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POLLACHIMAIN ROAD, EACHANARI, COIMBATORE-641021.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

RECORD NOTE BOOK

2 2 CS2 0 1 R PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

II LABORATORY

NAME :

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 RATHINAM TECHNICAL CAMPUS
RATHINAM TECHZONE
POLLACHIMAIN ROAD, EACHANARI, COIMBATORE-641021.

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Laboratory during the year 2023-2024.

Head of the Department Staff-in-Charge

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 INDE

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 INDE
S.No Date Experiment Name Marks Staff Sign
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF C PROGRAMMING
Date: USING INPUT & OUTPUT STATEMENTS

AIM
To write ac program to calculate the area of the rectangle.

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare the variables length, breadth and area as integers.
STEP 3: Get input for the variables length and breadth.
STEP 4: Area = length * breadth

STEP 5: Print the calculated area.

STEP 6: End.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int length,breadth,area;
printf("Enter the Length (in cm)= ");

scanf("%d", &length);
printf("Enter the Breadth (in cm) =");

scanf("%d", &breadth);
area= length*breadth;
printf("\nArea of the rectangle (in cm^2) is = %d\n",area);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF C PROGRAMMING
Date: USING INPUT & OUTPUT STATEMENTS

AIM
To write ac program to display the personal details.

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare the variables name, dob, gender and address as string.
STEP 3: Declare the variable age as integer & variable ph.no as long long int.
STEP 4: Get input for all the variables from the user.
STEP 5: Print the variables to display the personal information.
STEP 6: End.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[50],dob[50],gender[10];
char address[100];

int age;
long long intphno;

printf("Enter your Name : ");

scanf("%s",&name);
printf("Enter your Age : ");

scanf("%d",&age);
printf("Enter your DOB : ");

scanf("%s",&dob);
 printf("Enter your Gender : ");

scanf("%s",&gender);
printf("Enter your Phone no. : ");

scanf("%lld",&phno);
printf("Enter your Address : ");

scanf("%s",&address);

printf("\nYOUR PERSONAL INFORMATION : \n");

printf("\nName : %s\n",name);

printf("Age : %d\n",age);
printf("DOB : %s\n",dob);
printf("Gender : %s\n",gender);
printf("Phone no. : %lld\n",phno);

printf("Name : %s\n",address);

return 0 ;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: C PROGRAMMING USING OPERATORS
Date:

AIM
To write ac program that checks the given year is leap year or not.

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare the variables year as an integer.
STEP 3: Get input for the variable year from the user.
STEP 4: Check for the following condition using if condition
• If the year is divisible by 4 and not divisible by 100, or
• If the year is divisible by 400.
STEP 5: If the year satisfies both the conditions print the year is a leap year.
STEP 6: If not print the year is not a leap year

STEP 7: End.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){

int year;
printf("Enter a Year : ");

scanf("%d",&year);
if((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 !=0 )|| (year % 400 == 0)){

printf("%d is a leap year !",year);

}
else{
printf("%d is not a leap year.",year);
}
return 0;

OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF C PROGRAMMING USING
Date: OPERATAORS

AIM
To write ac program to reverse a number.

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare the variables num, reversed and remainder as integers.

STEP 3: Initialize reversed = 0.

STEP 4: Get input for the variable num from the user.
STEP 5: Run a while loop until num is not equal to 0 with the conditions
• Calculate the remainder of num divided by 10 and store it in remainder.
• Multiply reversed by 10 and add remainder to it, then store the result
back in reversed.
• Update num by dividing it by 10.
STEP 6: Print the reversed number stored in reversed.
STEP 7: End.

