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470 BCE 399 BCE

Socrates

•◀︎ Socrates an ancient Greek Philosopher, was lauded by his students as a great man of integrity, self master, and
argumentative skill. Socrates was the first western philosopher to seriously explore ethics, and greatly influenced his most
famous student, Plato. Socrates so greatly impacted and changed western philosophy that any thinker before him is
considered merely pre-socratic.

427 BCE 347 BCE

Plato

•◀︎ Plato was an ancient Greek Philosopher and thinker who is most well known as the author of many philosophical works.
Plato is also known as the founder of the Platonic Academy. Many bright young Greeks attended this academy, including
Aristotle. The academy focused mainly on mathematics, natural science, astronomy, dialectics, philosophy, and politics.
Plato devoted his life to learning and is counted as the father of western philosophy.

384 BCE 322 BCE

Aristotle

•◀︎ Aristotle was an ancient Greek Philosopher and scientist. His knowledge covered many areas including biology, botany,
chemistry, ethics, history, logic, metaphysics, rhetoric, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, physics, poetics, political
theory, psychology, and zoology. He as well is the founder of formal logic. Even throughout the Renaissance and the
Reformation Aristotle's views still influence western thought to this day.

1 CE 33

Jesus Christ

• ◀︎ Jesus Christ is the son of God and saved the world by dying for its sins circa 33AD. Jesus Christ, or God the Son, is one of
the three parts of the Holy Trinity. He was born of man circa year 1 however he has always existed and always will. To this
day he seeks a relationship with every human and if you believe in Him you can live with him forever in Heaven. He not
only created everything in existence, but he gave man a handbook to live by, which if followed, will lead to eternal
happiness.

400 1400

The Middle Ages

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The Middle ages refer to the timespan in Europe between the fall of the Roman empire and the beginning of the
Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, a humanistic idea sprung up. Spurred by Thomas Aquinas people began to believe
that while their will was fallen their intellect was not, and therefore they had the ability to make lives moral choices
without help. This caused mass confusion for people started rejecting God and the Bible and basing all of their decisions
on their own moral opinions.

1175 1236

Berlinghiero Berlinghieri

• ◀︎ Berlinghiero Berlinghieri is an Italian Byzantine style painter. His medium of choice was tempera on wood. His most
famous painting is the Madonna and Child, a tempera on wood masterpiece depicting the Virgin Mary holding baby
Jesus. Not much is known about Berlinghiero Berlinghieri beyond the Madonna and Child. Not even his name is
completely confirmed. Our only clue to his identity is the wording "Berlinghiero painted me" inscribed on the back of the
Madonna and Child.

1225 1274

Thomas Aquinas

• ◀︎ Thomas Aquinas was one of the foremost theologians of the Middle Ages. As a theologian, he created two great works,
Summa Theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles which were a classical systemization of latin theology. He as well
wrote many poems and some beautiful yet solemn hymns. Thomas Aquinas believed that while the will of man was fallen,
the intellect was not. Therefore he mixed many of the classical philosophers with biblical teaching and began on the road
to Humanism.

1330 1384

John Wycliffe

•◀︎ John Wycliffe was an English theologian and philosopher and in many ways foreshadowed the Reformation with his
controversial beliefs. John Wycliffe, much like Luther after him, believed heavily in the Bible being the primary base to live
by. He spoke out against the Catholic church for being greedy and taking advantage of is followers. Wycliffe called on the
church to give up its worldly possesions and even went so far as comparing the Pope to the antichrist.

1370 1415

Jan Hus

•◀︎ Jan Hus, born in Bohemia, was a great Religious reformer. Hus, which can also be spelled Huss, was highly influential in
helping Europe to transition from the Middle Ages to the Reformation. Hus as well taught at the University of Prague and
was at one point a candidate for a doctors degree in theology. Jan Hus throughout his life opposed the catholic church
during the Western Schism, and was eventually burned at the stake for his beliefs.

1380 1441

Jan Van Eyck

• ◀︎ Jan Van Eyck was a prolific artist and one of the earliest users of oil painting during the renaissance. Painting with oil
allowed Jan to create much brighter and more detailed paintings than painters before him. He used extensive disguised
religious symbols in many of his naturalistic paintings. His most famous altarpiece the Ghent Altarpiece, displays many
people and angels surrounding a bleeding lamb atop an altar. This lamb was meant to symbolize Jesus Christ and his
sacrifice for man.

