Analogue and Digital Communication Lab
(EL-3003)
LABORATORY MANUAL
Engr. Fakhar Abbas
Demodulation Of DSB-SC, SSB-SC and Conventional
Amplitude Modulation using Matlab
(LAB # 06)
Student Name: asma khan
Roll No: 22i-2162 Section: A
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD
Prepared by: Engr. Fakhar Abbas Version: 2.01
Verified by: Dr. Shazad Saleem Updated: Fall 2024
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lab # 06: DSB-SC, SSB-SC and Conventional Amlitude Modulation
using Matlab
Learning Objectives:
1. Implementation of DSB-SC, SSB-SC and Conventional AM Schemes in both time and
frequency domain using MATLAB
2. Effect of Modulation Index on the Modulated Signal in case of CAM.
Equipment Required:
1. PC
2. Matlab
In this lab we will study the performance of various analog amplitude modulation-demodulation
schemes, both in the presence and in the absence of additive noise. Systems studied in this chapter
include amplitude-modulation (AM) schemes, such as DSB-AM, SSB-AM, and conventional AM.
Each member of the class of analog modulation systems is characterized by five basic properties:
1. Time-domain representation of the modulated signal
2. Frequency-domain representation of the modulated signal
3. Bandwidth of the modulated signal
4. Power content of the modulated signal
5. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) after demodulation
A) Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Amplitude modulation (AM), which is frequently referred to as linear modulation, is
the family of modulation schemes in which the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier ischanged as a
function of the modulating signal. This class of modulation schemesconsists of DSB-AM (double-
sideband amplitude modulation), conventional amplitude modulation, SSB-AM (single-sideband
amplitude modulation), and VSB-AM (vestigial-sideband amplitude modulation). The dependence
between the modulatingsignal and the amplitude of the modulated carrier can be very simple, as, for
example,in the DSB-AM case, or much more complex, as in SSB-AM or VSB-AM. Amplitude-
modulation systems are usually characterized by a relatively low bandwidth requirement and power
inefficiency in comparison to the angle-modulation schemes. Thebandwidth requirement for AM
systems varies between W and 2W, where W denotes the bandwidth of the message signal. For
SSB-AM the bandwidth is W, for DSB-AM and conventional AM the bandwidth is 2W, and for
VSB-AM the bandwidthis between W and 2W. These systems are widely used in broadcasting (AM
radioand TV video broadcasting), point-to-point communication (SSB), and
multiplexingapplications (for example, transmission of many telephone channels over microwave
links).
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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
____________________________________________________________________________________
1) DSB-SC:
In DSB-AM, the amplitude of the modulated signal is proportional to the message signal. This
means that the time-domain representation of the modulated signal is given by
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑡)
Where
𝑐(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑡)
is the carrier and m(t) is the message signal. The frequency-domain representation of the DSB-AM
signal is obtained by taking the Fourier transform of u(t) and results in
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑈(𝑓) = 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐)
2 2
where M(f) is the Fourier transform of m(t). Obviously, this type of modulation results in a shift of
±fc and a scaling of Ac/2 in the spectrum of the message signal. The transmission bandwidth,
denoted by Bt, is twice the bandwidth of the message signal:
𝐵𝑇 = 2𝑊
A typical message spectrum and the spectrum of the corresponding DSB-AM modulated signal are
shown in below given Figure
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Lab #
Communication Lab
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of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
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The power content of the modulated signal is given by
𝐴𝐶 2
𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃
2 𝑚
𝑇
1
where 𝑃𝑚 = lim 𝑇 ∫ 𝑚2 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑇
𝑇→∞ −
2
Pm is called the power content of message signal.
Block diagram of DSB-SC is given below.
2. SSB-SC Modulation:
SSB-AM is derived from DSB-AM by eliminating one of the sidebands. Therefore,it occupies half
the bandwidth of DSB-AM. Depending on the sideband that remains,either the upper or the lower
sideband, there exist two types of SSB-AM: Upper Single Sideband AM (USSB-AM) and Lower
Single-Sideband AM (LSSB-AM). The timerepresentation for these signals is given by
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ∓ 𝑚
̂ (𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2
where the minus sign corresponds to USSB-AM and the plus sign corresponds toLSSB-AM. The
̂ (𝑡) is the Hilbert transform of m(t), defined by 𝑚
signal denoted by 𝑚 ̂ (𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) ∗ 1/(𝜋𝑡) or,in
̂
the frequency domain,by 𝑀(𝑓) = −𝑗𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑓)𝑀(𝑓).
