The table below gives information related to population growth,

average birth per woman, life expectancy at birth in countries with

different income levels in 2000 and 2004. Summarise the information
making comparisons where relevant. Summarise the information
making comparisons where relevant.

Demand for food is increasing worldwide. What are the causes of this?
What measures can the international community take to make sure the
supply of food is enough?

Causes of Increasing Demand for Food:

- Population Growth: The world's population continues to grow,

leading to higher food demands.
Changing Dietary Habits: As people's lifestyles and income levels
improve, there is a shift towards more resource-intensive diets,
including a higher consumption of meat and processed foods.
- Urbanization: Urbanization can lead to reduced agricultural land,
making it harder to produce enough food for the growing urban
populations.
- Globalization: Increased interconnectedness has led to a more
diverse and international food demand, adding pressure on the food
supply chain.
- Climate Change: Extreme weather events and changes in weather
patterns can negatively impact agricultural productivity, affecting
food production.
- Food Waste: Significant amounts of food are wasted at various
stages of the supply chain, exacerbating the demand for more food
production.

Measures to Ensure Adequate Food Supply:

- Sustainable Agriculture: Encourage and support sustainable farming

practices that promote efficient use of resources, reduce waste, and
protect the environment.
- Research and Innovation: Invest in research and development to
improve crop yields, develop drought-resistant crops, and find
innovative ways to increase food production.
- Education and Awareness: Educate farmers about modern
agricultural techniques and provide them with access to knowledge
and information to enhance productivity.
- Reduce Food Waste: Implement measures to reduce food waste at
all stages, including production, distribution, and consumption.
- Water Management: Improve water management practices in
agriculture to ensure efficient water usage and reduce water scarcity
in food-producing regions.
- Investment in Infrastructure: Develop and maintain essential
infrastructure such as irrigation systems, transportation networks,
and storage facilities to support agricultural activities.
- Support for Small Farmers: Provide financial and technical
assistance to small-scale farmers to help them increase productivity
and contribute to food security.
- Diversification of Diets: Encourage balanced and sustainable diets,
reducing overreliance on resource-intensive foods like meat and
promoting locally sourced and traditional foods.

The charts below show changes in the proportion of energy produced

from different resources in country in 1985 and 2003. Summarise the
information by selecting and reporting the main features and
comparisons where relevant.

If a product is good or it meets people's needs, people will buy it so

advertising is unnecessary. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

Agree :
- Cost savings =) spent for improving quality of products
- Building trust =) good quality gains trust of customers =) lead to
repeat purchases
- Long-term Success: While advertising may generate initial sales ,
sustainable success comes from customers satisfaction
- Word of mouth marketing : ones recommend a good products to
their friends, family,…

Disagree:
- Market competiton
- Creating product Awareness
- Reaching target audience/customers
- Update information of new versions
- Expand market reach
- Educate consumers: instead of promoting the products, introduce
about features and benfits, ways of using

Agree (Advertising is unnecessary if a product is good):

- Word-of-Mouth Marketing: Satisfied customers are likely to

recommend a good product to their friends, family, and colleagues,
leading to a natural spread of positive reviews.

- Building Trust and reputation: A product that consistently meets

people's needs gains trust and credibility, which can lead to repeat
purchases and word-of-mouth referrals.In addition, this also build a
positive reputation over time, leading to organic growth and
customer retention.

- Cost Savings: Investing in extensive advertising campaigns can be

costly for businesses. Relying on product quality and word-of-
mouth marketing can be a more cost-effective approach.

- Long-Term Success: While advertising may generate initial sales,

sustainable success comes from customer satisfaction and loyalty,
which are achieved through a good product.

- Focus on Product Improvement: Instead of allocating resources to

advertising, companies can concentrate on enhancing their product's
quality and features.

Disagree (Advertising is essential regardless of product quality):

- Market Competition: In today's highly competitive market, even if a

product is of high quality, there might be similar or alternative
products available. Advertising helps to differentiate the product
and create a unique selling proposition that attracts consumers.

- Reaching Target Audience: Without advertising, it can be

challenging for a product to reach its intended target audience.
Advertising allows companies to tailor their messages to specific
demographics, making it more likely to resonate with potential
customers.

- Creating Product Awareness: New products or those from lesser-

known brands often require advertising to build awareness.
 Consumers cannot buy a product they don't know exists, making
advertising crucial in such cases.

- Staying Relevant: Constant exposure through advertising helps

products stay relevant in consumers' minds. Even if a product is
excellent, it may get overshadowed by competitors if it lacks
regular advertising efforts.

- Expanding Market Reach: Effective advertising can expand a

product's market reach beyond its current customer base. It opens
up opportunities for growth and allows companies to tap into new
markets.

- Educating Consumers: Advertising is not only about promoting the

product's existence but also about educating consumers about its
features and benefits. Well-informed consumers are more likely to
make informed purchasing decisions.

- Maintaining Brand Image: Advertising helps in reinforcing the

brand's image and identity. Even established brands need consistent
advertising to maintain their position in consumers' minds and
prevent losing market share to competitors.

Usefull vocabs:

Consumers: Individuals who purchase and use goods or services.

