Pre-Medical : Physics

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Common Lecture Notes Nuture Course (11th Appearing)
Topic : Vector Total Lectures / Hours allotted : 11 L /16.5 Hrs

LECTURE # 01
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES :
Those physical quantieis which are used to define law of physics.
On the basis of directions, there are mainly two types of physical quantities.
(1) Scalar (2) Vector
(1) Scalar Quantities
A physical quantity which can be described completely by its magnitude only and does not require a direction is
known as a scalar quantity.
It obeys the ordinary rules of algebra.
Ex : Distance, mass, time, speed, density, volume, temperature, electric current etc.

(2) Vector Quantities :

If a physical quantity in addition to magnitude -
(a) has a specified direction.
(b) obeys the law of parallelogram of addition, then only it is said to be a vector.
(c) obeys law of commutation
r r r r
i.e. A + B =B+ A
If any of the above conditions is not satisfied the physical quantity cannot be a vector.
If a physical quantity is a vector it has a direction, but the converse may or may not be true, i.e. if a
physical quantity has a direction, it may or may not a be vector. e.g. time, pressure, surface tension
current etc. have directions but are not vectors because they do not obey parallelogram law of addition.
r
( )
The magnitude of a vector A is the absolute value of a vector and is indicated by
r
|A| or A . It is always positive.
Example of vector quantity : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc.
Representation of vector : Geometrically, the vector is represented by a line with an arrow indicating the
direction of vector as
Tail Head
Length µ Magnitude
r
Mathematically, vector is represented by A

IMPORTANT POINTS
C If a vector is displaced parallel to itself it does not change (see Figure)
r r r r
C A =B =C
r Translation of a vector
A r
B parallel to itself

C If a vector is rotated through an angle other than multiple of 2p (or 360°) it changes (see Figure).
r
B r
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A r r
or

A¹B r r
ct

B A S'
Ve

q Rotation of a vector
O'
C If the frame of reference is translated or rotated the vector does not change O S
(though its components may change). (see Figure). moving frame
C Two vectors are called equal if their magnitudes and directions are same, and they represent values of same
physical quantity.

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1.1 Types of vector

l Parallel Vectors :- A
Those vectors which have same direction are called parallel vectors. B
Angle between two parallel vectors is always 0°

l Equal Vectors
Vectors which have equal magnitude and same direction are called
A
equal vectors.
r r B
A =B

l Anti–parallel Vectors :
Those vectors which have opposite direction are called anti–parallel vector. A
Angle between two anti–parallel vectors is always 180°
B

l Negative (or Opposite) Vectors

Vectors which have equal magnitude but opposite direction
are called negative vectors of each other. A B
uuur uuur
AB and BA are negative vectors A B
uuur uuur
AB = -BA
l Co-initial vector
Co-initial vectors are those vectors which have the same initial point. c
r r r
In figure a,b and c are co-initial vectors. b
a
l Collinear Vectors :
The vectors lying in the same line are known as collinear vectors.
Angle between collinear vectors is either 0° or 180°.

Example.
(i) (q = 0° ) (ii) ( q = 0° )
(iii) (q = 180° ) (iv) (q = 180° )

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LECTURE # 02
l Coplanar Vectors
Vectors located in the same plane are called coplanar vectors.
Note :- Two vectors are always coplanar.
®
l Concurrent vectors ®
a b
Those vectors which pass through a common point are called concurrent vectors
r r r
In figure a,b and c are concurrent vectors.
®
c
l Null or Zero Vector
A vector having zero magnitude is called null vector.
r r r
Note : Sum of two vectors is always a vector so, ( A ) + ( - A ) = 0
r
0 is a zero vector or null vector..
l Unit Vector
A vector having unit magnitude is called unit vector. It is used to specify direction. A unit vector is represented
by  ( Read as A cap or A hat or A caret).
r
r A æ Vector ö
Unit vector in the direction of A is  = r ç unit vector= Magnitude of the vector ÷
A è ø
r r
ˆ = AA
A = AA ˆ

A unit vector is used to specify the direction of a vector.

Base Vectors Y
In an XYZ co-ordinate frame there are three unit vectors $i , $j and
^
k$ , these are used to indicate X, Y and Z directions respectively. j ^
i
These three unit vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other. X
^
Z k

· Polar Vector
Vectors which have initial point or a point of application are called Q
n t
polar vectors.
e me
lac s
Ex. : Displacement, force etc. di sp
P initial point
l Axial Vector
These vectors are used in rotational motion to define rotational effects.
Direction of these vectors is always along the axis of rotation in Axis
accordance with right hand screw rule or right hand thumb rule.
uur r ,
Ex. : Infinitesimal angular displacement ( dq ) , Angular velocity ( w )
r r r
Angular momentum ( J ) , Angular acceleration ( a ) and Torque ( t )

Ex. A
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C
q

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r r r r r r
(1) A & C are parallel (2) A , B and B and C are antiparallel
r r r r r r
(3) C & D are coinitial vectors (4) A, B, C, D are coplanar..
Sol. All are correct

