Field and Wave Electromagnetic

Chapter9

Theory and Applications of

Transmission Lines

Transmission Line
TEM (Transverse electromagnetic) waves guided by
transmission lines.
E ⊥ H ⊥ k ( along the guiding line )

The three most common types of guiding structures that

support TEM waves.
⒜ Parallel-plate transmission line ⇒ striplines
⒝ Two wire transmission line
⒞ Coaxial cable : No stray fields

TEM wave solution of Maxwell’s equations for the parallel-plate

guiding structure ⇒ A pair of transmission line equation.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 2
TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (1)

① y polarized
② Propagating in the +z direction
E = yE y = yE0 e −γ z
γ : propagating constant
E
H = xH x = − x 0 e −γ z η : intrinsic impedance
η
cf) Fringe fields at the edges of the plates are neglected.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 3

TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (2)

③ Assuming perfect conductor and a lossless dielectric

γ = jβ = jω με
μ
η=
ε
④ Boundary conditions
At y = 0 and y = d
Et = 0, H n = 0 ⇒ E x = E z = 0, H y = 0

⎛ E1t = E2t ⎛ nˆ2 ⋅ ( D1 − D2 ) = ρ s

⎜ ⎜
⎜ nˆ × ( H − H ) = J ⎜B = B
⎝ 2 1 2 s ⎝ 1n 2n

Electromagnetic Theory 2 4
TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (3)

At y = 0, nˆ = yˆ
y ⋅ D = ρ sl ⇒ ρ sl = ε E y = ε E0 e − jβ z
E
y × H = J sl ˆ x = zˆ 0 e − jβ z
⇒ J sl = − zH
η
At y = d , nˆ = − yˆ

− y ⋅ D = ρ su ⇒ ρ sl = −ε E y = −ε E0 e − jβ z
E
− y × H = J su ˆ x = − zˆ 0 e − j β z
⇒ J su = zH
η
n= y

Electromagnetic Theory 2 5

TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (4)

⑤ E & H satisfy Maxwell’s equation

∇ × E = − jωμH
∇ × H = jωεE

E = yˆ E y , H = xˆH x
dE y
∇ × E = − jωμ H ⇒ = jωμ H x ①
dz
dH x
∇ × H = jωε E ⇒ = jωε E y ②
dz
(cf) ∂ d E y and H x are functions of z only.
⇒ ∵
∂z dz

Electromagnetic Theory 2 6
TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (5)

Integrating ① over y from 0 to d,

d d d

dz ∫0 ∫0 H x dy
E y dy = j ωμ
d
cf) Vd 0 ( z ) = −
∫
0
E y dy = − E y ( z )d ; Potential difference from the
lower plate to the upper plate

H x = J su (z ) assuming J su = zˆJ su ( z )

I ( z ) = J su w Where w is the width of the plate

The total current flowing in the +z direction

Electromagnetic Theory 2 7

TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (6)

dV ( z ) ⎛ d⎞
Then − = jωμ J su ( z )d = jω ⎜ μ ⎟ [ J su ( z ) w]
dz ⎝ w⎠
dV ( z )
i.e. − = jωLI ( z ) ①’
dz
d
where L=μ ( H m) : inductance per unit length of the
w parallel-plate transmission line

y
Φ BS
Flux linkage per unit current d = =
I I
x 1m z
μ Hd1 d
Integrating ② over x from 0 to w, = =μ
Hw w
d w w

dz ∫0 ∫0 E y dx
H x dx = j ωε

Electromagnetic Theory 2 8
TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (7)
w w
cf ) ∫0
H x dx = I ( z ), ∫0
E y dx = E y ( z ) w

E y ( z )d = −V ( z )
d
∴ I ( z ) = jωε E y ( z ) w
dz
⎛ w⎞ ⎛ w⎞
= jω ⎜ ε ⎟ E y ( z )d = − jω ⎜ ε ⎟ V ( z )
⎝ d⎠ ⎝ d⎠
i.e. − d I ( z ) = jωCV ( z ) ②’
dz
where C = ε (F m ) : capacitance per unit length of the
w
d parallel-plate transmission lines
①’ & ②’ : Time-harmonic transmission line equations.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 9

TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (8)

Combining ①’ & ②’
d 2V ( z )
2
= −ω 2 LCV ( z )
dz
Wave equations
d 2 I ( z)
2
= −ω 2 LCI ( z )
dz
The solutions of the above wave equations are waves
propagating in the +z direction.
⎡V ( z ) = V0 e − jβz
⎢ − jβ z
⎢⎣ I ( z ) = I 0 e
d w
where β = ω LC = ω μ ⋅ ε = ω με
w d

Electromagnetic Theory 2 10
TEM Wave along a Parallel-Plate Transmission Line (9)

V ( z ) V0 L
Z0 = = = (Ω)
I ( z) I0 C
The impedance at any location that looks toward an infinitely
long transmission line
⇒ Characteristic impedance of the line dV
− = jωLI
d μ d dz
Z0 = = η
w ε w jβV0 = jωLI 0
V0 ωL ωL L
The propagating velocity = = =
I0 β ω LC C
ω 1 1
up = = = (m / s)
β LC με

Electromagnetic Theory 2 11

Lossy Parallel-plate Transmission Lines (1)

Two loss mechanism dielectric loss
ohmic loss
① Dielectric loss : dielectric medium have a non-vanishing loss
tangent
i.e. permitivity ε
conductivity σ of the dielectric medium
(cf) Reminding
Integration over a surface enclosing
the positive conductor
Q ∫ D ⋅ ds
C= =
V − ∫ E ⋅ dl Line integration from the lower
L potential to the higher potential

=
∫ εE ⋅ ds
− ∫ E ⋅ dl
L

Electromagnetic Theory 2 12
Lossy Parallel-plate Transmission Lines (2)
V − ∫LE ⋅ dl − ∫LE ⋅ dl
R= = =
I ∫ J ⋅ ds ∫ σE ⋅ ds
C ε
∴ RC = =
G σ
σ σ w w
∴G = C = ⋅ε = σ : Conductance per unit length
ε ε d d (dielectric medium)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 13

