N U M E R I C A L A N A L Y S I S ON

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FINNED

HEAT EXCHANGER USING PHASE CHANGE
MATERIAL
Sreyas KP Rajesh R Firoz N Muhammad Jamsheer KP
NSS College of Engineering
NSS College of NSS College of NSS College of Engineering
Mechanical Department
Engineering Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Mechanical Department
APJ Abdul Kalam
Department APJ Abdul Department APJ Abdul APJ Abdul Kalam
Technological University
Kalam Technological Kalam Technological Technological University
Palakkad,India
University Palakkad, India University Palakkad,India Palakkad,India
sreyaskp@gmail.com
rajeshvm9539@gmail.com firozn312@gmail.com Muhammedjamsheer5299gmail.com

Abstract-Heat Exchangers are vital for enhancing heat transfer in

particular, have shown to be effective in enhancing heat
various applications. Fins are used to increase the heat exchange
transfer between the PCM and the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in
surface area, improving thermal efficiency.This study
energy storage units. Compared to other heat transfer
investigates the melting process of Phase Change Material (PCM)
enhancement methods, fins offer superior thermal performance,
in finned heat exchangers of different configurations. Four fin
ease of installation, stable operation, and low maintenance
configurations are tested: Longitudinal fin (LF), Circular fin
(CF), Longitudinal perforated fin (LPF), and Circular perforated
requirements.
fin (CPF). Also varied the number of fins and pitch between fins
Researchers have extensively investigated the impact of fins on
in LPF and CPF respectively and checked for enhancement in the performance of LHTES systems. Studies have examined
thermal efficiency. There is an experimental investigation of the various fin configurations and their effects on the charging and
melting process of PCM in finned and its different configurations discharging processes of PCM-based heat exchangers. For
in shell and tube heat exchangers by research paper of Nabeel S. instance, longitudinal, radial, circular, perforated, and
Dhaidan, Ali F. Hassan et al 2023. The experimental setup was composite fins have been studied to understand their influence
constructed in ANSYS Software, and it was used to monitor the on thermal performance. Additionally, parameters such as fin
transient progress of the melting process. Configurations are number, height, thickness, arrangement, and geometry have
longitudinal fin (LF), circular fin (CF), longitudinal perforated been investigated to optimize the performance of PCM-based
fin (LPF), and circular perforated fin (CPF). The effect of inlet heat exchangers.
HTF temperatures of 80 °C is tested. The same fin/PCM volume Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to
ratio is considered for all finned heat exchangers, Fin dimensions evaluate the thermal behavior of finned heat exchangers under
of geometries are provided. different operating conditions. Results have shown that the
incorporation of fins significantly improves the overall thermal
I. INTRODUCTION performance of the storage units, reducing both charging and
discharging times. Moreover, studies have compared the
The growing global need for energy, driven by factors such as effectiveness of different fin configurations, such as solid fins
increasing population, changing lifestyles, and versus perforated fins, and have demonstrated the superiority of
industrialization, has led to a significant demand for energy perforated fins in terms of thermal performance.
resources. However, the depletion of conventional fossil fuel In this work, an experimental investigation of the thermal
reserves, coupled with issues like cost and environmental characteristics of various configurations of finned horizontal
pollution, has prompted a shift towards renewable energy shell-and-tube heat exchangers (HEs) is conducted using PCM.
sources. Despite this shift, the intermittent nature of renewable Four fin layouts are considered, including longitudinal (solid
energy sources poses a challenge due to the time lag between and perforated) fins and annular (solid and perforated) fins,
energy production and demand. To address this challenge, with the same fin/PCM volume ratio for all configurations. The
thermal energy storage (TES) systems have emerged as instantaneous melting behavior of PCM is studied under
crucial components of energy management systems. various operating conditions to assess the performance of the
Among various TES techniques, latent heat thermal energy different fin configurations.
storage (LHTES) using phase change materials (PCMs) has The experimental findings reveal that finned heat exchangers
gained significant attention for its ability to store and release consistently outperform their unfinned counterparts in terms of
large amounts of energy during phase transitions. PCMs have thermal performance. Furthermore, perforated finned heat
shown promise in energy conservation and thermal control, exchangers exhibit superior thermal characteristics compared to
particularly in renewable energy applications. However, one unperforated configurations. Among the studied configurations,
of the primary limitations of PCM-based systems is their low CPF stands out with the lowest melting time and the highest
thermal conductivity, resulting in slow charging and melting rate, followed by LPF, CF, and LF. Specifically, the
discharging rates, thus affecting system efficiency. study indicates that the use of CPF heat exchangers results in
To overcome this limitation, various heat transfer remarkable improvements, achieving maximum reductions in
enhancement techniques have been explored, including the melting time of 71.1%, 70.6%, and 70.2% compared to
use of fins, nanoparticles dispersion, and metal foams. Fins, in unfinned heat exchangers for inlet HTF temperature 80 ◦C.
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW (PCMs) such as pure NaNO3 and a NaNO3/expanded

