/* Exp 1: Program to demonstrate functions like printf(), scanf(), getchar(), putchar(),

gets(), puts() */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int division;
int roll_number,total_marks;
char name[50];
float percentage;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter students name : ");
//scanf("%s",name);
gets(name);
printf(" Enter students division : ");
//scanf("%c",&division);
division=getchar();
printf(" Enter students roll number : ");
scanf("%d",&roll_number);
printf(" Enter students total marks : ");
scanf("%d",&total_marks);
percentage=total_marks/6.0;
printf("\n\n Details entered by you : \n\n");
// printf(" Students name : %s \n",name);
printf(" Students name : ");
puts(name);
// printf(" Students division : %c \n",division);
printf(" Students division : ");
putchar(division);
printf("\n Students roll number : %d",roll_number);
printf("\n Students percentage : %.2f",percentage);
getch();
}

// Output
// Exp 2: C program to demonstrate various operators
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=13,b=4,c=8,d=156,lowest;
clrscr();

printf("\n Arithmatic operators \n");

printf(" %d + %d = %d \n",a,b,a+b);
printf(" %d - %d = %d \n",a,b,a-b);
printf(" %d * %d = %d \n",a,b,a*b);
printf(" %d / %d = %d \n",a,b,a/b);
printf(" %d %% %d = %d \n",a,b,a%b);

printf("\n Relational operators \n");

if(a>b)
printf(" %d is greater than %d",a,b);
else // b>a
printf(" %d is greater than %d",b,a);
if(a<b)
printf("\n %d is less than %d",a,b);
else // b<a
printf("\n %d is less than %d",b,a);
if(a==b)
printf("\n Both a and b are equal");
else // a!=b
printf("\n %d and %d are not equal",a,b);

printf("\n\n Logical operators ");

if(a>b && a>c)
printf("\n %d is greater than %d and %d",a,b,c);
if(c>a || c>b)
printf("\n %d is greater than either %d or %d",c,a,b);

printf("\n\n Bitwise operators ");

printf("\n Bitwise AND %d & %d = %d",a,b,a&b);
printf("\n Bitwise OR %d | %d = %d",a,b,a|b);
printf("\n Bitwise EX-OR %d ^ %d = %d",a,b,a^b);
printf("\n Bitwise LEFT SHIFT %d << %d = %d",c,b,c<<b);
printf("\n Bitwise RIGHT SHIFT %d >> %d = %d",d,b,d>>b);
printf("\n Bitwise NOT of %d = %d",c,~c);

printf("\n\n Ternary/Conditional operator ");

lowest = a<b ? ( a<c ? a:c ) : ( b<c ? b:c );
printf("\n Lowest number between %d, %d, and %d is %d",a,b,c,lowest);
getch();
}
// Output
// Ex 3: Program demonstrating nested if elese construct
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int score;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the student's score (between 0 to 100 only): ");
scanf("%d", &score);
// Check if the score is within the valid range
if (score < 0 || score > 100)
{
printf("Invalid score! Please enter a score between 0 and 100.\n");
getch();
return 1; // Exit the program with an error code
}
// Assign grade based on score
if (score >= 90 && score <= 100)
{
printf("Your Grade: A\n");
}
else if (score >= 80 && score <= 89)
{
printf("Your Grade: B\n");
}
else if (score >= 70 && score <= 79)
{
printf("Your Grade: C\n");
}
else if (score >= 60 && score <= 69)
{
printf("Your Grade: D\n");
}
else if (score >= 50 && score <= 59)
{
printf("Your Grade: E\n");
}
else
{
printf("Your Grade: F. You have failed!!\n");
}
getch();
}

//Output
//Exp4: C Program to demonstrate switch case construct
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int score;
clrscr();

printf("Enter the student's score (between 0 to 100 only): ");

scanf("%d", &score);

// Check if the score is within the valid range

if (score < 0 || score > 100)
{
printf("Invalid score! Please enter a score between 0 and 100.\n");
getch();
return 1; // Exit the program with an error code
}