Lossy Parallel-plate Pransmission Lines (3)

② Ohmic loss
If the parallel-plate conductors have a very large but finite
conductivity σ c , ohmic power will be dissipated in the plates.
⇒ Nonvanishing axial electric field ẑE z at the plate surfaces
(conduction current)

1
Pav = yp
ˆ σ = ˆ z × xH
Re( zE ˆ x* ) : y component (loss)
2

The average power per unit area dissipated

in each of the conducting plates

Electromagnetic Theory 2 14
Lossy Parallel-plate Pransmission Lines (4)
Consider the upper plate
J su = H x
Surface impedance of an imperfect conductor : Z s
Et
Zs = (Ω ) : The ratio of the tangential component of the
Js electric field to the surface current density at
the conductor surface
For upper plate
Ez E
Zs = = z = η c : Intrinsic impedance of the plate conductor
J su H x
cf) σ c >> 1, f >> 1 ⇒ only surface current flows

Electromagnetic Theory 2 15

Lossy Parallel-plate Pransmission Lines (5)

Intrinsic impedance of good conductor
πfμc
Z s = Rs + jX s = (1 + j )
σc E z = J su Z s
1 H x = J su
Pσ = Re(| J su |2 Z s )
2
1
(
= | J su |2 Rs W m 2
2
)
∴ The ohmic power dissipated in a unit length of the plate
having a width w is wPσ

Electromagnetic Theory 2 16
Lossy Parallel-plate Pransmission Lines (6)
1 2 ⎛ Rs ⎞
Pσ = wpσ = I ⎜ ⎟ (W m ) ⇒ Power loss in upper
2 ⎝w⎠ plate only

where I = wJ su
The power dissipated when a sinusioidal
current of amplitude I flows through a
resistance Rs/w

⎛ R ⎞ 2 πfμc
R = 2⎜ s ⎟ = (Ω m )
⎝ w ⎠ w σc
Effective series resistance per unit length
for both plates of a parallel-plate
transmission line of width w

Electromagnetic Theory 2 17

General Transmission Line Equations (1)

cf) Difference between transmission lines and ordinary electric
networks

Electric Network T.L.

Physical dimensions ≪ λ Physical dimension ~ λ

Discrete circuit elements Distributed-parameter

(lumped parameters)

No standing wave Standing wave except under

matched conditions

Electromagnetic Theory 2 18
General Transmission Line Equations (2)
Distributed parameters
For differential length Δz
Series ⎡ R : resistance per unit length(for both conductors ) (Ω/m)
element ⎢⎣ L : inductance per unit length ( for both conductors) (H/m)
Shunt ⎡ G : conductance per unit length (S/m)
element ⎢⎣ C : capacitance per unit length (F/m)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 19

General Transmission Line Equations (3)

Kirchhoff’s voltage law
∂i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) − RΔzi ( z , t ) − LΔz − v( z + Δz , t ) = 0
∂t
v( z + Δz , t ) − v( z , t ) ∂i ( z , t )
− = Ri( z , t ) + L
Δz ∂t
∂v( z, t ) ∂i ( z, t )
let Δz → 0 − = Ri ( z, t ) + L ①
∂z ∂t
Kirchhoff’s current law at node N
∂v( z + Δz , t )
i ( z , t ) − GΔzv( z + Δz , t ) − CΔz − i ( z + Δz , t ) = 0
∂t
∂i ( z , t ) ∂v( z, t )
let Δz → 0 − = Gv( z , t ) + C ②
∂z ∂t
①, ② : General transmission line equations.
Electromagnetic Theory 2 20
General Transmission Line Equations (4)
For time harmonic,
[
v( z , t ) = Re V ( z )e jωt]
i ( z , t ) = Re[I ( z )e ]
jωt

cf) cosine reference

V(z), I(z) : functions for the space coordinate z only, both
may be complex

then, − dV ( z ) = ( R + jωL) I ( z ) ⎤
dz ⎥
⎥ ⇒ Time-harmonic transmission
dI ( z ) line equations
− = (G + jωC )V ( z )⎥
dz ⎥⎦

Electromagnetic Theory 2 21

Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (1)

From the coupled time-harmonic T.L. equations
d 2V ( z )
2
= γ 2V ( z ) ①’
dz
d 2 I ( z)
2
= γ 2 I ( z) ②’
dz

where γ = α + jβ = ( R + jωL)(G + jωC ) (m −1 )

γ : propagation constant

α : attenuation constant (Np/m)

β : phase constant (rad/m)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 22
Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (2)
The solutions of ①’ and ②’
V ( z ) = V + ( z ) + V − ( z ) = V0+ e −γz + V0− eγz
I ( z ) = I + ( z ) + I − ( z ) = I 0+ e −γz + I 0− eγz
wave amplitudes (V0+ , I 0+ )(V0− , I 0− )
V0+ V0− R + jωL
=− − =
I 0+ I0 γ
For an infinite line (semi-infinite line with the source
at the left end )

eγz → vanishes. (no reflected waves)

only waves traveling in the +z direction

Electromagnetic Theory 2 23

Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (3)

V ( z ) = V + ( z ) = V0+ e −γz
I ( z ) = I + ( z ) = I 0+ e −γz
V ( z ) V0+ R + jωL γ R + jωL
Z0 = = + = = =
I ( z) I0 γ G + jωC G + jωC

Characteristic impedance
; independent of z

cf) uniform plane waves in a lossy medium

γ = α + jβ = (ωμ ′′ + jωμ ′)(ωε ′′ + jωε ')
μ ′′ + jμ ′
ηc =
ε ′′ + jε ′
Electromagnetic Theory 2 24
Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (4)
1. Lossless line
a. Propagation constant
γ = α + jβ = jω LC
α =0
β = ω LC (A linear function of ω)

b. Phase velocity
ω 1
up = = (Non-dispersive)
β LC

Electromagnetic Theory 2 25

Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (5)

c. Characteristic impedance
L
Z 0 = R0 + jX 0 =
C
L
R0 = (constant)
C

X0 = 0 (Non-reactive line)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 26
Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (6)
2. Low-loss line
a. Propagation constant 12 12
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ G ⎞
γ = α + jβ = jω LC ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟
⎝ jωL ⎠ ⎝ j ωC ⎠
⎛ R ⎞⎛ G ⎞
≅ jω LC ⎜1 + ⎟⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ 2 jω L ⎠⎝ 2 jωC ⎠
⎡ 1 ⎛ R G ⎞⎤
≅ jω LC ⎢1 + ⎜ + ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 jω ⎝ L C ⎠⎦
1⎛ C L⎞
∴α ≅ ⎜⎜ R +G ⎟ , β ≅ ω LC
2⎝ L C ⎟⎠
(Approximately a linear function of ω)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 27

Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (7)

b. Phase velocity
ω 1
up = ≅ (Non-dispersive)
β LC
c. Characteristic impedance
12 −1 2
L⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ G ⎞
Z 0 = R0 + jX 0 = ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
C⎝ jωL ⎠ ⎝ jωC ⎟⎠
L⎡ 1 ⎛ R G ⎞⎤
≅ 1+ ⎜ − ⎟
C ⎣ 2 jω ⎝ L C ⎠⎥⎦
⎢

L L 1 ⎛R G⎞
R0 ≅ , X0 ≅ − ⎜ − ⎟≅0
C C 2ω ⎝ L C ⎠
Capacitive reactance
Electromagnetic Theory 2 28
Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (8)
⎛R G⎞
3. Distortionless line ⎜ = ⎟
⎝L C⎠

a. Propagation constant

γ = α + jβ = (R + jωL )⎛⎜ RC + jωC ⎞⎟

⎝ L ⎠

=
C
( R + j ωL )
L
C
∴α ≡ R , β = ω LC (A linear function of ω)
L
b. Phase velocity
ω 1
up = = (constant)
β LC

Electromagnetic Theory 2 29

Wave Characteristics on an Infinite T.L. (9)

c. Characteristic impedance

R + jωL L
Z 0 = R0 + jX 0 = =
RC C
+ jωC
L
L
R0 = (constant)
C
X0 = 0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 30
Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (1)

The general case of a finite transmission line (Z0) terminated

in an arbitrary load impedance ZL.

A sinusoidal voltage source Vg ∠0° with internal impedance

Zg is connected to the line at z=0.

⎛V ⎞ V
⎜ ⎟ = L = Z L : Cannot be satisfied without eγz term unless ZL=Z0
⎝ I ⎠ z =l I L
⇒ Reflected waves exist on unmatched lines

Electromagnetic Theory 2 31

Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (2)

General solutions for the time-harmonic one-dimensional

Helmholtz equations
V ( z ) = V0+ e −γz + V0− eγz V0+ V0−
where = − − = Z0
I ( z ) = I 0+ e −γz + I 0− eγz I 0+ I0

(cf) - circuit theory

matched condition (Zg=ZL*) →maximum transfer of power

- T.L.
line is matched when ZL=Z0. → no eγz term

Electromagnetic Theory 2 32
Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (3)

Four unknowns
V0+ , I 0+ , V0− , I 0− : from the wave equation solutions

cf) not independent because of the constraint by the

relations at z=0 and z=l

Let z=l
⎛ VL = V0+ e −γ l + V0− eγ l ⎛ + 1
⎜ V0 = (VL + I L Z 0 ) eγ l
⎜ 2
⎜ I = V0 e −γ l − V0 eγ l ⇒ ⎜
+ −

⎜ L Z ⎜ V − = 1 (V − I Z ) e−γ l
⎝ Z ⎜ 0 L 0
⎝
L
0 0
2
VL
and = ZL
IL

Electromagnetic Theory 2 33

Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (4)

∴V ( z ) =
IL
2
[ ]
(Z L + Z 0 )eγ (l − z ) + (Z L − Z 0 )e −γ (l − z )

[
I ( z ) = L (Z L + Z 0 )eγ (l − z ) − (Z L − Z 0 )e −γ (l − z )
I
2Z 0
]
New variable z ′ = l − z : distance measured backward from
the load
[
V ( z ′) = L (Z L + Z 0 )eγz′ + (Z L − Z 0 )e −γz′
I
2
]
[
I ( z ′) = L (Z L + Z 0 )eγz′ − (Z L − Z 0 )e −γz′
I
2Z 0
]

Electromagnetic Theory 2 34
Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (5)

In order to simplify the above equations, using hyperbolic

functions

eγ z′ + e−γ z′ = 2 cosh γ z′ eγ z′ − e −γ z′ = 2sinh γ z′

∴V ( z′) = I L ( Z L cosh γ z′ + Z 0 sinh γ z ′ )

IL
I ( z′) = ( Z L sinh γ z′ + Z 0 cosh γ z′)
Z0

Two equations can provide the voltage and

current at any point along a transmission line in
terms of I L , Z L , γ and Z 0 .

Electromagnetic Theory 2 35

Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (6)

V ( z′) Z cosh γz′ + Z 0 sinh γz′

Z ( z′) = = Z0 L
I ( z′) Z L sinh γz′ + Z 0 cosh γz′
Z L + Z 0 tanh γz ′
= Z0
Z 0 + Z L tanh γz ′

Impedance when look toward the load end of

the line at a distance z’ from the load

Electromagnetic Theory 2 36
Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (7)

z ′ = l ( z = 0) ( at the source end of the line)

the generator looking into the line sees an input impedance Zi

Z L + Z 0 tanh γl
Z i = ( Z ) z =0 = Z 0
z ′ =l Z 0 + Z L tanh γl

(cf) Impedance transformation

⎡ Zi
⎢ V = Vg
Z g + Zi
i
⎢
⎢ Vg
⎢ Ii =
⎢⎣ Z g + Zi

Electromagnetic Theory 2 37

Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (8)

The average power delivered to the input terminals of the

line

(Pav )i = 1 Re[Vi I i* ]z =0, z′=l

2
The average power delivered to the load
2

2
[
(Pav )L = 1 Re VL I L* ]z =l , z ′ = 0
=
1 VL
2 ZL
1 2
RL = I L RL
2
For a lossless line
( Pav )i = ( Pav )L