1400 1600

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Renaissance

•◀︎ The Renaissance is attributed as being a great time of learning. Europe and especially Italy left the Middle or "Dark" Ages
with a bound. The Renaissance greatly encouraged philosophy, learning, art and thought. Some of the greatest thinkers,
authors, artists and businessmen ever to live were active during the Renaissance period. However, all of this achievement
strengthened the humanist notion planted in the early middle ages, that mans intellect alone was the basis for all morals.

1452 1519

Leonardo Da Vinci

• ◀︎ Leonardo Da Vinci took the idea of being a Renaissance man to a new extreme. Leonardos brilliant gifts manifested
themselves in the areas of art, science, invention, music, and writing. Leonardo's painting the Mona Lisa, probably the
most famous painting ever created, is valued at over $850 million dollars. And his many sketches of advanced machinery
and of the human form astound critics to this day. His extraordinary achievements are based on his self expressed
unlimited desire for knowledge.

1471 1528

Albrecht Durer

•◀︎ Albrecht Durer was a great artist and pioneer of the process of mass art production. He pioneered mass art production by
initiating the transition from wood carvings which were used before, to metal engravings which greatly increased the
detail of his works. He created many great pieces of art including his apocalypse woodcut series and his many Durer as
well was a great painter and created many portraits and watercolour masterpieces.

1475 1564

Michelangelo Buonarroti

•◀︎ Michelangelo Buonarroti, arguably one of the most famous artists of all time, was a true Renaissance man. A Renaissance
man is based on the idea of humanism, which considers man to be the centre of the universe, unlimited in his potential
for development, able to master anything. Michelangelo truly embodied this for he not only mastered the art of sculpting,
which he is most famous for, but was a great artist, and inventive architect and a prolific poet.

1483 1546

Martin Luther

•◀︎ Martin Luther, born in Germany, was perhaps one of the most influential men in the history of Christianity. Luther
spearheaded the Reformation movement with the posting of his 95 theses, in which he lampooned the catholic church for
its excess and lack of morals. Luther relied on the Bible as the basis for Christian morality, and encouraged others in the
movement to do the same. This contrasted with the previous humanist view prevalent throughout the Renaissance.

1483 1520

Raphael

•◀︎ Raphael was an Italian master painter and architect of the High Renaissance. Raphael is most acclaimed for his large scale
figure compositions and his madonnas. Throughout all of Raphaels Masterpieces clarity of form and ease of composition
is evident. While Raphael was considered the "prince of painters" he as well was a talented architect. Raphael was even
considered the best architect in Rome for a period of time because of his work on many structures.

1509 1564

Jean Calvin
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Jean Calvin was a very influential French reformer, and spurred on the second generation of the Reformation. His book
the Institutes of the Christian Religion influenced Protestants across the world, for it was the first systematic treatise of the
Reformation. Calvin displayed his belief in predestination, and Calvinism, one of the various strands of Christianity, is still
practiced to this day.

1517 1648

Reformation

•◀︎ The Reformation was a great cultural and theological upheaval. Contrary to the Renaissance, the Reformation believed not
that man was the basis for all morality, but that the Bible was the ultimate authority. This belief is what triggered the great
break from the Catholic Church, which up until this period governed much of the day to day life in Europe. Many great
artists during this period were actively part of the Reformation, such as Albrecht Durer and Bach.

1606 1669

Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van Rijn

• ◀︎ Rembrandt, born in Amsterdam, favoured realism over beauty in his paintings. Rembrandt painted many self-portraits and
biblically inspired scenes. He typically dark backgrounds with brightly lit characters. This gave many of his paintings an
intriguing sense of depth. In his painting Return of the Prodigal Son, he allowed the light to show the importance of the
characters, by having the most important characters brightly lit while the lesser characters faded into the black
background.

1632 1675

Johannes Vermeer

• ◀︎ Johannes Vermeer, from the Dutch city of Delft, painted amazing compositions based on ordinary moments. He brought
these ordinary moments to life through the use of bright colours, precise details, and masterful use of light. Vermeer was
not famous during his own time, only truly being noticed toward the end of the 19th century. His relative obscurity until
that time is explained by his low volume of production. Vermeer only created around 45 paintings in his life for people in
and around Delft.

