Comparative Analysis of Arbitration and Litigation in Real Estate Matters

Introduction

Real estate disputes hold significant importance due to the substantial financial investments
involved, the complexity of property rights, and the emotional attachments individuals often
have to real property. These disputes can arise from various issues such as breaches of contract,
boundary disputes, landlord-tenant conflicts, zoning issues, or disagreements over property
ownership.

In arbitration, parties argue their case before an impartial third party (the arbitrator), who renders
a legally binding ruling. The effectiveness, adaptability, and secrecy of arbitration are its
benefits. Compared to traditional litigation, it can be a quicker and less expensive choice because
there are usually fewer procedural requirements. Parties also have considerable authority over
the arbitration procedure, including choosing the arbiter and creating the procedural guidelines.
The drawback is that, save from rare exceptions, arbitration rulings are final and cannot often be
challenged.

Dispute resolution through the legal system is known as litigation. It gives parties a structured
procedure wherein they can submit evidence, present arguments, and have a judge or jury decide
their case. In addition to offering the chance for thorough discovery, which can turn up important
evidence, litigation gives a systematic framework for settling complicated conflicts. In contrast
to arbitration, litigation is typically more costly, time-consuming, and confrontational.
Additionally, it does not provide the anonymity and privacy that arbitration can. The settlement
process may also take longer if a court ruling is appealable1.

The choice between arbitration and litigation often depends on factors such as the nature of the
dispute, the preferences of the parties involved, and the desired outcome. Some contracts may
include arbitration clauses mandating that disputes be resolved through arbitration, while others
may allow for litigation. Ultimately, both arbitration and litigation play essential roles in

1
https://law.uc.edu/education/areasofstudy/litigation-alternative-dispute-resolution.html#:~:text=Litigation%20is
%20generally%20thought%20of,information%2C%20courtroom%20trial%20and%20appeal.
resolving real estate disputes and ensuring that parties have access to fair and effective
mechanisms for resolving their conflicts.

Real estate matters encompass legal issues and disputes related to property, land, and buildings.
This can include a wide range of issues such as property sales and purchases, lease agreements,
landlord-tenant disputes, zoning and land use regulations, boundary disputes, construction
defects, property management, and homeowners' association matters. Real estate matters are
governed by a combination of state and local laws, as well as contractual agreements between
parties involved in real estate transactions.

These terms are fundamental in understanding how disputes in the realm of real estate are
resolved and the legal processes involved in such matters.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Investigation on Dispute Resolution

Due to the uncertainty surrounding litigation as a dispute resolution strategy, people having
transactions within the built environment do seek other means by which their disputes can be
resolved. The complexity of real estate investment and the inevitable interactions between
customers, clients and organizations that cut across real estate value chain sometimes result in
disputes. These disputes according to Okpaleke et al. (2014), if not well managed, real estate
investment associated returns and overall multiplier benefits to the economy will be hampered.
Lebovits and Hidalgo (2009) reiterate that anyone who has leased or purchased real estate can
appreciate the potential for dispute and understand the need for parties to be protected against
costly and time-consuming litigation.

Oladokun and Aluko (2014) in a study on dispute resolution in corporate multi-tenanted

property management using Lagos State, Nigeria as a case study concluded that while the
dispute resolution strategies that are available to explore include arbitration, mediation,
conciliation and litigation, the arbitration process is the most widely employed. Wahab and
Odetokun (2014) in examining the indigenous strategies to housing-induced domestic conflict
among residents found out that the indigenous dispute resolution is very appropriate within the
traditional community. Okpaleke et al. (2014) conducted a study on mitigating the risk impact of
disputes on real estate business and investment in Lagos. The study focused on how ADR could
be adopted to reduce the dispute impact. It was discovered that the dispute resolved through
litigation created uncertainty in the decision, losses in investment and destruction of the business
relationship. The study, therefore, advocated for the adoption of ADR in all business transaction
due to its unique benefits.