Product Quality: The overall excellence or superiority of a product in
meeting its intended purpose.

Consumer Needs: The specific requirements, desires, or demands of

consumers in relation to a product or service.
Advertising: The act of promoting and publicizing a product or service
to attract potential customers.
Necessity: The state of being required or essential for a particular
purpose or outcome.
Word-of-Mouth Marketing: Informal communication among
consumers, where satisfied customers share their positive experiences
and recommend products to others.
Brand Awareness: The extent to which consumers recognize and recall
a particular brand or product.
Differentiation: The process of distinguishing a product from its
competitors by highlighting unique features or benefits.
Target Audience: The specific group of consumers that a product or
advertising campaign is designed to reach.
Market Competition: The rivalry among sellers or businesses in the
same industry vying for consumer attention and market share.
Unique Selling Proposition (USP): A distinct characteristic or feature
of a product that sets it apart from others in the market.
Reputation: The overall perception or evaluation of a brand or product
based on past performance and customer feedback.
Emotional Appeal: The use of emotions, feelings, or sentiment in
advertising to connect with consumers on a personal level.
Cost-Effective: Achieving maximum results or benefits with minimum
expenditure or resources.
Sustainable Success: Long-term achievement and growth that can be
maintained over time.
Customer Loyalty: The degree of faithfulness and commitment
exhibited by repeat customers to a particular brand or product.
Organic Growth: Natural, gradual, and spontaneous increase in product
popularity without the reliance on extensive advertising.
Demographics: Statistical data related to specific population groups,
such as age, gender, income, and location.
Market Dynamics: The forces and factors that influence the behavior of
a market, including consumer preferences and competitor actions.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: A method of evaluating the potential benefits
and drawbacks of a particular course of action, such as advertising a
product.
Promotion: The act of raising awareness and encouraging the purchase
of a product or service through advertising and other marketing
techniques.
Market Saturation: The point at which the demand for a product
reaches its maximum potential in the market.
Consumer Behavior: The actions, decisions, and attitudes of consumers
when considering and purchasing products or services.
Innovative: Characterized by the introduction of new ideas, methods, or
technologies.
Endorsement: A public statement or approval of a product or service by
a prominent individual or organization.
Market Segmentation: The process of dividing a broad target market
into smaller, more manageable groups based on specific characteristics
or preferences.
Perception: The way in which consumers interpret or understand the
qualities and attributes of a product.
Efficacy: The effectiveness or efficiency of a product in meeting its
intended purpose.
Propensity: The natural inclination or tendency of individuals to behave
in a particular way, such as purchasing a product.
Socioeconomic Status: The social standing or position of individuals or
groups based on factors like income, education, and occupation.
Consumer Awareness: The level of consciousness and knowledge that
consumers have about a product and its features.
Market Penetration: The extent to which a product has been adopted by
consumers in a particular market.
Mass Media: Forms of communication, such as television, radio,
newspapers, and the internet, intended to reach a large audience.
Virality: The rapid spread and popularity of information or content
through social networks and online platforms.
Ethical Marketing: The practice of promoting products or services
while adhering to moral principles and social responsibility.
Monopoly: A situation in which a single company or entity has
exclusive control over the supply of a particular product or service.
Consumerism: The ideology that encourages the acquisition and
consumption of goods and services, often associated with materialism.
Product Differentiation: The process of distinguishing a product from
its competitors through unique features or branding.
Market Share: The portion of total sales within a specific market that a
particular company or product holds.
Impulse Buying: The act of making unplanned and spontaneous
purchases based on immediate desires or emotions.
Day 2
Task 1:
The maps below show the changes in the art gallery ground floor in
2005 and the present day. Summarize the information by selecting the
main features, and make comparisons.
TASK 2:
Team activities can teach more skills for life than those activities which
are played alone. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Benefits of Team Activities for Skill Development:

- Collaborative Skills: Team activities require individuals to work

together, fostering teamwork, communication, and cooperation.
- Leadership Skills: Team members often take on leadership roles,
learning to motivate and guide others effectively.
- Conflict Resolution: Working in a team provides opportunities to
resolve conflicts and differences of opinion peacefully.
- Time Management: Team activities often have deadlines, which
encourage participants to manage their time efficiently.
Advantages of Solo Activities for Skill Development:

- Self-Reliance: Solo activities promote independence and self-

reliance as individuals are responsible for their progress.
- Focus and Concentration: Engaging in solitary tasks can enhance
focus and concentration, which are valuable in various aspects of
life.
- Self-Motivation: Achieving goals in solo activities relies on self-
motivation and discipline.
- Personal Accountability: Participants in solo activities are solely
accountable for their results, encouraging responsibility.

Day 3:
TASK 1
The diagram below shows the multistage production of pears as canned
fruits. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the process
below.

TASK 2:
Experts say if the old people spend time and get along with others and
exercise every day, they will be healthier and happier. However, many
elderly are suffering from loneliness and lack of fitness. Discuss the
causes and solutions?