In other words, the Hilbert transform of a signal represents a 𝜋/2 phase shift in all frequency
components. In the frequency domain, we have
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Lab #
Communication Lab
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of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
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Typical plots of the spectra of a message signal and the corresponding USSB-AM
modulated signal are shown in below given Figure:
The bandwidth of the SSB signal is half the bandwidth of DSB and conventionalAM and so is equal
to the bandwidth of the message signal; that is, 𝐵𝑇 = 𝑊
𝐴𝐶 2
The power in the SSB signal is given by 𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃𝑚
4
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of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
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Note that the power is half of the power in the corresponding DSB-AM signal becauseone of the
sidebands has been removed.
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Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
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B) Demodulation of AM Signals
Demodulation is the process of extracting the message signal from the modulated signal. The
demodulation process depends on the type of modulation employed. For DSB-AM and SSB-AM,
the demodulation method is coherent demodulation, which requires the existence of a signal with
the same frequency and phase of the carrier at the receiver. For conventional AM, envelope
detectors are used for demodulation. In this case precise knowledge of the frequency and the phase
of the carrier at the receiver is not crucial, so the demodulation process is much easier. Coherent
demodulation for DSB-AM and SSB-AM consists of multiplying (mixing) the modulated signal
by a sinusoidal with the same frequency and phase of the carrier and then passing the product
through a low pass filter. The oscillator that generates the required sinusoidal at the receiver is
called the local oscillator.
1) Demodulation of DSB - SC & SSB - SC
In the DSB case the modulated signal is given by 𝐴𝐶 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡), which, when multiplied by
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡), (or mixed with 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)) results in
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑡) + 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2
where y(t) denotes the mixer output, and its Fourier transform is given by
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑌(𝑓) = 𝑀(𝑓) + 𝑀(𝑓 − 2𝑓𝑐 ) + 𝑀(𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑐 )
2 4 4
𝐴
As it can be seen, the mixer output has a lowpass component of 2𝐶 𝑀(𝑓) and high frequency
components in the neighborhood of ±2𝑓𝑐 ). When y(t) passes through a lowpass filter with
bandwidth W, the high-frequency components will be filtered out and the lowpass component,
𝐴𝐶
𝑚(𝑡), which is proportional to the message signal,will be demodulated.
2
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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
____________________________________________________________________________________
3) Conventional AM:
In many respects conventional AM is quite similar to DSB-AM; the only difference is that in
conventional AM, m(t) is substituted with [1 + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)], where 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡) is the normalized message
signal (i.e., |𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)| < 1 and 𝑎 is the index of modulation, which is a positive constant between 0
and 1. Thus we have
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 [1 + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
And
𝑈(𝑓) = 𝐴𝐶 [𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐) + 𝑎𝑀𝑛 (𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐) + 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐) + 𝑎𝑀𝑛 (𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐)]
The net effect of scaling the message signal and adding a constant to it is that the term[1 +
𝑎𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)] is always positive. This makes the demodulation of these signals much easier by
employing envelope detectors. Note the existence of the sinusoidal component at the frequency fc
in U(f). This means that a (usually substantial) fraction of the transmitted power is in the signal
carrier that does not really serve the transmission of information. This fact shows that compared to
DSB-AM, conventional AM is a less economical modulation scheme in terms of power utilization.
The bandwidth, of course, is equal to the bandwidth of DSB-AM and is given by
𝐵𝑇 = 2𝑊
Typical frequency-domain plots of the message and the corresponding conventional
AM signal are shown in below given Figure:
The power content of the modulated signal, assuming that the message signal is azero-mean signal,
𝐴𝐶 2
is given by 𝑃𝑢 = (1 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑚𝑛 )
2
𝐴𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
which comprises two parts, , which denotes the power in the carrier, and 𝑎2 𝑃𝑚𝑛 which is the
2 2
power in the message-bearing part of the modulated signal. This is the power that is really used to
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Islamabad Fall 2024
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transmit the message. The ratio of thepower that is used to transmit the message to the total power
in the modulated signal iscalled the modulation efficiency and is defined by
𝑎2 𝑃𝑚𝑛
𝜂=
1 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑚𝑛
Because |𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)|< 1 and a < 1, we always have 𝜂< 0.5. In practice, however, thevalue of 𝜂 is
around 0.1.
