NCERT Solutions Class VI Mathematics

NCERT SOLUTIONS
MATHEMATICS
CBSE
CLASS VI
Rajesh Sarswat
CHAPTER 1 KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
Exercise 1.1
Exercise 1.2
Exercise 1.3
CHAPTER 2 WHOLE NUMBERS
Exercise 2.1
Exercise 2.2
Exercise 2.3
CHAPTER 3 PLAYING WITH NUMBERS
Exercise 3.1
Exercise 3.2
Exercise 3.3
Exercise 3.4
Exercise 3.5
Exercise 3.6
Exercise 3.7
CHAPTER 4 BASIC GEOMETRICAL IDEAS
Exercise 4.1
Exercise 4.2
Exercise 4.3
Exercise 4.4
Exercise 4.5
Exercise 4.6
CHAPTER 5 UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTARY
SHAPES
Exercise 5.1
Exercise 5.2
Exercise 5.3
Exercise 5.4
Exercise 5.5
Exercise 5.6
Exercise 5.7
Exercise 5.8
Exercise 5.9
CHAPTER 6 INTEGERS
Exercise 6.1
Exercise 6.2
Exercise 6.3
CHAPTER 7 FRACTIONS
Exercise 7.1
Exercise 7.2
Exercise 7.3
Exercise 7.4
Exercise 7.5
Exercise 7.6
CHAPTER 8 DECIMALS
Exercise 8.1
Exercise 8.2
Exercise 8.3
Exercise 8.4
Exercise 8.5
Exercise 8.6
CHAPTER 9 DATA HANDLING
Exercise 9.1
Exercise 9.2
Exercise 9.3
Exercise 9.4
CHAPTER 10 MENSURATION
Exercise 10.1
Exercise 10.2
Exercise 10.3
CHAPTER 11 ALGEBRA
Exercise 11.1
Exercise 11.2
Exercise 11.3
Exercise 11.4
Exercise 11.5
CHAPTER 12 RATIO AND PROPORTION
Exercise 12.1
Exercise 12.2
Exercise 12.3
CHAPTER 13 SYMMETRY
Exercise 13.1
Exercise 13.2
Exercise 13.3
CHAPTER 14 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
Exercise 14.1
Exercise 14.2
Exercise 14.3
Exercise 14.4
Exercise 14.5
Exercise 14.6
CHAPTER 1
KNOWING OUR
NUMBERS
Exercise 1.1
Question 1: Fill in the blanks:

(a) 1 lakh = _________ ten thousand.
(b) 1 million = _________ hundred thousand.
(c) 1 crore = _________ ten lakh.
(d) 1 crore = _________ million.
(e) 1 million = _________ lakh.
Solution:
(a) 1 lakh = 10 ten thousand
(1 lakh = 1,00,000 and ten thousand = 10,000)
(b) 1 million =10 hundred thousand
(1 million = 1,000,000 and 1 hundred thousand = 1, 00,000)
(c) 1 crore = 10 ten lakh
(1 crore = 1,00,00,000 and Ten lakh = 10,00,000)
(d) 1 crore = 10 million
(1 crore = 1,00,00,000 and 1 million = 1,000,000)
(e) 1 million = 10 lakh
(1 million = 1,000,000 and 1 lakh = 1,00,000)
Question 2: Place commas correctly and write the
numerals:
(a) Seventy three lakh seventy five thousand three hundred
seven.
(b) Nine crore five lakh forty one.
(c) Seven crore fifty two lakh twenty one thousand three
hundred two.
(d) Fifty eight million four hundred twenty three thousand
two hundred two.
(e) Twenty three lakh thirty thousand ten.
Solution:
(a) 73,75,307
(b) 9,05,00,041
(c) 7,52,21,302
(d) 58,423,202
(e) 23,30,010
Question 3: Insert commas suitably and write the names

according to Indian System of Numeration:
(a) 87595762 (b) 8546283 (c) 99900046 (d) 98432701
Solution:
(a) 8,75,95,762
Eight crore seventy five lakh ninety five thousand seven
hundred sixty two
(b) 85,46,283
Eighty five lakh forty six thousand two hundred eighty three
(c) 9,99,00,046
Nine crore ninety nine lakh forty six
(d) 9,84,32,701
Nine crore eighty four lakh thirty two thousand seven hundred
one
Question 4: Insert commas suitably and write the names