Causes of Loneliness:
- Geographical Distance: When adult children or other family
members live far away, the physical distance can create barriers to
regular social interactions, leading to loneliness.In some case, the
old are abandoned by their offspring because of many reasons
- Loss of Spouse and Friends: Aging often brings the loss of
lifelong companions, such as spouses and close friends. This can
create a void in the elderly person's life, making them more
susceptible to loneliness.
- Technological Gap: The rapid advancement of technology has left
some older adults feeling disconnected from the younger
generation, as they struggle to adapt to social media and digital
communication tools.
- Limited Mobility: Physical limitations due to age-related health
issues can restrict the ability of elderly individuals to leave their
homes or participate in social activities, resulting in social isolation.

Causes of Lack of Fitness:

- Physical Limitations: With age, physical abilities naturally

decline. Elderly individuals might experience mobility issues, joint
problems, and reduced stamina, discouraging them from engaging
in regular exercise.
- Health Conditions: Pre-existing health conditions, such as arthritis
or heart disease, can limit the types of exercise an elderly person
can engage in, leading to a sedentary lifestyle.
- Lack of Motivation: Some seniors might lack the motivation to
exercise due to a perceived lack of purpose or benefits, especially if
they are not educated about the positive effects of physical activity
on their health.

Addressing Loneliness:
- Support Networks: Families and friends should make a concerted
effort to stay connected with their elderly members, either through
regular visits, phone calls, or virtual communication.
- Community Programs: Establishing community centers and
programs specifically catering to the elderly can provide a platform
for social interaction and engagement.
- Pet Therapy: Encouraging seniors to adopt pets can provide
companionship and a sense of responsibility, which can
significantly alleviate loneliness.

Addressing lack of fitness:

- Group Fitness Classes: Organizing group exercise classes not only
encourages physical activity but also provides a social setting that
can combat loneliness.
- Education and Awareness: Educating the elderly about the
numerous benefits of staying physically active can motivate them to
adopt healthier habits.
- Tailored Exercise Plans: Healthcare professionals can design
personalized exercise routines that accommodate the physical
capabilities and health conditions of elderly individuals.
Task 1:The given graph shows the nitrogen oxide emissions produced by four
vehicles. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.

Task 2:
Nowadays some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be
needed because people can see historical objects and works of art by using a
computer. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Agree:
Cost and Sustainability: Maintaining physical museums requires significant
resources. Digital platforms could offer a cost-effective alternative for
displaying and sharing cultural heritage, potentially alleviating financial
burdens on institutions.

Adapting to Modern Trends: Incorporating technology allows museums and

galleries to stay relevant and engage with tech-savvy audiences. It can also
encourage innovative ways of presenting and interpreting art and history.
+ Accessibility: Digital platforms offer accessibility to a wider audience,
breaking down geographical barriers. People who may not have the means or
opportunity to visit physical museums can still access cultural treasures online.
+ Digital tools can offer immersive experiences, such as virtual reality tours or
360-degree views of artworks, enriching the understanding of historical context
and artistic techniques.

Better Range of Products Presented:

Digital platforms excel in displaying a diverse array of artworks and historical
items, overcoming the space constraints of physical museums. This allows for
the exploration of various cultures and eras, enriching understanding. Thematic
digital exhibitions further enhance learning.

Protection of Artwork Without Being Stolen:

A pressing issue for physical museums is safeguarding artworks from theft or
damage. Digitization and online access mitigate this risk. High-quality digital
reproductions secure original pieces, ensuring cultural heritage endures,
shielded from harm and illegal trade.

Disagree:

Educational Value: Museums and galleries serve as educational spaces,

offering guided tours, workshops, and interactive activities. These experiences
enhance learning and engagement, which cannot be replicated through virtual
platforms.

Support for the Local Economy: Museums and galleries contribute

significantly to the local economy through tourism, ticket sales, and job
creation. Dismissing their importance could have adverse economic effects on
the cultural sector.
The accuracy of virtual art of work:Virtual platforms lack the authenticity of
experiencing art in person. The subtleties of color, intricate details, three-
dimensional form, and grand scale cannot be fully replicated, diminishing the
genuine appreciation of historical objects and artworks.
+ Engagement of Senses: Physical museums engage multiple senses—sight,
touch, and sometimes even sound and smell. These sensory experiences enrich
the viewer's understanding and connection with the artwork.

More and more people are using computers and electric devices to access
information, therefore there is no need for printed books, magazines and
newspapers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agree :

Convenience for Travel and Mobility: Digital devices allow users to carry a
vast library of materials wherever they go. This is particularly advantageous
for travelers, commuters, and individuals with dynamic lifestyles.
+ Space and Storage: Digital devices can store an immense amount of
information without taking up physical space. This convenience is especially
beneficial for students, professionals, and researchers who would otherwise
need to manage and store a large number of physical books and documents.
+ Cost-effectiveness: Printed materials require resources such as paper, ink,
and transportation, which can result in higher costs. On the other hand, digital
media eliminates these costs and allows for easy distribution and sharing of
information without the need for physical production.
+ Reduced Environmental Impact: Transitioning to digital media reduces the
demand for paper and decreases the environmental footprint associated with
printing and distribution. This aligns with sustainability goals and eco-friendly
practices.

Searchability and Accessibility: Digital platforms enable efficient searching

and navigation through vast amounts of information. Users can quickly locate
specific content, saving time that would be spent searching through physical
materials.