Ex. F1=10N

F2=10N
Which one is true or false :
r r r r r r
(a) | F2 | = | F1 | (T) (b) F1 = F2 (F) (c) F1 ^ F2 (T)

(d) ˆi = ˆj (F) ˆ = | ˆj|

(e) | i| (T) ˆ = Fˆ
(f) F1 2
(F)
ˆ | = | Fˆ |
(g) | F (T)
1 2
ANGLE BETWEEN THE VECTORS :
C Angle between two vectors means smaller of the two angles between the vectors when they are placed tail to tail
by displacing either of the vectors parallel to itself (i.e. 0 £ q £ p).
r
B r
B
r
B
Þ
q r q q
A r r
A A

Ex. Find angle between the vector :

43°
30° 45°
120° 30°
q=60°
q=135° q=30°
q=43° q=30°

Ex. Find angle between vectors :

r r 60°
(a) angle between P and Q = 150° ®
®
Q
r r R
(b) angle between Q and R = 60° 90°
r 30°
r ®
(c) angle between P and R = 90° P

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

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Ex-1 Q.no. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Ex-1 Q.no. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

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LECTURE # 03
Addition of two vectors
Vector addition can be performed by using following methods
(i) Graphical methods (ii) Analytical methods
Addition of two vectors is quite different from simple algebraic sum of two numbers.
l Triangle Law of Addition of Two Vectors
If two vectors are represented by two sides of a triangle in same order then their sum or 'resultant vector' is
given by the third side of the triangle taken in opposite order of the first two vectors.

vector addition B
B B A+
R=
B
a
A A A
Step (i) Step (ii)

r
Shift one vector B , without changing its direction, such that its tail coincide with head of the other vector
r r r
A . Now complete the triangle by drawing third side, directed from tail of A to head of B (it is in
r r
opposite order of A and B vectors).
r r r
Sum of two vectors is also called resultant vector of these two vectors. Resultant R = A + B
Ex. Add vectors by triangle law :

®
®
R ®
B B

®
A
®
A
® ® ®
A B R
®
B
Ex. Which of the following option is correct

®
® R
Q

®
P
r r r r r r r r r
(1) P + Q = R (2) Q + R = P (3) P + R = Q (4) None of these
Analytical method : P
In DOQR
Bsin q

R
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OP = OQ + PQ
2 2 2 B
a q
r r O
A R Bcos q
Q
Here q = angle between A and B .
r r r
R = A + B = (A + B cos q)2 + (B sin q)2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2AB cos q

r r B sin q
Let direction of R make angle a with A : tan a =
A + B cos q

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· Parallelogram Law of Addition of Two Vectors : If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram which are directed away from their common point then their sum (i.e. resultant vector) is given
by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing away through that common point.

D C

B
B A+
R=
b
a
A q
B
A

uuur uuur uuur r r r

AB + AD = AC Þ A + B = R
B sin q A sin q
Þ R = A 2 + B2 + 2AB cos q , tana = and tanb =
A + B cos q B + A cos q

Ex. If magnitude of resultant of 2N and 3N is 4N find angle between 2N and 3N :

æ1ö
Sol. q = cos–1 ç ÷
è 4ø
Ex. Two vectors of magnitude 4N and 6N are acting at an angle 60° then find :
(i) Magnitude of their resultant vectors Ans. 2 19 N

3 3
(ii) Angle between resultant vector and 4N Ans. a = tan–1
7
3
(iii) Angle between resultant vector and 6N Ans. b = tan–1
4
r
Ex. Find magnitude of resultant | R | = 5N

5N

60°
5N
r r r
Ex. If P + Q = R and P, Q, R are 10, 8, 6 respectively then find :
r r
(i) Angle between Q and R Ans. 90°
r r
(ii) Angle between P and Q Ans. 143°

®
P ®
10 6 R
Sol.
37°
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8
®
Q
r r
Ex. If angle between two vectors P and Q is 60° if magnitude of resultant of these vectors is 7 Q then find
P
=?
Q
P 2
Sol. =
Q 1
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Ex. ˆ +B
|A ˆ | = 3 Find angle between  and B̂

Sol. 3 = 1 + 1 + 2cos q
3 = 2 + 2 cosq
q = 60°
r r r r
Ex. | a + 2b | = ? If | a | = 4, | b | = 2 and angle between vectors is 60°

Sol. R = a 2 + (2b) 2 + 2a(2b)cos q

R= 48

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.#9 Q.1

Ex.3 Q.6

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.#9 Q.1

Ex.3 Q.6
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LECTURE # 04
r r r r r
Ex. If resultant of A & B is perpendicular to A then find angle between A & B

Bsin q
Sol. tan90° =
A + Bcos q
A + Bcosq = 0
R B
-A r r
cos q = If R ^ A
B
A
æ -A ö
q = cos -1 ç ÷
è B ø
Ex. If sum of the magnitude of two vectors is 8N and magnitude of resultant is 4N and resultant is perpendicular to
smaller force then find magnitude of force.
Sol. 5 and 3
A+B=8 8–A
(8–A)2 = (4)2 + A2 R=4
A=5
B=3 A
Ex. Find resultant of 3N and 4N and also find angle between resultant vector from x-axis

