.423245874 ≑ 2.42
𝑛 = 40, 𝑃 ≑ 704, log10 704 ≑ 2.847572659 ≑ 2.85
𝑛 = 60, 𝑃 ≑ 1868, log10 1868 ≑ 3.271376872 ≑ 3.27
𝑛 = 80, 𝑃 ≑ 4956, log10 4956 ≑ 3.695131298 ≑ 3.70
𝑛 = 100, 𝑃 ≑ 13150, log10 13150 ≑ 4.118925753 ≑ 4.12

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

4d
4e
log10 𝑃 = log10 (100×(1.05)𝑛 )
= log10 100 + log10 (1.05)𝑛
= 2 + 𝑛 log10 1.05
The new graph is a straight line, and log10 𝑃 is a linear function of 𝑛
𝑛
5a is the number of 2-year periods
2
40
5b 𝑛 = 2015 − 1975 = 40, 𝐷 = 2 2 , 𝐷0 = 220 , 𝐷0 = 1048576, 𝐷0 ≑ 1050000
𝑛
22 = 10000000
𝑛
22 = 107
𝑛
= log 2 107
2
log10 10
𝑛 = 2×7
log10 2
14
=
log10 2
≑ 46.50699333
≑ 47 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
∴Year= 2022

6a 3𝑛 is the number of 20-minute periods in 𝑛 hours.

6b
1
1 1 3×3 1 1
𝑛 = , 𝑇 = 96× ( ) = 96× ( ) = 48˚𝐶
3 2 2
2
3×
2 1 3 1 2 1
𝑛 = , 𝑇 = 96× ( ) = 96× ( ) = 96× = 24˚𝐶
3 2 2 4
3×1 3
1 1 1
𝑛 = 1, 𝑇 = 96× ( ) = 96× ( ) = 96× = 12˚𝐶
2 2 8

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1 3×2 1 6 1 1
6c 𝑛 = 2, 𝑇 = 96× (2) = 96× (2) = 96× 64 = 1 2 ˚𝐶
6d
1 3𝑛
𝑇 = 96× ( )
2
1 3𝑛 𝑇
( ) =
2 96
𝑇
3𝑛 = log 1
2 96
1 𝑇
𝑛 = log 1
3 2 96
1 1 1 log10 96−1 log 96
6e 𝑛 = 3 log 1 96 = 3 × = 3 log10 ≑ 2.1949875 hours ≑
2 log10 2−1 10 2
131.69925 minutes ≑ 2 hours 12 minutes

7a The mass halves every 700000000 years.

4000000000
1 700000000
7b 𝑛 = 4000000000, 𝑀 = 𝑀0 × (2) = 0.01904708835 𝑀0 ≑ 1.9% 𝑜𝑓 𝑀0
45
1 −7
7c 𝑛 = −4500000000, 𝑀 = 𝑀0 × (2) ≑ 86.13761233 𝑀0 ≑ 86 𝑀0

107
8a = 1000
104

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

3
8b (1000)2 = 31622.7766 ≑ 32000
8c
109
Shaking amplitude ratio= 104 = 105
3
Energy ratio= (105 )2 ≑ 3.16227766×107 ≑ 3.2×107

9a
𝑝𝐻 = − log10 [𝐻 + ]
log10 [𝐻 + ] = −𝑝𝐻
[𝐻 + ] = 10−𝑝𝐻
9b [𝐻 + ] = 10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
10−2
9c [𝐻 + ] = 10−2 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿, = 105 = 100000 times more acidic
10−7
10−7
9d [𝐻 + ] = 10−8.1 ≑ 0.00000000794 ≑ 7.94×10−9 mol/L, −8.1 = 101.1 ≑
10
12.58925412 ≑ 12.6 times more alkaline

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

Solutions to chapter 7 review exercise

1a 53 = 5×5×5 = 125
1b 28 = 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 = 256
1c 109 = 10×10×10×10×10×10×10×10×10 = 1000000000
1
1d 17−1 = 17
1
1e 9−2 = 81
1 3 1
1f 2−3 = (2) = 8
1 4 1
1g 3−4 = (3) = 81
1h 270 = 1
2 3 8
1i (3) = 27
7 −1 12
1j (12) = 7
5 −2 6 2 36
1k ( ) =( ) =
6 5 25
1
1l 36 = √36 = 6
2
1
3
1m 27 = √27 = 3
3
2
1n 83 = 22 = 4
5
1o 92 = 35 = 243
1
4 2 4 2
1p (49) = √49 = 7
14 0
1q (59) = 1
1 1
9 −2 25 2 25 5
1r (25) = (9) = √9 =3
2
8 3 2 2 4
1s (27) = (3) = 9
3 3
9 − 2 100 2 10 3 1000
1t (100) = ( 9 ) = (3) = 27