Electromagnetic Theory 2 38
Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Line (9)

If Z L = Z 0 , Z ( z′) = Z 0

∴V ( z ) = ( I L Z 0 eγl )e −γz = Vi e −γz ⎫⎪ Waves traveling in +z

⎬
I ( z ) = ( I L eγl )e −γz = I i e −γz ⎪⎭ direction

⇒ No reflected waves

Electromagnetic Theory 2 39

Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (1)

Transmission line having inductive or capacitive impedance
⇒ impedance matching between a generator and a load.
Frequency band : 300 MHz ~ 3GHz
cf) f < 300MHz : line’s physical dimension is too long
f > 3GHz : waveguide is preferred
For lossless T.L.
γ = jβ , Z 0 = R0 , tanh γl = tanh( jβl ) = j tan βl
Input impedance at distance l from the load(ZL) end

Z L + jR0 tan βl
Z i = R0 Impedance transformations by
R0 + jZ L tan βl lossless transmission line

Electromagnetic Theory 2 40
Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (2)
Special cases
1. Open-circuit termination (Z L → ∞ )

Z i 0 = jX i 0 = − j
R0
= − jR0 cot βl 2π
cf ) βl = l
tan βl λ

Electromagnetic Theory 2 41

Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (3)

Xi0 can be either capacitive or inductive depending on β l.

If β l << 1, tan β l ≅ β l

L
∴ Zi 0 = jX i 0 ≅ − j
R0
=−j C =−j 1
βl ω LCl ωCl
; Impedance of a capacitance of Cl farads

In practice, it is impossible to have an infinite load impedance

at the end of a transmission line.
⇒ At high freq. ⇒ coupling and radiation

Electromagnetic Theory 2 42
Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (4)
2. Short circuit termination (Z L = 0)
Z is = jX is = jR0 tan βl

βl << 1
Z is = jωLl : Impedance of inductance

Electromagnetic Theory 2 43

Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (5)

⎛ λ π⎞
3. Quarter-wave section : ⎜ l = , βl = ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠
λ
l = (2n − 1) (n = 1,2,3, )
4
2π λ π
βl = (2n − 1) = (2n − 1)
λ 4 2
tan βl = ±∞
R02
Zi = Quarter wave line ⇒ impedance inverter.
ZL
quarter wave transformer.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 44
Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (6)
⎛ λ ⎞
4. Half-wave section ⎜ l = , βl = π ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
λ
l = n ⋅ , βl = nπ
2
tan βl = 0
∴ Zi = Z L (Half-wave line)

Only for lossless.

For lossy case, this properties are valid only for ZL=Z0

cf) The characteristic impedance and the propagation constant

Open-circuited line, Z L → ∞ : Z io = Z 0 coth γl
Short-circuited line, Z L → 0 : Z is = Z 0 tanh γl

Electromagnetic Theory 2 45

Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (7)

∴ Z 0 = Z io Z is
1 Z is
γ = tanh −1 (m−1 )
l Zio

5. Lossy line with a short-circuit termination

sinh(α + j β )l
Zis = Z 0 tanh γ l = Z 0
cosh(α + j β )l
sinh αl cos βl + j cosh αl sin βl
= Z0
cosh αl cos βl + j sinh αl sin βl

Electromagnetic Theory 2 46
Transmission Line as Circuit Elements (8)
λ
For l = n ⋅ ⇒ βl = nπ , sin βl = 0, cos βl = (−1) n
2
∴ Z is = Z 0 tanh α l ≅ Z 0 (α l ) assuming α l << 1
tanh α l ≅ α l
: Series resonant circuit condition
λ nπ
For l = n ⋅ ⇒ βl = , (n = odd number )
4 2
cos βl = 0
Z0 Z
∴ Zis = ≅ 0 : Very large
tanh α l α l
: Parallel-resonant circuit condition

Electromagnetic Theory 2 47

Reference & Homework

Ref. Microwave engineering by David M.
Pozar page 330-336

Electromagnetic Theory 2 48
Lines with Resistive Termination (1)
Z L ≠ Z 0 both incident and reflected wave exist

IL
V ( z) = ⎡⎣( Z L + Z 0 ) eγ (l − z ) + ( Z L − Z 0 ) e−γ (l − z ) ⎤⎦
2
I
I ( z ) = L ⎡⎣( Z L + Z 0 ) eγ (l − z ) − ( Z L − Z 0 ) e−γ (l − z ) ⎤⎦
2Z 0

⇒ V ( z ′) =
IL
2
[
(Z L + Z 0 )eγz′ + (Z L − Z 0 )e −γz′ ]
[
I ( z ′) = L (Z L + Z 0 )eγz′ − (Z L − Z 0 )e −γz′
I
2Z 0
]
where z′ = l − z ⇒ eγz′ : right traveling wave (incident wave)

e −γz′ : left traveling wave (reflected wave)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 49

Lines with Resistive Termination(2)

IL ⎡ Z − Z 0 − 2γz′ ⎤
V ( z′) = ( Z L + Z 0 )eγz′ ⎢1 + L e ⎥
2 ⎣ Z L + Z 0 ⎦
I
[
= L ( Z L + Z 0 )eγz′ 1 + Γe − 2γz′
2
]
Z − Z0
where Γ= L = Γ e jθ Γ : Voltage reflection coefficient of
Z L + Z0 the load impedance ZL

I ( z′) =
IL
2Z 0
[
( Z L + Z 0 )eγz′ 1 − Γe − 2γz′ ]

cf) current reflection coefficient of the load impedance ZL

I 0− V0−
= − + = −Γ
I 0+ V0
Electromagnetic Theory 2 50
Lines with Resistive Termination(3)

• For a lossless transmission line, γ = j β

IL
V ( z ′) = ( Z L + R0 )e j β z′ ⎡⎣1 + Γe − j 2 β z′ ⎤⎦
2
I
= L ( Z L + R0 )e j β z′ ⎡⎣1 + Γ e j (θΓ − 2 β z′) ⎤⎦
2
I
I ( z ′) = L ( Z L + R0 )e j β z′ ⎣⎡1 − Γ e j (θΓ − 2 β z′) ⎦⎤
2 R0