Olapade et al. (2018) conducted a study on the recovery of residential premises through the
adoption of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques in Lagos State. The study
investigated the effectiveness of ADR as a means of evicting disputant tenants in a property.
Case study approach was adopted by the researcher. Findings from the study showed that ADR is
a very effective means of dealing with disputant tenant in the property although there are
challenges in its application. The study further showed the most effective dispute resolution
strategies in the study area are mediation and negotiation as they often enable ejection of tenants
within three months compared to litigation which is characterized by delay, increased cost and
creeping formalism.2

Arbitration in Real Estate Matters

2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
342039275_Dispute_Resolution_in_Real_Estate_Transactions_Examining_Factors_Determining
_the_Selection_of_Strategies_Used
Overview of the arbitration process in real estate disputes.

The arbitration process in real estate disputes follows a structured framework designed to
efficiently resolve conflicts outside of traditional court litigation. Here's an overview of the
typical steps involved:

Agreement to Arbitrate: The arbitration process begins with an agreement between the parties to
resolve their dispute through arbitration. This agreement may be included in a contract, such as a
purchase agreement, lease agreement, or construction contract, or it may be entered into
separately after a dispute arises. The agreement typically outlines the scope of the arbitration, the
selection of arbitrators, the governing rules and procedures, and other relevant terms.

Selection of Arbitrators: Once the parties have agreed to arbitration, they must select one or more
arbitrators to hear the dispute. Arbitrators are usually chosen based on their expertise in real
estate law and industry practices. Depending on the agreement between the parties, the arbitrator
may be a single individual or a panel of arbitrators. Parties may select arbitrators through mutual
agreement, or they may use an arbitration service provider to appoint arbitrators on their behalf.

Pleadings and Preliminary Matters: The arbitration process typically begins with the submission
of pleadings by the parties outlining their respective positions and arguments. This may include
statements of claim and defense, as well as any counterclaims or cross-claims. The arbitrator
may also address preliminary matters such as jurisdictional issues, procedural rules, and the
scheduling of hearings.

Discovery: Discovery in arbitration allows parties to exchange relevant information and evidence
related to the dispute. This may include documents, witness statements, expert reports, and other
materials. The scope and procedures for discovery are usually defined in the arbitration
agreement or by the arbitrator. Arbitrators may adopt streamlined discovery procedures to
promote efficiency and avoid unnecessary delays.

Hearings and Evidence Presentation: Arbitration hearings provide an opportunity for parties to
present their case orally and introduce evidence supporting their arguments. Hearings are
typically less formal than court proceedings but still follow established procedures for witness
testimony, cross-examination, and presentation of exhibits. The arbitrator(s) preside over the
hearings, ensuring that proceedings are conducted fairly and efficiently.
Arbitration Award: After considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties, the
arbitrator(s) issue an arbitration award resolving the dispute. The award may include findings of
fact, conclusions of law, and a decision on the merits of the case. Arbitration awards are
generally final and binding on the parties, meaning that they cannot be appealed except in limited
circumstances, such as fraud or misconduct.

Enforcement of Award: Once an arbitration award is issued, parties are typically required to
comply with its terms. If a party fails to comply voluntarily, the prevailing party may seek
enforcement of the award through the courts. Arbitration awards are generally enforceable under
national and international arbitration laws, and courts have mechanisms for confirming and
enforcing arbitration awards.

Overall, the arbitration process in real estate disputes offers parties a flexible and efficient means
of resolving conflicts outside of traditional court litigation. By selecting arbitrators with relevant
expertise and customizing procedures to fit the specific needs of the dispute, parties can achieve
a fair and expedient resolution to their real estate-related conflicts.

Litigation in Real Estate Matters

Overview of the litigation process in real estate disputes

The litigation process in real estate disputes involves a series of formal legal proceedings
conducted in court to resolve conflicts between parties. Here's an overview of the typical steps
involved:

Filing the Complaint: The litigation process begins when one party, known as the plaintiff, files a
complaint with the appropriate court. The complaint outlines the plaintiff's claims against the
defendant(s), including the facts of the case, legal theories, and the relief sought.

Service of Process: After the complaint is filed, the plaintiff must serve a copy of the complaint
and a summons on the defendant(s). Service of process notifies the defendant(s) of the lawsuit
and informs them of their right to respond to the allegations within a specified timeframe.

Response to the Complaint: Upon receiving the complaint, the defendant(s) must file a response,
known as an answer, within a prescribed period. The answer addresses each of the plaintiff's
allegations and may assert affirmative defenses, counterclaims, or cross-claims against the
plaintiff or other parties involved.