4N
3N
120°
30°
r
Sol. |R | =5
Angle between resultant and x-axis Þ 67°

THREE SPECIAL CASES :

(i) If 2 vectors are parallel
A
B q = 0°
r r r
| R |max =| A + B |max = A + B
(ii) If 2 vectors are antiparallel
®
B ®
A q = 180°
r
| R |min = A ~ B

(Bigger-smaller)
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(iii) If 2 vectors are perpendicular

®
B

90° ®
A q = 90°
r
| R | = A 2 + B2
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Addition of More Than Two Vectors (Law of Polygon)
If some vectors are represented by sides of a polygon in same order, then their resultant vector is represented
r r r r r
by the closing side of polygon in the opposite order. R = A + B + C + D

C D

C
B
A R

D A
B

l In a polygon if all the vectors taken in same order are such that the head of the last
vector coincides with the tail of the first vector then their resultant is a null vector. C
r r r r r r D

A +B+C+D+E =0
l If n coplanar vectors of equal magnitude are arranged at equal angles of E B
A
separation then their resultant is always zero.
Note : The resultant of 3 vectors can be zero if they satisfy following conditions :

® ®
C B
| A - B| £C £ | A + B |
®
A
Ex. On the resultant of 6N, 8N and 10N be zero
|A - B| £ C £ |A + B|
Ex. Which of the following group can given zero resultant (equilibrium)
A B C
(1) 2N 4N 8N
(1) 12N 10N 23N
(1) 1N 2N 3N
(4) 8N 1N 2N
Note :
l Resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude can never be zero.
l If vectors are of unequal magnitude then minimum three coplanar vectors are required for zero resultant.
l The minimum number of vectors of different plane in 3D required to produce zero resultant is 4.
l Electric current directon but it does not obeye vector algebra so tha's why it is not a vector.
Properties of Vector Addition :
r r r r
l Vector addition is commutative A+B =B+A
r r r r r r
l Vector addition is associative A + (B + C) = ( A + B) + C
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r r
l Resultant of two vectors A and B situated in common plane.

®
B
®
R
®
A
r r r
A, B and R are co-planar..
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l Resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude will be at their bisector.
r r r r
If A = B But if A > B then angle b > a

+B
B
A+
R=

A
q/2 B b

R=
q/2 A a
A
r
R will incline more towards the vector of bigger magnitude.
r r
l If two vectors have equal magnitude i.e. A = B = a and angle between
R=2acos q/2
r r B
them is q then resultant will be along the bisector of A and B and its
q a a
magnitude is equal to 2a cos
2 q/2
r r r q q/2 A
R = A + B = 2a cos
2

120°
Special Case : If q = 120° then R = 2a cos =a
2
r r r r r
i.e. If q = 120° then R = A + B = A = B = a
If resultant of two unit vectors is another unit vector then the angle between them (q) = 120°.
OR
If the angle between two unit vectors (q) = 120°, then their resultant is another unit vector.
r r
Ex. If | A | = | B | = a Find mgnitude of resultant ?
(i) when q = 60° (ii) q = 90° (iii) q = 120°
l If n coplanar vectors of equal magnitude are separted by equal angle then their resultant will always be
360
zero and angle can be calculated by
n
E a D
a a
O
F C
Ex.
a a

A a B
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
It is regular hexagon and O is centre then find OA + OB + OC + OD + OE + OF = ?
r
Ans. 0

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Ex.-1 Q.no. 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 59
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Ex.-3 Q.no. 5, 9

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Ex.-1 Q.no. 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 59
Ex.-3 Q.no. 5, 9

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LECTURE # 05
Ex. Regular pentagon side 'a' is given
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
(i) AB + BC + CD + DE + EA = ? Ans. 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
(ii) | AB | + | BC | + | CD | + | DE | + | EA | = na ; n = ? Ans. n = 5
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
(iii) | AB + BC + CD + DE + EA | = na ; n = ? Ans. n = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
(iv) | AB + BC + CD + DE + AE | = na Ans. | AE + AE | = na ; n = 2
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
(v) OA + OB + OC + OD + OE = ?
r
Ans. 0 ; n coplanar vectors of equal magnitude separated by equal angles of separation then R = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
(vi) AB + AC + AD + AE = nAO n=? D
uuur uuur uuur
Ans. AB = AO + OB
uuur uuur uuur E
O C
AC = AO + OC
uuur uuur uuur
AD = AO + OD
uuur uuur uuur
AE = AO + OE A B
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
4AO + OB + OC + OD + OE = nAO
From (V)
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
OA + OB + OC + OD + OE = 0
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
OB + OC + OD + OE = -OA = OA + OB + OC + OD + OE = AO
uuur uuur uuur
4AO + AO = nAO
n=5
Ex. Find resultant and angle of resultant from x-axis