• From the expression using hyperbolic functions

V ( z ′) = I L ( Z L cosh γ z ′ + Z 0 sinh γ z ′)
IL
I ( z ′) = ( Z L sinh γ z ′ + Z 0 cosh γ z ′)
Z0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 51

Lines with Resistive Termination(4)

• For lossless line
γ = j β , VL = I L Z L , cosh jθ = cos θ , sinh jθ = j sin θ

V ( z ′) = VL cos β z ′ + jI L R0 sin β z ′
VL
I ( z ′) = I L cos β z ′ + j sin β z ′
R0

• If Z L = RL , VL = I L RL
2
⎛R ⎞
V ( z ′) = VL cos 2 β z ′ + ⎜ 0 ⎟ sin 2 β z ′
⎝ RL ⎠
2
⎛R ⎞ L
I ( z ′) = I L cos β z ′ + ⎜ L ⎟ sin 2 β z ′ ,
2
where R0 =
⎝ R0 ⎠ C

Electromagnetic Theory 2 52
Lines with Resistive Termination(5)
• Standing-wave ratio (SWR)
Vmax 1+ Γ s −1
s= = Γ =
Vmin 1− Γ s +1

• For a lossless transmission line

Γ = 0, s = 1 when Z L = Z 0 (Matched load)
Γ = −1, s → ∞ when Z L = 0 (Short circuit )
Γ = +1, s → ∞ when Z L → ∞ (Open circuit )

cf) Vmax and I min occur when

θ Γ − 2β zM′ = −2nπ , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
Vmin and I max occur together when
θ Γ − 2β zm′ = −(2n + 1)π , n = 0, 1, 2, ...

Electromagnetic Theory 2 53

Lines with Resistive Termination(6)

cf) For resistive terminations on a lossless line,
R − R0
Z L = RL , Z 0 = R0 , Γ = L
RL + R0
① RL > R0 , Γ > 0 and real (θ Γ = 0)
② RL < R0 , Γ < 0 and real (θ Γ = −π )

Electromagnetic Theory 2 54
Lines with Resistive Termination(7)
R0 RL
cf) RL > R0 : Vmax = VL , Vmin = VL ∴s =
RL R0
R0 R0
RL < R0 : Vmax = VL , Vmin = VL ∴s =
RL RL

Electromagnetic Theory 2 55

Lines With Arbitrary Termination(1)

Lines With Arbitrary Termination

Let Z L = RL + jX L
− Neither a voltage maximum nor a voltage minimum appears
at the load (at z ' = 0)
− If we let the standing wave continue by an extra distance,
it will reach a minimum

Electromagnetic Theory 2 56
 Lines With Arbitrary Termination(2)

Rm + jR0 tan β lm
Z L = Zi at z ′= 0 = Ri + jX i = R0
onto the right R0 + jRm tan β lm
s −1
1. Find Γ from s. use Γ =
s +1
2. Find θ Γ from z 'm . use θ Γ = 2β zm′ − π for n = 0.
V ( z ′)
z 3. Find Z L , which is the ratio of at z ′ = 0.
i
′
I (z )
λ 1 + Γ e jθΓ
Z m + lm = Z L = RL + jX L = R0
2 1 − Γ e jθΓ
R0
Rm =
s

Electromagnetic Theory 2 57

Transmission Line Circuits (1)

Transmission Line Circuits

− Constraint at the load side (Boundary condition)
VL = I L Z L at z = l or z ′ = 0
− Constraint at the generator end where z = 0 and z ′ = l
Voltage generator :Vg
Internal impedance:Z g
∴ Vi = Vg − I i Z g − ① at z = 0 and z ′ = l
and from the condition of load impedance
IL
Vi = ( Z L + Z 0 )eγ l ⎡⎣1 + Γe −2γ l ⎤⎦ − ②
2
I
I i = L ( Z L + Z 0 )eγ l ⎡⎣1- Γe −2γ l ⎤⎦ − ③
2Z 0
Electromagnetic Theory 2 58
 Transmission Line Circuits (2)
put ② and ③ into ①
IL ILZg
( Z L + Z 0 )eγ l ⎡⎣1 + Γe-2γ l ⎤⎦ = Vg − ( Z L + Z 0 )eγ l ⎡⎣1- Γe-2γ l ⎤⎦
2 2Z0
IL Z 0Vg 1
( Z L + Z 0 )eγ l =
2 Z 0 + Z g ⎡⎣1- Γ g Γe −2γ l ⎤⎦
Z g − Z0
where Γ g = : Voltage reflection coefficient
Z g + Z0
[ H .W ] Derive the above expression.

Z 0Vg 1 + Γe −2γ z '

∴ V ( z ′) = e −γ z ( )
Z0 + Z g 1 − Γ g Γe −2γ l
Vg 1 − Γe −2γ z '
I ( z ′) = e −γ z ( )
Z0 + Z g 1 − Γ g Γe −2γ l
Electromagnetic Theory 2 59

Transmission Line Circuits (3)

Furthermore
Z 0Vg −γ z
V ( z ′) = e (1 + Γe −2γ z ' )(1- Γ g Γe −2γ l ) −1
Z0 + Z g
Z 0Vg
= e −γ z (1 + Γe −2γ z ' )(1 + Γ g Γe −2γ l + Γ g 2 Γ 2 e-4γ l + )
Z0 + Z g
Z 0Vg
= ⎡⎣e −γ z + (Γe −γ l )e −γ z′ + Γ g (Γe −2γ l )e −γ z + ⎤⎦
Z0 + Z g
= V1+ + V1− + V2 + + V2 − +

Electromagnetic Theory 2 60
 Transmission Line Circuits (4)

Z 0Vg
where V = 1
+
e −γ z = VM e −γ z
Z0 + Z g
V1− = Γ(VM e −γ l )e −γ z′
V2 + = Γ g (ΓVM e −2γ l )e −γ z