Experimental investigation of thermal characteristics of

phase change material in finned heat exchangers
Author(s) -Nabeel S. Dhaidan , Ali F. Hassan (2023).
Experimental investigation of the melting process of PCM
in finned and unfinned heat exchangers is conducted. The
measurement system was used to monitor the transient
progress of the melting process. Four configurations of fins
of the same fin/PCM volume ratio are attached to the inner
tube. These configurations are longitudinal fin (LF), circular
fin (CF), longitudinal perforated fin (LPF), and circular
perforated fin (CPF).The experimental findings indicate that
the thermal performance of finned heat exchangers exceeds
that of unfinned heat exchangers. Also, the perforated
finned heat exchangers showed a higher thermal feature
than the unperforated ones. In addition, the CPF achieved
the lowest melting time and the highest melting rate,
followed by LPF, CF, and LF. The maximum reductions of
melting time are
71.1 %, 70.6 %, and 70.2 % due to using CPF Heat
Exchangers instead of UF Heat Exchangers.

Experimental and numerical studies on performance of

PCM- based heat sink with different configurations of
internal fins. Author(s)- Hosseinizadeh, F. Tan, S. Moosania
(2011)

This research presents comprehensive experimental and

numerical analyses of a phase change material (PCM)-based
heat sink for thermal management applications. A
comparative study was conducted between heat sinks with
and without the incorporation of PCM. The investigation
explored the influence of key parameters, including power
levels, number of fins, fin height, and fin thickness.
Results demonstrated a significant enhancement in overall
thermal performance with an increase in the number of fins
and fin height. Conversely,the impact of increasing fin
thickness exhibited only marginal improvements. An optimal
fin thickness was identified, beyond which no further
improvement in heat sink performance was observed.
Notably, the input power level directly influenced the PCM
melting rate, with higher power levels correlating to
increased melting rates influenced the PCM melting rate,
with higher power levels correlating to increased melting
rates. Throughout the experiments, heat conduction emerged
as the primary mode of heat transfer during the initial
melting stage. As the process advanced, free convection
played a progressively more crucial role in augmenting PCM
melting. This study contributes valuable insights into the
nuanced interplay of parameters influencing the thermal
performance of PCM-based heat sinks, offering practical
considerations for optimizing thermal management systems.

Analysis of HTFs ,PCMs and fins effects on the thermal

performance of shell–-tube thermal energy storage units
Author(s)-Zhuo Li, Zhi-Gen Wu (2015)”

This study examined PCM’s melting and solidification

behaviors enclosed in a longitudinal finned shell and tube
storage system. In the case of the finned device, the
charging and discharging operations may be sped up by
about 14 % compared to the device without the fins.
This study employs numerical simulations to investigate the
dynamic thermal performance of shell–tube TES units with
varying geometric configurations, phase change materials
graphite (EG) composite, and HTFs like synthetic oil and thermal storage unit (LHSU).Different configurations and
molten salts. The charging/discharging process emphasizes orientations, both
the conjugated heat transfer between the thermal storage
unit and the thermal carriage channel. The study assesses
the impact of extended fins, PCMs, and HTFs on heat
performance using total heat flux and effective Nusselt
numbers. Diagrams illustrating PCM phase evolution
elucidate the roles of heat conduction and natural
convection in influencing TES unit thermal behavior.
Nonuniform PCM phase distribution, attributed to natural
convection, prolongs the charging/discharging processes.
Results indicate that utilizing extended fins and the
composite can shorten both full melting and solidification
times by at least 14%, offering insights into the thermal
transport mechanism and optimizing TES system
operation.