Conventional AM Demodulation:
We have already seen that conventional AM is inferior to DSB-AM and SSB-AM when power and
SNR are considered. The reason is that a usually large part of the modulated signal power is in the
carrier component that does not carry information. The role ofthe carrier component is to make the
demodulation of the conventional AM easier viaenvelope detection, as opposed to coherent
demodulation required for DSB-AM andSSB-AM. Therefore, demodulation of AM signals is
significantly less complex thanthe demodulation of DSB-AM and SSB-AM signals. Hence, this
modulation scheme is widely used in broadcasting, where there is a single transmitter and numerous
receivers whose cost should be kept low. In envelope detection the envelope of the modulated
signal is detected via a simple circuit consisting of a diode, a resistor, and a capacitor,as shown in
below given Figure.
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Communication Lab
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of Computer and Emerging Sciences
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Mathematically, the envelope detector generates the envelope of the conventional AM signal,
which is
𝑉(𝑡) = |1 + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)|
Because 1 + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)> 0, we conclude that
𝑉(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (𝑡)
where 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡) is proportional to the message signal m(t) and 1 corresponds to the carrier component
that can be separated by a dc block circuit. As seen in the preceding procedure, there is no need for
knowledge of the phase of the carrier signal. That is why such a demodulation scheme is called
noncoherent, or asynchronous, demodulation.
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Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
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Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
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Problem 01:
Modulation of DSB-SC, SSB-SC & CAM Steps
Set 𝐹𝑠 = 1000 samples/sec.
Set 𝑓𝑚 = 5 𝐻𝑧
Set 𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝐻𝑧
𝐴
Take 𝐴𝑚 & 𝐴𝑐 accordingly and define modulation index 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑚
𝑐
Set the time vector of 1sec duration for plotting the message signal .
Define message signal that is 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑡5𝑡) .
Define the carrier signal as 𝑐(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋100𝑡) .
Define DSB-SC modulated signal by mulitplying 𝑚(𝑡) & 𝑐(𝑡)
Define SSB-SC modulated signal by first taking hilbert of message signal and then multiply
it with complex exponential 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 . Now take the real part of this SSB-SC Modulated
Signal. Note here 𝑓𝑐 is +ve, so we are cancelling lower sideband and taking only upper
sideband. If we mulitply with 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 , we will retain the lower sideband.
Define CAM as [1 + 𝑎𝑚(𝑡)]𝑐(𝑡).
Plot all time domain signals 𝑚(𝑡), 𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 & 𝐶𝐴𝑀 in Figure 1 using subplots.
𝐹 𝐹
Define the frequency axis from − 2𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2𝑠 containing samaples equals to the number of
samples in time domain signal that is N.
Take fft of all modulated siganls, normalize them that is divide by N and then apply fftshift
on the result.
Plot the magnitude specturm in the frequency domain for all modulated siganals in Figure
2 using subplots.
Now change the amplitude of either message or carrier and see the effect in the time &
frequency domain plots.
Demodulation of DSB-SC, SSB-SC & CAM Steps
For DSB-SC coherent detection, multiply modulated signal with the carrier.
Apply lowpass filter to remove high frequency components.
You can use lowpass(demod_dsb_sc, fc, Fs) in order to apply lowpass filter. It will remove
all frequencies greater than or equal to the carrier frequency.
For SSB-SC, procedure is same as that of DSB-SC.
For CAM, we use envelope detection method, it can be implemented with only abs(CAM)
command.
Apply lowpass filter to extract the message signal.
Plot the demodulated signals in time domain and their spectrum in the frequency domain
for all 3 cases.
Furthemore, include the magnitude spectrum before applying the LPF so that we can see
the effect of multiplication of carrier signal with the modulated signal in the frequency
domain.
Use Separate Figures alongwith subplots in each case
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Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Lab #
Communication Lab
(EL3003)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
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Lab #
Communication Lab
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of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2024
06
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