Z0
and VM = Vg
Z0 + Z g

Electromagnetic Theory 2 61

Transmission Line Circuits (5)

① V1+ : the initial wave traveling in the + z -direction.

cf) Before this wave reaches the load impedance
it sees Z 0 of the line as if the line were infinitely long.
② When V1+ reaches Z L at z = l , it is reflected because of impedance mismatch
→ reflected wave V1− : Γ(VM e −γ l )e −γ z ' traveling in the - z -direction.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 62
 Transmission Line Circuits (6)

③ As the wave V1− returns to the generator at Z = 0,

it is reflected for Z g ≠ Z 0 ⇒ V2 + = Γ g (ΓVM e −2γ l )
traveling in the + z -direction.
④ This process continues indefinitely with reflections at both ends,
and the resulting standing wave V ( z ′) is the sum of all the waves
traveling in both directions. → Steady state, single frequency,
time harmonic sources and signals.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 63

Transmission Line Circuits (7)

cf) special cases

① Z L = Z 0 : matched load.
Γ = 0 ⇒ only V1+ exists.
② If Z L ≠ Z 0 , but Z g = Z 0
Γ ≠ 0 and Γ g = 0
∴ V1+ and V1− exit.
V2 + , V2 − and all higher-order reflections vanish.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 64
 Transients on Transmission Lines (1)
Transient Conditions => reactance X , wave length λ , wave number k,
and phase constant β would lose their meaning.
Examples of non time harmonic and
non steady-state signals are digital pulse signals in
computer networks and sudden surges in power and telephone lines.

− Transient behavior of lossless transmission lines.

R = 0, G = 0
L
Characteristic impedance, Z 0 Z 0 = R0 =
C
1
Propagation velocity, u u=
LC

Electromagnetic Theory 2 65

Transients on Transmission Lines (2)

Example) R0 = Z L lossless line

Z in = R0

R0
− Magnitude of voltage wave V1+ = V0
R0 + Rg
− Voltage wave travels down the line in the +z-direction with a velocity u = 1/ LC
V1+ V0
− Magnitude of the current wave I1+ = =
R0 R0 + Rg

Electromagnetic Theory 2 66
Transients on Transmission Lines (3)
− Plot of the voltage across at z = z1 , as a function of time
⇒ Delayed unit step functions at t = z1 / u.

− When the voltage and current wave reach the termination at z = l

⇒ no reflected waves.(∵ Γ = 0)
− Steady state ⇒ the entire line is charged to a voltage equal to V1+ .

Electromagnetic Theory 2 67

Transients on Transmission Lines (4)

Example)

− Ro ≠ Z g , Ro ≠ Z L ( RL )
− Switch is closed at t = 0 ⇒ the d - c source sends a voltge wave of magnitude
R0 1
V1+ = V0 in the + z direction with a velocity u =
R0 + Rg LC
l
− At t = T = , this wave reaches the load end z = l.
u
RL ≠ R0 ⇒ reflected wave travels in the − z direction
with a magnitude V1− = Γ LV1+
RL − R0
ΓL =
RL + R0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 68
Transients on Transmission Lines (5)

− At t = 2T , this reflected wave reaches the input end

where it is reflected by Rg ≠ R0

− New voltage wave having a magnitude V2+ .

Rg − R0
V2+ = Γ gV1− = Γ g Γ LV1+ where Γ g =
Rg + R0

− This process will go on indefinitely

Electromagnetic Theory 2 69

Transients on Transmission Lines (6)

cf) First: Some of the reflected waves traveling in either direction may have
a negative amplitude
Second: except for an open circuit or a short circuit
ΓL , Γg < 1
1 1
cf) For RL = 3R0 (Γ L = ), Rg = 2 R0 (Γ g = )
2 3

− V1− V
note I = −
1 =− 0
R0 6 R0
Electromagnetic Theory 2 70
 Transients on Transmission Lines (7)
The voltage and current at any particular location on the line
in any particular time interval are just the algebraic sums
(V1+ + V1− + V2+ + V2− + ) and ( I1+ + I1− + I 2+ + I 2− + ), respectively

Ultimate value of the voltage across the load,

VL = V (l ) = V1+ + V1− + V2+ + V2− + V3+ +
= V1+ (1 + Γ L + Γ g Γ L + Γ g Γ L 2 + Γ g 2 Γ L 2 + Γ g 2 Γ L 3 + )
= V1+ [(1 + Γ g Γ L + Γ g 2 Γ L 2 + ) + Γ L (1 + Γ g Γ L + Γ g 2 Γ L 2 + )]
1 ΓL
= V1+ [( )+( )]
1− ΓgΓL 1− Γg ΓL
1 + ΓL
= V1+ ( )
1 − Γg ΓL

Electromagnetic Theory 2 71

Homework

[H.W.] 9-4, 9-9, 9-13, 9-15, 9-20,

9-25, 9-31, 9-36

Electromagnetic Theory 2 72
 The Smith Chart (1)
Smith chart
cf) − input impedance
Z + jR0 tan β l
Z in = R0 L
R0 + jZ L tan β l
− reflection coef.
Z − Z0
Γ= L = Γ e jθΓ
Z L + Z0
− load impedance
1 + Γ e jθΓ
Z L = RL + jX L = R0
1 − Γ e jθΓ

Electromagnetic Theory 2 73

The Smith Chart (2)

Manipulations of complex numbers
⇒ The best known and most widely used graphical chart
is the smith chart devised By P.H. Smith

Simth chart: A graphical plot of normalized resistance and reactance

functions in the reflection coefficient plane
Z − R0
Γ= L = Γ e jθΓ
Z L + R0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 74
 The Smith Chart (3)
L
Let the load impedance Z L be normalized with respect to R0 =
C
Z R X ⎛ r : normalized resistance
z L = L = L + j L = r + jx ( Dimensionless ), where ⎜
R0 R0 R0 ⎝ x : normalized reactance
z −1 ⎛ Γ r : real part of Γ
Γ = Γ r + jΓ i = L , where ⎜
zL + 1 ⎝ Γi : imaginary part of Γ
jθ
1+ Γ 1+ Γ e Γ
∴ zL = =
1 − Γ 1 − Γ e jθΓ
(1 + Γ r ) + jΓi
or r + jx =
(1 − Γ r ) − jΓi