Experimental investigation on thermal behavior of

paraffin in a vertical shell and spiral fin tube latent heat
thermal energy storage unit
Author(s)- Bohui Lu and Yongxue Zhang (2021)

This study presented an experimental study on the

performance of a thermal energy storage unit equipped
with a vertical spiral-finned multi-tube in a shell using
water as HTF and paraffin as PCM. Experimental findings
revealed that the inlet water temperature significantly
influenced both the charging and discharging processes. In
contrast, little effect of water flow rate was indicated.
Utilizing high thermal storage density in phase change
materials (PCMs), latent heat thermal energy storage
(LHTES) offers a promising solution to energy
supply-demand challenges, particularly in applications
like solar energy utilization and waste heat recovery. This
study investigates a LHTES unit with a vertical multitube
shell and spiral-finned tube, employing paraffin as PCM
and water as the heat transfer fluid (HTF). Differential
scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis characterizes the
thermophysical properties of the PCM. Experimental tests
under varied inlet temperatures and HTF flow rates reveal
insights into thermal charging and discharging
characteristics. Results demonstrate that natural convection
of melted paraffin significantly influences the phase-
change rate, with a temporary surge in intensity post-
melting completion. Increased inlet HTF temperature
and flow rate during charging enhance heat transfer,
reducing total charging time. In discharging, HTF flow rate
has a minimal impact due to increased thermal resistance
in the solidified PCM.

Numerical study and experimental validation of

orientation and configuration effects on melting in a
latent heat thermal storage unit.
Author(s)-Mustafa S. Mahdi a, Ahmed F. Hasan(2019)

The experimental investigation and numerical simulation

of a finned and non-finned concentric double-pipe thermal
energy storage unit of two orientations were introduced. It
was found that the fins enhanced the charging process by
about 50%. Moreover, the melting rate of the non-finned
tubes was higher in the horizontal orientation, while the
orientation little affected the melting process with finned
tubes.This study focuses on improving the efficiency of
solar power, particularly in facilitating daytime energy
storage for nighttime usage by investigating the melting
behavior of paraffin wax in a shell-and-tube latent heat
finned and non-finned, were examined through numerical uniformity. To address this issue, this study introduces non-
simulations and experimental measurements. The uniform fin patterns by varying fin pitch and positions.
simulations, validated against experimental data, Numerical models,
demonstrated excellent qualitative agreement, particularly
in capturing the shape and progress of the melting front.
The model also accurately predicted the temperature
evolution during the melting process, with a maximum
average discrepancy of 3.6%. Further exploration of various
configurations revealed that the addition of fins increased
the melting process efficiency by an average of 50%.
Additionally, non-finned tubes exhibited a superior melting
rate in the horizontal orientation compared to the vertical
orientation, while the orientation had only a minor impact
on the melting process with finned tubes.

Experimental evaluation of thermal performance of two

different finned latent heat storage systems.
Author(s)- yad K. Hassan and Jasim Abdulateef (2020)

This study conducted an experimental analysis to establish

the performance comparison of non finned, longitudinal
finned and circular finned configurations of shell and tube
heat exchangers. Utilizing longitudinal finned and circular
finned configurations decreased the charging time by 55 %
and 70 %, respectively.
To enhance the efficiency and acceptance of solar-based
thermal energy systems, effective thermal storage is crucial
for storing excess energy generated during daylight hours.
However, the low thermal conductivity of most phase
change materials (PCMs) used in thermal storage poses a
challenge. This study focuses on the impact of fin geometry
on the heat transfer rates of a shell-and-tube-type latent heat
storage unit (LHSU) during the charging process. Three
LHSU geometries are experimentally analyzed: non-finned
LHSU, longitudinal finned (LF) LHSU, and circular finned
(CF) LHSU. Visual observation of liquid fraction fronts is
employed to verify phase change cycle completion.
Experimental results reveal that CF-LHSU and LF-LHSU
reduce total charging time by up to 70% and 55%,
respectively. Compared to the non-finned LHSU, CF-LHSU
shows the highest cumulative energy storage enhancement,
approximately 52%. The comparative assessment indicates
that CF-LHSU outperforms LF-LHSU in charged thermal
load operations by a factor of 1.2.

