TLRF Problem

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UNIT 1a syE
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Solved Anna University Problems
asy
(NOV/DEC 2010 - NOV/DEC 2019)
En
EC8651-Transmission Lines and RF gin
Systems eer
UNIT 1 - TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY i ng.
net

UNIT 1 - TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

PROBLEMS
1. Find the characteristic impedance of a line at 1600Hz if Z OC = 750∠-30° Ω

and Z SC = 600∠-20° Ω. [EC6503-NOV/DEC 2019](2 Marks), [EC6503-
NOV/DEC 2016](2 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2019](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: f= 1600 Hz, Z OC = 750∠-30° Ω, Z SC = 600∠-20° Ω
Z O = Z OC × Z SC
Z O = 750 ∠ − 30  × 600 ∠ − 20 
ww
Z O = 670.82 ∠-25° Ω
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
w.E
2. The following measurement are made on a 25km line at a frequency of 796
Hz. Z SC = 3220∠-79.29° Ω, Z OC = 1301∠76.67° Ω. Determine the primary
asy
constants of the line. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2014](10 Marks)
Solution:
En
Given: l=25Km, f=796Km, Z SC = 3220∠-79.29° Ω, Z OC = 1301∠76.67° Ω
Z O = Z OC × Z SC
gin
Z o = 1301 ∠76.67  × 3220 ∠ − 79.29 
eer
Z O = 2046.76 ∠-1.31°
tanh γ =
Z SC i ng.
tanh γ =
Z OC
3220∠ − 79.29 
net
1301∠76.67 
e 2γ − 1
tanh γ = = 1.5732 ∠ − 77.98 
2γ
e +1
e 2γ − 1
= 0.3276 − j1.5387
e 2γ + 1
(
e 2γ − 1 = (0.3276 − j1.5387 ) e 2γ + 1 )
e 2γ − 1 = 0.3276 × e 2γ + 0.3276 − j1.5387 × e 2γ − j1.5387
e 2γ [1 − 0.3276 + j1.5387] = 1 + 0.3276 − j1.5387
e 2γ [0.6724 + j1.5387] = 1.3276 − j1.5387

1.3276 − j1.5387
e 2γ =
0.6724 + j1.5387
e 2γ = − 0.5231 − j1.0914 = 1.2103∠ − 115.61
[ ]
2γ = ln 1.2103∠ − 115.61
γ = ln[1.2103∠ − 115.61 ]
1 
2
Mathematically, ln[a∠b] = ln a+j b
γ=
1
2
[
ln(1.2103) + j − 115.61 ]
1  − 115.61 
α + jβ = ln 1.2103 + j 
2  2 
 
ww
α=
1
2
ln 1.2103 = 0.0954 Nepers / Km
α = 0.0954 Np/Km
 − 115.61
β= 
w.E 
 = −57.81 / Km = 1.009 rad / Km

 2
β = 1.009 rad/Km


asy
γ=α+jβ = 0.0954+j1.009 = 1.0135∠84.599° En
gin
To find Primary Constants:
R+jωL = Z o P = 2046.76 ∠-1.31°x 1.0135∠84.599° eer
= 242.42+j2060.18
Comparing real and imaginary terms,
i ng.
R = 242.42 ohms/Km
ωL = 2060.18
net
2060.18
L= = 0.41213 H / Km
4998.88
L=0.41213 H/Km
Similarly,
P 1.0135∠84.599 
G + jωC = =
Z o 2046.76∠ − 1.31
G + jωC = 3.533 × 10 −5 + j4.939 × 10 −4

G = 3.533x10-5 mho/Km
ωC = 2.3365x10-5

4.939 × 10 −4
C= = 98.8 nF / Km
4998.88
C = 98.8 nF/Km
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. A transmission line has Z o = 745∠-12° Ω and is terminated in Z R =100Ω.
Calculate reflection factor. [EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o = 745∠-12° Ω, Z R =100Ω
2 ZR ZO 
Reflection Factor, k =  
 Z R + Z O 
 2 100 × 745∠ − 12  
ww
Reflection Factor, k = 
 100 + 745∠ − 12



w.E  545.894 ∠ − 6  
Reflection Factor, k =   
 843.07∠ − 10.587 
asy
Reflection Factor = 0.6475∠4.587°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
En
4. A transmission line has Z o = 745∠-12° Ω and is terminated in Z R =100Ω.
gin
Calculate reflection loss in dB. [EC2305-APR/MAY 2011](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o = 745∠-12° Ω, Z R =100Ω eer
 1 
Reflection loss in dB = 20 log   dB
| k | i ng.
2 ZR ZO
Reflection Factor, k = 
 Z R + Z O



net
 2 100 × 745∠ − 12  
Reflection Factor, k =  
 100 + 745∠ − 12


 545.894 ∠ − 6  
Reflection Factor, k =   
 843.07∠ − 10.587 
Reflection Factor = 0.6475∠4.587°
 1 
Reflection loss in dB = 20 log   dB
 0.6475 
Reflection loss in dB = 3.7752 dB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 400 Ω and is

terminated by a load impedance of (650-j475) Ω. Determine the reflection
coefficient. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 400 Ω, Z R = (650-j475) Ω
Z − Z O (650 − j 475 ) − 400 250 − j475
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (650 − j 475 ) + 400 1050 − j475
K = 0.3675 − j0.2861 = 0.4658∠ − 37.9 
K = 0.4658∠-37.9°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 600 Ω. Determine
ww
magnitude of reflection coefficient if the receiving end impedance is (650-j475)
Ω. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013](2 Marks)
Solution:
w.E
Given: Z O = 600 Ω, Z R = (650-j475) Ω
K= R = asy
Z − Z O (650 − j 475 ) − 600
=
50 − j475
Z R + Z O (650 − j 475 ) + 600 1250 − j475
K = 0.1611 − j0.3188 = 0.3571∠ − 63.18 
En
K = 0.3571∠-63.18°
gin
eer
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 300 Ω and is
i
terminated in a load impedance of (150-j150) Ω. Determine the reflection
coefficient. [EC2305-APR/MAY 2014](2 Marks) ng.
Solution:
Given: Z O = 300 Ω, Z R = (150-j150) Ω
net
Z − Z O (150 − j150 ) − 300 − 150 − j150
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (150 − j150 ) + 300 450 − j150
K = −0.2 − j0.4 = 0.4472∠ − 116.57 
K = 0.4472∠-116.57°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Find the reflection coefficient of a 50 ohm line when it is terminated by a
load impedance of 60+j 40 ohm. [EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks),
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks)[EC2305-APR/MAY 2013](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 50 Ω, Z R = (60+j40) Ω

Z R − Z O (60 + j 40) − 50 10 + j40

K= = =
Z R + Z O (60 + j 40) + 50 110 + j40
K = 0.197 + j0.29197 = 0.3523∠55.98 
K = 0.3523∠55.98°
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. The constant of a transmission line are R=6Ω/Km, L=2.2mH/Km,
C=0.005µF/Km and G=0.25x10-3 mho/Km, Calculate the characteristic
impedance, attenuation constant and phase constant at 1000 Hz.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2019](6 Marks) [EC6503-APR/MAY 2019](6 Marks),
[EC2305-APR/MAY 2014](8 Marks)
Solution:
ww
Given: R=6Ω/Km, L=2.2mH/Km, C=0.005µF/Km and G=0.25x10-3 mho/Km,
f=1000 Hz
w.E
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
The characteristic impedance is given by,
Zo =
R + jωL
G + jωC
asy
6 + j(6280 )(2.2 × 10 −3 ) En
Zo =
0.25 × 10 −3 + j(6280 )(0.005 × 10 −6 )
gin
Zo =
6 + j13.816
0.25 × 10 −3 + j3.14 × 10 −5
=
15.063∠66.526 
2.52 × 10 −4 ∠7.159  eer
Zo =
3.881
0.0159
∠(66.526  − 7.159  ) / 2 i ng.
Z o = 244.088 ∠29.68°
The propagation constant is given by,
net
P=γ= (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P=γ= (6 + j(6280)(2.2 × 10 )) × (0.25 × 10 + j(6280)(0.005 × 10 ))
−3 −3 −6
P=γ= (6 + j13.816) × (0.25 × 10 + j3.14 × 10 )

−3 −5
P = γ = 15.063∠66.526  × 2.52 × 10 −4 ∠7.159 

P = γ = 15.063 × 2.52 × 10 −4 ∠(7.159  + 66.526  )
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0616 ∠36.843° (Or) 0.0493+j0.0369

attenuation constant, α = 0.0493
and phase constant, β = 0.0369
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of (683-j138) ohm. the

propagation constant is (0.0074+j0.0356) per Km. Determine the values of R
and L of this line if the frequency is 1000Hz.
Solution:
Given: Z o = 683-j138Ω, γ=P= 0.0074+j0.0356, f=1000Hz
ω = 2πf = 2 x 3.14 x 1000 = 6280
R+jωL = Z o P = (683-j138) x ( 0.0074+j0.0356)
= 9.967+j23.2936
R = 9.967 ohms/Km
ww
ωL = 23.2936
23.2936
L=
6280
w.E
= 3.7092m H / Km
L=3.7092 mH/Km
asy
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
En
11. A Communication line has L=3.67 mH/Km, G=0.08x10-6 mho/Km,
C=0.0083 µF/Km and R=10.4 Ω/Km. Determine the characteristic impedance,
gin
propagation constant, phase constant, velocity of propagation, sending end
current and receiving end current for a given frequency f=1000 Hz. sending
end voltage is 1V and transmission line length is 100Kms.
eer
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2016] (16 Marks) [EC6503-APR/MAY 2018](13 Marks)
Solution: i ng.
Given: E s = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, R=10.4 Ω/Km, L = 0.00367H/Km, G
=0.08x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0083 µF/Km net
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC
Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(.00367) = 25.285∠65.71°

Y = G+jωC = 0.08x10-6 +j(6280)(0.0083x10-6) = 5.212x10-5∠89.91°
25.285∠65.71
Zo =
5.212 × 10 − 5 ∠89.91
5.028
Zo = ∠(65.71 − 89.91 ) / 2
−3
7.2194 × 10
Z o = 696.46 ∠-12.1° Ω


P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.285∠65.71 × 5.212 × 10 − 5 ∠89.91
P = γ = 1.319 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.91 )
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0363 ∠77.81° (Or) 7.6649x10-3+j0.0355

attenuation constant, α = 7.6649x10-3 Np/Km
and phase constant, β = 0.0355 rad/Km
The velocity of propagation is given by,
ω
vp =
β
ww
vp =
6280
0.0355
= 1.769 × 105 Km / sec
λ=
2π
=
2π
β 0.0355 w.E
= 176.99 m
asy
NOTE: Z R value is not given in the question. so, assume the line is perfectly
matched line to proceed further. i.e., Z R =Z O , Z S =Z O
IS =
Eg
=
Eg
Z g + Z in Z g + Z S En
IS =
1 gin
= 1.4358 × 10 − 3 ∠12.1 A
0 + 696.46∠ − 12.1
I S = 1.4358x10-3 ∠12.1°

eer
We know that,
(Z − Z o ) e −
i ng.
I
I= R
2
 ZR + Zo

 Z0

 e

ZYs
− R
(Z R + Z o )
ZYs 
At sending end, s=l, and put K=0, because Z R = Z O .


 net
ZY l
IS = IR e
IR = IS e − ZY l
( -3
)
e − ZYl = e − γl = e - 7.6649×10 + j0.0355 ×100 = e − 0.76649 ∠203.4
e − ZYl = 0.4646 ∠203.4