1 − Γ r 2 − Γi 2 2Γ i
i.e. r = , x=
(1 − Γ r ) + Γi
2 2
(1 − Γ r ) 2 + Γi 2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 75

The Smith Chart (4)

For a given value of r and x, their locus can be plotted in the Γ r and Γi plane.
⎛ Γ r : x axis ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Γi : y axis ⎠
2 2
⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
i.e. ⎜ Γ r − ⎟ + Γi = ⎜
2
⎟
⎝ 1+ r ⎠ ⎝ 1+ r ⎠
1
⇒ Equation for a circle with a radius and
1+ r
r
a center at Γ r = and Γi = 0.
1+ r

Γ ≤ 1 for a lossless line ⇒ that part of the graph lying

within unit circle is meaningful.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 76
 The Smith Chart (5)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 77

The Smith Chart (6)

* Properties of the r-circles are,
1. The centers of all r-circles lie on the Γ r -axis.
2. The r = 0 circle, having a unity radius and centered at the origin, is the largest.
3. The r-circles become progressively smaller as r increase from 0 toward ∞,
ending at the (Γ r = 1, Γi = 0) point for open circuit.
4. All r-circles pass through the (Γ r = 1, Γi = 0) point.

2 2
2Γ i ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞
x= ⇒ (Γ r − 1) + ⎜ Γi − ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
2

(1 − Γ r ) 2 + Γi2 ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
1
This is the equation for a circle having a radius and centered at different positions
x
1
on the Γ r = 1 and Γi = .
x

Electromagnetic Theory 2 78
 The Smith Chart (7)
* Properties of x-circles.

1. The centers of all x-circles line on the Γ r = 1 line;

those for x>0 (inductive reactance) lie above the Γ r -axis and
those for x<0 (capacitive reactance) lie below the Γ r -axis.

2. The x=0 circle becom0es the Γ r -axis. (i.e. Γi = 0)

3. The x-circle becomes progressively smaller as x increase

from 0 toward ∞, ending at the (Γ r = 1, Γi = 0) point for open circuit.
Γ=1

4. All x-circles pass through the (Γ r = 1, Γi = 0) point.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 79

The Smith Chart (8)

cf) − A smith chart is a chart of r- and x- circles in the
Γ r − Γi plane for Γ ≤ 1.

− The r-circle and x-circle are everywhere orthogonal

to one another.
[H.W.] prove this.

− The intersection point of an r-cirlce and x-circle defines a point

that represents a normalized load impedance z L = r + jx.
⇒ Then ZL = R0 (r + jx ).

Electromagnetic Theory 2 80
 The Smith Chart (9)

* Γ Circle
The smith chart can be marked with polar coordinates.
=> i.e. every point in the Γ -plane is specified by
a magnitude Γ and a phase angle θ Γ .

cf) − Γ-cirlces are centered at the origin.

− The fractional distance from the center to the point: Γ
− The angle that the line to the point makes with
the real axis: θ Γ

Electromagnetic Theory 2 81

The Smith Chart (10)

Note
− Γ-cirlces intersects the real axis at two points.
− PM on the positive axis and Pm on the negative axis where x=0, along the real axis.
− PM ⇒ RL > R0 and r > 1.
− Pm ⇒ RL < R0 and r < 1.

Remind
− RL = SR0 for lines with resistive termination and RL > R0 .
RL
− The value of the r-circle passing through the point PM = s = = r (lossless line).
R0
R0
− RL = for RL < R0 .
s
1
− The value of the r-circle passing through the point Pm = .
s

Electromagnetic Theory 2 82
 The Smith Chart (11)
Summary
1. All Γ circles are centered at the origin.

2. Their radii vary uniformly from 0 to 1.

3. The angle measured from the positive real axis of the line drawn
from the origin through the point representing z L equals θ Γ

4. The value of the r-circle passing through the intersection of

the Γ -circle and the positive-real axis = s. (cf. 1/s)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 83

The Smith Chart (12)

* Input impedance and smith chart
V ( z ′) ⎡ 1 + Γe − j 2 β z ′ ⎤
Z i ( z ′) = = Z0 ⎢ − j 2 β z′ ⎥
I ( z ′) ⎣ 1 − Γe ⎦

∴ Normalized input impedance

Z i 1 + Γe − j 2 β z ′
zi = =
Z 0 1 − Γe − j 2 β z ′
1 + Γ e jφ
= where φ = θ Γ − 2β z ′
1 − Γ e jφ
1 + Γ e jθΓ
Reminding z L = ⇒ analogy to zi except φ = θ Γ − 2 β z ′
1 − Γ e jθΓ

Electromagnetic Theory 2 84
 The Smith Chart (13)
note: − The magnitude, Γ , of the reflection coefficient and
therefore the standing-wave ratio S, are not changed
by the additional line length z ′.
z′
− rotation 2β z ′ = 4π
λ
then φ = θ Γ − 2 β z ′ another scale on the Γ = 1 circle.

Reminding
1 + Γ e jθΓ 1 + Γ e jφ
zL = , zi =
1 − Γ e jθΓ 1 − Γ e jφ
− We can use the Smith chart to find Γ and θ Γ .
− We can use the Smith chart to find Γ and φ then we can determine zi .