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
intnum, reversed = 0, remainder;

printf("Enter an number: ");

scanf("%d", &num);
while (num != 0) {
remainder = num % 10;
reversed = reversed * 10 + remainder;

num /= 10;
}
 printf("\nReversed number: %d\n", reversed);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRATICE OF C PROGRAMMING USING
Date: CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

AIM

To write ac program to perform calculator operations, namely,

addition,subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus and square of a number.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare variables num1, num2, result
STEP 3: Prompt the user to enter two numbers

STEP 4: Read num1 and num2 from the user

STEP 5: Display the menu of calculator operations

a. Addition
b. Subtraction
c. Multiplication

d. Division
e. Modulus
f. Square of a number
STEP 6: Prompt the user to choose an operation
STEP 7: Perform the chosen operation based on user input

a. For addition, result = num1 + num2

b. For subtraction, result = num1 - num2
c. For multiplication, result = num1 * num2

d. For division, result = num1 / num2

e. For modulus, result = num1 % num2
f. For square of a number, result = num1 * num1
 STEP 8: Display the result
STEP 9: End

PROGRAM

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main() {
int choice;
char newchoice;

do {
printf("Enter your choice: \n");

printf("1 : Addition\n");
printf("2 : Subtraction\n");
printf("3 : Multiplication\n");

printf("4 : Division\n");
printf("5 : Modulus\n");

printf("6 : Square\n");
printf("\n");
scanf("%d", &choice);
int num1, num2, num, result;
if (choice == 1 || choice == 2 || choice == 3 || choice == 4 || choice == 5) {

printf("Enter num 1 : ");

scanf("%d", &num1);
printf("Enter num 2 : ");

scanf("%d", &num2);
} else if (choice == 6) {
printf("Enter a Number : ");

scanf("%d", &num);
}
switch (choice) {

case 1:
result = num1 + num2;

break;

case 2:
result = num1 - num2;

break;

case 3:
result = num1 * num2;

break;

case 4:
result = num1 / num2;

break;

case 5:
result = num1 % num2;

break;

case 6:
result = num * num;
break;

default:
printf("Invalid choice\n");

return 1;
}

printf("\nResult : %d\n", result);

printf("Do you want to do more calculation? (Y / N) : ");

scanf(" %c", &newchoice);

 } while (tolower(newchoice) == 'y');

printf("Thankyou for using the calculator!\n");

return 0;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRATICE OF C PROGRAMMING USING
Date: CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

AIM

To write a c program to check whether a given number is Armstrong number or not.

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare variables num, originalNum, remainder, result

STEP 3: Initialize result to 0

STEP 4: Prompt the user to enter a number
STEP 5: Read the number from the user and store it in num and originalNum

STEP 6: Repeat until originalNum becomes 0

a. Get the last digit of originalNum: remainder = originalNum % 10

b. Update result: result = result + remainder * remainder * remainder

c. Remove the last digit from originalNum: originalNum = originalNum / 10

STEP 7: If result is equal to num,

then display "Armstrong number"

Else,
display "Not an Armstrong number"

STEP 8: End
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int num, originalnum, digits = 0, remainder, result = 0;

printf("~Armstrong number checker~\n");

printf("Enter the number to be checked : ");

scanf("%d", &num);
originalnum = num;
while (originalnum != 0) {
originalnum = originalnum / 10;

++digits;
}
originalnum = num;
// Check if the number is Armstrong
while (originalnum != 0) {
remainder = originalnum % 10;

int power = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < digits; ++i) {

power *= remainder;
}
result += power;
originalnum = originalnum / 10;

}
if (result == num) {
printf("\n%d is an Armstrong number.\n", num);

} else {
printf("\n%d is not an Armstrong number.\n", num);
}
return 0;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRATICE OF C PROGRAMMING
Date: BILL CALCULATOR

AIM
To write a c program to calculate and print the electricity bill of a given customer

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare variables customerID, name, unitConsumed, charge, totalAmount
STEP 3: Prompt the user to enter customerID, name, and unitConsumed

STEP 4: Read customerID, name, and unitConsumed from the user

STEP 5: Calculate charge based on unitConsumed
a. If unitConsumed <= 199, charge = unitConsumed * 1.20
b. If unitConsumed is between 200 and 399, charge = unitConsumed * 1.50

c. If unitConsumed is between 400 and 599, charge = unitConsumed * 1.80

d. If unitConsumed is 600 or above, charge = unitConsumed * 2.00

STEP 6: If charge > 400,

then apply surcharge: charge = charge + (charge * 0.15)
STEP 7: If charge < 100,
then set charge = 100
STEP 8: Display customer details and totalAmount to be paid