∴ IR = 1.4358 × 10 −3 ∠12.1 × 0.4646∠203.4
I R = 6.671x10-4∠-144.5° A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. A Parallel wire transmission line is having the following line parameters at
5 KHz. Series resistance (R = 2.59x10-3 Ω /m), Series inductance (L = 2µH/m),
shunt conductance (G = 0 Ω /m) and capacitance between conductors (C =
5.56 pF/m). Find the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant (α
Np/m), Phase shift constant (β rad/m), velocity of propagation and wavelength.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](10 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](10 Marks)
Solution:
Given: f=5KHz, R = 2.59x10-3 Ω/m, L = 2µH/m, G = 0 mho/m, C = 5.56 pF/m
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x5000 = 31400
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
ww Y G + jωC
Z = R+jωL = 2.59x10-3 + j(31400)(2x10-6) = 0.0629∠87.64°
w.E
Y = G+jωC = j(31400)(5.56x10-12) = 1.746x10-7∠90°
0.0629∠87.64 
Zo =
1.746 × 10 − 7 ∠90  asy
Zo =
0.2508
4.1785 × 10 −4
En
∠(87.64  − 90  ) / 2
Z o = 600.21 ∠-1.18° Ω
gin
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC ) eer
P = γ = 0.0629∠87.64  × 1.746 × 10 − 7 ∠90  i ng.
P = γ = 1.09823 × 10 −8 
∠(87.64 + 90 )
P=γ = α+jβ = 1.048x10-4 ∠88.82° (Or) 2.1582x10-6+j1.04778x10-4

net
attenuation constant, α = 2.158x10-6 Np/m
and phase constant, β = 104.778x10-6 rad/m
ω
vp =
β
31400
vp = = 2.997 × 10 8 m / sec
−6
104.778 x10
2π 2π
λ= = = 59.94 × 10 3 m
β 104.778 × 10 − 6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. A 2 meter long transmission line with characteristics impedance of 60+j 40

ohm is operating at ω = 106 rad / sec has attenuation constant of 0.921 Np/m
and phase shift constant of 0 rad /m. If the line is terminated by a load of
20+j50 ohm, determine the input impedance of this line.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](8 Marks),
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks), [EC2305-APR/MAY 2019](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: l = 2m, Z O = 60+j 40Ω, ω = 106 rad/sec, α= 0.921 Np/m, β= 0 rad /m,
Z R = 20+j50 Ω
Reflection Coefficient, K
ZR − ZO
K=
ww
K=
ZR + ZO
(20 + j50) − (60 + j40)
= − 0.1586 + j0.30345 = 0.3424 ∠117.6 
w.E
(20 + j50) + (60 + j40)
K=0.3424∠117.6°
asy
e γl = e(α + jβ)l = e αl ∠βl = e(0.921)(2)∠(0)(2)
e γl
=e1.842
eγl = 6.3091 ∠0° En

gin
e − γl = e −(α + jβ)l = e −αl ∠ − βl = e −(0.921)(2)∠ − (0)(2)
e − γl = e −1.842
eer
e- γ l = 0.1585 ∠0°
 e γl + Ke − γl 
Z s = Z o  γl − γl 
i ng.
 e − Ke 

Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69 

)(0.1585 ) 
  6.3091 + (0.3424 ∠ 117.6

net
 6.3091 − (0.3424 ∠ 117.6  )(0.1585 ) 
 
  6.3091 + 0.0543 ∠ 117.6

Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69  

 6.3091 − 0.0543 ∠ 117.6 
 6.284 ∠ 0.4387  
Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69   
 6.3344 ∠ − 0.4353  
{
Z s = 72.11 ∠33.69  0.9920∠0.8740  }
Z S = 71.54∠34.56° Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. A generator of 1V, 1000 Hz, supplies power to a 100 Km open wire line
terminated in Z O and having following parameters R = 10.4 ohm per Km, L =
0.00367 Henry per Km, G = 0.8 × 10 −6 mho per Km, C = 0.00835 µF per Km.
Calculate Z o , α, β, λ, v. also find the received power.
[EC6503-MAY/JUN 2016](16 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2016](16 Marks),
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, when Z R = Z O then Z S = Z O , R=10.4
Ω/Km, L = 0.00367H/Km, G =0.8x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.00835 µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
ww
Zo =
Z
Y
=
R + jωL
G + jωC
w.E
Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(.00367) = 25.285∠65.71°
Y = G+jωC = 0.8x10-6 +j(6280)(0.00835x10-6) = 5.244x10-5∠89.13°
Zo =
25.285∠65.71 asy
5.244 × 10
5.028
−5
∠89.13
En
Zo =
7.24 × 10 − 3
∠(65.71 − 89.13 )/ 2
gin
Z o = 694.48 ∠-11.71 Ω °
The propagation constant is given by, eer

P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC ) i ng.

P = γ = 25.285∠65.71 × 5.244 × 10
P = γ = 1.326 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.13 )

−5
∠89.13 
net
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0364 ∠77.42° (Or) 7.928x10-3+j0.0355
ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 1.769 × 105 Km / sec
0.0355
2π 2π
λ= = = 176.99 m
β 0.0355

Eg Eg
IS = =
Z g + Z in Zg + ZS
1
IS = = 1.4399 × 10 − 3 ∠11.71 A

0 + 694.48∠ − 11.71
I S = 1.4399x10-3 ∠11.71°
ES = IS x ZS
E S = 1.4399x10-3 ∠11.71° x (694.48∠-11.71°)
ES = 1 V
We know that,
I=
IR  ZR + Zo


 e ZYs
−
(Z R − Z o ) e − ZYs 

2  Z0  (Z R + Z o ) 
ww
At sending end, s=l, and put K=0, because Z R = Z O .
IS = IR e
IR = IS e −
ZY l
ZY l w.E
-3
(
asy )
e − ZYl = e − γl = e- 7.928×10 + j0.0355 ×100 = e − 0.7928 ∠203.4
e − ZYl = 0.4526 ∠203.4

En
∴ I R = 1.4399 × 10 −3 ∠11.71 × 0.4526∠203.4 
I R = 6.517x10-4∠-144.89°
gin
E R = I R x Z R = 6.517x10-4∠-144.89° x (694.48∠-11.71°) eer
E R = 0.4526∠-156.6 V
P S = |E S |. |I S |.cos (E S ^ I S )
°
i ng.
P S = 1 x 1.4399x 10-3 x cos (11.71)
P S = 1.4099x10-3 W
net
and P R = |E R |. |I R |.cos (E R ^ I R )
P R = 0.4526 x 6.517x10-4 cos(-11.71)
P R = 0.28882x10-3 W
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15. A generator of 1V, 1000 cycles, supplies power to a 100 mile open wire line
terminated in Z O and having following parameters: Series resistance R = 10.4
ohm/ mile, Series inductance L = 0.00367 H/mile, Shunt conductance G = 0.8
x 10-6 mho/ mile, and capacitance between conductors C = 0.00835 µF/mile.
Find the characteristic impedance, Propagation constant, attenuation
constant, phase shift constant, velocity of propagation and wavelength.
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 cycles = 1000 Hz, l=100 mile, when Z R = Z O then Z S =
Z O , R=10.4 Ω/ mile, L = 0.00367H/ mile, G =0.8x10-6 mho/ mile, C = 0.00835
µF/ mile
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
ww
Zo =
Z
Y
=
w.E
R + jωL
G + jωC
asy
Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(0.00367) = 25.285∠65.71°
Y = G+jωC = 0.8x10-6 +j(6280)(0.00835x10-6) = 5.244x10-5∠89.13°
Zo =
25.285∠65.71 En
5.244 × 10
5.028
−5
∠89.13 
gin
Zo =
7.24 × 10 − 3
∠(65.71 − 89.13 )/ 2
eer
Z o = 694.48 ∠-11.71 Ω °
The propagation constant is given by, i ng.

P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )

P = γ = 25.285∠65.71 × 5.244 × 10 −5
∠89.13 
net
P = γ = 1.326 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.13 )
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0364 ∠77.42° (Or) 7.928x10-3+j0.0355

ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 1.769 × 105 Km / sec
0.0355
2π 2π
λ= = = 176.99 m
β 0.0355

16. A generator of 1V, 1KHz, supplies power to a 100 Km open wire line
terminated in 200 Ω resistance. The line parameters are R = 10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km. Calculate Z o , α, β, λ, v.
also find the received power. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2018](16 Marks)
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, Z R =200 Ω, R=10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC
ww
Z = R+jωL = 10 + j(6280)(3.8x10-3) = 25.87∠67.26°
Y = G+jωC = 1x10-6 +j(6280)(0.0085x10-6) = 5.339x10-5∠88.93°
Zo = w.E
25.87∠67.26
5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93
Zo =
5.086 asy
∠(67.26 − 88.93 ) / 2
7.307 × 10 − 3
Z o = 696.06 ∠-10.84° Ω En
The propagation constant is given by, gin
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
eer
P = γ = 25.87∠67.26 × 5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93
P = γ = 1.3812 × 10 − 3 ∠(67.26 + 88.93 )

i ng.
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.03716 ∠78.095° (Or) 7.6657x10-3+j0.03636
net
ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 1.727 × 105 Km / sec
0.03636
2π 2π
λ= = = 172.72 m
β 0.03636
ZR − ZO
K=
ZR + ZO

200 − 696.06∠ − 10.84

K= = − 0.557 + j0.0656 = 0.5609 ∠173.28 
200 + 696.06∠ − 10.84 
K=0.5609∠173.28°
−3
e γl = e(α + jβ)l = e αl ∠βl = e(7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 )
−3
e γl = e(7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 ) rad
eγl = e0.76657 ∠208.3°
eγl = 2.1524 ∠208.3°
−3
e − γl = e − (α + jβ)l = e − αl ∠ − βl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 )
−3
e − γl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 ) rad
ww
e-γl = e-0.76657 ∠-208.3°
e-γl = 0.4646 ∠-208.3°
Z s = Z o  γl w.E
 e γl + Ke − γl 
 e − Ke 
− γl 

Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84 

asy
+ (0.5609 ∠173.28 )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 )
  2.1524∠208.3

 2.1524∠208.3 − (0.5609 ∠173.28  )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 ) 
En
 2.1524∠208.3 + 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02 
Z s = 696.06∠ − 10.84  
 2.1524∠208.3 − 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02  gin
 2.0487∠ − 145.17  
Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84  
 2.2813∠ − 157.56 
eer
Z S = 696.06 ∠-10.84° x 0.8980∠12.39° i ng.
Z S = 625.08∠1.548
IS =
Eg
=
Eg
Z g + Z in Z g + Z S
°
net
1
IS = = 1.5992 × 10 − 3 ∠ − 1.548  A

0 + 625.08∠1.548
I S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548°
ES = IS x ZS
E S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548° x 625.08 ∠1.548°
E S = 1∠-3.4484x10-4 V
We know that,
I=
IR  ZR + Zo


 e ZYs
−
(Z R − Z o ) e − ZYs 

2  Z0  (Z R + Z o ) 
At sending end, s=l, as s is measured from the receiving end.

IS =
IR
2
 ZR + Zo


[
 e ZYl
− K e− ZYl
]
 Z0 
Z R + Z O = 893.28∠-8.427°
Ke√ZYl = 0.5609∠173.28° x 2.1524 ∠208.3°
Ke√ZYl = 1.2073∠21.58°
I
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = R
2
 893.28 ∠ - 8.427 

 696.06 ∠ - 10.84 
[

 2.1524∠208.3 − 1.2073∠21.58 

]
 
I
(
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = R 1.2833∠2.413 3.354∠ − 154.11
2
)[ ]
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = IR × 2.1523∠ − 151.70 
I R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15°
ww
E R = I R x Z R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15° x 200 = 0.1486∠150.153°
E R = 0.1486∠150.15° V
w.E
P S = |E S |. |I S |.cos (E S ^ I S )
asy
P S = 1 x 1.5992 x 10-3 x cos (-1.5477)
P S = 1.5986 x 10-3 W
En
P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 cos(0)
P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 W gin
P R = 1.1041x10-4 W
eer
17. A generator of 1V, 1KHz, supplies power to a 100 Km open wire line i
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ng.
terminated in 200 Ω resistance. The line parameters are R = 10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km. Calculate
impedance, reflection coefficient, power and transmission efficiency.
the net
Solution:
Given: E g = 1V, f=1000 Hz, l=100 Km, Z R =200 Ω, R=10 Ω/Km, L =
3.8mH/Km, G =1x10-6 mho/Km, C = 0.0085 µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC
Z = R+jωL = 10 + j(6280)(3.8x10-3) = 25.87∠67.26°

