DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, BARBADOS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
STRESS, STRAIN & ELASTICITY
YOUTUBE VIDEO THE EFFICIENT ENGINEER: An Introduction to Stress & Strain Normal Stress/Strain Experiment shows that for any force applied to an object: 𝐹 𝜎𝑁 = where 𝜎𝑁 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴 𝐹 = 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒, 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 load 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
If γ = angle through which two adj. sides rotate relative to their initial position, then shear strain = tan 𝛾 𝛾
BCEN 233 – STRUCTURES (CLASS NOTES, 2023/24)
1 DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, BARBADOS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Practice problem 1.3: Determine the shearing
stress induced in the rivet (shown in Fig.3) due to a shearing load of 40 kN. [Ans: 127.3 N/mm2]
Practice problem 1.4: A block of reinforced concrete is subjected to
a shearing force whose magnitude causes a total deformation of the top of the block w.r.t its un-deformed position of 0.005 m. If the block is 2.5 m high, what is the shearing strain? [Ans: 0.002]
Hooke’s Law Hooke’s law says that for every material – and provided that the elastic limit has not been exceeded – extension is directly proportional to the load applied to the material (i.e., 𝛿𝐿 ∝ 𝐹). By inference, this makes stress directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit of any material.
𝜎 𝐹𝐿𝑜 ∴𝐸= ⇒𝐸 = 𝜀 𝐴𝛿𝐿
Practice problem 1.5: Determine the increase in length of a steel tie rod 3m long and 30mm dia. when subjected to a tensile load of 120 kN. Take E = 205 kN/mm2. [Ans: 2.48mm].
For more information on stress and strain, see the below link. https://materion.com/-/media/files/alloy/newsletters/technical-tidbits/issue-no-47---yield-strength- and-other-near-elastic-properties.pdf
Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Experiment shows that for any object that is heated (or cooled):
2 DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, BARBADOS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
𝛿𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∴ = 𝛼 ∆𝑇 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ⇒ 𝐸= ⇒ 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸 𝛼 ∆𝑇 𝐿𝑜 𝛼 ∆𝑇 Practice problem 1.6: Determine the likely variation in stress in fully restrained steel members resulting from changes in ambient temperature. Assume Barbadian climate conditions and take 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 12 × 10−6 /℃ & 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 205𝑘𝑁/𝑚2.
Percentage Elongation and Reduction in Area
Ductility (i.e. the measure of the ability of a material to withstand plastic deformation) may be expressed in two ways:
𝐿𝑓 – 𝐿𝑜 i. % elongation = × 100 where 𝐿𝑜 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜 𝐿𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑓 − 𝐴𝑜 ii. % reduction in CSA = × 100 where 𝐴𝑜 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 Torsion in Shafts Experiment has shown that for any shaft undergoing torsion, then
𝑇 𝜏 𝐺𝜃 = = 𝐽 𝑟 𝑙
T = twisting moment or torque
J = polar 2nd moment of area
𝜋𝐷 4 = for a solid shaft 32
𝜋 = (𝐷 4 − 𝑑4 ) for a hollow shaft where D = larger diameter & d = smaller diameter 32
𝜏 = stress at a radius, r from the longitudinal axis of the shaft
G = modulus of rigidity 𝜃 = angle of twist (in radians)