STEP 9: End

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
int custid,units;
float amount = 0,surcharge = 0,tamount = 0;

char name[50];
printf("Enter your Name : ");
fgets(name,sizeof(name),stdin);
printf("Enter your Customer ID : ");

scanf("%d",&custid);
printf("Enter Total units consumed : ");

scanf("%d",&units);

printf("\n~EB BILL~\n");

printf("\n");
printf("Customer Name : %s",name);

printf("Customer Id : %d\n",custid);
printf("Total units consumed : %d\n",units);

if (units>83 && units<=199){

amount = units * 1.20;
printf("\nThe total amount to be paid = %.2f",amount);

}
else if(units >=200 && units<=400){

amount = units * 1.50;

printf("\nThe total amount to be paid = %.2f",amount);

}
else if(units >=401 && units<=600){

amount = units * 1.80;

surcharge = amount*0.15;
tamount = amount + surcharge;
printf("\nThe total amount to be paid = %.2f",tamount);

}
else if(units >600){
amount = units * 2.00;
 surcharge = amount*0.15;
tamount = amount + surcharge;
printf("\nThe total amount to be paid = %.2f",tamount);

}
else if(units<=83){

amount = 100;
printf("\nThe total amount to be paid (Minimum amount) = %.2f\n",amount);

}
printf("\n");

return 0;
}

OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: SORTING AND SELETION IN
Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program To sort an Array using Selection Sort Techniques

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare variables array[], size, i,j, minIndex, temp
STEP 3: Prompt the user to enter the size of the array

STEP 4: Read the size of the array from the user

STEP 5: Prompt the user to enter array elements

STEP 6: Read array elements from the user

STEP 7: Repeat for i from 0 to size-2

a. Set minIndex = i
b. Repeat for j from i+1 to size- 1
i. If array[j] < array[minIndex], then set minIndex = j

c. Swap array[minIndex] with array[i]

STEP 8: Display the sorted array

STEP 9: End

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {

int size;
printf("Enter the size of the array: ");

scanf("%d", &size);
int arr[size];
 printf("Enter the array elements: \n");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

}
intmin_ index;
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {

min_index = i;
for (intj = i + 1; j < size; j++) {

if (arr[j] < arr[min_index])

min_index = j;

}
// If the minimum index is not the same as i, swap the elements
if (min_index != i) {
int temp = arr[min_index];

arr[min_index] = arr[i];
arr[i] = temp;
}

// Print the sorted array

printf("The sorted array is: ");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

}
printf("\n");

return 0;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: SORTING AND SELETION IN
Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program To find a element using Linear Search Techniques

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare variables array[], size, element, found

STEP 3: Prompt the user to enter the size of the array

STEP 4: Read the size of the array from the user

STEP 5: Prompt the user to enter array elements

STEP 6: Read array elements from the user
STEP 7: Prompt the user to enter the element to be searched

STEP 8: Read the element to be searched from the user

STEP 9: Set found = 0
STEP 10: Repeat for i from 0 to size- 1
a. If array[i] is equal to element, then

i. Set found = 1
ii. Display "Element found at index i"

iii. Break
STEP 11: If found is 0,
then display "Element not found"

STEP 12: End

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {

int size;

printf("Enter the size of the array: ");

scanf("%d", &size);

int arr[size];

printf("Enter the elements of the array: \n");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

int key;

printf("\nEnter the element that needs to be found: ");

scanf("%d", &key);

int found = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

if (key == arr[i]) {
printf("\nThe element %d is found at index %d\n", key, i);

found = 1;
break;
}
}

if (!found) {
printf("Element not found!\n");
 }

return 0;

OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF RECURSION IN
Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM

To write a c program To find an element using Binary Search Techniques

using Recursion.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare function binarySearch with parameters array[], left, right, element

STEP 3: If left <= right, then

a. Set mid = (left + right) / 2
b. If array[mid] is equal to element, then

i. Return mid
c. If array[mid] < element, then
i. Return binarySearch(array, mid + 1, right, element)

d. Else
i. Return binarySearch(array, left, mid - 1, element)
STEP 4: Return - 1

STEP 5: End

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, inthigh, int target)