Y = G+jωC = 1x10-6 +j(6280)(0.0085x10-6) = 5.339x10-5∠88.93°

25.87∠67.26
Zo =
5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93
5.086
Zo = ∠(67.26 − 88.93 ) / 2
7.307 × 10 − 3
Z o = 696.06 ∠-10.84° Ω
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P = γ = 25.87∠67.26 × 5.339 × 10 −5 ∠88.93
P = γ = 1.3812 × 10 − 3 ∠(67.26 + 88.93 )
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.03716 ∠78.095° (Or) 7.6657x10-3+j0.03636
ww
w.E
K=
ZR − ZO
ZR + ZO asy
K=
200 − 696.06∠ − 10.84 En
= − 0.557 + j0.0656 = 0.5609 ∠173.28 
200 + 696.06∠ − 10.84
gin
K=0.5609∠173.28°
e γl = e(α + jβ)l = e αl ∠βl = e(7.6657 ×10
−3
)(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 ) eer
e γl = e(7.6657 ×10
−3
)(100 )
∠(0.03636)(100 ) rad i ng.
γl
e = e0.76657 ∠208.3°
eγl = 2.1524 ∠208.3°
−3
net
e − γl = e − (α + jβ)l = e − αl ∠ − βl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 )
−3
e − γl = e − (7.6657 ×10 )(100 )
∠ − (0.03636)(100 ) rad
e-γl = e-0.76657 ∠-208.3°
e-γl = 0.4646 ∠-208.3°
 e γl + Ke − γl 
Z s = Z o  γl − γl 
 e − Ke 
 2.1524∠208.3 + (0.5609 ∠173.28 )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 )
Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84  
 2.1524∠208.3 − (0.5609 ∠173.28  )(0.4646 ∠ − 208.3 ) 
 2.1524∠208.3 + 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02 
Z s = 696.06∠ − 10.84  
 2.1524∠208.3 − 0.2606 ∠ − 35.02 

 2.0487∠ − 145.17  
Z s = 696.06 ∠ − 10.84  
 2.2813∠ − 157.56 
Z S = 696.06 ∠-10.84° x 0.8980∠12.39°

Z S = 625.08∠1.548°
Eg Eg
IS = =
Z g + Z in Z g + Z S
1
IS = = 1.5992 × 10 − 3 ∠ − 1.548  A

0 + 625.08∠1.548
I S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548°
ES = IS x ZS
E S = 1.5992x10-3 ∠-1.548° x 625.08 ∠1.548°
ww
E S = 1∠-3.4484x10-4 V
We know that,
I=
IR

w.E
 ZR + Zo 
 e ZYs
−
(Z R − Z o ) e − ZYs 

2  Z0 
asy
(Z R + Z o )
At sending end, s=l, as s is measured from the receiving end.

IS =
IR  ZR + Zo


[
 e ZYl
− K e− ZYl
] En
2  Z0
Z R + Z O = 893.28∠-8.427°

gin
Ke√ZYl = 0.5609∠173.28° x 2.1524 ∠208.3° eer
Ke√ZYl = 1.2073∠21.58°
I  893.28 ∠ - 8.427 
[

i ng. ]
1.5992x10
1.5992x10
-3
-3
∠ - 1.548 = R
I
2
 
 696.06 ∠ - 10.84 

(
∠ - 1.548 = R 1.2833∠2.413 3.354∠ − 154.11

)[


]
net
 2.1524∠208.3 − 1.2073∠21.58 
2
1.5992x10 -3 ∠ - 1.548  = IR × 2.1523∠ − 151.70 
I R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15°
E R = I R x Z R = 7.43x10-4∠150.15° x 200 = 0.1486∠150.153°
E R = 0.1486∠150.15° V
P S = |E S |. |I S |.cos (E S ^ I S )
P S = 1 x 1.5992 x 10-3 x cos (-1.5477)
P S = 1.5986 x 10-3 W
P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 cos(0)

P R = 0.1486 x 7.43x10-4 W
P R = 1.1041x10-4 W
PR
Transmission Efficiency, η = × 100
PS
1.1041x10 −4
η= ×100
1.5986 × 10 − 3
η = 6.907 %
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. A telephone cable 64 km long has a resistance of 13 Ω/km and a
capacitance of 0.008 µf /km. Calculate the attenuation constant, velocity and
wavelength of the line at 1000 Hz.
ww
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2016](6 Marks), [EC2305-MAY/JUN 2015](6 Marks),
[EC2305-APR/MAY/JUN 2016](4 Marks)
Solution:
w.E
Given: l=64Km, R=13 Ω/km, C=0.008 µf /km, f=1000 Hz
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
asy
Zo =
R + jωL En
G + jωC
gin
Zo =
13
j(6280 )(0.008 × 10 − 6 ) eer
Zo =
13
j5.024 × 10 −5
=
13∠0 
5.024 × 10 −5 ∠90 
i ng.
Zo =
3.61
7.088 × 10 −3
∠(0  − 90  ) / 2 net
Z o = 509.31 ∠-45°
P=γ= (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
P=γ= (13) × ( j(6280)(0.008 × 10 −6 ))
P = γ = 13 × j5.024 × 10 −5
P = γ = 6.5312 × 10 −4 ∠90 
P=γ = α+jβ = 25.56x10-3 ∠45° (Or) 0.01807+j0.01807

attenuation constant, α = 0.01807 Np/Km

ω
vp =
β
6280
vp = = 3.48 × 10 5 Km / sec
0.01807
2π 2π
λ= = = 347.54 m
β .01807
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. A transmission line has L = 10 mH/m, C = 10 -7 F/m, R = 20 Ω/m and
 5000 
G =10 -5 mho/m. Find the input impedance at a frequency of   Hz, if the
 2π 
line is very long. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013] (6 Marks)
Solution:
ww
Given: L = 10 mH/m, C = 10
 5000 
-7 F/m, R = 20 Ω/m and G =10 -5 mho/m,
f=
 2π 

w.E
 5000 
ω = 2πf = 2π x   = 5000
 2π 
asy
Zo =
R + jωL En
G + jωC
gin
Zo =
20 + j(5000 )(10 × 10 −3 )
10 −5 + j(5000 )(10 × 10 −7 ) eer
Zo =
20 + j50
10 −5 + j5 × 10 −4
=
53.85∠68.199 
5.0 × 10 −4 ∠88.85 
i ng.
Zo =
7.338
0.0224
∠(68.199  − 88.85  ) / 2 net
Z o = 327.59 ∠-10.33° Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20. The characteristic impedance of a uniform transmission line is 2309.6
ohms at a frequency of 800 Hz. At this frequency, the propagation constant is
0.054(0.0366+j0.99). Determine R and L.
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013] (6 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010] (6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o =2309.6 Ω , f=800Hz, P=γ=0.054(0.0366+j0.99) = 0.054∠87.9°
ω = 2πf = 2 x 3.14 x 800 = 5024
R=jωL = Z o P = 2309.6 x 0.054∠87.9°
= 4.57+j124.63


R = 4.57 ohms/Km
ωL = 124.63
124.63
L= = 0.0248 H /Km (Or ) 24.8mH /Km
5024
L=24.8 mH/Km
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21. A transmission line has the following per unit length parameters: L=0.1μ
H, R=5Ω, C=300pF and G= 0.01mhos. Calculate the propagation constant and
characteristic impedance at 500 MHz. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010] (8 Marks)
Solution:
ww
Given: f=500MHz, R = 5 Ω, L = 0.1µH, G = 0.01 mho, C = 300 pF
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x500x106 = 3140x106
Z
w.E
R + jωL
Zo =
Y
=
G + jωC
asy
En
Z = R+jωL = 5 + j(3140x106)(0.1x10-6) = 314.04∠89.09°
Y = G+jωC = 0.01+ j(3140x106)(300x10-12) = 0.9421∠89.39°
Zo =
314.04∠89.09  gin
0.9421∠89.39
17.721

eer
Zo =
0.9706
∠(89.09  − 89.39  ) / 2
Z o = 18.258 ∠-0.15° Ω
i ng.
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
net
P = γ = 314.04∠89.09  × 0.9421∠89.39 
P = γ = 295.86∠(89.09  + 89.39  )
P=γ = α+jβ = 17.2 ∠89.24° (Or) 0.2281+j17.198

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

22. A transmission line has the following constants R = 10.4 Ω/km, L = 3.666
mH/km, G = 0.08 x 10-6 mho/km and C = 0.00835 µF/km. Calculate its
characteristic impedance, attenuation, phase constant and phase velocity.
[EC2305-MAY/JUN 2012](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R = 10.4 Ω/km, L = 3.666 mH/km, G = 0.08 x 10-6 mho/km and C =
0.00835 µF/km
Let f =1000 Hz,
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
ww Y G + jωC
Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(3.666x10-3) = 25.263∠65.69°
w.E
Y = G+jωC = 0.08x10-6+ j(6280)(0.00835x10-6) = 5.244x10-5∠89.91°
25.263∠65.69 
Zo =
5.244 x10 − 5 ∠89.91 asy
Zo =
5.0262
7.242 × 10 −3 En
∠(65.69  − 89.91 ) / 2
Z o = 694.08 ∠-12.11° Ω gin

P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC ) eer
P = γ = 25.263∠65.69  × 5.244 × 10 − 5 ∠89.91 i ng.
P = γ = 1.3248 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.69  + 89.91 )
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0364 ∠77.8° (Or) 7.6922x10-3+j0.0356

net
phase constant, β = 0.0356 rad/Km
ω
Phase Velocity, v p = = 6280 = 1.76 × 105 Km / sec
β 0.0356
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

23. A telephone line has R=6Ω/Km, L=2.2mH/Km, C=0.005µF/Km and

G=0.05x10-6 mho/Km. Determine the characteristic impedance and
propagation constant at 1 KHz. [EC2305-APR/MAY 2016] (6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: R = 6 Ω/km, L = 2.2 mH/km, G = 0.05 x 10-6 mho/km and C = 0.005
µF/km, f =1000 Hz,
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1000 = 6280
Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC
Z = R+jωL = 6 + j(6280)(2.2x10-3) = 15.063∠66.53°
ww
Y = G+jωC = 0.05x10-6+ j(6280)(0.005x10-6) = 3.14x10-5∠89.91°
15.063∠66.53
Zo =
w.E
3.14x10 −5 ∠89.91
Zo =
3.881
5.604 × 10 − 3 asy
∠(66.53 − 89.91 ) / 2
Z o = 692.59 ∠-11.69 Ω °
En
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC ) gin
P = γ = 15.063∠66.53 × 3.14 × 10 −5 ∠89.91 eer
P = γ = 0.473 × 10 − 3 ∠(66.53 + 89.91 ) i ng.
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0217 ∠78.22° (Or)
phase constant, β = 0.0212 rad/Km
4.43x10-3+j0.0212
net
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. A cable has the following parameters: R=48.75 ohm/Km, L=1.09mH/Km,
G=38.75µmho/Km, C=0.059 µF/Km. Determine the characteristic impedance,
propagation constant and wavelength for a source of f=1600Hz and E s =1V.
Solution:
Given: R=48.75 ohm/Km, L=1.09mH/Km, G=38.75µmho/Km, C=0.059
µF/Km
ω = 2πf = 2x3.14x1600 = 10048

Z R + jωL
Zo = =
Y G + jωC
Z = R+jωL = 48.75 + j(10048)(1.09x10-3) = 49.965∠12.66°