Discovery: Discovery is the process by which parties exchange information and evidence
relevant to the dispute. This may include documents, witness statements, expert reports, and
other materials. Discovery methods may include interrogatories (written questions), requests for
production of documents, depositions (oral testimony under oath), and requests for admissions.

Pre-trial Motions: Before trial, parties may file various pre-trial motions seeking to resolve legal
issues or narrow the scope of the litigation. Common pre-trial motions include motions to
dismiss, motions for summary judgment, and motions in limine to exclude certain evidence or
testimony at trial.

Trial: If the case proceeds to trial, both parties present their arguments, evidence, and witnesses
before a judge or jury. The trial follows a formalized process, including opening statements,
presentation of evidence, witness testimony, cross-examination, closing arguments, and jury
instructions (if applicable).

Judgment: After considering the evidence and legal arguments presented at trial, the judge or
jury issues a judgment determining the outcome of the case. The judgment may include findings
of fact, conclusions of law, and an order for relief, such as monetary damages, injunctions, or
specific performance.

Appeals: Parties dissatisfied with the trial court's decision may have the right to appeal to a
higher court. Appellate review focuses on errors of law or legal procedure rather than re-
litigating the facts of the case. Appellate courts may affirm, reverse, or remand the trial court's
decision based on their review of the record.

Enforcement of Judgment: If the judgment is in favor of the plaintiff, they may take steps to
enforce the judgment against the defendant(s) to obtain the relief awarded by the court. This may
involve garnishment of wages, seizure of assets, or other legal remedies to satisfy the judgment.

Overall, the litigation process in real estate disputes is a formalized and adversarial procedure
designed to resolve conflicts between parties through the court system. While litigation offers a
structured framework for resolving disputes, it can be time-consuming, costly, and emotionally
draining for parties involved.

Comparative Analysis
Arbitration

In simple terms, arbitration is the out-of-court resolution of a disagreement between two

commercial parties decided by an impartial third party, the arbitrator. By TV standards,
arbitration may seem like the less-sexy cousin of litigation. No judge, no jury, no courtroom. But
its faster resolution, lower cost, and binding decision often make arbitration the preferred choice
for your small business clients.

Arbitration provisions are often written into commercial contracts, stating that in the event of a
conflict, the parties will use arbitration to resolve their issue. These clauses can be clear-cut: both
parties pledge that they will resolve disputes in front of an arbitrator and follow its rules. More
robust clauses include bespoke rules that define the time frame, types of damages to be awarded,
limits on discovery, and appellate rights. The American Arbitration Association provides
sample clauses you can adjust and add to your clients’ contracts.

Speed

Once the parties decide to go to arbitration, the process moves swiftly. This is one of the key
benefits of arbitration vs litigation. A dispute is filed with an arbitration body, the parties
mutually decide on an arbitrator, and the hearing can begin. While there’s a possibility of a
summary judgment, a hearing is usually held.

Speed to resolution is a prime reason some small businesses build arbitration into their contracts.
American Bar Association research suggests that average arbitration cases take about seven
months, while average litigation can take from 23 – 30 months depending on the court schedule.

Costs

Your clients are continually looking for ways to save money. When cost is a factor in arbitration
vs litigation, arbitration wins. Arbitration means limited discovery and the lack of pre-trial
depositions, documentation authentication, and the qualification of experts. Your experience and
knowledge of the arbitration process can help set you apart from the competition and keep you
top of mind when your client enters into a dispute.
Convenience/Cooperation

Because arbitration is not held in front of a judge in a courtroom, the process can be simpler and
more convenient for the parties involved. The hearing is held in a private location, so wrangling
a court calendar is not an issue. And because jurisdiction doesn’t apply, location can be a simpler
logistical component of the process. An arbitrator is assigned, often from a mutually agreed upon
arbitration group.

Since the parties in arbitration are often business associates, maintaining a cooperative
atmosphere is important. The parties are encouraged to actively participate in the resolution, and
sometimes help structure the decision itself. Unlike litigation, the arbitration process fosters a
more amicable agreement with less anguish and hostility. If the two parties want to continue to
do business together, the many complicating factors of litigation can make it uncomfortable to do
so.