// Divide the score by 10 to get a simplified range for switch-case

switch (score / 10)
{
case 10: // for score 100
case 9:
printf("Grade: A\n");
break;
case 8:
printf("Grade: B\n");
break;
case 7:
printf("Grade: C\n");
break;
case 6:
printf("Grade: D\n");
break;
case 5:
printf("Grade: E\n");
break;
default:
printf("Grade: F\n");
break;
}

getch();
}
// Output
//Exp 5: Armstrong number using while loop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, n1, rem,num=0;
clrscr();
printf(" Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
n1=n;
while(n1!=0)
{
rem=n1%10;
num+=rem*rem*rem;
n1/=10;
}
if(num==n)
printf("\n %d is an Armstrong number.",n);
else
printf("\n %d is not an Armstrong number.",n);
getch();
}

// Output
//Exp 6: Armstrong number using do-while loop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, n1, rem,num=0;
clrscr();
printf(" Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
n1=n;
do
{
rem=n1%10;
num+=rem*rem*rem;
n1/=10;
}while(n1!=0);
if(num==n)
printf("\n %d is an Armstrong number.",n);
else
printf("\n %d is not an Armstrong number.",n);
getch();
}

// Output
// Exp7: Program to generate multiplication table of user entered number
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int num, i;
clrscr();

// Asking user to input a number

printf("Enter a number to generate its multiplication table: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

// Generating table using a for loop

printf("Multiplication table of %d:\n", num);
for(i = 1; i <= 12; i++)
{
printf("%d x %d = %d\n", num, i, num * i);
}

getch();
}

//Output
//Exp8: Program to demonstrate continue statement

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num, choice, i;
clrscr();

// Asking user for input

printf("Enter a number up to which you want to print: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

// Asking the user to choose between odd or even numbers

printf("Choose:\n1. Even numbers\n2. Odd numbers\n");
scanf("%d", &choice);

// Print even or odd numbers based on user choice

if (choice == 1)
{
printf("Even numbers up to %d are:\n", num);
for (i = 1; i <= num; i++)
{
if (i % 2 != 0)
{
continue; // Skip odd numbers
}
printf("%d ", i);
}
}
else if (choice == 2)
{
printf("Odd numbers up to %d are:\n", num);
for (i = 1; i <= num; i++)
{
if (i % 2 == 0)
{
continue; // Skip even numbers
}
printf("%d ", i);
}
}
else
{
printf("Invalid choice! Please select 1 for even or 2 for odd numbers.\n");
}
getch();
}
// Output
//Exp9: Program to demonstrate call by value and call by reference
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
// Function to swap numbers using call by value
void swapByValue(int a, int b)
{
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
printf("After swapping (Call by Value): a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
}

// Function to swap numbers using call by reference

void swapByReference(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}

void main()
{
int num1, num2;
clrscr();

// Input two numbers from user

printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

// Original numbers
printf("Before swapping: num1 = %d, num2 = %d\n", num1, num2);

// Call by value
swapByValue(num1, num2);
// The original numbers remain unchanged after call by value
printf("After Call by Value (Main): num1 = %d, num2 = %d\n", num1, num2);

// Call by reference
swapByReference(&num1, &num2);
// The original numbers are swapped after call by reference
printf("After Call by Reference (Main): num1 = %d, num2 = %d\n", num1, num2);

getch();
}
// Output

Explanation:

1. swapByValue:
o This function takes two integers as arguments.
o Inside the function, the values are swapped, but the change does not reflect
outside the function because it's call by value.
2. swapByReference:
o This function takes two pointers to integers as arguments (int *a, int *b).
o It swaps the values at the memory locations pointed to by the pointers, directly
changing the original variables in the main function.
/*Exp10: Program to find sum of first n natural numbers using recursion*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

// Recursive function to find the sum of natural numbers

int sumOfNaturalNumbers(int n)
{
if (n == 0)
{
return 0; // Base case: if n is 0, return 0
}
else
{
return n + sumOfNaturalNumbers(n - 1); // Recursive case
}
}

void main()
{
int n,sum;
clrscr();
// Input number from user
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Calling recursive function to find the sum

sum = sumOfNaturalNumbers(n);

// Output the sum

printf("Sum of first %d natural numbers is: %d\n", n, sum);

getch();
}

// Output
/*Exp11: Program to find GCD of two numbers by using Recursion*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
// Recursive function to find GCD of two numbers
int gcd(int a, int b)
{
if (b == 0)
{
return a; /* Base case: if second number becomes 0, return first number*/
}
else {
return gcd(b, a % b); // Recursive case
}
}

void main()
{
int num1, num2,result;
clrscr();
// Input two numbers from user
printf(" Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

// Calling the recursive function to find GCD

result = gcd(num1, num2);