Y = G+jωC = 38.75x10-6 +j(10048)(0.059x10-6) = 5.941x10-4∠86.26°
49.965∠12.66 
Zo =
5.941 × 10 − 4 ∠86.26 
7.069
Zo = ∠(12.66  − 86.26  ) / 2
0.0244
Z o = 290.02 ∠-36.8° Ω
P = γ = ZY = (R + jωL )(G + jωC )
ww
P = γ = 49.965∠12.66  × 5.941 × 10 − 4 ∠86.26 
w.E
P = γ = 0.02968∠(12.66  + 86.26  )
P=γ = α+jβ = 0.1723 ∠49.46° (Or) 0.112+j0.131
asy
attenuation constant, α = 0.112 Np/Km
Wavelength is given by, En
λ=
2π
=
2π
= 47.96 m gin
β 0.131
eer
i ng.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
net

ww
w.E
UNIT 2a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
EC8651 - Transmission Lines and RF Systems gin
UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
eer
i ng.
net

UNIT 2 - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

PROBLEMS
1. A transmission line has Z O = 1.0, Z L = 0.-j0.2Ω (i) What is Z at l=λ/4 =

0.25λ? (ii) What is the VSWR on the line? (iii) How far from the load is at the
first minimum? [EC6503-NOV/DEC 2018](13 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z O = 1.0, Z L = 0.0-j0.2Ω, s=l=0.25λ
2π
βs = × 0.25 λ = 90 
λ
The input impedance is given by,

ww  Z + jR O tan βs 
Z in = Z s = R O  R 
w.E
 R O + jZ R tan βs 
 ZR 
Z in = Z s = R O 
tan βs  R O asy
tan βs  tan βs
+ jR O
 tan βs + jZ R




En


 0 + jR O 
Z in = Z s = R O  
 0 + jZ R 
gin
R 
Z in = Z s = R O  O 
eer
R2
 ZR 
i ng.
Z in = Z s = O
ZR
1
net
Z in = Z s =
− j0.2
Z in =Z s = 0.2∠-90°
Z − ZO
K= R
ZR + ZO
− j0.2 − 1
K=
− j0.2 + 1
K = 1∠-157.38°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1+1
S = VSWR = = =∞
1− K 1 −1
2

l(V min) = =
(
φ + π − 157.38  + 180  λ )
= 0.0314 λ
2β 4 × 180 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. A 30m long lossless transmission line with Zo = 50Ω operating at 2 MHz is
terminated with a load Z L =60+j40 Ω. If u=0.6c (c is velocity of light, u is phase
velocity) on the line, find (i) Reflection Coefficient , (ii) Standing wave ratio (iii)
Input impedance
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2017](7 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2012](16
Marks)[EC2305-APR/MAY 2011](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z 0 =50 Ω, Z R = 60 + j40Ω
wwZ − ZO
K= R
ZR + ZO
K= w.E
60 + j40 − 50
=
10 + j40
60 + j40 + 50 110 + j40
asy
= 0.1971 + j0.2920 = 0.3523 ∠55.98 
K = 0.3523∠55.98°
SWR is given by, En
S = VSWR =
1+ K
=
1 + 0.3523 1.3523
= gin
= 2.088
1− K 1 − 0.3523 0.6477
eer
The velocity on the line is given by
vp =
ω i ng.
β=
ω
vp
β
net
But the electrical length of the line is βs.
ωs 2πfs 2π × 2 × 10 6 × 30
∴ βs = = = = 0.6666π = 120 
vp vp 8
0.6 × 3 × 10

 Z + jR O tan βs 
Z in = Z s = R O  R 
 (60 + j40) + j50 tan(120 ) 

Z in = Z s = 50  
 50 + j(60 + j40) tan(120 ) 

 − 26.6025 + j40 
Z in = Z s = 50  
 119.2820 − j103.923 
Z in =Z s = 15.183∠164.69°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Calculate SWR and reflection coefficient on a line having the characteristic
impedance Z 0 =300 Ω and terminating impedance Z R = 300 + j400Ω .
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2016](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z 0 =300 Ω, Z R = 300 + j400Ω
Z − Z O (300 + j400 ) − 300 j400

K= R = =
Z R + Z O (300 + j400 ) + 300 600 + j400
ww
K = 0.3077 + j0.4615 = 0.5547∠56.31
w.E
K = 0.5547∠56.31°
SWR is given by,
S = VSWR =
1+ K
1− K
= asy
1 + 0.5547 1.5547
=
1 − 0.5547 0.4453
= 3.4914
En
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gin
4. Find the sending end impedance of a HF line having characteristic
eer
impedance of 50Ω. The line is of length 1.185 λ and is terminated in a load of
110+j80 Ω.
Solution:
i ng.
Given: R O = Z O = 50Ω, line length s=1.185 λ, Z R =110+j80 Ω
βs =
2π
× 1.185 λ = 66.6
net
λ

 Z + jR O tan βs 
Z in = Z s = R O  R 
 (110 + j80) + j50 tan(66.6) 

Z in = Z s = 50  
 50 + j(110 + j80) tan(66.6) 
 110 + j195.54 
Z in = Z s = 50  
 − 134.87 + j254.195 
Z in =Z s = 5530.036∠-0.165° Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4

5. A lossless transmission line has a shunt capacitance of 100pF/m and a

series inductance of 4µH /m. Determine the characteristic impedance.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](2 Marks),
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2013](2 Marks), [EC2305-APR/MAY 2016](2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: C=100 pF/m, L=4µH/m
L 4 × 10 − 6
RO = = = 200 Ω
C 100 × 10 −12
R O = 200 Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ww
6. A lossless line in air having a characteristic impedance of 300Ω is
terminated in unknown impedance. The first voltage minimum is located at
w.E
15cm from the load. The distance between successive voltage minima is 15cm.
The standing wave ratio is 3.3. Calculate the wavelength and terminated
impedance.
asy
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2015](6 Marks),
Solution:
En
Given: Z O = R O = 300 Ω, l (Vmin)= 15cm, S=3.3 gin
The distance between two successive minima, 0.5λ =15cm
eer
∴λ = 30cm = 0.3m
l(V min) =
φ + π (φ + π )λ
= = 0.15
i ng.
φ=
2β
0.15 × 4π
λ
−π
4π
net
0.15 × 4 × 180 
φ= − 180 
0.3
φ=180°
S − 1 3.3 − 1 2.3
| K |= = = = 0.5349
S + 1 3.3 + 1 4.3
Hence the reflection coefficient is given by,

K = |K|∠φ = 0.5349∠180°
Hence the terminating impedance is given by,

1 + K 
Z R = Ro  
1 − K 
1 + 0.5349∠180  
Z R = 300  
1 − 0.5349∠180  
Z R = 90.905 Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. A line with zero dissipation has R=0.006 ohm per m, C=4.45 pF per m,
L=2.5µH per m. If the line is operated at 10MHz, find R O , α, β, λ, v.
[EC6503-MAY/JUN 2016](8 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2015](8 Marks)
Solution:
ww
Given: R=0.006 ohm/m, C=4.45 pF/m, L=2.5µH/m, f=10MHz
L
w.E
2.5 × 10 − 6
RO =
C
=
4.45 × 10 −12
asy
= 749.53 Ω
R O = 749.53 Ω
The propagation constant is given by En
γ = α + jβ = jω LC gin
γ = α + jβ = j(2π × 10 × 10 6 ) 2.5 × 10 − 6 × 4.45 × 10 −12eer
γ = α + jβ = 0 + j0.2095
The attenuation constant, α=0 NP/m

i ng.
The phase constant, β= 0.2095 rad/m
the velocity of propagation is given by,
net
ω 2π × 10 × 10 6
vp = = = 2.998 × 10 8 m / sec
β 0.2095
v p = 2.998x108 m/sec
The wavelength is given by,
2π 2π
λ= = = 29.98 m
β 0.2095
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. A lossless line has a standing wave ratio of 4. The R O is 150 ohms and the
maximum voltage measured in the line is 135V. Find the power delivered to
the load.
[EC6503-MAY/JUN 2016](6 Marks), [EC6503-APR/MAY 2015](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: S=4, V max = 135V, R O = 150Ω
The power delivered to the load is given by,
E2max E2
max 135 2
P= = = = 30.375 W
R max R OS 150 × 4
P=30.375W
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ww
9. A lossless line has a characteristic impedance of 400 Ω. Determine the
standing wave ratio if the receiving end impedance is 800+j0 Ω.
w.E
[EC6503-APR/MAY 2017](2 Marks), [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010](2 Marks)
Solution:
asy
Given: Z O = 400 Ω, Z R = 800+j0 Ω
Z − Z O 800 − 400 400
K= R = = En
Z R + Z O 800 + 400 1200
K = 0.3333∠0° gin
SWR is given by,
eer
S = VSWR =
1+ K
=
1 + 0.3333 1.3333
=
1 − K 1 − 0.3333 0.6667
= 2.0
i ng.
net
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. A radio frequency line with Z O = 70 Ω is terminated by Z L = 115-j80 Ω at
λ=2.5m. Find the VSWR and the maximum and minimum line impedances.
Solution:
Given: Z O = 70 Ω, Z R = 115-j80 Ω
Z − Z O (115 − j80) − 70 45 − j80
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (115 − j80) + 70 185 − j80
K = 0.4554∠-37.26°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.4554 1.4554
S = VSWR = = = = 2.672
1− K 1 − 0.4554 0.54467

S=2.672
maximum line impedance = Z O .S = 70 x 2.672 = 187.04 Ω
minimum line impedances = Z O /S = 70 / 2.672 = 26.198 Ω
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. A line having characteristic impedance of 50 Ω is terminated in load
impedance (75+j75) Ω. Determine the reflection coefficient and voltage
standing wave ratio.
Solution:
Given: Z O = 50 Ω, Z R = (75+j75) Ω
Z − Z O (75 + j75) − 50 25 + j75
K= R
ww = =
Z R + Z O (75 + j75) + 50 125 + j75
w.E
K = 0.4118 + j0.3529 = 0.5423∠40.60 
K = 0.5423∠40.60°
SWR is given by,
1+ K asy
1 + 0.5423 1.5423
S = VSWR =
1− K
= =
1 − 0.5423 0.4577
En
= 3.3697
S=3.3697
gin
eer
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. A line having characteristic impedance of 50 Ω is terminated in load
impedance (75+j75) Ω. Determine the reflection coefficient.
[EC2305-NOV/DEC 2014](2 Marks) i ng.
Solution:
Given: Z O = 50 Ω, Z R = (75+j75) Ω
net
Z − Z O (75 + j75) − 50 25 + j75
K= R = =
Z R + Z O (75 + j75) + 50 125 + j75
K = 0.4118 + j0.3529 = 0.5423∠40.60 

K = 0.5423∠40.60°
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. characteristic impedance of a transmission line at 8 MHz is (40-2j) ohm
and the propagation constant is (0.01+j0.18) per meter. Find the primary
constants. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2012](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Z o =40-j2 Ω , f=8 MHz, P=γ=0.01+j0.18

ω = 2πf = 2 x 3.14 x 8x106 = 50.24x106

R+jωL = Z o P = (40-j2) x (0.01+j0.18)
= 0.76+j7.18
R = 0.76 ohms/m
ωL = 7.18
7.18
L= = 0.1429μ H / m
50.24 × 10 6
L=0.1429 µH/m
Similarly,
γ 0.01 + j0.18
G + jωC = =
Zo 40 − j2
ww
G + jωC = 2.494 × 10 −5 + j4.501 × 10 −3
w.E
G = 24.94x10-6 mho/m
ωC = 4.501x10-3
4.501 × 10 −3
asy
C=
50.24 × 10 6
= 0.08959 nF / m
En
C = 0.08959nF/m
gin
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
eer
14. A low loss transmission line of 100 ohms characteristic impedance is
the standing wave ratio. [EC2305-MAY/JUN 2012](6 Marks) i

connected to a load of 200 ohm. Calculate the voltage reflection coefficient and
ng.
Solution:
Given: Z O = 100 Ω, Z R = 200 Ω
net
Z − Z O 200 − 100 100
K= R = =
Z R + Z O 200 + 100 300
K = 0.3333∠0°
SWR is given by,
1+ K 1 + 0.3333 1.3333
S = VSWR = = = = 2.0
1− K 1 − 0.3333 0.6667
S=2.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ww
w.E
UNIT 3a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

wSolved
ww Anna University Problems
.Ea
EC8651 - Transmission Lines and RF Systems
syE
ngiMatching in HF
UNIT 3 - Impedance
neechart)
Lines (Except smith
rin
g.n
et