Electromagnetic Theory 2 85

The Smith Chart (14)

Fig 9-32.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 86
 The Smith Chart (15)

cf) − φ is the rotated angle from θ Γ in the clockwise direction

z′
by an angle of 2β z ′ = 4π .
λ
− outer circle : wavelengths to the generator.
− inner circle: wavelength to the load.
− Half wavelength: 2π change in φ .
− Complete revolution around a Γ -circle returns to the same point
and results in no change in impedance.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 87

The Smith Chart (16)

Ex. 9-14
A lossless transmission line of
length 0.434λ and characteristic
impedance 100 (Ω),
load impedance 260 + j180 (Ω).
⇒ z ′ = 0.434λ , Z0 = 100(Ω),
ZL = 260 + j180(Ω)
Find (a) Γ (b) s (C) Z in
(d) zM (location of voltage maxima)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 88
 The Smith Chart (17)

ZL
(sol) a. ① z L = = 2.6 + j1.8 (point P2 in Fig. 9-33)
R0
② With the center at the origin, draw a circle passing through
point OP 2 = Γ = 0.6
③ Extend OP2 line +P2′ on the periphery. Read the phase angle
form the line OPoc
i.e. (0.25 - 0.22) × 4π =0.12π or 21° from the chart.
∴ Γ = Γ e jθΓ = 0.60∠21°

Electromagnetic Theory 2 89

The Smith Chart (18)

b. s ⇒ Γ = 0.6 circles intersects with the positive lead axis OPoc at r = s = 4.
s = 4.
1
cf) Γ = 0.6 circles intersects with the negative real axis OPoc at r = = 0.25.
s

c. Zin ⇒ Rotate the point of ZL Keeping Γ =0.6 as constant by an angle

correspoinding to 0.434 wavelength toward generator(passing through Psc )
to the point P3 .
− read the point P3
r = 0.69 and x = 1.2
∴ Zi = R0 zi = 100(0.69 + j1.2) = 69 + j120

Electromagnetic Theory 2 90
 The Smith Chart (19)
d. location of voltage Maxima.
wavelength difference between P2 and PM
= 0.030λ ⇒ voltage maxima appears at 0.030λ
from the load foward generator.

cf) Smith chart calculations for lossy lines.

Z i 1 + Γe −2α z′e − j 2 β z′
zi = =
Z 0 1 − Γe −2α z′e − j 2 β z′
1 + Γ e −2α z′e j (θΓ − 2 β z′)
=
1 − Γ e −2α z′e j (θΓ − 2 β z′)
∴ Γ circle shrinks as much as e −2α z′ .

Electromagnetic Theory 2 91

Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (1)

* Transmission line impedance matching.

− Impedance matching by quarter-wave transfomer.

Z + jZ 0′ tan β l
Z in = Z 0′ L , (Z 0′ is the characteristic impedance of matching line)
Z 0′ + jZ L tan β l
For many cases, Z 0′ = R0′ (loss load) and Z 0 = R0 .
matching line main line
∴ Z 0′ = Z 0 Z L ⇒ R0′ = R0 Z L
If Z L is a complex number, it is impossible to construct a impedance matching.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 92
Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (2)

* Impedance and Admittance.

The shorted line setion (single stub) is connected in parallel with the main line.
It is more convenient to use admittance instead of impedance.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 93

Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (3)

1
Let YL =
ZL
ZL 1 1
zL = = =
R0 R0YL yL
YL YL
yL = = = R0YL = g + jb, where g: normalized conductance.
Y0 G0
b:normalized susceptance.
(cf) Quarter-wave line
Z02 Z Z 1
Z in = ⇒ in = 0 = = yL
ZL Z0 Z L zL
∴ A quarter wave line transform z L to y L.
quarter wave line correspoding to π radians on the Smith chart.
The points representing z L and yL are the diametrically opposite to
each other on the Γ -circle.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 94
Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (4)
* Single stub matching

1
Yi = YB + YS = Y0 =
R0
- In terms of normalized admittance,
y B + yS = 1 where yB = R0YB , yS = R0YS .
- The input admittance of a short-circuit stub is purely subceptive,
yS is purely imaginary
Electromagnetic Theory 2 95

Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (5)

0
Z + jZ 0 tan β l
cf) Z in = Z 0 L = jZ 0 tan β l
Z 0 + jZ L tan β l
-j 0
Yin =
Z 0 tan β l
∴ yB = 1 + jbB to satisfy yB + yS = 1 then yS = - jbB

⇒ yB has a unity real part and a imaginary part that cancel the imaginary part
of the stub.

(cf) Smith chart can be used as an admittance chart, in which case the r- and x-circles
could be g- and b-circles. The points representing an open- and a short- circuit
termination could be the points on the extreme left and the extreme right, respectively,
on an admittance chart.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 96
 Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (6)
* Using the Smith chart as an admittance chart,
we proceed as follows for single stub matching.

1. Enter the point representing the normalized load admittance, yL

2. Draw the Γ − circle for yL ,which will intersect the g = 1 circle at two points.
At three points, yB1 = 1 + jbB1 and yB 2 = 1 + jbB 2 . Both are possible solutions.

3. Determine load-section lengths d1 and d 2 from the angles between the point representing yL
and the points representing yB1 and yB 2 .

4. Determine stub length lB1 and lB2 from the angles between the short-circuit point
or the extreme right of the chart to the points representing - jbB1and - jbB 2 , respectively.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 97

Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (7)

Ex.9-20. R0 = 50, Z L = 35 − j 47.5(Ω) ⇒ single-stub matching
find d and l.

ZL
(sol) z L = = 0.70 − j 0.95
R0
1. Enter z L point ⇒ P1
2. Draw a Γ circle.
3. Find a yL ⇒ P2 (rotation of π radian)
4. Two points of intersection of the Γ circle with the g=1 circle.
At P3 : yB1 = 1 + j1.2 = 1 + jbB1
At P4 : yB 2 = 1 − j1.2 = 1 + jbB 2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 98
Transmission-Line Impedance Matching (8)

5. Solutions for the position of the stub.

For P3 ( from P2′ to P3′ ) : d1 = (0.168 − 0.109)λ = 0.059λ
For P4 ( from P2′ to P4′ ) : d 2 = (0.332 − 0.109)λ = 0.223λ
6. Solutions for the length of short-circuited stub to provide yS = − jbB
For P3 - jbB1 = − j1.2,
lB1 = (0.361 − 0.250)λ = 0.111λ
For P4 - jbB 2 = j1.2,
lB 2 = (0.139 + 0.250)λ = 0.389λ
cf) from Psc to P4′′ in the clock-wise direction.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 99

Homework

H.W.
9-15, 9-19, 9-23, 9-30, 9-33, 9-42, 9-48

Electromagnetic Theory 2 100