Privacy

A clear benefit of arbitration is that the hearing takes place privately. There’s no public court
record filed. This helps your small business clients protect their trade secrets or other intellectual
property that may be foundational to their businesses. No third parties (including press or
competitors) are allowed in the hearing. But while privacy is a component of
arbitration, confidentiality is not guaranteed. Confidentiality is determined by the laws at the
location of the arbitration and the rules outlined in the business contract.

Binding decisions

An arbitrator’s decision can be generally enforced in any US court. While a binding decision
helps both parties move forward, if your client feels they didn’t get an adequate resolution,
there’s little they can do. Without showing bias or fraud on the part of the arbitrator, their
decision is generally considered final.

Litigation
With all the factors pointing toward arbitration as the best dispute resolution option for small
businesses, why do parties still go to court? Who wins in the arbitration vs litigation question
when litigation is the answer?

If one of the parties is unwilling to go to arbitration, or if it has not been written into the contract,
litigation is the solution. It is a centuries-old resolution method: it’s in a courtroom, in front of a
judge, and possibly a jury. It can be acrimonious, intrusive, and expensive, but it’s an effective
way to end a dispute.

Appeal

The primary comparative benefit of litigation is that the decision can be challenged in an
appellate review. In arbitration, the decision is generally binding and the parties have little
recourse to challenge a judgment; in litigation, there are multiple levels of appeal (which can be
both a reassurance and a cost-prohibitive provision.)

Most often litigation settles without going to trial. It’s sometimes said that a bad settlement is
better than a good lawsuit. Since you can’t guarantee your client a litigation outcome, settling a
case may be the best and most efficient way to resolve the dispute.

Arbitration vs. Litigation Summary

In arbitration vs. litigation, neither option is a pleasant endeavor. It is a conflict, after all, that
brought the parties to a point of formal resolution. But having no way to decide a disagreement is
worse.3 Your clients deserve the most thoughtful, effective way to resolve their business
disputes, and you can provide the insight to guide them through the process.

 Speed to Resolution: Months; as soon as an arbitrator is selected. Litigation: Years;

dependent on discovery and court schedule.

 Cost: Comparatively moderate: location fees, arbitrator’s fees, attorneys’

fees. Litigation: Expensive: court costs and extensive attorneys’ fees.

 Privacy: Between the two parties. Litigation: In a public courtroom

 Atmosphere: Comparatively cooperative. Litigation: Antagonistic

 Recourse: Decisions are binding. Litigation: Open to levels of appellate review.4

Arbitration & Litigation (Empirical Evidences)

While there is extensive anecdotal evidence and case studies comparing arbitration and litigation
outcomes, empirical research directly comparing the two methods in real estate disputes is
relatively limited. However, I can provide an overview of some studies and examples that
highlight differences in outcomes between arbitration and litigation in other contexts:

Cost and Efficiency: A study published in the Journal of Empirical Legal Studies in 2011
analyzed data from the American Arbitration Association (AAA) and found that arbitration tends
to be faster and more cost-effective than litigation in resolving commercial disputes. The study
found that arbitration cases took significantly less time to reach resolution compared to litigation,
with lower average costs for both parties.

3
Park, William W. Arbitration in International Trade (Oxford University Press, 2012)
4
https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/blog/arbitration-vs-litigation-the-differences/
An analysis of construction disputes published in the Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute
Resolution in 2018 found that arbitration resulted in shorter timeframes for resolution compared
to litigation. The study also reported lower overall costs associated with arbitration, including
legal fees, expert witness fees, and administrative expenses.

Enforceability and Finality: A study conducted by researchers at Stanford Law School in 2016
examined enforcement rates of arbitration awards compared to court judgments in international
commercial disputes. The study found that arbitration awards were enforced in a higher
percentage of cases compared to court judgments, suggesting that arbitration may offer greater
enforceability and finality of decisions.

An analysis of securities arbitration cases published by the Financial Industry Regulatory

Authority (FINRA) found that arbitration awards were more likely to be final and less likely to
be appealed compared to court judgments. The study attributed this difference to the limited
grounds for appeal in arbitration and the finality of arbitration awards.

While these studies provide valuable insights into the differences between arbitration and
litigation outcomes in various contexts, it's essential to recognize that outcomes may vary
depending on the specific characteristics of the disputes, the parties involved, and the arbitration
or litigation processes employed. Additionally, empirical research specifically focusing on real
estate disputes is relatively limited, highlighting the need for further study in this area.