UNIT 3 - IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY

LINES
PROBLEMS
QUARTER WAVEGUIDE:
1. Design a quarter wave transformer to match a load of 200Ω to a source
resistance of 500Ω. The operating frequency is 200 MHz.
[EC6503-MAY/JUNE 2016](10 Marks) [EC6503-APR/MAY 2018](7 Marks),
Solution:
Given: f=200MHz, ZR=200 , Zin=500 
ww
For a quarter wave transformer, the input impedance is given by,
2
Z in  Z S  Ro
w.E ZR
a
2
500  Ro
200
Ro = 316.22 
syE
The wavelength is given by,
ngi
λ
c

3  10
f 200  10 6
8
 1.5 m
nee
 = 1.5 m
rin
The length of quarter wave line is given by,
λ 1.5
g.n
sl 
4 4
 0.375 m
 s (Or) l = 0.375 m
et
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. It is required to match a 200 ohms load to a 300 ohms transmission line to
reduce the SWR along the line to 1. What must be the characteristic
impedance of the quarter wave transformer used for this purpose if it is
directly connected to the load? [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010](4 Marks)
Solution:
Given: ZR=200 , ZS=300 
2
Z in  Z S  Ro
ZR

2
300  Ro
200
Ro = 244.95 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. An ideal lossless quarter wave transmission line of characteristic impedance
60 ohm is terminated in a load impedance ZL. Give the value of the input
impedance of the line when ZL = 0, ∞ and 60 ohm. [EC2305-MAY/JUNE
2012](6 Marks)
Solution:
Given: RO=60 , ZL=0 , ZL= , ZL=60 ,
ww
Z in  Z S  Ro
ZR
2
w.E
i) When ZL =0 
ZS 
a
60 2
ZS =  
0

syE
ii) When ZL =  ngi
ZS 
60 2

0 nee
ZS = 0  rin
i) When ZL =60  g.n
ZS 
60
60
2
 60 et
ZS = 60 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ww
w.E
asy
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

SINGLE STUB MATCHING:

1. A single stub is to match a 400  line to a load of 200-j100 . The
wavelength is 3m. Determine the position and length of the short circuited
stub.
[EC6503-NOV/DEC 2019](8 Marks) [EC6503-APR/MAY 2019](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: ZO=RO=400 , ZR=200-j100 , =3 m
ZR  ZO
K
ZR  ZO
200  j100  400  200  j100
K 
200  j100  400 600  j100
ww   0.2973  j0.2162  0.3676   143.973
w.E
Stub Location 1:
ls  a 
4
    cos 1 K  syE
ls 
λ
4  180 
 ngi
 143 .973   180   cos 1 0.3676 
ls 
λ

 143.973   180   68.432   nee
4  180 
ls = -0.045  rin
(Note: The distance or position or location must be 0 to 0.5 . i) If the value is g.n
more than 0.5 , then subtract 0.5  from it until the value comes <=0.5  and
ii) if the value is <0 , then add 0.5  to the value until the value becomes
positive)
et
Therefore, ls = -0.045  + 0.5  = 0.455 
Stub Location 2:
ls 
λ
4π

φ  π  cos 1 K 
l s 
λ
4  180 

 143 .973   180   cos 1 0.3676 
l s 
λ
4  180 

 143.973   180   68.432  
ls = 0.1451 

Since stub location 2 is lesser in value when compared to the stub location 1,
we select the stub location 2.
Therefore the location of the stub is 0.1451 
We selected stub location 2. so, its corresponding length have to be calculated.
The stub 2 length can be found from the length of stub 1.
Stub Length 1:
 1 K 2 
λ 1  
lt  tan  
2π  2K 
 
λ 
1  1  0.3676
2 

ww
lt 
2  180 
tan
 2  0.3676



w.E
lt 
λ
360 
tan 1 1.2649 
lt 
aλ
360 
lt = 0.1435 
 51.672 
syE
ngi
Stub Length 2:
lt' = 0.5 - lt
nee
lt' = 0.5 - 0.1435 rin
lt' = 0.3565 
g.n
Summary: et
The stub is located at a distance of 0.1451  or 0.4353 m from the load
and its corresponding length is 0.3565  or 1.0695 m
1. Location of Stub = 0.1451  or 0.4353 m
2. Length of Stub = 0.3565  or 1.0695 m
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Determine the length and location of a single short circuited stub to produce
an impedance match on a transmission line with Ro of 600  and terminated
in 1800. [EC6503-NOV/DEC 2016](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: ZO=RO=600, ZR=1800

ZR  ZO
K
ZR  ZO
1800  600 1200
K   0.5  0.5 0 
1800  600 2400
Stub Location 1:

ls      cos 1 K 
4
ls 
λ
4  180 

0   180   cos 1 0.5 
ls 
λ
4  180 

0   180   60  
ww
ls = 0.1667 
w.E
Stub Location 2:
ls  a λ
4π

φ  π  cos 1 K 
syE
 
l s 
λ
4  180 
0   180   cos 1 0.5
ngi
l s 
λ
4  180 

0   180   60   nee
ls = 0.3333 
rin
Stub location 1 is lesser in value when compared to stub location 2. so, we
g.n
select the stub location 1.
et
We selected stub location 1. so, its corresponding length have to be calculated
Stub Length 1:
 1 K 2 
λ 1  
lt  tan  
2π  2K 
 
λ 
1  1  0.5
2 
lt  tan 
2  180   2  0.5 
 

λ
lt  tan 1 0.866 
360 
λ
lt   40.893 
360 
lt = 0.11361 
(If frequency is given, calculate  value. In this problem frequency value is not
given so, no need to find  value)
Summary:
The stub is located at a distance of 0.1667  from the load and its
ww
corresponding length is 0.11361 
1. Location of Stub = 0.1667 
w.E
2. Length of Stub = 0.11361 
a
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
syE
3. A UHF transmission line working at 1 GHz is connected to an unmatched
line producing a voltage reflection coefficient of 0.5(0.866+j0.5). Calculate the
ngi
length and position of the stub to match the line. [EC2305-NOV/DEC 2010](8
Marks)
Solution:
nee
Given: ZO=RO=600, ZR=1800, f=1GHz
rin
K  0.5(0.866  j0.5)  0.433  j 0.25  0.5 30 
g.n
Stub Location 1:

et
ls      cos 1 K 
4
ls 
λ
4  180 

30   180   cos 1 0.5 
ls 
λ
4  180 

30   180   60  
ls = 0.2083 
Stub Location 2:
ls 
λ
4π

φ  π  cos 1 K 

l s 
λ
4  180 

30   180   cos 1 0.5 
l s 
λ
4  180 

30   180   60  
ls = 0.375 
Since stub location 1 is lesser in value when compared to stub location 2, so,
we select the stub location 1.
We selected stub location 1. so, its corresponding length have to be calculated
ww
Stub Length 1:
w.E
lt 
λ
2π
tan 
 1 K 2
1 
 2K






lt 
a λ
2  180 
tan

1  1  0.5
 2  0.5
2
syE



 
lt 
λ
tan 1 0.866 
ngi
λ
360 
nee
lt 
360 
 40.893 
rin
lt = 0.11361 
g.n
(If frequency is given, calculate  value. In this problem frequency value is 1
GHZ)
et
C 3  10 8
λ   0.3 m
f 1  10 9
Summary:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. A 100 ohm, 200m long lossless transmission line operates at 10 MHz and is
terminated into an impedance of 50-j200 ohm. The transit time of the line is 1
s. Determine the length and location of a short circuited stub line.
[EC2305-MAY/JUNE 2012](8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: ZO=RO=100 , ZR=50-j200 , f=10MHz
ZR  ZO
K
ZR  ZO
50  j200  100  50  j200
K 
50  j200  100 150  j200
 0.52  j0.64  0.8246   50.91

ww

w
Stub Location 1:
ls .E a
    cos 1 K
ls 
4
λ

syE
 50.91  180   cos 1 0.8246 
4  180
λ


ngi

ls 
4  180 
ls = 0.1314 
 50.91  180   34.452 
nee
rin
Stub Location 2: g.n
ls 
λ
4π

φ  π  cos 1 K  et
l s 
λ
4  180 

 50.91  180   cos 1 0.8246 
l s 
λ
4  180 

 50.91  180   34.452  
ls = 0.2271 
Stub location 1 is lesser in value when compared to the stub location 2, we

select stub location 1. Therefore the location of the stub is 0.1314 

Stub Length 1:
 1 K 2 
λ 1  
lt  tan  
2π  2K 
 
λ 
1  1  0.8246
2 
lt  tan 
2  180   2  0.8246 
 
λ
lt  tan 1 0.343 
360 
λ
lt   18.93 
360 
lt = 0.0526 
ww
λ
w.E C 3  10 8
f

1  10 6
 300 m
a
Summary: syE
ngi
nee
rin
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. A single stub is to match a 300  line to a load of (180+j120) . The g.n
wavelength is 2 meters. Determine the shortest distance from the load to the
stub location and proper length of a short circuited stub using relevant
formula. [EC2503-APR/MAY 2014](8 Marks)
et
Solution:
Given: ZO=RO=300 , ZR=180+j120 , =2 m
ZR  ZO
K
ZR  ZO
180  j120  300  120  j120
K 
180  j120  300 480  j120
  0.1765  j0.2941  0.343 120.964 

Stub Location 1:

ls      cos 1 K 
4
ls 
λ
4  180 

120 .964   180   cos 1 0.343 
ls 
λ
4  180 

120.964   180   69.94  
ls = 0.3209 
Stub Location 2:
λ
 
ww
ls 
4π
φ  π  cos 1 K
λ
 
w.E
l s 
4  180
λ

120 .964   180   cos 1 0.343
 
l s 
a 4  180 
l's = 0.5151 
120.964   180   69.94 
syE
ngi
nee
(Note: The distance or position or location must be 0 to 0.5 . i) If the value is
more than 0.5 , then subtract 0.5  from it until the value comes <=0.5  and
rin
ii) if the value is <0 , then add 0.5  to the value until the value becomes
positive)
Therefore, l's = 0.5151  - 0.5  = 0.0151 
g.n
Stub location 2 is lesser in value when compared to the stub location 1, we
select stub location 1. Therefore the location of the stub is 0.0151 
et
The stub 2 length can be found from the length of stub 1.
Stub Length 1:
 1 K 2 
λ 1  
lt  tan  
2π  2K 
 
λ 
1  1  0.343
2 
lt  tan 
2  180   2  0.343 
 

λ
lt  tan 1 1.369 
360 
λ
lt   53.859 
360 
lt = 0.1496 
Stub Length 2:
lt' = 0.5 - lt
lt' = 0.5 - 0.1496
lt' = 0.3504 
ww
Summary:
w.E
a
syE
ngi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nee
rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
UNIT 4a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et


EC8651 - Transmission Lines and RF Systems
ww
w.E
UNIT 4 - Waveguides
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

UNIT 4 - WAVEGUIDES
PROBLEMS
PARALLEL PLATE WAVEGUIDE:
1) For a frequency of 10GHz and plane separation of 5cm in air, find the cut off
frequency, cut off wavelength, phase velocity and group velocity of the wave.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2019) (13 Marks), (EC6503 - APR/MAY 2019) (13
Marks), (EC6503 - APR/MAY 2016) (16 Marks)
Solution:
Given: f=10x109 , a=5x10-2, no mode and wave is given so, take dominant
mode as TE10 or TM10, therefore m=1
1. The cut off frequency, fc is given by
ww
fc 
1  mπ 
 