1
2a = 𝑥 −1
𝑥
7
2b = 7𝑥 −2
𝑥2
1 1
2c − 2𝑥 = − 2 𝑥 −1
1
2d √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
1 1
2e 5√36𝑥 = 5 (6𝑥 2 ) = 30𝑥 2
1
4
2f = 4𝑥 −2
√ 𝑥
𝑦
2g = 𝑦𝑥 −1
𝑥
1
2h 2𝑦√𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑥 2

3a (𝑥 4 )5 = 𝑥 20

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

3 4 34 81
3b (𝑎3 ) = (𝑎3 )4 = 𝑎12
1 1 1
3c (25𝑥 6 )2 = 252 ×(𝑥 6 )2 = 5𝑥 3
1 1 1 1
8𝑟 3 3 (8𝑟 3 )3 83 ∗(𝑟 3 )3 2𝑟
3d ( 𝑡6 ) = 1 = =
(𝑡 6 )3 𝑡2 𝑡2

4a 𝑥 2 𝑦×𝑦 2 𝑥 = 𝑥 2+1 𝑦 1+2 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3

4b 15𝑥𝑦𝑧×4𝑦 2 𝑧 4 = 60𝑥𝑦1+2 𝑧1+4 = 60𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 5
4c 3𝑥 −2 𝑦×6𝑥𝑦 −3 = 18𝑥 −2+1 𝑦 1−3 = 18𝑥 −1 𝑦 −2
4d 4𝑎 −2 𝑏𝑐×𝑎5 𝑏 2 𝑐 −2 = 4𝑎 −2+5 𝑏1+2 𝑐 1+(−2) = 4𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝑐 −1
4e 𝑥 3 𝑦 ÷ 𝑥𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3−1 𝑦1−3 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 −2
14
4f 14𝑥 −2 𝑦 −1 ÷ 7𝑥𝑦 −2 = 7 𝑥 −2−1 𝑦 −1−(−2) = 2𝑥 −3 𝑦
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4g 𝑚2 𝑛−2 ×𝑚12 𝑛−2 = 𝑚2+12 𝑛−2+(−2) = 𝑚2 𝑛−1
4h (2𝑠𝑡)3 ×(3𝑠 3 )2 = 8𝑠 3 𝑡 3 ×9𝑠 6 = 72𝑠 3+6 𝑡 3 = 72𝑠 9 𝑡 3
64
4i (4𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 )3 ÷ (2𝑥𝑦 −1 )3 = 64𝑥 6 𝑦 −6 ÷ 8𝑥 3 𝑦 −3 = 𝑥 6−3 𝑦 −6−(−3) = 8𝑥 3 𝑦 −3
8
5a
3𝑥 = 81
𝑥=4
5b
5𝑥 = 25
𝑥=2
5c
1
7𝑥 =
7
𝑥 = −1
5d
1
2𝑥 =
32
𝑥 = −5
5e
1 𝑥 1
( ) =
3 9
𝑥=2
5f
2 𝑥 8
( ) =
3 27
𝑥=3
5g
25𝑥 = 5
1
𝑥=
2
5h
8𝑥 = 2
1
𝑥=
3

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

6a
𝑥 = log 2 8
8 = 2𝑥
𝑥=3
6b
𝑥 = log 3 9
9 = 3𝑥
𝑥=2
6c
𝑥 = log10 10000
10000 = 10𝑥
𝑥=4
6d
1
𝑥 = log 5
5
1
= 5𝑥
5
𝑥 = −1
6e
1
𝑥 = log 7
49
1 𝑥
=7
49
𝑥 = −2
6f
𝑥 = log13 1
1 = 13𝑥
𝑥=0
6g
𝑥 = log 9 3
3 = 9𝑥
1
𝑥=
2
6h
𝑥 = log 2 √2
√2 = 2𝑥
1
𝑥=
2
6i
2 = log 7 𝑥
𝑥 = 72
𝑥 = 49
6j
−1 = log11 𝑥
𝑥 = 11−1

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1
𝑥=
11
6k
1
= log16 𝑥
2
1
𝑥 = 162
𝑥=4
6l
1
= log 27 𝑥
3
1
𝑥 = 273
𝑥=3
6m
2 = log 𝑥 36
36 = 𝑥 2
𝑥=6
6n
3 = log 𝑥 1000
1000 = 𝑥 3
𝑥 = 10
6o
1
−1 = log 𝑥
7
1
= 𝑥 −1
7
𝑥=7
6p
1
= log 𝑥 4
2
1
4 = 𝑥2
𝑥 = 16

7a log 22 2 + log 22 11 = log 22 (2×11) = log 22 22 = 1

7b log10 25 + log10 4 = log10 (25×4) = log10 100 = 2
98
7c log 7 98 − log 7 2 = log 7 2 = log 7 49 = 2
6 1
7d log 5 6 − log 5 150 = log 5 150 = log 5 25 = − log 5 25 = −2
1 1
7e log 3 54 + log 3 6 = log 3 (54× 6) = log 3 9 = 2
2 7 2 7
7f log12 7 + log12 2 = log12 (7 × 2) = log12 1 = 0