Case Studies

1. Indian Oil Corporation Vs. SPS Engineering Ltd.

(JT) 2011 (2) Supreme Court 553.

This judgment defines the jurisdiction of the Court and the Arbitrator by holding as to which
forum has what powers. It has been held as under:-

“The issues (first category) which the Chief Justice/his designate will have to decide are:-
(a) Whether the party making the application has approached the appropriate High Court?

(b) Whether there is an arbitration agreement and whether the party who has applied under
Section 11 of the Act, is a party to such an agreement?

Service of statutory notice to the respondent is mandatory for invoking the jurisdiction of the
court for appointment of an arbitrator. If the notice is not shown to have been served, the petition
is not maintainable.

The issues (second category) which the Chief Justice/his designate may choose to decide (or
leave them to the decision of the Arbitral Tribunal) are:

(a) Whether the claim is a dead (long barred) claim or a live claim? (b)Whether the parties have
concluded the contract/transaction by recording satisfaction of their mutual rights and obligation
or by receiving the final payment without objection?

22.3. The issues (third category) which the Chief Justice/his designate should leave exclusively
to the Arbitral Tribunal are:

(i) Whether a claim made falls within the arbitration clause (as for example, a matter which is
reserved for final decision of a departmental authority and exempted or excluded from
arbitration?

(ii) Merits or any claim involved in the arbitration”.

2. P.R. Shah Shares & Stock Brokers Vs. B.H.H. Securities Pvt. Ltd.

2012 (1) Supreme Court Cases 594.

This case deals with the scope of interference by the Courts and it has been held that a court
does not sit in appeal over the award of an Arbitral Tribunal by reassessing or re-appreciating the
evidence. An award can be challenged only under the grounds mentioned in Section 34 (2) of the
Act. However if there is total lack of evidence, the award is liable to be set aside. 5

5
https://legalexpertsindia.net/arbitration-cases-study-some-of-the-important-judgments-under-
the-arbitration-conciliation-act-1996/
 Implications for Practice & Policy

Implication of Comparative Analysis

The comparative analysis of arbitration and litigation outcomes has several implications for real
estate practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders:

Decision-Making for Dispute Resolution Methods: Real estate practitioners, including attorneys,
developers, investors, and property managers, should carefully consider the advantages and
disadvantages of arbitration and litigation when advising clients on dispute resolution strategies.
Understanding the potential outcomes, costs, and procedural differences between arbitration and
litigation can help practitioners make informed recommendations tailored to their clients' specific
needs and circumstances.

Contractual Agreements and Arbitration Clauses: Policymakers and stakeholders involved in

drafting real estate contracts and agreements should consider including arbitration clauses as a
means of resolving disputes. Based on the comparative analysis, arbitration clauses can offer
advantages such as speed, confidentiality, and enforceability, which may be particularly
beneficial in real estate transactions involving complex or sensitive issues.

Policy Development and Regulation: Policymakers responsible for overseeing dispute resolution
mechanisms, such as courts, arbitration institutions, and regulatory agencies, should consider the
implications of the comparative analysis when developing policies and regulations related to real
estate disputes. This may include promoting the use of arbitration as an alternative to litigation,
ensuring the fairness and integrity of arbitration processes, and enhancing enforcement
mechanisms for arbitration awards.

Stakeholder Education and Awareness: Stakeholders involved in real estate transactions,

including buyers, sellers, landlords, tenants, and homeowners' associations, should be educated
about the differences between arbitration and litigation and their potential implications for
dispute resolution. Providing stakeholders with information and resources on the benefits and
drawbacks of each method can empower them to make informed decisions and mitigate risks
associated with real estate disputes.
Research and Data Collection: Further research and data collection are needed to better
understand the comparative outcomes of arbitration and litigation in real estate disputes.
Policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders should support empirical studies and case analyses
focused specifically on real estate disputes to enhance our understanding of the effectiveness,
efficiency, and fairness of different dispute resolution methods in this context.