Disagree:

Digital Divide: While digital technology is prevalent in many parts of the

world, there are still regions and populations with limited access to reliable
internet or electronic devices. Printed materials can bridge this digital divide,
ensuring that information remains accessible to all.

Cultural and Historical Value: Printed books, magazines, and newspapers

hold cultural and historical significance. Collecting and preserving physical
copies of important works contribute to the preservation of our cultural
heritage for future generations.

Minimal Distractions: Reading from physical materials tends to involve

fewer distractions compared to reading on digital devices, which often have
notifications and multitasking capabilities that can disrupt the reading
experience.

Some people think that governments should invest more money in

teaching science than other subjects in order for a country to develop and
progress. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some people hold a belief that more budget should be allocate on intead of
other academic subjects.Personally, I parly disagree this opinion for reasons
which will be analyzed in this essay

Advantages of investing more money in teaching science:

Body 1:
On the one hand, there are some reasons why many people belive……:
- Technological advancement :
- Ecomic growth
- Healthcare and biotechnology

Advantages of a Balanced Approach:

Body 2:
On the other hand, I still believe that holistic development is better……
- ….
- Cultural enrichment
- Varied skill set : communication, empathy…….
Some people think environmental problems are too big for individuals to
solve. Others, however, think that those problems cannot be solved unless
individuals take some action. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

View 1: Environmental Problems are Too Big for Individuals:

Global Scale: Many environmental issues, such as climate change and

deforestation, are global in nature and require coordinated efforts from
governments, industries, and international organizations. Individual actions
might not have a significant impact on such large-scale problems.

Complexity: Environmental challenges often involve complex systems,

policies, and regulations. Solving these problems necessitates comprehensive
strategies that can only be implemented by governments, corporations, and
experts in the field.

Resource Limitations: Individuals might lack the resources, knowledge, and

expertise needed to address certain environmental issues effectively. For
instance, combating air pollution or developing sustainable energy sources
requires technological advancements that exceed the capabilities of individuals.
View 2: Individual Action is Crucial for Solving Environmental Problems:

Cumulative Impact: While each individual's action might seem small,

collective efforts can result in significant change. Simple changes in lifestyle,
such as reducing waste and conserving energy, when practiced by millions, can
contribute to substantial reductions in pollution and resource consumption.

Behavioral Shifts: Individuals have the power to drive shifts in consumer

behavior, influencing demand for sustainable products.. This can compel
industries to adopt environmentally friendly practices to remain competitive.

Individual actions can pressure governments and corporations to take

action

Some people think technological development can reduce crime, while

others think it actually encourages crime. Discuss both views and give
your own opinion.

View 1: Technological Development can reduce crime:

- Surveillance Systems: Advanced surveillance technologies, such as

CCTV cameras and facial recognition software, can deter potential
criminals and assist law enforcement agencies in identifying and
apprehending offenders.
- Forensic Tools: Technological innovations in forensics, such as DNA
analysis and fingerprint recognition, have improved the accuracy of
criminal investigations, leading to higher rates of successful
prosecutions and serving as a deterrent.
- Crime Mapping: Data analysis and geographic information systems
allow law enforcement to identify crime hotspots, allocate resources
 more effectively, and implement targeted interventions to prevent
criminal activities.
- Cybersecurity Measures: With the rise of cybercrime, technology has
facilitated the development of sophisticated cybersecurity measures that
protect individuals, businesses, and governments from online criminal
activities.

View 2: Technological Development Encourages Crime:

- Cybercrime: As technology advances, so do the techniques and tools

available to cyber criminals. Online theft, hacking, and fraud have
become more prevalent due to the increasing reliance on digital systems
and networks.
- Digital Identity Theft: The expansion of digital platforms and data
storage has led to an increase in identity theft and data breaches,
enabling criminals to exploit individuals' personal and financial
information.
- Technological Exploitation: Criminals use technology to plan and
execute crimes more efficiently. For instance, advancements in
communication technology enable criminal networks to coordinate
activities across geographical boundaries.
- Digital Fraud: E-commerce and online financial transactions have
given rise to various forms of digital fraud, including phishing scams,
online scams, and credit card fraud, facilitated by the anonymity the
internet provides.