4N 5N
3N 30° 30° 4N
30°
30°
X
3N

Sol. Resultant = 8 + 4 3
and angle is 60° from x-axis
Subtraction of two vectors
r r r r B
Let A and B are two vectors. Their difference i.e. A – B can be treated as
r r
sum of the vector A and vector ( -B ) .
r r r r
A - B = A + ( -B )
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q
A
r r r
To subtract B from A , reverse the direction of B and add to vector a
r
A according to law of triangle. –B
A-

r r B sin q
B

|A - B|= A 2 + B2 + 2AB cos ( p - q ) = A 2 + B 2 - 2AB cos q & tan a = –B

A - B cos q
r r
where q is the angle between A and B .

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r r
Ex. Angle between 2 vectors of magnitude 5N and 10N is 37° then find out | A - B | =

Ans. 45
r r
r r |a +b|
Ex. Find angle between A and B if r r = 1
|a -b|
Ans. 90°

PROPERTIES OF VECTOR SUBSTRATION :

r r r r
l Vector subtraction does not follow commutative law i.e. A - B ¹ B - A
r r r r r r
l ( ) (
Vector subtraction does not follow associative law i.e. A - B - C ¹ A - B - C )
r r
l If two vectors have equal magnitude, i.e. A = B = a and q is the angle between them, then
r r q
A - B = a 2 + a 2 - 2a 2 cos q = 2a sin
2
q r r r r
Special case : If q = 60o then 2a sin = a i.e. A - B = A = B = a at q = 60°
2
l If difference of two unit vectors is another unit vector then the angle between them is 60° or
If two unit vectors are at angle of 60°, then their difference is also a unit vector.
l In physics whenever we want to calculate change in a vector quantity, we have to use vector subtraction. For
r r r
example, change in velocity, Dv = v 2 - v 1
r r r r r r
Ex. If | A | = | B | = | A + B | = a find | A - B |

Ans. 3a
Ex. ˆ +B
If | A ˆ - 4B
ˆ | = 3 then find | A ˆ|

Ans. 13
Ex. ˆ -B
If | A ˆ |= ˆ + 2B
2 find | A ˆ|

Ans. 5

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.-9 Q.no. 2, 3, 4
Ex.-1 Q.no. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41
Ex.-2 Q.no. 1

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.-9 Q.no. 2, 3, 4
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Ex.-1 Q.no. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41

Ex.-2 Q.no. 1

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LECTURE # 06
Note :
In parallelogram one diagonal represent vector addition other diagonal represent vector substration.
®
® B
® A+
–B ®
® ® B
A–B
®
A
Uses of vector substration :
Vector subtraction is used to find change in vector quantities.
r r r
Change in velocity DV = Vf - Vi
r r r
Change in momentum DP = Pf - Pi
r r r
Change in position vector D r = rf - ri
In q is acute angle then the major diagonal will represent the vector sum and minor diagonal represent vector
subraction.
Resolution of vectors into rectangular components
When a vector is splitted into components which are at right angles to each
other then the components are called rectangular or orthogonal components
of that vector.
uuuur
(i) Let vector ar = OA in X - Y plane, makes angle a from X-axis. Draw
perpendiculars AB and AC from A on the X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
uuuur
(ii) The length OB is called projection of OA on X-axis or component of
uuuur
OA along X-axis and is represented by ax. Similarly OC is the projection
uuuur
of OA on Y-axis and is represented by ay.
According to law of vector addition. r uuuur uuur uuur
a = OA = OB + OC
r
Thus a has been resolved into two parts, one along OX and the other along OY, which are mutually
perpendicular.
OB
In DOAB, = cos a Þ OB = OA cos a Þ ax = a cos a
OA
AB
and = sina Þ AB = OA sin a = OC Þ ay = a sin a \ ax =acosa and ay = asina
OA
uuur uuur
If $i and $j denote unit vectors along OX and OY respectively then OB = a cos a $i and OC = a sin a $j
uuuur uuur uuur
So according to rule of vector addition OA = OB + OC Þ ar = a ˆi + a ˆj = a cos aˆi + a sin aˆj
x y

r ay
So |a|= a 2x + a 2y and tan a =
ax
Ex. A mass of 2 kg lies on an inclined plane as shown in figure. Resolve its weight along and perpendicular
to the plane. (Assume g = 10 m/s2)
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2kg

30° 20sin30°
Sol. Component along the plane 20cos30°
= 20 sin 30 = 10 N 30°
component perpendicular to the plane
20 N
= 20 cos 30 = 10 3 N
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Ex. A vectormakes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. If horizontal component of the vector is 250.
Findmagnitude of vector and its vertical component?