The comparative analysis of arbitration and litigation outcomes has important implications for
real estate practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders. By considering the advantages and
disadvantages of each method and tailoring dispute resolution strategies accordingly,
stakeholders can enhance the efficiency, fairness, and effectiveness of resolving real estate
disputes.
 Conclusion

In conclusion, the comparative analysis of arbitration and litigation in real estate matters
highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each dispute resolution method. While both
arbitration and litigation offer distinct advantages and disadvantages, understanding the
differences between the two is crucial for parties involved in real estate transactions, as well as
policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders in the industry.

Arbitration offers benefits such as confidentiality, flexibility, expertise of arbitrators, and

potentially lower costs and quicker resolution times. These advantages can be particularly
advantageous in real estate disputes, where confidentiality, efficiency, and specialized
knowledge are often paramount. Additionally, arbitration allows parties to tailor the dispute
resolution process to their specific needs and preferences, enhancing the likelihood of a
satisfactory outcome.

On the other hand, litigation provides procedural protections, appellate review, and the
enforcement power of the court system. While litigation may be more formal and time-
consuming than arbitration, it offers a robust legal framework for resolving disputes and ensures
that decisions are subject to judicial scrutiny and oversight.

Ultimately, the choice between arbitration and litigation in real estate matters depends on various
factors, including the nature of the dispute, the preferences of the parties involved, and the
desired outcome. Parties should carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each
method and consider their specific needs and circumstances when selecting a dispute resolution
strategy.

Moving forward, continued research, education, and collaboration among stakeholders are
essential for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of dispute resolution mechanisms in real
estate matters. By promoting transparency, accessibility, and fairness in arbitration and litigation
processes, stakeholders can contribute to a more stable, predictable, and resilient real estate
industry.
RECOMMENDATIONS

To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of dispute resolution mechanisms in real estate
matters, stakeholders can consider implementing the following recommendations:

Promote Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Methods: Encourage the use of alternative
dispute resolution methods, such as arbitration, mediation, and negotiation, as alternatives to
traditional litigation. ADR methods can offer faster, more cost-effective, and less adversarial
means of resolving real estate disputes, thereby reducing case backlog in courts and minimizing
legal costs for parties involved.

Enhance Access to Information and Resources: Provide stakeholders with access to information,
resources, and education on dispute resolution options available in real estate transactions. This
may include training programs, informational materials, and online resources that help parties
understand their rights, responsibilities, and options for resolving disputes outside of court.

Standardize Arbitration Clauses: Encourage the adoption of standardized arbitration clauses in

real estate contracts and agreements to streamline dispute resolution processes. Standardized
clauses can help parties avoid disputes over arbitration terms and procedures, thereby expediting
resolution and reducing costs associated with arbitration.

Invest in Training and Accreditation for Arbitrators and Mediators: Enhance the quality and
expertise of arbitrators and mediators involved in real estate disputes by investing in training
programs, accreditation standards, and continuing education opportunities. Well-trained and
qualified arbitrators and mediators can facilitate fair, efficient, and informed resolution of real
estate disputes, thereby enhancing trust and confidence in the arbitration process.

Implement Technology Solutions: Leverage technology solutions, such as online dispute

resolution platforms, electronic filing systems, and virtual hearings, to streamline dispute
resolution processes and increase accessibility for parties involved. Technology can facilitate
remote participation, document management, and communication, reducing administrative
burdens and expediting resolution.
Strengthen Enforcement Mechanisms: Enhance enforcement mechanisms for arbitration awards
and mediated settlements to ensure compliance and deter non-compliance by parties. This may
include strengthening legal frameworks, improving coordination between arbitration institutions
and courts, and providing effective remedies for enforcing awards and settlements.

Facilitate Collaboration and Cooperation: Promote collaboration and cooperation among

stakeholders involved in real estate transactions, including buyers, sellers, landlords, tenants, and
industry professionals. Encouraging open communication, constructive dialogue, and early
intervention can help prevent disputes from escalating and facilitate timely resolution when
conflicts arise.

By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can work together to improve the

effectiveness and efficiency of dispute resolution mechanisms in real estate matters, ultimately
enhancing trust, confidence, and stability in the real estate industry.

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Perspective (Kolkata: Eastern Law House Pvt Ltd, 2011).
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Transactions (New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer, 2018).
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Law (New Delhi: LexisNexis, 2020).
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in India: Arbitration versus Litigation (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012).
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(Hyderabad: SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2017).
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