It will be better to have wide use of driverless cars for individuals and
society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement？
Agree:
Safety Improvement: Driverless cars have the potential to significantly
reduce accidents caused by human error. The advanced sensors, cameras, and
algorithms in these vehicles can detect obstacles, pedestrians, and other
vehicles more accurately and respond faster than human drivers, leading to a
decrease in accidents and fatalities on the roads.
 + Reduced Drunk and Distracted Driving: The automation of driving tasks
eliminates the risk of accidents caused by drunk, drowsy, or distracted driving,
making roads safer for everyone.
Traffic Congestion Reduction: Autonomous vehicles can communicate with
each other and optimize traffic flow, reducing congestion and travel time. This
efficiency can have positive economic impacts by saving time and fuel, as well
as decreasing carbon emissions from idling vehicles.
Accessibility Enhancement: Driverless cars can provide increased mobility
for individuals who are unable to drive, such as the elderly and disabled. This
could improve their quality of life by granting them independence and the
ability to engage in activities they might otherwise be unable to do.
+ Commuters can work, read, or relax during their journeys, making better use
of their time and potentially improving work-life balance.
Disagree:
Loss of Human Control: Relying on driverless cars could lead to a loss of
human driving skills.This could result in a population less capable of taking
control in emergencies or situations where autonomous systems fail.
Cybersecurity Risks: Autonomous vehicles are vulnerable to hacking and
cyberattacks. If compromised, these vehicles could become weapons or be
used for malicious purposes, posing a significant threat to public safety.
+ Data Privacy Concerns: Driverless cars collect vast amounts of data about
passengers' movements and behaviors, raising concerns about privacy and the
potential misuse of personal information.
Job Displacement: The widespread adoption of driverless cars could lead to
the displacement of millions of professional drivers, such as truckers, taxi
drivers, and delivery drivers, resulting in economic challenges and social
unrest.

Some people say that the main aim of advertising is to improve the sales of
products that people do not really need. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Disagree:
- Market Competition: In today's highly competitive market, even if a
product is of high quality, there might be similar or alternative products available.
Advertising helps to differentiate the product and create a unique selling
proposition that attracts consumers.
- Reaching Target Audience: Without advertising, it can be challenging for
a product to reach its intended target audience. Advertising allows companies to
tailor their messages to specific demographics, making them more likely to
resonate with potential customers.
- Creating Product Awareness: New products or those from lesser-known
brands often require advertising to build awareness. Consumers cannot buy a
product they don't know exists, making advertising crucial in such cases.
- Staying Relevant: Constant exposure through advertising helps products
stay relevant in consumers' minds. Even if a product is excellent, it may get
overshadowed by competitors if it lacks regular advertising efforts.
- Expanding Market Reach: Effective advertising can expand a product's
market reach beyond its current customer base. It opens up opportunities for
growth and allows companies to tap into new markets.
- Educating Consumers: Advertising is not only about promoting the
product's existence but also about educating consumers about its features and
benefits. Well-informed consumers are more likely to make informed purchasing
decisions.
- Maintaining Brand Image: Advertising helps in reinforcing the brand's
image and identity. Even established brands need consistent advertising to
maintain their position in consumers' minds and prevent losing market share to
competitors.

Agree:
- Psychological Manipulation:

Advertisers often tap into consumers' emotions, using fear, desire, or social
pressure to convince them that certain products are essential for their well-being
or status.
Emotional appeals can make individuals believe that buying a specific product
will lead to happiness, popularity, or success, even if the product itself is
unnecessary.

- Misleading Claims and Exaggeration:

Advertisements often exaggerate the benefits of products or make claims that are
not entirely accurate, leading individuals to believe they need a certain product for
its supposed benefits.
Weight loss supplements and anti-aging creams are often promoted with
exaggerated claims that play on people's desire to improve their appearance,
regardless of the actual necessity of the product.

Some people believe that university education should focus on the skills of
employment for the future. Others think they should focus on academic
study only. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Viewpoint 1: University Education for Future Employment Skills
Advantages:

Relevance to Job Market: Proponents of this view argue that universities should
align their curricula with the demands of the job market, ensuring graduates
possess the practical skills and knowledge needed to secure gainful employment.

Career Readiness: By emphasizing employability skills, universities can equip

students with competencies such as communication, problem-solving, and
teamwork, enhancing their readiness to enter the workforce.

Disadvantages:

Narrow Focus: Overemphasizing employment skills might lead to a narrow skill

set, potentially hindering students' adaptability to rapidly changing job markets
and technological advancements.

Neglecting Critical Thinking: A sole focus on vocational skills could undermine

the development of critical thinking, research abilities, and broader intellectual
growth, which are essential for societal progress.

Viewpoint 2: University Education for Academic Study

Advantages:

Holistic Learning: Supporters of this perspective contend that university education

should prioritize academic disciplines, fostering a well-rounded education that
encourages critical thinking, cultural awareness, and intellectual curiosity.

Foundation for Lifelong Learning: Academic studies provide a solid foundation

for continual learning and adaptation, allowing graduates to thrive in diverse
professional environments.

Societal Progress: A focus on academic disciplines contributes to the

advancement of knowledge and societal progress, nurturing thinkers, researchers,
and innovators.

Disadvantages:

Employability Concerns: Critics argue that graduates may struggle to translate

theoretical knowledge into practical skills, potentially leading to unemployment
or underemployment.

Job Market Mismatch

Financial Considerations: As higher education becomes increasingly expensive

Health experts claim that walking is the best exercise. However, people are
walking less on a daily basis. What has caused this and what can be done
about it?
Causes:

Modern Sedentary Lifestyle:

People nowadays lead more sedentary lifestyles due to the prevalence of desk
jobs, technology use, and increased screen time. This reduces the time available
for walking.

Transportation Shifts:
The reliance on automobiles for commuting has increased. Many people prefer
using cars or public transport instead of walking, even for short distances.

Urbanization and Infrastructure:

Poor urban planning and infrastructure in some areas may discourage walking.
Lack of sidewalks, pedestrian-friendly paths, and green spaces can hinder people
from choosing to walk.