1685 1750

Johann Sebastian Bach

• ◀︎ Johann Sebastian Bach was a Baroque era German musician and composer. Bach is largely credited as one of the greatest
composers ever to live and is credited with being the creator of the Brandenburg Concertos, The Well-Tempered Clavier,
the Mass in B Minor, and many more masterpieces. Bach was very proud of his family and even traced his genealogy all
the way back to his great-great-grandfather who was forced out of Hungary by religious persecution during the
Reformation.

1685 1759

George Frideric Handel

•◀︎ George Frideric Handel was a German-born English composer, mostly known for his operas, oratorios and some
instrumental compositions. Handel wrote one of the most famous oratorios ever, The Messiah. His famous water music
group of suites was actually created on request from King George I. and was debuted on the River Thames. Handel loved
theatre and many of his oratorios were actually performed on stage instead of in a church.

1741 1827

Charles Willson Peale

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• ◀︎ Charles Peale is one os the most famous artists of the Revolutionary period in America. He painted over 1,100 portraits,
including subjects such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. He also founded his own
museum for which he created many works. His museum contained some of his art, curious gadgets, stuffed animals and
even contained the first Mastodon unearthed in America. Peale was actually present at the mastodon excavation and even
captured it in a painting.

1770 1827

Ludwig van Beethoven

• ◀︎ Ludwig van Beethoven, widely regarded as the greatest composer of all time, was instrumental in the transition from the
Classical era to the Romantic era. Beethovens last two quartets show the shift to more modern and fragmented music
from the older styles. Critics have said that later Schoenburg, a heavily modernist musician, took his point of departure
from the final quartets of Beethoven. Through his over 700 compositions Beethoven dominated one era of music and
helped usher in a new one.

1801 1848

Thomas Cole

•◀︎ Thomas Cole was an American romantic landscape painter. Born in England, Cole came to American with his family when
he was 17. He created many beautiful landscapes displaying the majesty of nature. He travelled across America and
sketched various pieces of scenery. He would then paint based off of his sketches in his studio during the winter.
Whenever a man would appear in his landscapes it was in a subdued manner, showing natures majesty above him.

1809 1882

Charles Darwin

• ◀︎ Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and biologist, is greatly tied with the thought of cultural fragmentation today. His
theory of evolution gives ground to the thought that everything is random, that everybody just evolved from a bang and
do not have any true moral value. This thought, which disregards universal morals in favour of made-up morals, is very
responsible for the thought of modern fragmentation. Because if people do not have a purpose humanity has no reason
to exist.

1818 1883

Karl Marx

• ◀︎ Karl Marx, perhaps one of the most dangerous political ideologists, built his ideology off of manufactured Universals.
Universals or Universal truths are necessary for humanities existence. The main universal we have to base our truths on is
the Bible, and Karl Marx neglected this. He built marxism on universals he made up and concluded in destroying every
country which implemented them. Karl Marx is a great example of what happens when humanity attempts to create its
own universal truths.

1836 1910

Winslow Homer

•◀︎ Winslow Homer is considered by many to be the greatest American painter of the 19th century. He began his career as a
print maker in Boston but was quickly sent to cover the civil war for the news illustrated journal Harper Weekly. It was
during this time that Homer created many of his great civil war paintings. Homer however was not only limited to war
paintings but created many other paintings based mainly on the day to day lives of normal people.

1839 1906

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Paul Cezanne

•◀︎ Paul Cezanne, while receiving much ridicule throughout his life, greatly influenced post-impressionism. Cezanne was born
to a wealthy family and was able to maintain financial security. Many of his early fantastical paintings drew much ridicule
and were denied admission to the art Salons. In search of meaning, Cezanne withdrew into nature. He searched for reason
in nature, and finally portrayed nature in its most basic shapes. Cezanne influenced many artists including Pablo Picasso.

1840 1926

Claude Monet

• ◀︎ Claude Monet was a famous French painter and one of the founders of the Impressionist movement. Monet angered
critics all throughout his lifetime with his impressionist style. His short uneven highly visible brush strokes offered an
element to his art which had not been seen before. Critics described his paintings as looking "unfinished" however their
unfinished look lent them a light beauty which had not existed previously. Monet mainly painted nature, and the lives of
people around Paris.