2
w.E 2π με
for air medium,

 a 
1
 c  3  108
a
therefore, fc  
με
c  mπ 
  
2
mc 1  3  10 8 syE
 3 GHz
2π  a  2a 2  5  10  2
ngi
2. The cutoff wavelength, c is given by nee
c 3  10 8
λc  
f c 3  10 9
 0.1m rin
g.n
3. The Phase velocity, vp is given by
vp 
ω

ω

1
et
βm f 
2
f 
2
ω με 1   c  με 1   c 
f  f 
c 1
vp  ,  for air medium c
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 
3  108 3  108
vp    3.1449  108 m /sec
 3  109 
2 0.9539
1   
9 
 10  10 
vp=3.1449x108 m/sec

4. Group velocity, vg
vg 
c2


3  10 8 
2
 2.8618  10 8 m /sec
v p 3.1449  10 8
vg=2.8618x108 m/sec
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) A parallel perfectly conducting plates are separated by 7 cm in air and
carries a signal with frequency (f) of 6GHz in TEl mode. Find
(1) The cut-off frequency (fc),
(2) Phase constant,
(3) Attenuation constant and Phase constant for f = 0.8 fc and
ww
(4) Cut off wavelength. (8)
Solution:
(EC2503 - APR/MAY 2013)(8 Marks)
w.E
Given: a=7cm=0.07m, f=6GHz, m=1
1)The cut off frequency, fc is given by
fc 
a 1
2π με
 mπ 

 a 

2
syE
for air medium,
1
 c  3  108 ngi
με
mc 1  3  10 8
2
nee
therefore, fc 
c  mπ 

2π  a 
  
2a 2  7  10  2
 2.143 GHz
rin
fc=2.143GHz
g.n
2)The phase constant,  is given by
et
2
 mπ 
2
βmn  ω με   
 a 
ω  2πf  2  3.14  6  109  3.768  1010
ω2 14.198  1020
με 11.11  10 18
2
20 18  3.14 
 βmn  (14.198  10  11.11  10 ) 
 0.07 
βmn  15773 .78  2012.16

mn = 117.31 read/m

3)Attenuation constant and Phase constant for f = 0.8 fc,
f=0.8fc =0.8x2.143x109 =1.713x109
ω  2πf  2  3.14  1.713  109 1.0758  1010
ω 2 1.15727  1020
2 2
 mπ  2  π  20 18
γ mn     ω με     (1.15727  10  11.11  10 )
 a   0 .07 
γ mn  2012.16  1285.72  26.92
mn= 26.92
ww
4) The Cut off wavelength c is given by,
w.E
λc 
c

3  10 8
 0.13999m (Or )14cm
a
f c 2.143  10 9
c = 14cm syE
ngi
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) A wave is propagated in the dominant mode in a parallel plane waveguide.
nee
The frequency is 6GHz and the plane separation is 4cm. Calculate the cutoff
wavelength and the wavelength in the waveguide. (EC2503 - APR/MAY
2014)(2 Marks) (EC2503 - APR/MAY 2016)(2 Marks)
Solution: rin
Given: a=4cm=0.04m, f=6GHz, mode = Dominant (TE1 or TM1, ) so, m=1 g.n
1) The cutoff wavelength, c is given by
λc 
c 3  10

8
 0.1m
et
f c 3  10 9
where, the cut off frequency, fc is given by
mc 3  10 8
fc    3.75 GHz
2a 2  0.04
c 3  10 8
therefore, λ c    0.8m
f c 3.75  10 9
2)The guide wavelength g is given by,

λ
λg 
2
 λ 
1   
 λc 
c 3  10 8
where, λ    0.5m
f 6  10 9
0.5
λg   0.6405m
2
 0.5 
1  
 0.8 
g = 0.6405m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ww
4) A wave is propagated in a parallel plane waveguide. The frequency is 6GHz
and the plane separation is 3cm. Determine the group and phase velocities for
the dominant mode. EC2305 NOV-DEC 2013 (2 Marks) EC2305 ND2010 (2)
w.E
EC2305 NOV/DEC 2010 (2)
Solution:
a syE
Given: f=6 GHz, a=3cm=0.03m, mode = Dominant (TE1 or TM1, ) so, m=1
1) The guide wavelength, g is given by
λg 
2π ngi
βmn
where, mn is given as, nee

 mπ  2  nπ  2  rin
g.n
2
βmn  ω με      
 a   b  
ω  2πf  2  3.14  9  10  5.652  10

2
ω  31.945  10 20
9 10
et
με 11.11  10 18
20 18
 3.14  2  0  2 
 βmn  (31.945  10  11.11  10 )      
 0.045   0.03  
βmn  35.4910  103  4868.94
βmn  174.99 rad / m
2π 2π
Therefore, λ g  β 
174.99
 0.0359m
mn
g = 0.0359 m

1) The Phase velocity, vp is given by

ω
vp 
βm
where, m is given as,

2
2 mπ 
β m  ω με   
 a 
ω  2πf  2  3.14  6  109  3.768  1010
ω 2 14.198  1020
με 11.11  10 18
ww  3.14 
 βmn  (14.198  10 20  11.11  10 18 )  
2
w.E
βmn  15.774  103 10955.11

 0.03 
a
m = 69.418 rad/m
syE
therefore, v p 
ω 3.768  1010
βm

69.418 ngi
 5.428  10 8 m / sec
vp=5.428x108 m/sec
nee
3) Group velocity, vg rin
vg 
c2


3  10 8 2
 1.658  10 8 m / sec g.n

v p 5.428  10 8
vg=1.658x108 m/sec
et
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5) A TEM wave at 1MHz propagates in the region between conducting planes
which is filled with dielectric material of r=1 and r=2. Find the phase
constant and characteristic wave impedance. (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2010)
(4marks)
Solution:
Given: f=1GHz, r=1 and r=2
1) where, the phase constant, mn is given by
β mn  ω με

βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r
βmn  2  3.14  1  10 6 4  3.14  10 7  1  8.854  10 12  2
βmn  6.28  106  4.716  10 9
mn = 0.0296 rad/m
2) The characteristic impedance for TEM wave is given by,
μ μ0 μr 4  3.14  10 7  1
Z TEM  η     266 .32 ohms
ε ε 0 εr 8.854  10 12  2
ZTEM = 266.32 ohms
ww
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
w.E
1) A TE10 wave at 10GHz propagates in a brass c=1.57x107(S/m) rectangular
waveguide with inner dimensions a=1.5cm and b=0.6cm, which is filled with
a syE
r=2.25, r=1, loss tangent=4x10-4. Determine:
1) the phase constant ,
2) the guide wavelength,
ngi
3) the phase velocity,
4) the wave impedance, nee
5) the attenuation constant due to loss in the dielectric and,
rin
6) the attenuation constant due to loss in the guide walls.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2019) (15 Marks) (EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2018) (15 g.n
Marks)
Solution:
et
Given: mode = TE10, f=10GHz, c=1.57x107(S/m), a=1.5cm = 1.5x10-2 m and
b=0.6cm = 0.6x10-2 m, r=2.25, r=1, loss tangent, tan=4x10-4
1) The phase constant,  is given by
2
f 
βmn  ω με 1   c 
f 
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
where, fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2 εr  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   0 
fc   2 
 2 
2 2.25  1.5 x10   0.6x10 
fc  6.6667 GHz
2
f 
therefore, βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r 1  c 
f 
2
 6.6667  109 
βmn  2  3.14  10  10 9
4  3.14  10 7
 1  8.854  10 12
 2.25 1   9

 10  10 
βmn  6.28  1010  5.0021  109  0.74535
ww
mn = 234.139 rad/m
w.E
2) The guide wavelength g is given by,
2π 2  3.14
λg 
a 
βmn 234.139
g = 0.02682m
 0.02682 m
syE
ngi
3) The Phase velocity, vp is given by,
vp 
ω

ω

1 nee
βmn f 
ω με 1   c 
f 
2
f 
με 1   c 
f 
2
rin
vp 
1

c
,
1 g.n
 c , and μ r  1
f 
μ0μrε 0 ε r 1   c 
f 
2
f 
εr 1   c 
f 
2

μ0ε 0
et
3  108 3  108
vp    2.6834  108 m /sec
 6.667  109 
2 1.118
2.25 1   9

 10  10 
vp=2.6834x108 m/sec
4) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

ωμ
Z TE 
βmn

2  π  f  μ 0 μ r 2  3.14  10  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1
Z TE  
βmn 234.139
ZTE = 336.88 ohms
5) The attenuation constant due to dielectric loss is given by,
σ dη μ
αd  , where η 
2 ε
f 
2 1  c 
f 
In this problem, d is not specified, but the loss tangent is given. The loss
tangent tan is
ww
tanδ 
σd
ωε
w.E
i.e., d = tan = 2f0rtan
μ0μr
a
therefore, α d 
σ dη
f 
2 1  c 
2 syE

2πfε 0 ε r tan δ
f 
2 1  c 
ε 0ε r
2

πf μ 0 ε 0 ε r tan δ
f 
1  c 
2
f 
ngi
f  f 
substituting μ0ε 0 
1
c nee
therefore, α d 
πf tan δ
rin
g.n
2
c f 
1  c 
εr f 
αd 
3.14  10  109  4  10 4
3  108  6.6667  109 
2
( tan δ  4x10  4 given) et
1   9

2.25  10  10 
12.56  106
αd   0.0843 Np /m
149.07  106
d = 0.0843 Np/m
6) The attenuation constant c is given by,

c for the TE10 mode is,

 2b  fc  2 
R s     1
a f  
αc   Np / m
2
 fc 
bη 1   
f 
πfμ
where, R s 
σc
πfμ 3.14 10  10 9  4π  10 7

Rs  
σc 1.57  10 7
198.59
Rs   0.05012 ohms
3962.32
ww
η
μ
ε

μ0 μr
ε 0 εr

4π  10 7  1
8.854  10 12  2.25
 251 .0925 ohms
w.E 0.05012
 2  0.6  10  2  6.6667  10 9  2
 1.5  10
2

 10  10 9    1



a
therefore, α c 
syE

0.6  10  2  251.0925 1  
 6 .6667
 10  10


10
9
9 2



Np / m
c = 0.0605 Np/m ngi

Total attenuation in the waveguide = c+d
nee
= 0.0605 +0.0843 = 0.1448 Np/m or 1.258 dB/m
rin
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Calculate the cut-off frequency of a rectangular waveguide whose inner
dimensions are a=2.5cm and b=1.5cm operating at TE10 mode. (EC6503 -
g.n
APR/MAY 2017) (2 Marks)
Solution:
et
Given: a=2.5cm = 2.5x10-2 m and b=1.5cm = 1.5x10-2 m, mode = TE10; m=1,
n=0
The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2 2 2
c m n 3  10 8  1   0 
fc        2 
 2 
2  a  b 2  2.5  10   1.5  10 
fc =6GHz
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3) An air filled rectangular waveguide of inner dimensions 2.286 x 1.016 in

centimeters operates in the dominant TE10 modes. Calculate the cut-off
frequency and phase velocity of a wave in the guide at a frequency of 7GHz.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2016) (2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 2.286cm = 0.02286m, b=1.016cm=0.01016m. f=7GHz, mode=TE10,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b
ww
fc 
3x10 8 

1  
2 

2
0 
2 
2
w.E 2
fc = 6.56GHz
 2.286x10   1.016x10 
vp 
a
The phase velocity is given by,
c
,
syE
 for air medium
1
c
f 
1  c 
f 
2
ngi με
vp 
3  108