Time Constraints:
Busy schedules and time constraints make it challenging for individuals to
allocate time for physical activity like walking. This is particularly true for those
with demanding work or family commitments.

Weather Conditions:
Extreme weather conditions, such as extreme heat or cold, may deter people from
walking outdoors.

Solutions:
Promote Walkable Cities:

Encourage city planners to create more walkable spaces by adding sidewalks,

pedestrian zones, and green areas. This can make walking a more appealing and
convenient option.

Campaigns and Awareness:

Launch public awareness campaigns about the importance of walking for health.
These campaigns can highlight the benefits of incorporating walking into daily
routines and dispel myths or misconceptions.

Workplace Initiatives:
Employers can introduce workplace initiatives that encourage employees to take
short walking breaks during the day. This could involve setting up walking paths
around office buildings or promoting walking meetings.

Public Transportation Integration:

Integrate walking with public transportation by encouraging the use of park-and-
walk schemes. Design transportation systems that facilitate short walks to and
from transit points.

Educational Programs:
Implement educational programs in schools to instill the habit of walking from an
early age. Teach children about the importance of physical activity and its positive
effects on overall health.

Technology Solutions:
Develop mobile apps or other technological solutions that motivate and track
daily steps. Gamify the experience, allowing individuals to set and achieve
walking goals while incorporating social elements to foster a sense of community.
Community Engagement:
Establish community walking groups or events to create a social aspect around
walking. This not only makes it more enjoyable but also helps build a sense of
community.

In many societies, there is a growing emphasis on individualism, with

people prioritizing their personal goals and desires over collective
interests.
Is this is a positive or negative development?

Advantages:
1. Personal Fulfillment:
Individualism allows people to pursue their passions and interests,
leading to a sense of personal fulfillment.
When individuals prioritize their own goals, they are more likely to find
satisfaction and happiness in their endeavors.
2. Innovation and Creativity:
Emphasizing individual goals often fosters a climate of innovation and
creativity.
Many groundbreaking ideas and inventions have emerged from
individuals who were driven by their aspirations.
3. Diversity of Perspectives:
Embracing individualism can result in a society with a wide range of
perspectives and ideas.
Diversity in thought and approach can lead to more comprehensive
solutions to complex problems.
4. Autonomy and Personal Responsibility:
Prioritizing personal goals encourages a sense of autonomy and
personal responsibility.
Individuals become more accountable for their actions and decisions,
fostering a responsible and self-reliant society.
5. Personal Growth and Development:
Emphasis on personal goals facilitates continuous learning and
development.
Individuals are more likely to invest in their education and skills when
pursuing their own aspirations, contributing to a knowledgeable and
skilled society.
6. Flexibility and Adaptability:
A society that values individualism tends to be more flexible and
adaptable to change.
Self-motivated individuals are often better equipped to navigate and
respond to societal, technological, and economic changes.

Disvantagess:
1. Social Fragmentation:
Excessive individualism can lead to social fragmentation, where people
become disconnected from each other.
This may result in a breakdown of community bonds and a sense of
isolation among individuals.
2. Inequality and Social Division:
A strong focus on personal goals may exacerbate social inequality, as
not everyone has equal opportunities.
This can lead to social divisions and a lack of social cohesion within a
society.
3. Neglect of Collective Issues:
Individuals overly focused on personal goals may neglect collective
issues such as environmental sustainability or social justice.
This neglect could hinder societal progress on crucial matters that
require collective efforts.
4. Unhealthy Competition:
The pursuit of personal goals may foster a competitive environment
that is unhealthy for society.
This could lead to a lack of cooperation and collaboration, hindering
overall progress.
5.Erosion of Social Responsibility:
Emphasizing individualism may erode a sense of social responsibility
among individuals.
People might become less inclined to contribute to the well-being of the
broader community.
6. Economic Disparities:
While individual success can contribute to economic growth, it may
also widen economic disparities.
Some individuals may accumulate wealth at the expense of others,
creating a more unequal society.
7. Short-Term Thinking:
Prioritizing personal desires may encourage short-term thinking rather
than considering the long-term consequences of individual actions.
This can lead to decisions that benefit the individual in the short term
but harm the collective
The best way for a country to prepare for the future is to invest
more resources in its young people. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

AD:
Human Capital Development:
Investing in education and skill development for young people
enhances the country's human capital. A well-educated and skilled
workforce contributes to economic productivity and innovation.
Innovation and Technology:
Young people are often more adaptable to technological advancements.
Investment in research and development, particularly in STEM
(science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields, can lead to
breakthrough innovations and technological progress.
Global Competitiveness:
A highly educated and skilled workforce makes the country more
competitive globally.
Well-prepared young professionals attract international investment and
contribute to economic growth.
Economic Growth:
Young people, with their fresh perspectives and innovative thinking,
are more likely to engage in entrepreneurial activities.Investment in
entrepreneurship programs can stimulate economic growth and job
creation.
Social Stability and Civic Engagement:
Well-educated young individuals are more likely to actively participate
in civic activities.
Investing in programs that promote social awareness and civic
responsibility can lead to a stable and engaged society.
Health and Well-being:
Resources invested in young people's health contribute to a healthier
population.
A healthy workforce is more productive and reduces the burden on the
healthcare system.
Long-Term Economic Benefits:
The impact of investing in young people may take time to manifest, but
it often yields long-term economic benefits.A strategic investment in
education, skills, and health can lead to a more prosperous future.
Addressing Future Challenges:
Young people are the future leaders and decision-makers who will face
emerging global challenges.Investing in their education and
development prepares them to tackle issues such as climate change,
technological disruptions, and social inequality.
Building a Sustainable Workforce:
Preparing young people for the future ensures the availability of a
skilled and adaptable workforce.This is particularly important in the
face of evolving job markets and the need for continuous learning.