1853 1890

Vincent Van Gogh

•◀︎ Vincent Van Gogh, while not quite mentally stable, is possibly one of the most famous and influential artists to ever live.
His "Starry Night," which was painted from a mental asylum, is one of the most valuable paintings in existence. His
influence is seen within much French Impressionist art, as his impressionist/post-impressionist style rebelled against the
typical art of the day and paved a way for artists coming after him.

1862 1918

Claude Debussy

•◀︎ Claude Debussy, perhaps one of the greatest French composers of all time, began the French musical shift toward
fragmentation. Unlike Schoenberg, Debussy's music did not trend toward non-resolution, instead, it trended towards
fragmentation. This fragmentation, first really introduced by Debussy, still influences artists today. Its influence is not
limited to Classical music either, fragmentation can be seen in most modern music as well.

1874 1951

Arnold Schoenberg

• ◀︎ Arnold Schoenburg, potentially one of the most influential composers of the 20th century, used his music as a vehicle for
modern thought. Schoenberg drew inspiration from Beethoven and carried the modernist thoughts from Beethovens last
two quartets into his own music. Schoenberg rejected traditional music and invented the "12 tone row". This way of
creating music leads to constant variation with no final resolution. He influenced many other artists with this varying
music including John Cage.

1879 1955

Albert Einstein

•◀︎ Albert Einstein, perhaps the most famous human of all time, gained great acclaim for his many scientific achievements
throughout the 1900s. Einsteins' theory of relativity while sometimes mistaken as a philosophy on the randomness of the
universe, is actually the opposite. Einstein himself is against the idea of using his idea in this way. He stated in the London
Observer that "I cannot believe that God plays dice with the universe".

1881 1973

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Pablo Picasso

•◀︎ Pablo Picasso is widely considered one of the most famous artists of all time. While Picasso began with much realism in
his paintings, his later works display the fragmentation of his mind. He joined the French Communist Party in 1944 and
was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize in 1950 from the Soviet Union. He seemed to portray fragmentation and loss of
humanity throughout many of his works, yet when painted something he truly loved, like his wife or kids, he displayed
their true beauty accurately.

1889 1945

Adolf Hitler

• ◀︎ Adolf Hitler, Germanies worst leader, is often described as one of the evilest men to ever live. After failing as an artist and
finally achieving dictatorial status through the murder of his opposition, Hitler began World War 2 by invading Poland.
WW2 in turn lead to the deaths of over 70 million humans. He forced millions of jews into Nazi death camps and caused
the economic collapse of Germany. It has been guessed that Hitler was indwelled by Satan, yet this has not been
confirmed.

1898 1963

C.S. Lewis

• ◀︎ C.S. Lewis, widely considered one of the intellectual giants of our time, published over 30 books and transformed the way
many people perceive Christianity. He discussed the base ideas of Christianity in fictional and non-fictional lights. His
fictional Chronicles of Narnia break down many beliefs found within Christianity to the simplest level. Due to his
achievements as an author and thinker, he was elected to the Chair of Medieval and Renaissance Literature at Cambridge
University in 1954.

1900 2020

The Age of Fragmentation

• ◀︎ The age of fragmentation is what happens when a world ceases to believe in universals and particulars and believes that
everything is created by random chance. Humanity is lost and everything becomes inanimate. Francis Schaeffer gives
many examples of this worldview prevailing including John Cage, a musician who creates and composes music randomly,
and Pablo Picasso who creates paintings about people with no humanity. When universals go away and randomness
prevails humanity is lost.

1904 1990

B.F. Skinner

•◀︎ B.F. Skinner, a great American psychologist, wrote many great books, especially about Behaviourism. He believed that
behavioural manipulation could potentially lead to a better society. Without solid principles to found a society on, a
cultural elite arises. This cultural elite must make up ideas and principles to govern the society as it has rejected the true
ones. Skinner is a great representation of these cultural elites.

1910 1997

Mother Teresa

•◀︎ Mother Teresa is perhaps considered one of the best people to ever live. She spent her life working to spread the love of
God and created places of refuge for the needy all around the world. She, directly and indirectly, influenced the lives of
millions of people through her ministry. She joined the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1928 and taught at St.
Mary's school for girls until 1948, when she began her work helping the poor on the streets of Calcutta, India.