r
A
30°

r
Sol. Let vector is A

A 3 Asin30° r
A x = A cos 30° = 250 = A
2
30°
500
Þ A= Acos30°
3

500 1 250
A y = A sin30° = ´ =
3 2 3
r
Ex. A = 3iˆ + 4ˆj
Find (i) Ax = 3
(ii) Ay = 4
r
(iii) | A | =5
r
(iv) Angle of A from x-axis
r
(v) Angle of A from y-axis
r
(vi) Unit vector along A
r
Ex. A = 12iˆ + 5 ˆj
r
Find (i) Ax (ii) Ay (iii) A
r r r
(iv) Angle of A from x-axis (v) Angle of A from y-axis (vi) Unit vector along A
r
Ex. If A is a unit vector then find value 'b'
r
A = 0.2iˆ + b ˆj
Ex. Resolve the vector in component form

(i) 10N
37°

20N

(ii) 30°
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5N
30°
(iii)

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Ex. Find resultant of given vectors

10N

37°
4N

5N
Sol. 17
y
5N
5N

53° 37° x
Ex.

5N
r r r r r r
Ex. Vector A,B and C have magnitude 5, 5 2 and 5 respectively, direction of A,B and C are towards east,
North-East and North respectively. If ˆi and ˆj are unit vectors along East and North respectively. Express the
r r r
sum A + B + C in terms of ˆi,ˆj . Also Find magnitude and direction of the resultant.
r r
Sol. A = 5ˆj C = 5ˆj North
r r
B = 5 2 cos 45iˆ + 5 2 sin 45ˆj = 5iˆ + 5ˆj B
r r r r
A + B + C = 5iˆ + 5iˆ + 5ˆj + 5ˆj = = 10iˆ + 10jˆ C
r r r
A + B + C = (10 ) + (10 ) = 10 2
2 2
East
r
A
10
tan q = =1 Þ q = 45° North of East
10

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Ex.-1 Q.no. 29, 45, 49
B.B.-10 Q.no. 1

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Ex.-1 Q.no. 29, 45, 49
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B.B.-10 Q.no. 1

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LECTURE # 07
Resolution of Vectors in 3-D
r Y
Let a makes angle : a with X axis, b with Y axis and g with Z axis
a
a ay
• cos a = x Þ ax = a cos a • cos b = Þ ay = a cos b
a a b
az a ax
• cos g = Þaz = a cos g g X
a Z
cos a, cos b and cos g are direction cosines of the vector.
Putting the value of ax, ay and az in eq. (i) we get a2 = a2 cos2 a + a2 cos2 b + a2 cos2 g

Þ cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos2 g = 1 Þ ( 1 - sin2 a ) + ( 1 - sin2 b ) + ( 1 - sin2 g ) = 1

Þ 3 - (sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g ) = 1 Þ sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g = 2
Note :
l A vector can be resolved into infinite number of components.
$i $i $i
For example 10$i = $i + $i + $i............10 times ; = + + ............20 times and so on.
2 2 2
l Maximum number of rectangular components of a vector in a plane is two. But maximum number of
rectangular components in space (3-dimensions) is three which are along X, Y and Z axes.
l A vector is independent of the orientation of axes but the components of that vector depend upon the
orientation of axes.
l The component of a vector along its perpendicular direction is always zero.
r
Q. A = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 6kˆ
r
(i) Ax (ii) Ay (iii) Az (iv) | A |
r r r
(v) Direction cosines of A (vi) Angle of A from x, y and z axis (vii) unit vector along A
r r
Q. A = ˆi + 2jˆ + 2kˆ ; B = 3iˆ + ˆj + 10kˆ then find :
r r
(i) R Sol. R = 4iˆ + 3jˆ + 12kˆ
r r
(ii) | R | Sol. |R|= 16 + 9 + 144 = 169 = 13

4iˆ + 3jˆ + 12kˆ

(iii) Unit vector parallel to resultant vector : Sol. R̂ =
13

r 4 3 12
(iv) Direction cosine of R Sol. cos a = ; cos b = ; cos g =
13 13 13

r r r r r ˆi - 3jˆ + kˆ
Q. A = ˆi - ˆj + 2kˆ ; B = -2ˆj - kˆ then find unit vector parallel to R of A and B . Sol.
11
r r r r
Q. A = ˆi - 3jˆ ; B = 2ˆj - 3kˆ then find | A - 2B | . Sol. 86
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r r
Q. Determine the vector which when additional the resultant of P and Q unit vector along x-axis.
r r
P = ˆi + 2ˆj + kˆ , Q = 2iˆ - ˆj + 2kˆ Sol. -2iˆ - ˆj - 3kˆ
r r r
Q. Determine the vector which when added x resultant of F1 ,F2 , F3 system becomes an equilibrium (resultant zero)
r r r
F1 = ˆi + ˆj ; F2 = 2iˆ + ˆj + k,
ˆ F = -4 ˆj - 3kˆ
3
Sol. -3jˆ + 2jˆ + 2kˆ

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r
Q. Find unit vector parallel to A
r 1 1
A= cos q ˆi - sin q ˆj
2 2

Q. Three ants P, Q and R are pulling a grain with forces of magnitude 6N, 3 3N and 3 2N as shown in the
figure. Find the magnitude of resultant force (in N) acting on the grain.
y