8a log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 + log 𝑎 𝑧

𝑥
8b log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
8c log 𝑎 𝑥 3 = 3log 𝑎 𝑥
1
8d log 𝑎 𝑧 2 = − log 𝑎 𝑧 2 = −2 log 𝑎 𝑧

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

8e log 𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑦 5 = log 𝑎 𝑥 2 + log 𝑎 𝑦 5 = 2log 𝑎 𝑥 + 5log 𝑎 𝑦

𝑦2
8f log 𝑎 𝑥𝑧 2 = log 𝑎 𝑦 2 − log 𝑎 𝑥𝑧 2 = 2log 𝑎 𝑦 − (log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑧 2 ) = 2log 𝑎 𝑦 −
log 𝑎 𝑥 − 2log 𝑎 𝑧
1
8g log 𝑎 √𝑥 = 2 log 𝑎 𝑥
1 1 1 1
8h log 𝑎 √𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 2 log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 2 (log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 + log 𝑎 𝑧) = 2 log 𝑎 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑎 𝑦 +
1
log 𝑎 𝑧
2

9a log10 34 ≑ 1.531478917, Between 1 and 2

log 100 2
9b log 7 100 = 10 = ≑ 2.366589325, Between 2 and 3
log10 7 log10 7
log10 90
9c log 3 90 = ≑ 4.095903274, Between 4 and 5
log10 3
log10 35
9d log 2 35 = ≑ 5.129283017, Between 5 and 6
log10 2
9e log10 0.4 ≑ −0.39790087, Between−1 and 0
9f log10 0.007 = −2.15490196, Between−3 and−2
log 0.1 −1
9g log 2 0.1 = log10 2 = log 2 ≑ −3.321928095, Between−4 and−3
10 10
log10 0.1 −1
9h log 7 0.1 = = log ≑ −1.183294662, Between−2 and−1
log10 7 10 7

10a log10 215 ≑ 2.33243846 ≑ 2.332

10b log10 0.0045 ≑ −2.346787486 ≑ −2.347
log 50
10 c log 7 50 = log10 7 ≑ 2.010382138 ≑ 2.010
10
3
10d log 2 1000 = log ≑ 9.965784285 ≑ 9.966
10 2
log10 0.215
10e log 5 0.215 = ≑ −0.955064645 ≑ −0.9551
log10 5
log10 2 log10 2
10f log 0.01 2 = log = ≑ −0.1505149978 ≑ −0.1505
10 0.01 −2
log10 8
10g log 0.5 8 = log ≑ −3
10 0.5
log10 0.001 −3
10h log 0.99 0.001 = = log ≑ 687.3158648 ≑ 687.3
log10 0.99 10 0.99

11a
2𝑥 = 11
𝑥 = log 2 11
log10 11
=
log10 2
≑ 3.459431619
≑ 3.459
11b
2𝑥 = 0.04
𝑥 = log 2 0.04
log10 0.04
=
log10 2
≑ −4.64385619

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

≑ −4.644
11c
7𝑥 = 350
𝑥 = log 7 350
log10 350
=
log10 7
≑ 3.010382138
≑ 3.010
11d
3𝑥 = 0.67
𝑥 = log 3 0.67
log10 0.67
=
log10 3
≑ −0.3645303905
≑ −0.3645
11e
1.01𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = log1.01 5
log10 5
=
log10 1.01
≑ 161.7471757
≑ 161.7
11f
1.01𝑥 = 0.2
𝑥 = log1.01 0.2
log10 0.2
=
log10 1.01
≑ −161.7471757
≑ −161.7
11g
1
0.8𝑥 =
10
1
𝑥 = log 0.8
10
1
log10
= 10
log10 0.8
−1
=
log10 0.8
≑ 10.31885116
≑ 10.32
11h
1
0.99𝑥 =
100
1
𝑥 = log 0.99
100

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

1
log10 100
=
log10 0.99
−2
=
log10 0.99
≑ 458.2105766
≑ 458.2

12a

12b

12c
𝑛
13a There are 4 four-hour periods in 𝑛 hours.
13b i
𝑃 = 100×23
= 800 bacteria
13b ii
13
𝑃 = 100×2 4

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Chapter 7 worked solutions – Exponential and logarithmic functions

≑ 951.365692
≑ 950 bacteria
13c
𝑛
𝑃 = 100×24
𝑛 𝑃
24 =
100
𝑛 𝑃
= log 2
4 100
𝑃
𝑛 = 4log 2
100
13d
10000000
𝑛 = 4 log 2
100
= 4 log 2 100000
log10 100000
=4
log10 2
5
=4
log10 2
≑ 66.4385619
≑ 66 hours

© Cambridge University Press 2019