{
if (low <= high){
int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

if (arr[mid] == target){
 return mid;
}
if (arr[mid] > target){
return binarySearch(arr, low, mid - 1, target);

}
return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, target);

return - 1;

int main()

{
printf("~Binary search using recursion~");
int arr[] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20};
intn = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

int target;
printf("\nEnter the target element : ");

scanf("%d",&target);

int result = binarySearch(arr, 0,n - 1, target);

if (result != - 1)
printf("\nElement %d is present at index %d.\n", target, result);

else
printf("\nElement %d is not present in array.\n", target);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF RECURSION IN
Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program find the factorial of a given number using Recursion.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare function factorial with parameter n

STEP 3: If n is 0 or 1, then
a. Return 1
STEP 4: Else
a. Return n * factorial(n - 1)

STEP 5: End

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int factorial(intn){
if(n == 1){

return 1;
}
else{
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
}int main()

{
printf("~Factorial using recursion~\n");

intnum,result ;
 printf("\nEnter a number : ");

scanf("%d",&num);
result = factorial(num);
printf("\nFactorial of %d is : %d\n",num,result);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICING WITH 2DARRAYS IN
Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program to read two matrices from the user and to print the product of

two matrices.
ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare variables matrix1[10][10], matrix2[10][10], result[10][10],
rows1, cols1, rows2, cols2, i,j, k
STEP 3: Prompt the user to enter the number of rows and columns of matrix1

STEP 4: Read rows1 and cols1 from the user

STEP 5: Prompt the user to enter elements of matrix1

STEP 6: Read elements of matrix1 from the user

STEP 7: Prompt the user to enter the number of rows and columns of matrix2

STEP 8: Read rows2 and cols2 from the user

STEP 9: Prompt the user to enter elements of matrix2

STEP 10: Read elements of matrix2 from the user

STEP 11: If cols1 is not equal to rows2, then
a. Display "Matrix multiplication not possible"

b. Exit
STEP 12: Repeat for i from 0 to rows1- 1

a. Repeat for j from 0 to cols2- 1

i. Set result[i][j] = 0
ii. Repeat fork from 0 to cols1- 1
iii. Set result[i][j] += matrix1[i][k] * matrix2[k][j]

STEP 13: Display the product matrix result

STEP 14: End

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
intr1,c1,r2,c2;
printf("Input the rows and columns of first matrix : ");

scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Input the rows and columns of second matrix : ");

scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
int prod[r1][c2],a[r1][c1],b[r2][c2];
printf("\nInput elements in the first matrix :\n");

for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {

for (intj = 0; j < c1; j++) {
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);

scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}

}
printf("\nInput elements in the second matrix :\n");

for (int i = 0; i < r2; i++) {

for (intj = 0; j <c2; j++) {
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);

scanf("%d", &b[i][j]);
}

}
for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (intj = 0; j < c2; j++) {

prod[i][j] = 0;
}

}
for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (intj = 0; j < c2; j++) {
for (intk = 0; k < c1; k++){
 prod[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j];

}
}

}
printf("\nThe first matrix is:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {

for (intj = 0; j < c1; j++) {

printf("%d ", a[i][j]);

}
printf("\n");

}
printf("\nThe second matrix is:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < r2; i++) {

for (intj = 0; j < c2; j++) {

printf("%d ", b[i][j]);

}
printf("\n");

}
printf("\nThe multiplication of two matrix is :\n");

for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {

for (intj = 0; j < c2; j++) {

printf("%d ", prod[i][j]);

}
printf("\n");

return 0;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICING STRING OPERATIONS IN
Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program to perform string operation namely, String length, String
Copy, String Compare, String Reverse, String lower, String Upper, String Compare, String

Concatenation with pre-defined string functions.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare character arrays str1 and str2 to store strings.
STEP 3: Display a message indicating predefined string operations.
STEP 4: Input a string into str1.
STEP 5: Calculate and print the length of str1 using the strlen function.
STEP 6: Copy the content of str1 to str2 using the strcpy function and print str2.
STEP 7: Input another string into str2.
STEP 8: Compare str1 and str2 using the strcmp function and print whether they
are equal or not.
STEP 9: Reverse str1 character by character and print the reversed string.
STEP 10: Convert str1 to lowercase character by character using the
tolower function and print the lowercase string.