6N

P
Q 30°
x
3Ö 3N 45°
R

3Ö 2N

r r r r
Ex. A = ˆi + 2jˆ - 3kˆ , when a vector B is added to A , we get a unit vector along x-axis. Find the value of B ?
Also find its magnitude
r r
Sol. A + B = ˆi
r r
( )
B = ˆi - A = ˆi - ˆi + 2jˆ - 3kˆ = -2jˆ + 3kˆ

r
(2) + ( 3 ) = 13
3 2
Þ B =
r
Ex. In the above question find a unit vector along B ?
r
B -2iˆ + 3kˆ
Sol. B̂ = =
B 13

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.-10 Q.no. 2, 3

Ex.-1 Q.no. 42, 43, 46, 47, 48

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.-10 Q.no. 2, 3
Ex.-1 Q.no. 42, 43, 46, 47, 48
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LECTURE # 08
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar r
r r r r A
If there is a vector A and a scalar K and if B = KA and C = where K > 0 then
K
(a) In multiplication of a vector by a scalar the magnitude becomes K times while the direction remains same.
r r
So that angle between A and B is zero.
(b) In division of a vector by a scalar,the magnitude becomes (1/K) times and the direction remains same. So
r r
that angle between A and C is zero.

Conditions for parallel vectors :

®
A ® ®
A B
®
B ® ®
A =KB
r
A = A x ˆi + A y ˆj + A z kˆ
r
B = Bx ˆi + By ˆj + Bz kˆ
A x Ay Az r r
r = = = K (when A ||B)
A = A x ˆi + A y ˆj + A z kˆ = KBx ˆi + KBy ˆj + KBz kˆ Bx By Bz
Ax = KBx ; Ay = KBy ; Az = KBz
r r
Q. Find value of a and b if A and B are parallel
r r
A = aiˆ + bˆj + zkˆ ; B = 3iˆ + 2ˆj + 4kˆ
Scalar Product of Two Vectors
Definition : The scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors is defined as the product of their magnitudes with
r r
cosine of the angle between them. Thus if there are two vectors A and B having angle q between them then
r r
their scalar product is written as A × B = AB cos q
rr r r r r r r
Example : W = F.S Where F = force and S = displacement, Power (P) = F . V , Where F = Force and V = velocity

Properties of DOT products :

l Dot product is always a scalar, which is positive if angle between the vectors is acute (i.e.q < 90°) and
negative if angle between them is obtuse (i.e. 90° < q £ 180°).
r r r r
l Dot product is commutative A × B = B × A
r r r r r r r
l Dot product is distributive A × ( B + C ) = A × B + A × C
l Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when cos q = max =1, i.e. q =0°,
r r
i.e, vectors are parallel. ( A × B )max = AB
r r
l Scalar product of two vectors will be zero when cos q = 0, i.e. q =90° so ( A × B ) = 0 if the scalar
product of two nonzero vectors is zero then vectors are orthogonal or perpendicular to each other.
l In case of orthogonal unit vectors ˆi,jˆ and kˆ : ˆi.jˆ = ˆj.k=k.i
ˆ ˆ ˆ =1 × 1 × cos 90°=0
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l The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by
r r r r r
A.A = A A cos 0° = A 2 Þ A = A × A
l In case of unit vector nˆ : n.n
ˆ ˆ = 1 ´ 1 ´ cos 0° = 1 so n.n ˆ ˆ =1
ˆ ˆ = ˆi .iˆ = ˆj.jˆ = k.k
r r
l ˆ
In terms of components : A × B = (A xˆi + A yˆj + A z k).(B ˆi + B ˆj + B k)ˆ = (A B + A B + A B )
x y z x x y y z z

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4N
=
B|
®
|
r r
Q. Find A . B
60°
®
|A| = 6N
r r r r
Q. A = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ ; B = ˆi + 2ˆj + kˆ . Find A . B ? Ans. 2 + 2 + 3 = 7

Q. Force acting on particle is 3iˆ - 2ˆj + 5kˆ N and displacement vector is ˆi + 3jˆ - 2kˆ m . Then find work ?
Ans. –13 J
Q. Force created by engine -ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ N is velocity at an instant 2ˆj + kˆ . Then find power. Ans. 4 watt
r r r r
Q. If A ^ B then find value of a. A = ˆi + 2jˆ + akˆ , B = 2iˆ + 3ˆj - kˆ . Ans. a = 8
r r
Q. Acceleration vector a = iˆ + a ˆj - kˆ , n = 2iˆ - 2ˆj - 8kˆ if acceleration is per. to velocity then find 'x'
Ans. a = 5

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B-11 Q.no. 2
Ex.-1 Q.no. 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 67