Design of non-uniformly distributed annular fins for a shell-

and-tube thermal energy storage unit.
Author(s)-X. Yang, J. Guo, B. Yang, H. Cheng, P. Wei
(2020)

This study performed a validated computational model to

assess the thermal performance of a finned vertical shell-and
tube storage system. The fins were distributed in uniform
and non-uniform arrangements. It was indicated that a 62.8
% reduction in total melting duration and a 34.4 % decrease
in temperature difference was due to utilizing a non-uniform
fin distribution compared to a uniform fin distribution. In the
realm of solar energy storage, shell and tube latent heat
thermal energy storage systems stand out for their high
energy density, constant storage/releasing temperature,
structural feasibility, and cost-effectiveness. Despite the
effectiveness of fins in enhancing heat exchange, vertical
thermal energy storage units often exhibit uneven melting
behavior, impacting melting fraction and temperature
validated through experimental measurements, analyze the system by incorporating twisted fins in a paraffin wax PCM
impact on melting front evolution, temperature and enclosure. Finite Volume Method and the Enthalpy-Porosity
velocity distribution, melting rate, and temperature method are employed for simulating the melting process in
uniformity. The results reveal significant improvements, both vertical and horizontal orientations. The fins, featuring
with a 62.8% reduction in full melting time, a 34.4% constant heat transfer surfaces, exhibit single, double, triple,
decrease in average temperature difference in the phase and quadruple
change material region, and an 84.7% enhancement in
melting rate uniformity. This non- uniform fin design
offers a promising avenue for practical

Thermal performance investigation of concentric and

eccentric shell and tube heat exchangers with different fin
configurations containing phase change material
Author(s)-Vahid Safari and Hossein Abolghasemi(2021)

This research Assessed the combined impact of fin

configuration and tube eccentricity on the melting
behaviour of PCM inside the shell and tube heat
exchanger experimentally and computationally. It was
found that the melting time of the unfinned eccentric heat
exchanger was reduced by 54 % compared to the
concentric heat exchanger. Also, the thermal performance
associated with the bifurcated fin configuration exceeded
that of the straight fin one.
This study investigates the combined impact of fin
configuration and heat transfer tube eccentricity on the
melting behavior of phase change material (PCM) in a
shell and tube heat exchanger (HX). Utilizing both
concentric and eccentric tube configurations, along with
various fin arrangements, the experiment aimed to
maintain a constant total fin mass. Transparent Plexiglas
shells facilitated visual documentation of the melting
process, enabling analysis of solid-liquid interface
evolution.Experimental results revealed a 54% reduction
in melting time for the eccentric tube HX compared to the
concentric tube HX in unfinned cases. Among the
configurations, bifurcated fins consistently outperformed
straight fins. The most significant reduction in melting
time (85%) compared to the concentric unfinned tube HX
was achieved by the eccentric tube HX with a long upper
bifurcated fin and a short lower straight fin.Transient
numerical simulations, employing a control volume
approach for tube wall temperatures of 75, 85, and 95 °C,
indicated that bifurcations increased total heat transfer
rates, albeit with a decrease in convective heat transfer
coefficients. This study provides insights into optimizing
the design of PCM-based heat exchangers for enhanced
melting performance.

Effect of twisted fins on the melting performance of PCM

in a latent heat thermal energy storage system in vertical
and horizontal orientations: energy and exergy analysis.
Author(s)-Jialing Li a, Zuhair R. Abdulghani(2023)

This study Numerically analysed the energy and exergy

characteristics of paraffin wax melting in finned shell and
tube storage units of horizontal and vertical orientations.
The fins were presented in various configurations, single,
double, triple and quadruple. The predictions indicated that
the triple fin in vertical orientation and the double fin in
horizontal orientation achieved the best thermal
enhancement of 37.4 % and 30.5 % compared to the
unfinned case.
This study evaluates the performance enhancement of a
shell and tube latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES)
 configurations. A case study explores the impact of fin convection,
penetration inside the tube. Results, including melt fraction,
temperature, and velocity contours, as well as melt fraction
and temperature curves, average Nusselt number, and total
melting time, are presented for both orientations. Energy
analysis is conducted to assess optimizations, with energetic
efficiency highlighted. The study reveals that triple fins in
the vertical orientation and double fins in the horizontal
orientation significantly enhance PCM melting, showing a
11.2% and 10.7% reduction in melting time compared to the
worst finned case and a 37.4% and 30.5% enhancement over
the base case. Additionally, these configurations demonstrate
superior exergy efficiency.