// Output the GCD

printf(" GCD of %d and %d is: %d\n", num1, num2, result);
getch();
}

//Output
//Exp12: Program to find minimum and maximum number in an array
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i, min, max, arr[15];
clrscr();
// Input the size of the array
printf("Enter the number of elements in the array(max 15): ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Input the elements of the array

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

// Initialize min and max with the first element

min = arr[0];
max = arr[0];

// Traverse the array to find min and max

for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
if (arr[i] < min)
{
min = arr[i]; // Update min if the current element is smaller
}
if (arr[i] > max)
{
max = arr[i]; // Update max if the current element is larger
}
}

// Output the result

printf("Minimum element in the array: %d\n", min);
printf("Maximum element in the array: %d\n", max);
getch();
}

// Output
/* Exp13: Program to find length of a string and comparing two strings
without using standard string functions like strlen(), strcmp() */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[50], str2[50];
int i=0, j=0, k=0, same=0, len1, len2;
clrscr();
//string length finding
printf("\n Enter any string : ");
gets(str1);
while(str1[i]!='\0')
i++;
len1=i;
printf("\n Length of entered string '%s' is %d",str1,len1);

//string comparison part

printf("\n\n Enter another string to compare with first one : ");
gets(str2);
while(str2[j]!='\0')
j++;
len2=j;
if(len1 == len2)
{
while(k<len1)
{
if(str1[k] == str2[k])
i++;
else
break;
}
if(k==len1)
{
same=1;
printf("\n The two strings are equal ");
}
}
if(len1 != len2)
printf("\n The two strings are not equal");
if(same==0)
{
if(str1[k]>str2[k])
 printf("\n\n '%s' is greater than '%s'",str1,str2);
else if(str1[k]<str2[k])
printf("\n\n '%s' is greater than '%s'",str2,str1);
}
getch();
}

// Output
/* Exp14: Program to multiply two matrices */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int row1, col1, row2, col2,firstMatrix[5][5];
int secondMatrix[5][5], result[5][5],i,j,k;

// Get dimensions of the first matrix

printf("Enter the number of rows and columns for the first matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &row1, &col1);

// Get dimensions of the second matrix

printf("Enter the number of rows and columns for the second matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &row2, &col2);

// Check if the matrices can be multiplied

if (col1 != row2)
{
printf("Error: Matrices cannot be multiplied!\n");
getch();
return 1;
}
// Input for the first matrix
printf("Enter elements of the first matrix:\n");
for (i = 0; i < row1; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < col1; j++) {
scanf("%d", &firstMatrix[i][j]);
}
}

// Input for the second matrix

printf("Enter elements of the second matrix:\n");
for (i = 0; i < row2; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < col2; j++) {
scanf("%d", &secondMatrix[i][j]);
}
}

// Initialize the result matrix to zero

for (i = 0; i < row1; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < col2; j++) {
result[i][j] = 0;
 }
}

// Matrix multiplication
for (i = 0; i < row1; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < col2; j++) {
for (k = 0; k < col1; k++) {
result[i][j] += firstMatrix[i][k] * secondMatrix[k][j];
}
}
}

// Print the resulting matrix

printf("Resulting matrix after multiplication:\n");
for (i = 0; i < row1; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < col2; j++) {
printf("%d ", result[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

getch();
}

// Output
//Exp15: Program to demonstrate nested structure
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
// Define a structure for the employee
struct Employee
{
int empCode, salary;
char name[50];
struct
{
int day;
int month;
int year;
} dateOfJoining;
};

void main()
{
struct Employee employees[10]; // Array to store 10 employee records
int i;
clrscr();
// Read the details of each employee
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("Enter details for employee %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Employee Salary: ");
scanf("%d", &employees[i].salary);
printf("Employee Code: ");
scanf("%d", &employees[i].empCode);
fflush(stdin);
printf("Employee Name: ");
gets(employees[i].name); // Read string with spaces

printf("Date of Joining (dd mm yyyy): ");

scanf("%d %d %d", &employees[i].dateOfJoining.day,
&employees[i].dateOfJoining.month, &employees[i].dateOfJoining.year);

printf("\n");
}

// Display the details of all employees

printf("Employee Records:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
 {
printf("Employee %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Code: %d\n", employees[i].empCode);
printf("Name: %s\n", employees[i].name);
printf("Salary: %d\n", employees[i].salary);
printf("Date of Joining: %d.%d.%d\n\n",
employees[i].dateOfJoining.day,
employees[i].dateOfJoining.month,
employees[i].dateOfJoining.year);
}

getch();
}
/* Output
Employee Salary: 32400
Employee Code: 3
Employee Name: Ramesh Sahu
Date of Joining (dd mm yyyy): 24 9 2010