DIS:
Neglecting Other Groups:
Channeling resources primarily to young people may lead to neglect of
other important demographic groups, such as the elderly or those in
immediate need. This could result in societal imbalances and challenges
in addressing the diverse needs of the population.
Immediate Pressing Issues
 In certain situations, a country may face urgent issues that require
immediate attention, such as environmental crises, healthcare
emergencies, or economic instability. Focusing solely on young people
might divert resources from addressing these pressing concerns.
Risk of Skills Mismatch:
Rapid technological changes can lead to a potential mismatch between
the skills young people acquire and the skills demanded by the job
market. Overemphasizing certain skills without considering market
needs might result in unemployment or underemployment.
Potential for Social Tensions:
Neglecting the needs of older generations in favor of investing in young
people may create social tensions and generational divides. Striking a
balance in resource allocation is crucial to maintain social cohesion.
Dependency on Uncertain Outcomes:
Investing heavily in young people comes with the risk that the
anticipated outcomes may not materialize as expected. Economic,
social, or political changes could render the investments less effective
than initially projected.
Global Economic Uncertainties:
In an unpredictable global economic landscape, concentrating resources
solely on young people might not adequately prepare the country for
unforeseen challenges. Diversifying investments across various sectors
provides a more robust strategy in uncertain times.

Fewer and fewer people today write by hand using a pen pencil or brush.
What are the reasons? Is this a positive or a negative development?
Reasons for the Decline in Handwriting Skills:
Digitalization and Typing:
The prevalence of digital devices and the shift towards typing has
reduced the frequency of writing by hand.Many daily tasks that were
traditionally done by hand, such as note-taking, are now often
accomplished through typing.
Increased Reliance on Technology:
Modern society heavily relies on technology for communication and
documentation.
The ease of using digital tools may discourage individuals from
practicing and improving their handwriting skills.
Time Constraints:
Busy lifestyles and the need for efficiency may contribute to less time
being devoted to handwriting practice.Individuals may prioritize tasks
that are perceived as more immediately practical in their daily lives.
Erosion of Cursive Writing:
The decline in the teaching and use of cursive writing in schools has
contributed to the erosion of this particular aspect of handwriting.Many
people now prefer to print or use a combination of printing and typing.

Positive Aspects of the Decline:

Efficiency and Legibility:
Typing can be more efficient and legible, especially in professional and
academic settings.
Typed documents are often easier to read and edit, contributing to
clearer communication.

Technological Advancements:
The shift away from handwriting is a natural consequence of
technological advancements.
Digital tools provide new and efficient ways of communication, making
certain tasks more accessible.

Equal Access to Information:

Digital communication ensures that information is more accessible to a
wider audience, including those with disabilities.
Text-to-speech and other assistive technologies can benefit individuals
who may struggle with traditional handwriting.

Negative Aspects of the Decline:

Loss of Personal Connection:
Handwritten letters and notes carry a personal touch that is often lost in
digital communication.The decline in handwriting may lead to a
reduction in the emotional connection conveyed through personal,
handwritten messages.

Potential Negative Effects on Cognitive Skills:

Studies suggest that the act of handwriting engages different cognitive
processes compared to typing.The decline in handwriting could
 potentially impact cognitive development, especially in younger
generations.

Cultural Heritage and Tradition:

Handwriting is a cultural and historical tradition that has been passed
down through generations.The decline in handwriting may lead to the
loss of this traditional skill and its associated cultural significance.

Possible Impact on Fine Motor Skills:

Handwriting involves the development of fine motor skills, which are
essential, especially in early childhood.The decline in handwriting
practice may have consequences for the development of these motor
skills.

Financial education should be included as a mandatory subject in schools to

prepare students for managing money effectively.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The charts below give information about the world’s top three producers of
four different dairy products in 2012.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
Some people think the manufacturers and shopping malls should sell
fewer packaged products while others argue that people have the
responsibility to buy products with less packaging.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

IDEAS 1:
Environmental Impact:
Excessive packaging contributes to environmental issues such as pollution and
waste. Landfills are burdened with non-biodegradable packaging materials,
leading to long-term ecological consequences.

Resource Conservation:
Packaging often involves the use of finite resources, such as plastic and paper.
Reduction in packaging can contribute to resource conservation and a more
sustainable use of materials.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Manufacturers and shopping malls have a duty to operate ethically and
minimize their environmental impact. Embracing eco-friendly practices aligns,
enhancing the reputation of businesses among environmentally conscious
consumers.