Experimental evaluation of the effect of perforated spiral

fins on the thermal performance of latent heat storage units.

Author(s)- Fan He and Baowen Yan(2023)

This study evaluates Experimentally proved that the

perforated spiral fins achieved higher thermal performance
than the solid spiral fins configuration in the vertical heat
exchanger.The thermal efficiency and average heat flux
reached 63.4 % and 1370.7 W/m2 respectively, while the
average Nusselt number was 44.0 % higher than that of the
solid fin. For the same perforation area, fins with higher
diameter perforations achieve superior thermal properties
and stronger convective heat transfer.
Spiral fins are a popular choice for enhancing heat
exchange in latent heat storage units (LHSUs) due to their
effectiveness in addressing the low thermal conductivity of
Phase Change Material (PCM). However, the persistent
annular design of spiral fins can impede buoyancy-driven
natural convection. To mitigate this, perforation is explored
as a solution to facilitate natural convection. In this study,
the thermal properties of punctured spiral finned LHSUs
were experimentally investigated.
The experimental setup included three spiral finned
LHSUs, two of which were equipped with perforated spiral
fins featuring 16 mm and 12 mm perforation diameters.
The evaluation encompassed axial and radial temperature
distribution, heat transfer characteristics, and efficiency.
Results revealed a notable improvement in the thermal
performance of LHSUs with perforated spiral fins,
achieving higher heat benefits at reduced heat transfer
areas. The thermal efficiency and average heat flux reached
63.4% and 1370.7 W/m2, respectively, with the average
Nusselt number surpassing that of solid fins by 44.0%.
Notably, fins with larger diameter perforations
demonstrated superior thermal properties and enhanced
convective heat transfer, while those with smaller diameter
perforations continued to restrict natural convection.

III. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The design considerations regarding fins in the context of

thermal energy storage systems include the impact of fin
configuration, tube eccentricity, and fin geometry on the
melting behavior of phase change materials (PCM) inside
heat exchangers. The use of different fin arrangements, such
as longitudinal, annular, and composite fins, as well as the
presence of perforations in the fins, affects the thermal
performance of the system. Additionally, factors such as fin
volume ratio, fin length, and fin distribution influence the
melting rate and duration of the PCM. The design
considerations also involve the influence of natural
heat transmission rate, and the suppression of melt motion
by the fins, as well as the enhancement of heat transfer
through the increased surface area of the pathway materials.
This analysis set up involves following processes;
The first step in our computational investigation involved
the creation of a detailed 3D model of the finned heat
exchanger and its surroundings using ANSYS Design
Modeler as shown in fig1-7. This phase ensured an accurate
representation of the physical geometry, encompassing the
annular horizontal concentric double pipes and the specific
fin configurations (LF, CF, LPF, CPF).
The geometry creation process laid the foundation for
subsequent meshing and simulation. To facilitate a robust
numerical simulation, a high-quality computational mesh
was generated over the 3D geometry. The meshing process
was meticulously executed to capture the intricacies of the
heat exchanger and its components. Careful attention was
given to refining the mesh near critical areas, such as the fins
and fluid interfaces, to ensure accurate representation of the
flow and heat transfer phenomena.
Inlet and outlet conditions for the fluid were established,
delineating the parameters for the heat transfer fluid (HTF).
Additionally, wall boundary conditions were defined to
specify material properties and thermal characteristics. This
step played a pivotal role in replicating real-world conditions
within the virtual environment, enabling a comprehensive
analysis of heat exchange processes.
The solver setup phase encompassed crucial decisions
regarding turbulence modeling and numerical methods.
Selections were made based on the characteristics of the
flow and heat transfer in the finned heat exchanger. The
chosen turbulence model and numerical methods were
tailored to achieve accurate and efficient solutions.
The solution phase involved solving the governing equations
governing fluid flow, heat transfer, and turbulence. The
simulation process considered the defined boundary
conditions and provided insights into the dynamic behavior
of the PCM melting process within the finned heat
exchanger.
PCM

OUTLET

INLET HTF

Fig.1 Longitudinal Fin (LF)

Fig.2 Circular Fin (CF)- Outer View

Fig.3 Circular Fin (CF)

