Changes throughout history

In order to collect data about family size, the level of employment, social status and ethnicity as well as many
other indicators the government has used a method of collect known as the Census. This is a long questionnaire
that each household receives in which they write there status, etc. It is a legal requirement, and not filling it in
can result in a fine. There are many problems though that are associated with data, these are:

Some people are very hard to reach e.g. remote, isolated highlands of Scotland.

The survey is very expensive to create, distribute and transcribe data once they are completed. The total
for the last census was £482 million.

The data is only collected every 10 years or so and therefore some people say that when it is released it
is many years out of date.

Some people simply don’t respond, for example in the 2011 census 22.9 million forms were returned out
of a total 25.4 million census’s distributed to homes.

Over 390,000 people answered that their religion was Jedi in the 2001 census for England and Wales,
and 14,000 people in Scotland.
The effect of globalisation on population change:
Birth rate — the number of live births per 1,000 people per year in a region
Death rate — the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year in a region
Migration — the movement of people from one place to another

Exponential population growth — when the population increases rapidly due to a greater number of people as
well as better healthcare
Type of change The effect of globalisation Case Study example

Migration Push and pull factors as a result of People moving to the UAE from sub
development within urban areas countries e.g. India and Pakistan.
creating jobs and increasing Many arrive on 2 year contracts
services mean that more people and 6 days a week. Many tertiary
are moving to urban areas. Many sector people come from Europe
economic migrants do this, then and the Philippines.
send money to their families at the
source country.

Reduction in death rates Economic growth has triggered Much of Europe for example the
n a t u ra l i n c re a s e t o o c c u r, U K a n d Fr a n c e h a s s e e n a
fur thermore better healthcare reduction in death rates, however
means that people are living many countries in Africa still have
longer. Sanitation and nutrition are high deaths rates as a result of
all also better now, reducing the poverty.
spread of disease along with the
introduction of vaccines.

Reduction in birth rates Globalisation means that women China’s Anti-Natalist Policy:
are in work longer so t he China reduced the birth rates to 1
emancipation of women has child per family, and imposed fines
occurred. This is par ticularly if this was not met. This was
evident in France and Germany because resources and services
couldn’t cope.

Exponential Population Growth Increased standard of living and This has occurred globally across
better healthcare/sanitation means the world.
that people are living longer.

www.pmt.education
 FAMILY SIZE:

Smaller family sizes, due to the fact that increased amounts of technology mean that bringing up a child
is a lot more expensive than it used to be. The cost of having and bringing up a child is £225,000 up
until the age of 21.

The average cost of raising a child has increased by 62% over the past few years

Poorer places have more kids in order to perhaps gain more government funds e.g Tower Hamlets: 28%
of family have 3 or more children.

Households with 2 families in the same house have grown by 56% to 313,000. This could be due to
house prices increasing and the recession

Countries which have strong economies tend to have families with more children in them e.g. Greece
and Spain with the euro crisis have smaller families.
Changes in UK family sizes:

In 2014 there were 18.6 million family of which 12.5 million were marred couple

There were 2 million lone parents with dependent children in the UK in 2011, a figure that has steadily
grown but significantly from 1.7 million in 2001.

ETHIC DIVERSITY:
Changes in the UK ethic diversity:

We adopted an open door policy after World War 2, so many people have moved to the UK since

The UK is part of the trade bloc, the EU and the Schengen Agreement which allows the movement of
over 800 million people in Europe

Greater awareness of different religions, and cultures now, so people are now longer afraid of people
moving here form other countries

Pull factors such as free healthcare (NHS) and benefits means that a great number of people come here
to live and send money back to their families in the source country.

There were large campaigns after the war to attract people as it was thought it would boost both the
economy and workforce of the country.

In 1991 93% of people were white, with only 7% non white. However this doubled to 14% in 2011

The amount of Indian people from 1991 to 2011 was 34%, with the number of white Africans being
10.6%.

SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS AND SOCIAL CLASS:

There have been changes of social aspirations over the years, however boys still have the lowest aspirations.
Factors that determine the aspirations are said to be i) the area in which the child lives ii)the influence that their
parents have on their kids.

The number of people that were going on to higher education grew from 1,500,200 in 2000 to 2001 to
1,928,000 in 2011 to 2012 however it has now begun to fall again to 1,760,900 in 2013 to 2014.

There are now also 7 new social classes, rather than the traditional 3 that their used to be.

In 2013 the new ‘elite’ social class average only 6% of the population, in which 24% were privately
educated. The established middle class was the highest with 25% of the population being this.

A new class known as the emergent worker was one of the most common, who are said to have a good
social and cultural life, but are unstable in housing and work.

www.pmt.education
 EMPLOYMENT:
Changes in employment:
The Clark Fisher Model shows how w
employment structure change over a
per iod of time. At eac h stage
something different occurs, these are
seen below:

Pre-Industrial – A lack of education

means that LDC’s have a high numberr
of people in primary industries. The
main occupations are subsistence
farmers on a family farm. There are
very few jobs in the tertiary stage and
manufacturing sectors, due to a lack k
of money spent to set up these
factories or to build them.

Industrial Stage – Manufacturing

increased, with new factories opening
u in many locations. The secondary y
sector grows in importance. The
tertiary sector also begins to grow very slowly. The primary sector now declines as the country begins to
industrialise.
Post-Industrial Stage – The tertiary sector becomes the most important in this sector. The secondary sector
begins to die away. More people being to live in urban areas and there is therefore a growing demand for
various services e.g. healthcare, education, transport and finance. Quaternary jobs begin to form too as the
country becomes wealthier.

Changes in the UK employment structure:

From June to August 2015 73.6% of people aged from 16-64 were in work, the highest employment rate
since comparable records began in 1971

The 2015 the average salary rose quickly up 3% from 2009

31.09 million people are I work in 2015 a rise of 413,000 on a year earlier

The demand of highly skilled workers in construction and manufacturing is increasing. The demand for
construction was 73% and in manufacturing 69% in 2015.

Between June to August 2015 the unemployment rate was down to 5.4%, with it being 6% the year
earlier. During January2012 it was extremely high at 8.4%

POPULATION STRUCTURE:
Changes in UK population structure:

The population has changed over time, the number of people that were over the age of 85 was 0.8% in
1974, however it has steadily increased with it being 1.5% in 1990 and in 2014 rose to 2.3%

The median age in the UK has grown, in 1974 it was 33.9, but has grown over the decades to 40 in
2014

www.pmt.education