according to International System of Numeration:
(a) 78921092 (b) 7452283 (c) 99985102 (d) 48049831
Solution:
(a) 78,921,092
Seventy eight million nine hundred twenty one thousand
ninety two
(b) 7,452,283
Seven million four hundred fifty two thousand two hundred
eighty three
(c) 99,985,102
Ninety nine million nine hundred eighty five thousand one
hundred two
(d) 48, 049,831
Forty eight million forty nine thousand eight hundred thirty
one
Exercise 1.2
Question 1: A book exhibition was held for four days in a
school. The number of tickets sold at the counter on the
first, second, third, and final day was respectively 1094,
1812, 2050, and 2751. Find the total number of tickets sold
on all the four days.
Solution:
Tickets sold on 1st day = 1094
Tickets sold on 2nd day = 1812
Tickets sold on 3rd day = 2050
Tickets sold on 4th day = 2751
Total tickets sold = 1094 + 1812 + 2050 + 2751 = 7707
∴ Total tickets sold = 7,707
Question 2: Shekhar is a famous cricket player. He has so

far scored 6980 runs in test matches. He wishes to complete
10, 000 runs. How many more runs does he need?
Solution:
Runs scored so far = 6980
Runs Shekhar wants to score = 10,000
More runs required = 10,000 – 6980 = 3020
∴ Shekhar requires 3,020 more runs.
Question 3: In an election, the successful candidate

registered 5, 77, 500 votes and his nearest rival secured 3,
48, 700 votes. By what margin did the successful candidate
win the election?
Solution:
Votes secured by successful candidate = 5,77,500
Votes secured by rival = 3,48,700
Margin = 5,77,500 − 3,48,700 = 2,28,800
∴ Margin = 2,28,800
Question 4: Kirti bookstore sold books worth Rs 2,85,891

in the first week of June and books worth Rs 4,00,768 in
the second week of the month. How much was the sale for
the two weeks together? In which week was the sale
greater and by how much?
Solution:
Value of Books sold in 1st week = Rs 2,85,891
Value of books sold in 2nd week = Rs 4,00,768
Total sale = Sale in 1st week + Sale in 2nd week
= 2,85,891 + 4,00,768
= 6,86,659
The sale for the two weeks together was 6,86,659.
Since 4,00,768 > 2,85,891, sale in 2nd week was greater than
1st week.
∴ The sale in 2nd week was larger than the sale in 1st week by
Rs 1,14,877.
Question 5: Find the difference between the greatest and

the least number that can be written using the digits 6, 2, 7,
4, 3 each only once.
Solution:
Greatest number = 76432
Smallest number = 23467
Difference = 76432 − 23467
Therefore, the difference between the greatest and the least

number that can be written using the digits 6, 2, 7, 4, 3 each
only once is 52,965.
Question 6: A machine, on an average, manufactures 2,825

screws a day. How many screws did it produce in the
month of January 2006?
Solution:
Screws produced in one day = 2,825
Days in January = 31
Screws produced in 31 days = 2825 × 31
Therefore, screws produced during Jan, 06 = 87,575
Question 7: A merchant had Rs 78,592 with her. She

placed an order for purchasing 40 radio sets at Rs 1200
each. How much money will remain with her after the
purchase?
Solution:
Cost of one radio set = Rs 1200
Cost of 40 radio sets = 1200 × 40 = Rs 48000
Money with Merchant = Rs 78,592
Money spent = Rs 48,000
Money left = 78592 − 48000
Therefore, Rs 30,592 will remain with her after the purchase.
Question 8: A student multiplied 7236 by 65 instead of

multiplying by 56. By how much was his answer greater
than the correct answer? (Hint: Do you need to do both the
multiplications?)
Solution:
Difference between 65 and 56 = 9
Difference in the answer = 7236 × 9
Therefore, his answer was greater than the correct answer by
65,124.
Question 9: To stitch a shirt, 2m 15 cm cloth is needed. Out