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B-11 Q.no. 2
Ex.-1 Q.no. 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 67
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LECTURE # 09
Application of DOT product :
r r
l According to definition A × B = AB cos q
B
r r A.B = AB cos q
æ
-1 A × B
ö q
the angle between the vectors q = cos ç ÷ X
è AB ø A
r r
Projection of A on B
r r r r ®
r r æ A.B ö A.B r ˆ A
(i) In scalar form : Projection of A on B=A cos q = A ç ÷= = A.B
è AB ø B
q ®
B
r r Acosq
r r æ A.B ö ˆ r
(ii) In vector form : Projection of A on B= ( A cos q ) B = çç ˆ ÷÷ B = ( A.B
ˆ )B
ˆ
è B ø
r r
Ex. If the Vectors P = aiˆ + ajˆ + 3kˆ and Q = aiˆ - 2jˆ - kˆ are perpendicular to each other. Find the value of a?
r r
Sol. If vectors P and Q are perpendicular
r r
Þ P.Q=0 Þ ( aiˆ + ajˆ + 3kˆ ) . ( aiˆ - 2jˆ - kˆ ) = 0
Þ a2 – 2a – 3 = 0 Þ a2 – 3a + a – 3 = 0
Þ a(a – 3) + 1(a – 3) = 0 Þ a = –1, 3

Ex. Find the component of 3iˆ + 4ˆj along ˆi + ˆj ?

r r
r r A.B
Sol. Component of A and B is given by hence required component
B

=
( 3iˆ + 4jˆ) .(ˆi + ˆj ) = 7
2 2
r r
Ex. Find angle between A = 3iˆ + 4ˆj and B = 12iˆ + 5ˆj ?

r r
A·B
=
(
3iˆ + 4ˆj · 12iˆ + 5ˆj )( )
Sol. We have cos q =
AB 32 + 42 122 + 52

36 + 20 56 56
cos q = = q = cos -1
5 ´ 13 65 65
r r
Ex. Find component of A = ˆi + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ perpendicular to B = ˆi + ˆj + kˆ .
r r r
Sol. A = A ^ + A| | ...... (1)
r r
r
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A.B ˆ
A| | = B
B
r
A| | = 2 ( ˆi + ˆj + kˆ )
r r r
A ^ = A - A| |
r
A ^ = - ˆi + kˆ

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r r r r r r
Q. If | a + b |= 2 then find (a + 3b).(a - 2b) = ?
r r
a & b are unit vector..
r r r r r r r r
Q. If (a + b) and (2a - 3b) are perpendicular then find angle between a & b wheree a & b are unit vector..
r r r r r r r r r r r r
Q. If A + B + C = 0 and | A | = | B | = | C | = 1 find A. B + B.C + C. A

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B-11 Q.no. 3, 4, 5

Ex.1 Q.no. 50, 53, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69

Ex.3 Q.no. 7, 8, 11, 12

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B-11 Q.no. 3, 4, 5

Ex.1 Q.no. 50, 53, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69

Ex.3 Q.no. 7, 8, 11, 12

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LECTURE # 10
VECTOR PRODUCT
r r r r r r
The vector product or cross product of any two vectors A and B , denoted as A × B (read A cross B) is defined
as :
r r
A × B = AB sin q nˆ

Here q is the angle between the vectors and the direction of n̂ is given by the right-hand-thumb rule.
Right-Hand-Thumb Rule: r r r
V = A ×B
r r
To find the direction of n̂ , draw the two vectors A and B with both the r
tails coinciding. Now place your stretched right palm perpendicular to the n
r r
r r B
plane of A and B in such a way that the fingers are along the vector A
r
and when the fingers are closed they go towards B . The direction of the q
r
thumb gives the direction of n̂ . A
Examples of Vector Product
r r r r r r
(i) Torque : t = r ´ F (ii) Angular momentum : J = r ´ p
r r r r r r
(iii) Velocity : v = w ´ r (iv) Acceleration : a = a ´r
r r r r
Here r is position vector and F,p,w and ar are force, linear momentum, angular velocity and
angular acceleration respectively.
PROPERTIES :
l Vector product of two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors, i.e.,
r r
orthogonal (perpendicular) to both the vectors A and B A ×B = C

l Vector product of two vectors is not commutative i.e.

r r r r r r r r B
A´B ¹ B´A But A ´ B = B ´ A = AB sin q A
r r r r
Note : A ´ B = -B ´ A
B
r r r r
i.e., in case of vectors A ´ B and B ´ A magnitudes are equal but A
directions are opposite [See the figure]
B × A = –C
l The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors
r r r r r r r
is strictly maintained, i.e. A ´ ( B + C ) = A ´ B + A ´ C
r r
r r -1 A ´ B
l ˆ Þ q = sin
According to definition of vector product of two vectors A ´ B = AB sin qn
AB
l The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when sin q = max. = 1, i.e., q =90°
r r
A ´ B max = AB sin 90o = AB
i.e. vector product is maximum if the vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular).
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l The vector product of two non-zero vectors will be zero when sinq = 0,
r r r r
i.e. when q = 0° or 180° , |A ´ A|= 0 or |A ´ ( - A)| = 0
Therefore if the vector product of two non-zero vectors is zero, then the vectors are collinear.

l The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself is a zero vector or a null vector.