STEP 11: Convert str1 to uppercase character by character using the

toupper function and print the uppercase string.
STEP 12: Input another string into str2.
STEP 13: Concatenate str2 with str1 using the strcat function and print
the concatenated string.
STEP 14: End.

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

int main()

{
char str1[100], str2[100];
printf("~Predefined String Operations\n");

// String Length
printf("Enter a string: ");

scanf("%s", str1);
printf("\nLength of the string: %lu\n", strlen(str1));

// String Copy
strcpy(str2, str1);
printf("\nCopied string: %s\n", str2);

// String Compare
printf("\nEnter another string for comparison: ");

scanf("%s", str2);
if (strcmp(str1, str2) == 0)
printf("\nBoth strings are equal.\n");

else
printf("\nStrings are not equal.\n");

// String Reverse
printf("\nOriginal string: %s\n", str1);

printf("Reversed string: ");

for (int i = strlen(str1) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

printf("%c", str1[i]);
}
printf("\n");
 // String to Lowercase
printf("\nOriginal string: %s\n", str1);

printf("Lowercase string: ");

for (int i = 0; i < strlen(str1); i++) {

printf("%c",tolower(str1[i]));
}
printf("\n");

// String to Uppercase
printf("\nOriginal string: %s\n", str1);

printf("Uppercase string: ");

for (int i = 0; i < strlen(str1); i++) {

printf("%c",toupper(str1[i]));
}
// String Concatenation
printf("\nEnter a string to concatenate with: ");

scanf("%s", str2);
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated string: %s\n", str1);

return 0;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICING STRING OPERATIONS IN
Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program to perform string operation namely String length, String Copy,

String Compare, String Reverse, String lower, String Upper, String Compare, String

Concatenation without in-built function.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Declare functions for string operations: stringLength, stringCopy,
stringCompare, stringReverse, stringToLower, stringToUpper, and stringConcatenate.
STEP 3: Declare character arrays original_str, str1, and str2 to store strings.
STEP 4: Display amessage indicating user-defined string operations.
STEP 5: Input a string into original_str.
STEP 6: Copy original_str to str1 for subsequent operations.
STEP 7: Calculate and print the length of str1 using the stringLength function.
STEP 8: Copy str1 to str2 using the stringCopy function and print str2.
STEP 9: Input another string into str2.

STEP 10: Compare str1 and str2 using the stringCompare function and print
whether they are equal or not.
STEP 11: Reverse str1 using the stringReverse function and print the reversed string.

STEP 12: Convert str2 to lowercase using the stringToLower function and print
the lowercase string.

STEP 13: Convert str2 to uppercase using the stringToUpper function and print
the uppercase string.
STEP 14: Input another string into str2.

STEP 15: Concatenate str2 with str1 using the stringConcatenate function and
print the concatenated string.

STEP 16: End.

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
// Function to calculate string length
int stringLength(char str[]) {

int len = 0;
while (str[len] != '\0') {

len++;
}
return len;

}
// Function to copy one string to another
void stringCopy(char source[], char destination[]) {

int i = 0;
while (source[i] != '\0') {
destination[i] = source[i];

i++;
}
destination[i] = '\0';

}
// Function to compare two strings
int stringCompare(char str1[], char str2[]) {

int i = 0;
while (str1[i] != '\0' || str2[i] != '\0') {

if (str1[i] != str2[i]) {
return str1[i] - str2[i];

}
i++;

}
return 0;
}// Function to reverse a string
void stringReverse(char str[]) {

int len = stringLength(str);

for (int i = 0; i < len / 2; i++) {
chartemp = str[i];
str[i] = str[len - i - 1];

str[len - i - 1] = temp;
}

}
// Function to convert a string to lowercase
void stringToLower(char str[]) {

int i = 0;
while (str[i] != '\0') {
if (str[i] >= 'A' && str[i] <= 'Z') {

str[i] = str[i] + 32;