3  108 nee
 8.597  108 m /sec
 6.56  109 
1  
 7  10 
9


2 0.3489
rin
vp=8.597x108 m/sec g.n
et
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4) A rectangular waveguide of cross section 5cm x 2cm is used to propagate
TM11 mode at 10 GHz. Determine the cut-off wavelength.
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2015) (2marks) (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2014) (2marks)
Solution:
Given: a=5cm = 0.05m, b=2cm =0.02m, f=10GHz, mode - TM11, m=1, n=1
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.05   0.02 
fc  8.078 GHz
therefore, cut-off wavelength is given by,
c 3  10 8
λc    0.0371 m
fc 8.078  10 9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5) A rectangular air-filled copper waveguide with dimension 0.9 inch x 0.4 inch
cross section and 12 inch length is operated at 9.2 GHz with a dominant mode.
Find cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase velocity, characteristics
impedance and the loss. (EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2015) (16 marks) (EC2305 -
ww
NOV/DEC 2011) (16 marks)
Solution:
w.E
Given: a=0.9 inch=0.02286m, b=0.4inch=0.01016m, f=9.2GHz,
a
l=12inch=0.3048 (Note:1 inch=2.54cm), medium=air, dominant mode, TE10
1) The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
syE
fc 
1
2π με

2
 mπ   nπ 
 
 a   b 

2
ngi
fc 
c m n
   
2 2
nee
2  a  b
rin
fc 
3x10 8
2


1  
2 

0
2

2 
 2.286x10   1.016x10 
2
g.n
fc = 6.56GHz
2)The phase velocity is given by,
et
c 1
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 
3  108 3  108
vp    4.279  108 m /sec
 6.56  109 
2 0.7011
1   
9 
 9.2  10 
vp=4.279x108 m/sec
3) The guide wavelength g is

2π
 λg 
βmn
where, the phase constant, mn is given by

2
f 
βmn  ω με 1   c 
f 
2
f 
βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r 1   c 
f 
2
 6.56  109 
βmn  2  3.14  9.2  10 9
4  3.14  10 7
 1  8.854  10 12
 1 1   
9 
 9.2  10 
ww
βmn  5.7776  1010  3.335  109  0.7011
mn = 135.08 rad/m
w.E
therefore, the guide wavelength g is given by,
2π 2  3.14
λg 
a 
βmn 135.08
g = 0.0465m
 0.0465 m
syE
ngi
Z TE 
ωμ nee
βmn
rin
Z TE 
2  π  f  μ0μr
βmn

2  3.14  9.2  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1
135.08 g.n
ZTE = 537.21 ohms et
5)The loss due to imperfectly conducting guide walls is found using the
formula,
c for the TE10 mode is,
 2b  fc  2 
R s     1
a f  
αc   Np / m
2
 fc 
bη 1   
f 
πfμ
where, R s 
σc

πfμ 3.14  9.2  10 9  4π  10 7

Rs  
σc 1.57  10 7
190.48
Rs   0.0480 ohms
3962.32
μ μ0 μr
η   377 ohms
ε ε 0 εr
 2  0.01016  6.56  10 9  2 
0.0480   
9 
 1
 0.02286  9.2  10  
therefore, α c  Np / m
9 2
 6.56  10 
0.01016  377 1   9 

 9.2  10 
ww  2  0.01016  6.56  10 9  2
0.0480  
 0.02286  9.2  10 

9 
 1


 0.06969
w.E
αc 
0.01016  377 1  
 6.56  10 9 
9 

2

2.6855
Np / m
a
c = 0.025955 Np/m
 9.2  10 
syE
ngi
therefore, the total loss taking place throughout the waveguide is,
c (12 inch) = 0.025955 x 0.3048 = 7.9097x10-3Np/m
nee
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rin
6) An air filled rectangular waveguide of dimensions a=4.5cm and b=3cm
operates in the TM11 mode. Find the cutoff wavelength and characteristic wave
impedance at a frequency of 9 GHz. (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2016) (8marks)
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2013) (4marks) g.n
Solution:
Given: a= 4.5cm = 0.045m, b=3cm=0.03m. f=9GHz, mode=TM11,
et
1) The cutoff wavelength, c is given by
c
λc 
fc
where, the cut-off frequency fc is given by,

2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.045   0.03 
fc = 6.009GHz
Therefore the cutoff wavelength, c is
c 3  10 8
λc    0.049925 m
f c 6.009  10 9
2) The wave impedance ZTM is given by,

2
β  fc 
Z TM  mn (Or ) η 1   
ωε f 
2 2
ww  fc 
f 
 6.009  10 9 
Z TM  η 1     377 1  
 9  10
9


w.E
ZTM = 280.66 ohms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a syE
7) An air filled rectangular waveguide of dimensions a=7cm and b=3.5cm
operates in the dominant mode. Find the guide wavelength and phase velocity
at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. (EC2305 - MAY/JUNE 2016) (4marks)
Solution: ngi
Given: a= 7cm = 0.07m, b=3.5cm=0.035m. f=3.5GHz, mode=TE10,
nee
2π rin
λg 
βmn
g.n
where, mn is given as,
 mπ  2  nπ  2 
βmn  ω 2 με      
et
 a   b  
ω  2πf  2  3.14  3.5  109  2.198  1010
ω 2  4.8312  1020
με 11.11  10 18
 3.14  2  0  2 
 βmn  (4.8312  10 20  11.11  10 18 )      
 0.07   0.035  
βmn  5.36747  10 3  2012.16
βmn  57.925 rad / m

2π 2π
57.925
 0.1084m
mn
g = 0.108 m
2)The phase velocity vp is given by,
ω 2.198  1010
vp    3.79456  10 8 m /sec
βm 57.925
vp = 3.7945 x 108 m/sec

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8) A rectangular wave guide with dimensions a = 2.5 cm, b= 1 cm is to operate
below 15 GHz. How many TE and TM modes can the waveguide transmit if the
ww
guide is filled with a medium characterized by =0,  = 4 o, r=1? Calculate the
cutoff frequencies of the modes. (EC2305 - APR/MAY 2011) (16marks)
w.E
Solution:
a
Given: a = 2.5 cm = 0.025m, b= 1cm= 0.01m, f=15 GHz, =0,  = 4 o, r=1
The cut-off frequency is given by,
syE
ngi
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
fc 
c m n
   
2 2
nee
2 εr  a  b
rin
fc 
3  10 8
2 4
m n
   
 a  b
2 2
g.n
 m   n 
f c  75  10 6    
 0.025   0.01 
2 2 et
Now, let us consider different values of m and n
For TE01 mode: m=0, n=1
2 2
 0   1 
f c 01  75  10 6      7.5 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
2 2
6  0   2 
f c 02  75  10      15 GHz
 0.025   0.01 

2 2
6  0   3 
f c 03  75  10      22.5 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
Thus for TE03 mode, fc03 > f, i.e., fc03 > 15 GHz. Hence the modes with n>2
cannot propagate through guide.
2 2
 1   0 
f c10  75  10 6      3 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
2 2
6  2   0 
f c 20  75  10      6 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
ww
w.E
f c 30  75  10 6

2
 3   0 
 
2
  9 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
a
f c 40  75  10 6
2
 4   0 
  
syE 2
  12 GHz

 0.025   0.01 
ngi
f c50  75  10 6

2
 5   0 
 
2
  15GHz
nee
 0.025   0.01 
rin
g.n
et
2 2
6  6   0 
f c 60  75  10      18 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
Thus for TE60 mode, fc60 > f, i.e., fc60 > 15 GHz. Hence the modes with m>5
cannot propagate through guide.
For TE11 , TM11 modes (Degenerate modes): m=1, n=1
2 2
6  1   1 
f c11  75  10      8.078 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
2 2
6  1   2 
f c12  75  10      15.3 GHz
 0.025   0.01 

2 2
6  2   1 
f c 21  75  10      9.6 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
2 2
6  3   1 
f c 31  75  10      11.72 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
2 2
 4   1 
f c 41  75  10 6      14.14 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
ww
2 2
6  5   1 
f c51  75  10      16.77 GHz
 0.025   0.01 
w.E
Thus the modes whose cut-off frequency is less than or equal to 15 GHZ will
be propagated or transmitted. This in all total 11 TE modes and 4 AM modes
a
are transmitted by the rectangular guide.
syE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9) An air filled rectangular waveguide of dimension a=6cm and b=4cm operates
ngi
in the TM11 mode. Find the cutoff frequency, guide wavelength and phase
velocity at a frequency of 3GHz. APR-MAY2014 (6 Marks)
Solution: nee
Given: a=6cm = 0.06m, b=4cm = 0.04m, mode-TM11, m=1, n=1, f=3GHz
rin
1
2
 mπ   nπ 
2 g.n
fc 
2π με
2
  
 a   b 
2

et
c m n
fc     
2  a  b
2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.06   0.04 
fc = 4.5069 GHz
2) The guide wavelength g, is given by,

2π
λg 
β mn

 mπ  2  nπ  2 
βmn  ω 2 με      
 a   b  
ω  2πf  2  3.14  3  109 1.884  1010
ω 2  3.549  10 20
με 11.11  10 18
 3.14  2  3.14  2 
 β mn  (3.549  10 20  11.11  10 18 )      
 0.06   0.04  
β mn  3.943  10 3  8901.02
ww
mn value is imaginary. So, no wave propagates and guide wavelength cannot
be calculated.
w.E
2)The phase velocity vp is given by,
vp 
aω
βm
syE
The wave does not propagate.
ngi
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nee
10) An air filled rectangular waveguide has a=6cm and b=4cm. The signal
frequency is 3GHz. Determine the cutoff frequency for TM11 mode.
(EC2305 - APR/MAY 2016) (2 marks) rin
Solution:
g.n
2 2
et
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b
2 2
3x10 8  1   1 
fc     
2  0.06   0.04 
fc = 4.5069 GHz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11) A rectangular waveguide of cross section 5cm x 2cm is used to propagate

TM11 mode at 10GHz. Determine the cutoff wave length.
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2015) (2 marks), (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2011) (2 marks)
Solution:
The cutoff wavelength, c is given by
c
λc 
fc
where, the cut-off frequency fc is given by,

2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
ww 2π με
c m n
2
 a   b 
2
w.E
fc     
2  a  b
fc 
a
3x10 8
2

2
 1   1 
 
syE

 0.05   0.02 
2
fc = 8.078 GHz
Therefore the cutoff wavelength, c is ngi
λc 
c

3  10 8
f c 8.078  10 9
 0.0371 m nee
c=0.0371 m rin
g.n
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12) A rectangular air-filled copper waveguide with a=2.28 am and b=1.01 am
cross section and l=30.45 cm is operated at 9.2 GHz with a dominant mode.
Find cut-off frequency, guide wavelength, phase velocity, and characteristics
et
impedance. (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2014) (16 marks)
Solution:
Given: a=2.28 cm = 0.0228 m, b=1.01inch=0.0101m, f= 9.2GHz,
l=30.45cm=0.3045m, medium=air, dominant mode, TE10
1) The cut-off frequency fc is given by,
2 2
1  mπ   nπ 
fc     
2π με  a   b 
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b

2 2
3x10 8  1   0 
fc   2 
 2 
2  2.28 x10   1.01x10 
fc = 6.579GHz
2)The phase velocity is given by,
c 1
f 
2
με
1  c 
f 
3  10 8 3  10 8
vp    4.292  10 8 m /sec
 6.579  10 9 
2 0.699
1   9

 9.2  10 
ww
vp=4.292x108 m/sec
3) The guide wavelength g is
w.E
 λg 
2π
βmn
a
where, the phase constant, mn is given by
2
syE
f 
βmn  ω με 1   c 
f  ngi
f 
βmn  2πf μ 0 μ r ε 0 ε r 1   c 
f 
2
nee
βmn  2  3.14  9.2  10 9
4  3.14  10 7
 1  8.854  10 12 rin  6.579  10 9 
 1 1   
2
βmn  5.7776  1010  3.335  10 9  0.699 g.n 9

 9.2  10 
mn = 134.69 rad/m

therefore, the guide wavelength g is given by,
et
2π 2  3.14
λg    0.0466 m
βmn 134.69
g = 0.0466m
ωμ
Z TE 
βmn
2  π  f  μ0μr 2  3.14  9.2  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1
Z TE  
βmn 134.69
ZTE = 538.77 ohms
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13) A rectangular waveguide with a=7cm and b=3.5cm is used to propagate