Employee Records:
Employee 1:
Code: 1
Name: Sunil Shende
Salary: 24500
Date of Joining: 12.4.2005

Employee 2:
Code: 2
Name: Kirti Kumari
Salary: 12500
Date of Joining: 30.5.1999

Employee 3:
Code: 3
Name: Ramesh Sahu
Salary: 32400
Date of Joining: 24.9.2010
*/
/*Exp16: Program to demonstrate pointer arithmetic using array */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50},i; // Initialize an array of 5 integers
int *ptr = arr; // Pointer pointing to the first element of the array
clrscr();
// Print the array elements using pointer arithmetic
printf("Array elements using pointer arithmetic:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("Element %d: %d\n", i, *(ptr + i)); // Accessing element using pointer
arithmetic
}

// Demonstrating pointer increment and address calculations

printf("\nPointer arithmetic (addresses and values):\n");
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("Address of arr[%d] = %p, Value = %d\n", i, (ptr + i), *(ptr + i)); //
Pointer arithmetic
}

// Demonstrating incrementing the pointer itself

printf("\nDemonstrating pointer incrementing:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("Value at ptr (Element %d): %d\n", i, *ptr);
ptr++; // Increment the pointer to point to the next element in the array
}

getch();
}

/* Output

Array elements using pointer arithmetic:

Element 0: 10
Element 1: 20
Element 2: 30
Element 3: 40
Element 4: 50
Pointer arithmetic (addresses and values):
Address of arr[0] = FFEC, Value = 10
Address of arr[1] = FFEE, Value = 20
Address of arr[2] = FFF0, Value = 30
Address of arr[3] = FFF2, Value = 40
Address of arr[4] = FFF4, Value = 50

Demonstrating pointer incrementing:

Value at ptr (Element 0): 10
Value at ptr (Element 1): 20
Value at ptr (Element 2): 30
Value at ptr (Element 3): 40
Value at ptr (Element 4): 50
*/
/* Exp 17: Program Demonstrating simple file oprations */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
FILE *filePtr; // File pointer
char data[100]; // Buffer to store data
char readBuffer[100]; // Buffer to read data from file
clrscr();
// 1. Creating (or opening) a file for writing
filePtr = fopen("example.txt", "w");
if (filePtr == NULL)
{
printf("Error! Could not create file.\n");
exit(1); // Exit if file creation fails
}

// 2. Writing to the file

printf("Enter some text to write to the file: ");
fgets(data, sizeof(data), stdin); // Read input from user

fprintf(filePtr, "%s", data); // Write the user input to the file

printf("Data written to the file successfully.\n");

// Close the file after writing

fclose(filePtr);

// 3. Opening the file for reading

filePtr = fopen("example.txt", "r");
if (filePtr == NULL)
{
printf("Error! Could not open file for reading.\n");
exit(1);
}

// 4. Reading from the file

printf("Data read from the file:\n");
while (fgets(readBuffer, sizeof(readBuffer), filePtr) != NULL)
{
printf("%s", readBuffer); // Print the contents of the file
}
 // 5. Closing the file
fclose(filePtr);

getch();
}

/* Output
Enter some text to write to the file: Hi this is demo for file operations
Data written to the file successfully.
Data read from the file:
Hi this is demo for file operations
*/

Explanation:

Creating and opening a file (fopen):

fopen("example.txt", "w"): Opens or creates the file example.txt in write mode

("w"). If the file exists, it will be overwritten; if it doesn’t exist, it will be created.
If fopen fails to create or open the file, it returns NULL, and the program exits
with an error.

Writing to a file (fprintf):

fprintf(filePtr, "%s", data): Writes the user input (data) to the file using the file
pointer (filePtr).

Reading from a file (fgets):

fgets(readBuffer, sizeof(readBuffer), filePtr): Reads a line from the file into the
buffer (readBuffer).
The loop continues reading until the end of the file.

Closing the file (fclose):

The fclose(filePtr) function is used to close the file after both writing and reading
operations.