of 40 m cloth, how many shirts can be stitched and how
much cloth will remain? (Hint: convert data in cm.)
Solution:
2 m 15 cm = 215 cm (1 m = 100 cm)
40 m = 40 × 100
= 4000 cm
Cloth required for one shirt = 215 cm
Number of shirts that can be stitched out of 4000 cm = 4000 ÷
215
Therefore, 18 shirts can be made. 130 cm, i.e. 1 m 30 cm,

cloth will remain.
Question 10: Medicine is packed in boxes, each weighing 4

kg 500 g. How many such boxes can be loaded in a van
which cannot carry beyond 800 kg?
Solution:
1 kg = 1000 g
4 kg 500 g = 4500 g
800 kg = 800 × 1000 = 800000 g
Number of boxes that can be loaded in the van = 800000 ÷
4500
Hence, 177 boxes at maximum can be loaded in the van.
Question 11: The distance between the school and the

house of a student’s house is 1 km 875 m. Everyday she
walks both ways. Find the total distance covered by her in
six days.
Solution:
Distance between school and house = 1 km 875 m
Now, 1 km = 1000 m
1 km 875 m = 1875 m
Distance covered each day = 1875 × 2 = 3750 m
Distance covered in 6 days = 3750 × 6
Therefore, distance covered in 6 days = 22,500 m

= 22.5 km or 22 km 500 m
Question 12: A vessel has 4 litres and 500 ml of curd. In

how many glasses, each of 25 ml capacity, can it be filled?
Solution:
Capacity of vessel = 4 l 500 ml
= 4500 ml (1 l = 1000 ml)
Capacity of a glass = 25 ml
Number of glasses that can be filled = 4500 ÷ 25
∴ 180 glasses can be filled.
Exercise 1.3
Question 1: Estimate each of the following using general

rule:
(a) 730 + 998 (b) 796 − 314 (c) 12, 904 + 2, 888 (d) 28, 292 −
21, 496
Make ten more such examples of addition, subtraction and
estimation of their outcome.
Solution:
(a) 730 + 998
By rounding off to hundreds, 730 rounds off to 700 and 998
rounds off to 1000.
(b) 796 − 314
By rounding off to hundreds, 796 rounds off to 800 and 314
rounds off to 300.
(c) 12904 + 2822

By rounding off to thousands, 12904 rounds off to 13000 and
2822 rounds off to 3000.
(d) 28,296 − 21,496

By rounding off to nearest thousands, 28296 rounds off to
28000 and 21496 rounds off to 21000.
Question 2: Give a rough estimate (by rounding off to

nearest hundreds) and also a closer estimate (by rounding
off to nearest tens):
(a) 439 + 334 + 4, 317 (b) 1,08, 734 − 47, 599 (c) 8325 − 491
(d) 4, 89, 348 − 48, 365
Make four more such examples.
Solution:
(a) 439 + 334 + 4317
Rounding off to nearest hundreds, 439, 334, and 4317 may be
rounded off to 400, 300, and 4300 respectively.
Rounding off to nearest tens, 439, 334, and 4317 may be

rounded off to 440, 330, and 4320 respectively.
(b) 1,08,734 − 47,599

Rounding off to hundreds, 1,08,734 and 47,599 may be
rounded off to 1,08,700 and 47,600 respectively.
Rounding off to tens, 1,08,734 and 47,599 may be rounded off

to 1,08,730 and 47,600 respectively.
(c) 8325 − 491

Rounding off to hundreds, 8325 and 491 may be rounded off
to 8300 and 500 respectively.
Rounding off to tens, 8325 and 491 may be rounded off to

8330 and 490 respectively.
(d) 4,89,348 − 48,365
Rounding off to hundreds, 489348 and 48365 may be rounded
off to 489300 and 48400 respectively.
Rounding off to tens, 489348 and 48365 may be rounded off

Question 3: Estimate the following products using general

rule:
(a) 578 × 161 (b) 5281 × 3491
(c) 1291 × 592 (d) 9250 × 29
Solution:
(a) 578 × 161
Rounding off by general rule, 598 and 161 may be rounded off
(b) 5281 × 3491