Consumer Preferences:
A shift towards fewer packaged products reflects changing consumer
preferences. Businesses that adapt to this trend are likely to attract a larger
customer base, thereby ensuring long-term sustainability.

Innovation in Packaging:
Encouraging the sale of fewer packaged products can drive innovation in
packaging solutions. Businesses may explore alternatives such as
biodegradable materials, reusable packaging, or other sustainable options.

Economic Benefits:
Reducing packaging can lead to cost savings for manufacturers, enhancing
overall economic efficiency. Businesses that adopt sustainable practices may
also benefit from positive publicity and increased customer loyalty.

IDEAS 2:

Consumer Empowerment:
Consumers have the power to influence the market through their purchasing
decisions. By choosing products with less packaging, individuals can drive
demand for environmentally friendly options.

Market-Driven Change:
Consumer choices directly impact the behavior of manufacturers and shopping
malls. Businesses are likely to adapt their practices in response to shifts in
consumer preferences, including a demand for products with minimal
packaging.

Education and Awareness:

Informed consumers are more likely to make environmentally conscious
choices. Educational campaigns can help raise awareness about the
environmental impact of excessive packaging, empowering individuals to
make informed decisions.

Encouraging Innovation:
A focus on buying products with less packaging encourages businesses to
innovate. Manufacturers are likely to explore sustainable and innovative
packaging solutions to meet consumer demands.

Personal Responsibility:
Individuals have a moral responsibility to contribute to environmental
sustainability. Making conscious choices about the products they buy reflects a
commitment to being environmentally responsible citizens.

Supporting Sustainable Practices:

Choosing products with less packaging supports businesses that prioritize
sustainability. This, in turn, encourages other businesses to adopt similar
practices to remain competitive in the market.

Community Influence:
Consumer choices can have a ripple effect within communities.
By setting an example, individuals can influence others to make
environmentally conscious choices, creating a broader impact.
Young people are often influenced in their behaviors by others in the same age
group. Some argue that peer pressure is important while others feel it has
distinct disadvantages.
Do the disadvantages of peer pressure outweigh the advantages?

Virtual reality be used as a tool for therapeutic interventions and mental health
treatments.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Agree:
Immersive Exposure Therapy:
Virtual reality allows individuals to experience simulated environments related
to their fears or traumas in a controlled setting.Exposure therapy in virtual
reality can be effective for treating conditions such as phobias, PTSD, and
anxiety disorders.

Safe and Controlled Environment:

Virtual reality provides a safe and controlled environment for therapeutic
interventions. Clinicians can create scenarios tailored to an individual's specific
needs, allowing for personalized and gradual exposure.

Reduced Stigma and Judgement:

Individuals may feel more comfortable and less judged in a virtual
environment. This can be particularly beneficial for those who may be
reluctant to engage in face-to-face therapy due to social stigma.

Enhanced Engagement and Motivation:

Virtual reality therapy can be more engaging than traditional therapeutic
methods. Increased engagement can enhance motivation for individuals to
participate in and persist with therapy.

Accessible Mental Health Care:

Virtual reality interventions can increase accessibility to mental health care
services. This is particularly beneficial for individuals in remote areas or those
who face barriers to traditional in-person therapy.

Customizable Treatment Programs:

Virtual reality platforms allow for the customization of treatment programs.
Therapists can tailor interventions based on the specific needs, preferences, and
progress of each individual.

Skill Building and Rehabilitation:

Virtual reality can be used for skill-building exercises and rehabilitation
programs. Individuals recovering from mental health issues or neurological
conditions can engage in virtual activities to improve cognitive and emotional
skills.

Realistic Social Interaction Practice:

Virtual reality provides a platform for practicing social interactions in a
realistic but controlled environment. This can be beneficial for individuals
dealing with social anxiety or difficulties in interpersonal relationships.

Quantifiable Progress Monitoring:

Virtual reality systems often include tools for monitoring and assessing
progress. Therapists can track an individual's performance and adjust
interventions accordingly, enhancing the effectiveness of treatment.

Disagree :

Cost and Accessibility:

Virtual reality technology can be expensive, making it less accessible to
individuals with limited financial resources. This can create disparities in
access to advanced mental health treatments.

Technical Challenges:
Not everyone is comfortable or familiar with using virtual reality technology.
Technical challenges, such as difficulties in setting up or operating VR
devices, may hinder widespread adoption.

Ethical Concerns and Safety:

Ethical concerns related to privacy and data security may arise. Additionally,
ensuring the emotional and psychological safety of individuals engaging in
virtual reality therapy is crucial.

Overreliance on Technology:
There is a risk of overreliance on technology in mental health treatments. Some
argue that a balance between technological interventions and traditional
therapeutic approaches should be maintained.

Lack of Human Connection:

Virtual reality interventions may lack the genuine human connection that is
often crucial in therapy. The absence of real-time emotional cues and
interpersonal dynamics could impact the therapeutic relationship.

Dependency on External Devices:

Relying on external devices for mental health interventions could create
dependency issues.Individuals may struggle to transfer skills learned in a
virtual environment to real-life situations.

Schools should use films, computers and games instead of books.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?