Fig.7 CPF with p=20 mm

VI. RESULT ANALYSIS

The experimental results reveal significant differences in the

melting characteristics of paraffin PCM for different fin
configurations. The temperature distribution within the heat
exchanger system shows distinct patterns finned
systems.The influence of inlet HTF temperature (THTF) on
temperature distribution is significant, with higher THTF
accelerating the melting process and initiating the influence
of natural convection early, thus reducing the time required
Fig.4 Longitudinal Perforated Fin (LPF) to reach steady-state conditions.The addition of fins in the
heat exchanger systems enhances heat transfer by providing
thermal pathways and increasing the contact surface area
between the PCM and extended surfaces. However, the
presence of fins suppresses natural convection currents,
although perforated fins (LPF and CPF) assist in the
movement of liquid melt, thereby increasing the heat
transmission rate.
Contour representations of the melting process in fig.8
confirm that finned heat exchangers exhibit faster melting
rates compared to unfinned ones. Moreover, perforated fin
configurations (LPF and CPF) demonstrate higher melting
rates than traditional fin configurations (LF and CF), owing
to the enhanced surface area and improved heat transfer
facilitated by the presence of perforations.The time-variation
of the melt fraction of PCM further highlights the
differences between fin configurations. Initially, the melting
rate is higher for all configurations due to dominant
conduction. However, as natural convection develops, the
Fig.5 Circular Perforated Fin (CPF)
influence of HTF temperature becomes more pronounced,
resulting in increased melting rates and reduced melting
times.The efficiency of each fin configuration can be
assessed based on the time required for complete melting
and the percentage reduction in melting time compared to
the unfinned system. Table 5 presents these values for
different inlet temperatures of HTF.In numerical terms, the
circular perforated fin (CPF) configuration demonstrates the
highest efficiency, with the fastest melting rate and the
shortest time required for complete melting. The LPF
configuration follows closely, showing slightly slower
melting rates than CPF. Both CPF and LPF configurations
outperform traditional fin configurations (LF and CF) in
terms of melting efficiency.
Fig.6 CPF with n=10 Therefore, based on the experimental results, the circular
perforated fin (CPF) configuration appears to be the most
efficient in enhancing heat transfer and reducing melting
times in PCM-based heat exchangers.
 V. CONCLUSION

The Analysis of thermal characteristics of PCM melting in

LF finned annular heat exchangers has provided valuable
insights into the effectiveness of different fin configurations
in enhancing heat transfer. four configurations of heat
exchangers were considered, including longitudinal finned
(LF), circular finned (CF), longitudinal perforated finned
(LPF), and circular perforated finned (CPF) heat exchangers.
LPF The findings indicate that the melting rate of finned heat
exchangers is significantly higher than that of unfinned heat
exchangers. This increase in melting rate is particularly
pronounced in the initial periods of melting, where
conduction dominates the process. Subsequently, as natural
CF convection develops, the melting rate declines, but the
presence of fins compensates for this decline.
Among the various fin configurations, the CPF heat
exchanger exhibits the highest melting rate, followed by
LPF, CF, and LF heat exchangers. The maximum reductions
in melting time are observed for the CPF heat exchanger,
CPF with melting of 26.5%, 46.3%, and 64.4% compared to the
other finned heat exchangers for inlet HTF temperatures of
and 80°C.
The perforated configuration of fins proves to be particularly
effective in enhancing the melting characteristics of PCM
LPF compared to unperforated configurations. The presence of
perforations assists in the movement of natural convection
n=10 currents. thereby reducing the melting time. Additionally,
perforated fins offer ease of construction, making them a
practical choice for various designs and geometries of latent
heat thermal energy storage systems.
CPF
P=20 mm In conclusion, the experimental results suggest that the use
of perforated fin configurations can significantly improve
the performance of PCM-based heat exchangers by
enhancing heat transfer and reducing melting times.
Fig 8 Liquid Fraction Contours Of various Configurations
Therefore, it is recommended to utilize perforated fin
configurations in the design of latent heat thermal energy
LIQUID storage systems to achieve optimal thermal performance.
FRACTION
CONFIGURATION CORRESPONDING
TO TIME (S) I. REFERENCES

100 500 1000

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Circular Fin
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Longitudinal Appl Therm .Eng.31 (17-18) (2011)
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