}
i++;
}

}
// Function to convert a string to uppercase
void stringToUpper(char str[]) {

int i = 0;
while (str[i] != '\0') {
if (str[i] >= 'a' && str[i] <= 'z') {

str[i] = str[i] - 32;

}
i++;
}

}
// Function to concatenate two strings
void stringConcatenate(char str1[], char str2[]) {
 int len1 = stringLength(str1);

int len2 = stringLength(str2);

int i, j = 0;
for (i = len1; i < len1 + len2; i++) {

str1[i] = str2[j];
j++;

}
str1[i] = '\0';

}
int main(){
char original_str[100], str1[100], str2[100];
printf("~User_Defined String Operations~\n");

// Input string
printf("\nEnter a string: ");

scanf("%s", original_str);

// Copy original string to str1 for subsequent operations

stringCopy(original_str, str1);

// String Length
printf("\nLength of the string: %d\n", stringLength(str1));

// String Copy
stringCopy(str1, str2);
printf("\nCopied string: %s\n", str2);

// String Compare
printf("\nEnter another string for comparison: ");

scanf("%s", str2);
int result = stringCompare(str1, str2);
 if (result == 0){
printf("\nBoth strings are equal.\n");
}
else{
printf("\nString 1 is greater than String 2.\n");

}
// Reverse str1 and print reversed string

stringReverse(str1);
printf("\nReversed string: %s\n", str1);

// Convert str2 to lowercase

stringCopy(original_str, str2); // Reset str2 to original input

stringToLower(str2);
printf("\nLowercase string: %s\n", str2);

// Convert str2 to uppercase

stringCopy(original_str, str2); // Reset str2 to original input

stringToUpper(str2);
printf("\nUppercase string: %s\n", str2);

// String Concatenation
printf("\nEnter a string to concatenate with: ");

scanf("%s", str2);
stringCopy(original_str, str1); // Reset str1 to original input

stringConcatenate(str1, str2);
printf("\nConcatenated string: %s\n", str1);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF CALL BY VALUE & CALL BY
Date: REFERSENCE IN C PROGRAMMING

AIM

To write a c program to swap two integer values using call by value & call
by reference
ALGORITHM

STEP 1:Start

STEP 2:Define two functions: swapbyvalue and swapbyreference, to swap

values using call by value and call by reference methods respectively.
STEP 3:In the swapbyvalue function:
a. Accept two integers x andy as parameters.
b. Swap the values of x andy using a temporary variable.

c. Print the swapped values.

STEP 4:In the swapbyreference function:
a. Accept two integer pointers x andy as parameters.
b. Swap the values pointed to by x andy using a temporary variable.

c. Print the swapped values.

STEP 5:In the main function:

a. Declare variables a and b to store integers.
b. Display a message indicating swapping values.

c. Prompt the user to input two integers a and b.

d. Print the original values of a and b.
e. Call the swapbyvalue function with arguments a and b.
f. Call the swapbyreference function with the addresses of a and b.

STEP 6:End.
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
void swapbyvalue(intx, inty)

{
int temp = x;

x = y;
y = temp;
printf("\nAfter swapping (Call by Value):\n");

printf("x = %d, y = %d\n",x, y);

}

void swapbyreference(int *x, int *y)

{
int temp = *x;

*x = *y;
*y = temp;
printf("\nAfter swapping (Call by Reference):\n");

printf("x = %d, y = %d\n", *x, *y);

}
int main() {

int a, b;
printf("~Swapping Values~");
printf("\nEnter two integers: ");

scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

printf("\nBefore swapping:\n");

printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

swapbyvalue(a, b);
swapbyreference(&a, &b);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICING POINTERS IN

Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM

To write a c program to swap two integer values using call by value & call
by reference

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Declare variables: `a` to store the size of the array, `sum` to store the
sum of the array elements, and `avg` to store the average.

STEP 3: Display a message indicating the process of finding the average of an

array using pointers.
STEP 4: Prompt the user to input the size of the array (`a`).
STEP 5: Declare an integer array `arr` of size `a`.
STEP 6: Prompt the user to input the elements of the array.
STEP 7: Calculate the sum of the array elements while inputting the elements.
STEP 8: Create a pointer `ptr` pointing to the first element of the array (`arr`).
STEP 9: Initialize `avg` to 0.