TM10 at 3.5GHZ. Determine the guided wavelength.
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2013) (2marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 7cm = 0.07m, b=3.5cm=0.035m. f=3.5GHz, mode=TM10,
2π
λg 
βmn
 mπ  2  nπ  2 
2
βmn  ω με      
ww  a   b  
ω  2πf  2  3.14  3.5  109  2.198  1010
w.E
ω 2  4.8312  1020
a
με 11.11  10 18
syE  3.14  2  0  2 
ngi
20 18
 βmn  (4.8312  10  11.11  10 )      
 0.07   0.035  
βmn  5.36747  10 3  2012.16

nee
βmn  57.925 rad / m
2π 2π rin
Therefore, λ g  β
mn

57.925
 0.1084m
g.n
g = 0.108 m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
et
14) A rectangular waveguide measuring a=4.5cm and b=3cm internally has a
9GHZ signal propagated in it. Calculate the guide wavelength, phase and
group velocities and characteristic impedance for the dominant mode.
(EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2010) (6marks)
Solution:
Given: a= 4.5cm = 0.045m, b=3cm=0.03m. f=9GHz, mode=TE10,
2π
λg 
βmn

 mπ  2  nπ  2 
βmn  ω 2 με      
 a   b  
ω  2πf  2  3.14  9  109  5.652  1010
ω2  31.945  1020
με 11.11  10 18
 3.14  2  0  2 
 βmn  (31.945  10 20  11.11  10 18 )      
 0.045   0.03  
βmn  35.4910  103  4868.94
ww
βmn  174.99 rad / m
2π
2π
 0.0359m
w.E
g = 0.0359 m
mn 174.99
a syE
vp 
ω
βm

5.652  1010
174.99
 3.23  10 8 m /secngi
vp=3.23x108 m/sec nee
rin
3) Group velocity, vg
 
2 g.n
vg 
c2

3  10 8
v p 3.23  10 8
vg=2.786x108 m/sec
 2.786  10 8 m / sec
et
4)The wave impedance ZTE is given by,
ωμ
Z TE 
βmn
2  π  f  μ0μr 2  3.14  9  10 9  4  3.14  10 7  1

Z TE  
βmn 174.99
ZTE = 405.675 ohms

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
1) A TE11 wave is propagating through a circular waveguide. The diameter of

the guide is 10cm and the guide is air-filled. Given X11 = 1.842.
(1) Find the cut-off frequency. (3)
(2) Find the wavelength in the guide for a frequency of 3 GHz. (2)
(3) Determine the wave impedance in the guide. (3)
(EC6503 - NOV/DEC 2016) (8 Marks) (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2018) (8 Marks)
Solution:
Given: diameter = 10cm, a=5cm = 0.05m, Mode - TE11, m=1, n=1
ww
(1) The cut off frequency fc is given by,
fc 
ha mn 
ha mn c 1
 c ; (for air medium)
w.E 2πa με
ha mn c  ha 11 c

2πa

με
fc 
fc 
a 2πa
1.842  3  108
2πa
1.7599 GHz;
syE (ha )11  1.842 ; given value
2π  5  10  2
fc = 1.7599 GHz ngi
nee
(2) The wavelength in the guide for a frequency of 3 GHz is given by,
λ rin
λg 
f 
1  c 
2
g.n
c 3  108
λ 
f 
 0.1m
et
f 3  109
λ 0.1 0.1
λg     0.1234m
f 
2
 1.7599  109 
2 0.8099
1  c  1   
f   3  10 9

g = 0.1234 m
(c) The wave impedance ZTE is given by,

ωμ η
Z TE  (or ) Z TE 
βmn f 
2
1  c 
f 
η 377
Z TE  
2 2
f   1.7599  109 
1  c  1   
f   3  109 
377
Z TE   465.49 ohms;  η  120π or 377 ohms for air medium
0.8099
ZTE = 465.49 ohms
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) An air filled circular waveguide having an inner radius of 1cm is excited in
ww
dominant mode at 10GHz. Find (a) the cut off frequency of the dominant mode
at 10GHz. (b) the guide wavelength and (c) wave impedance. Also find the
w.E
bandwidth for operation in the dominant mode only.
(EC6503 - APR/MAY 2018) (13 Marks) (EC2305 - APR/MAY 2019) (16
a
Marks) (EC2305 - NOV/DEC 2011) (8 marks)
Solution: syE
ngi
Given: Dominant mode (TE11), inner radius, a= 1cm=1x10-2m, f=10GHz
(a) the cut off frequency fc is given by,
fc 
h mn

ha mn  ha mn c  hmn  nee
ha mn , 1
 c ; (for air medium)
fc 
2π με 2πa με
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa a με
rin
2πa 2πa
g.n
fc 
1.841  3  10 8
2π  1  10  2
fc = 8.795 GHz
 8.795 GHz; (ha )11  1.841
et
(b) the guide wavelength g is given by,
λ
λg 
2
f 
1  c 
f 
c 3  10 8
λ   3  10  2 m
f 10  10 9
λ 3  10 2 3  10 2
λg     0.063m
f 
2
 8.795  109 
2 0.4759
1  c  1   
f   10  10 
9

g = 0.063 m

ωμ η
βmn f 
2
1  c 
f 
η 377
Z TE  
2 2
f   8.795  109 
1  c  1   
f   10  10 
9
ww
Z TE 
ZTE
377
0.4759
 792.185 ohms;
= 792.185 ohms
 η  120π or 377 ohms for air medium
w.E
a
(d) The bandwidth is given by,
syE
Bandwidth = cutoff frequency of TM01 - cutoff frequency of TE11
ha mn c  ha 01 c
cutoff frequency of TM01 is fc 
2πa ngi2πa
fc 
2.405  3  108
2π  1  10  2
11.4889 GHz; nee
(ha )01  2.405
fc = 11.4889 GHz
rin
fc for TM01= 11.4889 GHz and fc for TE01= 8.795 GHz
g.n
Therefore Bandwidth = (11.4889 - 8.795 )GHz = 2.695 GHz
Bandwidth = 2.695 GHz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
et
3) When dominant mode is transmitted through a circular waveguide, the
wavelength measured is to be 13.33cm. The frequency of the microwave signal
is 3.75GHz. Calculate the cut-off frequency, inner radius of guide, phase
velocity, group velocity, phase constant, wave impedance, bandwidth for
operation in dominant mode only. (EC6503 - APR/MAY 2017) (2 Marks)
Solution:
Given: Dominant mode (TE11), g=13.33cm = 13.33x10-2 m, f=3.75 GHz
1) The Cut-off frequency fc is given by
fc 
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa

Note: inner radius of the circular guide is not given. so, we cannot use the
above formula. To find fc, first we have to find c and then using c we have to
find fc.
1 1 1
W.K.T 2
 2  2
λ0 λc λg
c 3x10 8
where, λ 0    0.08m
f 3.75x10 9
1 1 1
2
 2 
(0.08) λ c (0.01333 )2
c=0.1m
c 3  10 8
Therefore, fc = fc    3 GHz
ww
fc = 3GHz
λc 0.1
w.E
fc 
a
2) The inner radius can be found using the formula,
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa
syE
a
ha 11 c

1.841  3  10 8
 0.02932 m ngi
2πfc
a=0.02932m
2  3.14  3  10 9
nee
rin
g.n
vp 
c
f 
1  c 
f 
2
,  for air medium
1
με
c
et
3  10 8 3  10 8
vp    5.0  10 8 m /sec
 3  10 9 
2 0.6
1   
9 
 3.75  10 
vp=5.0x108 m/sec
Group velocity, vg
vg 

c 2 3  10 8


2
 2.8618  10 8 m / sec
8
vp 5  10
vg=1.8x108 m/sec

2π
 λg 
βmn
2π 2  3.14
βmn    471.118 m
λ g 0.01333
ωμ η
βmn f 
2
1  c 
f 
ww
Z TE 
η

377
w.E f 
1  c 
f 
2
 3  109 
1   
9 
 3.75  10 
2
Z TE 
ZTE
a 377
0.6
 628.33 ohms;
= 628.33 ohms
syE  η  120π or 377 ohms for air medium
ngi
(d) The bandwidth is given by,
Bandwidth = cutoff frequency of TM01 - cutoff frequency of TE11
nee
cutoff frequency of TM01 is fc 
ha mn c  ha 01 c rin
2πa 2πa
g.n
fc 
2.405  3  10 8
2π  0.02932  10  2
fc = 3.9184 GHz
 3.9184 GHz; (ha )01  2.405
et
fc for TM01= 3.9184 GHz and fc for TE01= 3 GHz
Therefore Bandwidth = (3.9184 - 3 )GHz = 0.9184 GHz
Bandwidth = 0.9184 GHz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4) A 10 GHZ signal is to be transmitted inside a hollow circular conducting
pipe. Determine the inside diameter of the pipe such that its lowest cut off
frequency is 20% below this signal frequency. (6) [AU-MAY 2012]
Solution:
Given: f=10 GHz, fc = 20%f

The lowest cutoff frequency for the dominant mode is given by,
fc 
ha mn c  ha 11 c
2πa 2πa
ha 11 c 1.841  3  10 8 0.293c
fc   9

2πa 2  3.14  3  10 a
But the lowest cut-off frequency fc11 is 20% less than the operating frequency
of 10 GHz. Hence we can write,
fc11 = 10 GHz - (20% of 10 GHZ)
= 10x109 - 2x109
= 8 GHz
ww
therefore, a 
0.293c 0.293  3  10 8
fc

8  10 9
 1.098 cm
w.E
a=1.095 am
a
Hence the inner diameter of the pipe is 2a = 2.197cm
syE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et


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UNIT 1 - TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

1. Find the characteristic impedance of a line at 1600Hz if Z OC = 750∠-30° Ω

e 2γ [1 − 0.3276 + j1.5387] = 1 + 0.3276 − j1.5387

e 2γ [0.6724 + j1.5387] = 1.3276 − j1.5387

Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

G + jωC = 3.533 × 10 −5 + j4.939 × 10 −4

Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

5. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 400 Ω and is

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Z R − Z O (60 + j 40) − 50 10 + j40

P=γ= (6 + j13.816) × (0.25 × 10 + j3.14 × 10 )

P = γ = 15.063∠66.526  × 2.52 × 10 −4 ∠7.159 

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0616 ∠36.843° (Or) 0.0493+j0.0369

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10. A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of (683-j138) ohm. the

Z = R+jωL = 10.4 + j(6280)(.00367) = 25.285∠65.71°

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The propagation constant is given by,

P = γ = 1.319 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.91 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0363 ∠77.81° (Or) 7.6649x10-3+j0.0355

At sending end, s=l, and put K=0, because Z R = Z O .

e − ZYl = 0.4646 ∠203.4

Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Z = R+jωL = 2.59x10-3 + j(31400)(2x10-6) = 0.0629∠87.64°

P=γ = α+jβ = 1.048x10-4 ∠88.82° (Or) 2.1582x10-6+j1.04778x10-4

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13. A 2 meter long transmission line with characteristics impedance of 60+j 40

eγl = 6.3091 ∠0° En

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The propagation constant is given by, eer

P = γ = 1.326 × 10 − 3 ∠(65.71 + 89.13 )

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e − ZYl = 0.4526 ∠203.4

Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

The propagation constant is given by, i ng.

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.0364 ∠77.42° (Or) 7.928x10-3+j0.0355

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P = γ = 1.3812 × 10 − 3 ∠(67.26 + 88.93 )

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200 − 696.06∠ − 10.84

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Z = R+jωL = 10 + j(6280)(3.8x10-3) = 25.87∠67.26°

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P = γ = 1.3812 × 10 − 3 ∠(67.26 + 88.93 )

P=γ = α+jβ = 0.03716 ∠78.095° (Or) 7.6657x10-3+j0.03636

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Z S = 696.06 ∠-10.84° x 0.8980∠12.39°

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P=γ = α+jβ = 25.56x10-3 ∠45° (Or) 0.01807+j0.01807

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Comparing real and imaginary terms,