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r r r
i.e. A ´ A = (AA sin0o ) n
ˆ =0
r r r r
l In case of unit vector n$ : n
ˆ´n ˆ = 0 so that ˆi ´ ˆi = 0, ˆj ´ ˆj = 0, kˆ ´ kˆ = 0
ˆ = 1 ´ 1 ´ sin 0° n j

l In case of orthogonal unit vectors $i, $j and k$ ; according to right hand thumb rule
i
ˆi ´ ˆj = kˆ , ˆj ´ ˆk = ˆi , ˆk ´ ˆi = ˆj and ˆj ´ ˆi = -kˆ , ˆk ´ ˆj = -ˆi , ˆi ´ ˆk = -ˆj

ˆi ˆj kˆ k
r r
In terms of components A ´ B = A x ˆ
A z = ˆi(A y B z - A z B y ) - ˆj(A x B z - A z B x ) + k(A
l Ay x By - A y Bx )

B x B y Bz
r r r r r r r r r
l If A , B and C are coplanar, then A × ( B ´ C ) = 0 . [Q (B ´ C) is perpendicular to A )
r r r r r r r r
l Angle between ( A + B ) and ( A ´ B ) is 90° as A ´ B is perpendicular to plane containing A & B .
l A scalar or a vector, cannot be divided by a vector.
l Vectors of different types can be multiplied to generate new physical quantities which may be a scalar or a
vector. If, in multiplication of two vectors, the generated physical quantity is a scalar, then their product is called
scalar or dot product and if it is a vector, then their product is called vector or cross product.
Solved Examples :
r r r r
Ex. A is East wards and B downwards. Find the direction of A ´ B ?
r r
Sol. Applying right hand thumb rule we find that A ´ B is along North.
r r r r r r
Ex. If A · B = A ´ B , find angle between A and B
r r r r
Sol. A · B = A ´ B AB cos q = AB sin q tan q = 1 Þ q = 45°
r r
Note :- Two vectors A and B are inclined to each other at an anlge q. Then a unit vector which is perpendicular
r r
r r A´B ˆ ´B
A ˆ
to both A and B is n̂ = ± r r = ±
A´B sin q
r r r r
Ex. Find A ´ B if A = ˆi - 2jˆ + 4kˆ and B = 2iˆ - ˆj + 2kˆ .

r r ˆi ˆj kˆ
Sol. A ´ B = 1 -2 4 = ˆi ( -4 - ( -4 ) ) - ˆj (2 - 12 ) + kˆ ( -1 - ( -6 ) ) = 10jˆ + 5kˆ
3 -1 2

r r r r r r
Q. If | A | = 2 ; | B | = 4 and | A ´ B | = 4 . Then find A . B

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B-12 Q.no. 1, 2, 4

Ex.-1 Q.no. 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
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HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B-12 Q.no. 1, 2, 4

Ex.-1 Q.no. 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86

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LECTURE # 11
Geometrical Meaning of Vector Product of Two Vectors
r r uuur uuuur
(i) Consider two vectors A and B which are represented by OP and OQ and ÐPOQ = q
(ii) Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Join P with Q. Here OP = A and OQ = B. Draw QN ^ OP.
r r
(iii) Magnitude of cross product of A and B
r r Q R
A ´ B = ABsinq = (OP) (OQ sin q) = (OP) (NQ) (QNQ=OQsinq)
B
= base × height = Area of parallelogram OPRQ

base ´ height (OP) (NQ) 1 r r q

Area of DPOQ = = = A´B O N P
2 2 2 A
r r
\ Area of parallelogram OPRQ = 2[area of D OPQ] = A ´ B

Formulae to Find Area

r r 1 r r
If A and B are two adjacent sides of a triangle, then its area = A ´ B
2
r r r r
If A and B are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area = A ´ B

r r 1 r r
If A and B are diagonals of a parallelogram then its area = A ´ B
2
Q. If adjacent sides of triangle are given thenf find area of triangle.
r
A = iˆ + 2ˆj + kˆ
r
B = ˆj + kˆ
r r
Q. If A & B are diagonals of parallelogram then find area of parallelogram.
r r
A = ˆi + 2 ˆj + kˆ ; B = ˆi - 3ˆj + kˆ
Condition of co-planarity :

®
® B
C

®
A
r r r
(A × B) . C = 0
r r r
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If [A, B, C] = 0
r r r
A, B, C are coplanar..
r r r r r r
Q. If A = ˆi + 2ˆj ; B = ˆi + 2 ˆj + kˆ ; C = aˆi - ˆj - 2kˆ . If A, B and C are coplanar find a = ?

Þ Module Discussion Ex. 3

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HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B- 9 complete

B.B-12 complete

Ex.-1 Q.no. 79, 80, 81

Ex.-2 complete

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B- 9 complete

B.B-12 complete

Ex.-1 Q.no. 79, 80, 81

Ex.-2 complete
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