STEP 10: Using a loop, iterate through the array elements pointed by `ptr`,
calculate the sum using pointer arithmetic, and store it in `avg`.
STEP 11: Divide the sum by the size of the array to find the average.
STEP 12: Print the calculated average of the array.
STEP 13: End.

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, sum = 0;
 float avg;

printf("~Average of array using Pointers~\n");

printf("Enter the size of the array: ");

scanf("%d", &a);

int arr[a];

printf("\nEnter the array elements:\n", a);

for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

sum += arr[i];
}

// Pointer to the first element of the array

int *ptr = arr;

// Calculate average using pointers

avg = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) {

avg = avg + *(ptr + i);

}
avg = avg/a;

printf("Average of the array : %.2f\n", avg);

return 0;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICING STRUCT IN

Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM

To write a c program to create a structure named student with the fields roll
no, name,
marks in three subjects. Initialize the structure with the values entered by user and

display the details.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Define structure named student with fields rollNumber, name, and marks
STEP 3: Declare a variable s of type student

STEP 4: Prompt the user to enter roll number, name, and marks of three subjects
for the student
STEP 5: Read roll number, name, and marks from the user and store them in
the respective fields of s
STEP 6: Display the details of the student
STEP 7: End

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>

struct var {
char name[50], sub[3][50];

introll;
float marks[3];

};
int main() {
struct var s;

printf("Enter name : ");

fgets(s.name,sizeof(s.name),stdin);

printf("Enter Roll No. : ");

scanf("%d", &s.roll);

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

printf("Enter Subject %d : ", i + 1);

scanf("%s", s.sub[i]);
printf("Enter Marks of Subject %d : ", i + 1);

scanf("%f", &s.marks[i]);
printf("\n");

printf("Your Information : \n");

printf("\nName : %s\n", s.name);

printf("Roll No. : %d\n", s.roll);
printf("Subjects and Marks:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("\nSubject %d : %s\n", i + 1, s.sub[i]);

printf("Marks: %.2f\n",s.marks[i]);
}

return 0;

}
OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF FILE HANDLING IN

Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program to read data from a text file and display it on the screen.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Include the necessary header files.
STEP 3: Declare a file pointer fp.
STEP 4: Declare a character array c to store the contents of the file.
STEP 5: Open the file "index.txt" in read mode using fopen(), store the file
pointer in fp.

STEP 6: Use fgets() to read the first 14 characters (plus the null terminator)
from the file into the character array c.
STEP 7: Print the content of the character array c.
STEP 8: Close the file using fclose(fp).
STEP 9: End.

PROGRAM

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fp;
char c[100];
fp = fopen("C:\\Users\\ragul\\OneDrive\\Desktop\\index.txt","r");

fgets(c,15,fp);
printf("%s", c);

printf("\n");
 return 0;

OUTPUT

RESULT
Ex. No: PRACTICE OF FILE HANDLING IN

Date: C PROGRAMMING

AIM
To write a c program to read data from a text file and append it to another file.

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Include the necessary header files.
STEP 3: Declare two file pointers fp1 and fp2.
STEP 4: Declare a character array str to store lines read from the source file.

STEP 5: Open the source file "index.txt" in read mode using fopen(), and store the
file pointer in fp1.

STEP 6: Open the destination file "append.txt" in append mode using fopen(),
and store the file pointer in fp2.

STEP 7: Read lines from the source file using fgets() into the character array str
until fgets() returns NULL, indicating the end of the file.
STEP 8: Write each line from str to the destination file using fprintf().
STEP 9: Close both files using fclose(fp1) and fclose(fp2).
STEP 10: End.

PROGRAM

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fp1, *fp2;

char str[50];
fp1 = fopen("C:\\Users\\ragul\\OneDrive\\Desktop\\index.txt", "r");
 fp2 = fopen("C:\\Users\\ragul\\OneDrive\\Desktop\\append.txt", "a");
while (fgets(str, 50, fp1) != NULL) {

fprintf(fp2, "%s", str);

}
fclose(fp1);

fclose(fp2);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT
RESULT