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1912 1992

John Cage

•◀︎ John Cage is viewed as an avid musical philosopher and director. He viewed the world as a "fragmented" universe and
created his music accordingly. John Cage provides the clearest example of the shift of music into the era of
fragmentation. He experimented with many different kinds of randomized and fragmented music and even created a
machine that leads an orchestra with random movements. Later in his life, he admited that were he to approach food
randomly like he did music, he would die.

1912 1984

Francis Schaeffer

• ◀︎ Francis Schaeffer is considered one of the most influential Biblical Theologians of our time. He possessed the great ability
to reach secular culture while standing on his own beliefs. He believed deeply that truth and love must always be taken
together, for one without the other can do great harm. He began the L'abri Fellowship in Switzerland as a
retreat/seminary/community for anybody seeking truth or rest. Through his expanding fellowship and books, Schaeffer's
influence is felt today.

1912 1956

Jackson Pollock

•◀︎ Jackson Pollock, perhaps one of the most influential American painters of his time, symbolized emerging cultural values of
the developed world. Many of his works were created randomly, he allowed the paint to drip randomly and used different
random utensils to create with. This shows an emerging world view, that the earth was created randomly and does not
have any meaning. Therefore while being pleasing to the eye, Pollocks paintings symbolize random hopelessness.

1914 1918

World War 1

• ◀︎ World War 1 was by far one of the deadliest wars of all time. Started in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, World War 1 raged across much of the world and took the lives of over 41 million humans. Already in a social
and moral decline, many countries were plunged into economic chaos after the war. This lead to many evil regimes
coming into place, including the Nazi Party in Germany. Many of these regimes disregarded moral absolutes and created
their own set of moral laws.

1929 1968

Martin Luther King Jr

• ◀︎ Martin Luther King Jr is perhaps one of the most influential figures in American history. His firm Christian beliefs and
acceptance of the universal truth that all humans are equal allowed him to spearhead an extraordinary movement,
campaigning for the equality of all Americans. He travelled over 6 million miles and spoke 2500 times in an 11 year
period. His great work and leadership earned him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Sadly only 4 years later he was
assassinated in his Motel in Tennessee.

1939 1945

World War 2
Resulting from the abandonment of universal morals, WW2 involved every major power of Earth and resulted in the

•◀︎ deaths of upwards of 70 million humans. This qualifies it as the deadliest conflict in human history. Beginning with the
Nazi invasion of Poland, WW2 demonstrated the evil humans are capable of. The Nazi party resulted from the neglect of

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universal morals. They attempted to create their own morals and disavowed the existence of God. This lead to the
deadliest conflict in history.

1942 1970

Jimi Hendrix

•◀︎ Jimi Hendrix, one of the most talented guitar players ever to live, symbolized the end of an era. Jimi Hendrix symbolized
the drug-taking ideology for most of his career, eventually dying from an overdose. His death really showed the end of
drug-taking as an ideology, the harm it did was obvious. While his death symbolized the end as an ideology it did not
end drug-taking, people now mainly treated drugs as an escape and not a religion.

1957 1970

The Beatles

•◀︎ The Beatles are perhaps one of the most popular music groups of all time. Formed in the late 1950's in England, their first
big hit "Love Me Do" released in 1962. After taking America by storm, the Beatles became a rallying cry for the younger
generations. Without having a universal base, many of the younger generation resorted to drugs to give them meaning.
The Beatles songs represented this, and they became a rallying cry for this movement away from reality into drugs.

1960

Makoto Fujimura

• ◀︎ Makoto Fujimura (1960-present) is an instrumental modern figure in combining Christianity and art. His books have won
many awards, and describe art in relation to Christianity. His work on this topic has won him a Religion and the Arts award
from the American Academy of Religion in 2014. He has painted contemporary art pieces and has collaborated with many
musicians on other projects as well. Most of his paintings have Christian names and meanings including the "Four Holy
Gospels" and many more.

1969

Woodstock

• ◀︎ Woodstock is considered the peak of drug culture and the "Hippie" movement. A music event lasting 3 days with over
400 thousand attendees, over 700 people overdosed on drugs throughout the duration. Many popular artists performed
including Jimi Hendrix and Grateful Dead. The huge crowds of people greatly affected the surrounding areas and
overwhelmed any chance of adequate sanitation and first aid. While this huge event was proclaimed the "start of a new
era" it was in fact the end of one.

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