Rounding off by general rule, 5281 and 3491 may be rounded
(c) 1291 × 592
Rounding off by general rule, 1291 and 592 may be rounded
(d) 9250 × 29
Rounding off by general rule, 9250 and 29 may be rounded off
CHAPTER 2 WHOLE
NUMBERS
Exercise 2.1
Question 1: Write the next three natural numbers after

10999.
Solution:
Next three natural numbers after 10999 are
11000, 11001, 11002
Question 2: Write the three whole numbers occurring just

before 10001.
Solution:
3 whole numbers just before 10001 are
10000, 9999, 9998
Question 3: Which is the smallest whole number?
Solution:
The smallest whole number is 0.
Question 4: How many whole numbers are there between

32 and 53?
Solution:
Whole numbers between 32 and 53 = 20 (53 − 32 − 1 = 20)
(33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52)
Question 5: Write the successor of:

(a) 2440701 (b) 100199
(c) 1099999 (d) 2345670
Solution:
(a) 2440701 + 1 = 2440702
(b) 100199 + 1 = 100200
(c) 1099999 + 1 = 1100000
(d) 2345670 + 1 = 2345671
Question 6: Write the predecessor of:

(a) 94 (b) 10000
(c) 208090 (d) 7654321
Solution:
(a) 94 − 1 = 93
(b) 10000 − 1 = 9999
(c) 208090 − 1 =208089
(d) 7654321 − 1 = 7654320
Question 7: In each of the following pairs of numbers, state
which whole number is on the left of the other number on
the number line. Also write them with the appropriate sign
(>, <) between them.
(a) 530, 503 (b) 370, 307 (c) 98765, 56789 (d) 9830415,
10023001
Solution:
(a) 530, 503
As 530 > 503,
503 is on the left side of 530 on the number line.
(b) 370, 307
As 370 > 307,
(c) 98765, 56789
As 98765 > 56789,
(d) 9830415, 10023001
Since 98, 30, 415 < 1, 00, 23, 001,
98,30,415 is on the left side of 1,00,23,001 on the number line.
Question 8: Which of the following statements are true (T)

and which are false (F)?
(a) Zero is the smallest natural number.
(b) 400 is the predecessor of 399.
(c) Zero is the smallest whole number.
(d) 600 is the successor of 599.
(e) All natural numbers are whole numbers.
(f) All whole numbers are natural numbers.
(g) The predecessor of a two digit number is never a single
digit number.
(h) 1 is the smallest whole number.
(i) The natural number 1 has no predecessor.
(j) The whole number 1 has no predecessor.
(k) The whole number 13 lies between 11 and 12.
(l) The whole number 0 has no predecessor.
(m) The successor of a two digit number is always a two
digit number.
Solution:
(a) False, 0 is not a natural number.
(b) False, as predecessor of 399 is 398 (399 − 1 = 398).
(c) True
(d) True, as 599 + 1 = 600
(e) True
(f) False, as 0 is a whole number but it is not a natural number.
(g) False, as predecessor of 10 is 9.
(h) False, 0 is the smallest whole number.
(i) True, as 0 is the predecessor of 1 but it is not a natural
number.
(j) False, as 0 is the predecessor of 1 and it is a whole number.
(k) False, 13 does not lie in between 11 and 12.
(l) True, predecessor of 0 is −1, which is not a whole number.
(m) False, as successor of 99 is 100.
Exercise 2.2
Question 1: Find the sum by suitable rearrangement:

(a) 837 + 208 + 363 (b) 1962 + 453 + 1538 + 647
Solution:
(a) 837 + 208 + 363 = (837 + 363) + 208
= 1200 + 208 = 1408
(b) 1962 + 453 + 1538 + 647 = (1962 + 1538) + (453 + 647)
= 3500 + 1100 = 4600
Question 2: Find the product by suitable rearrangement:

(a) 2 × 1768 × 50 (b) 4 × 166 × 25
(c) 8 × 291 × 125 (d) 625 × 279 × 16
(e) 285 × 5 × 60 (f) 125 × 40 × 8 × 25
Solution:
(a) 2 × 1768 × 50 = 2 × 50 × 1768
= 100 × 1768 = 176800
(b) 4 × 166 × 25 = 4 × 25 × 166
= 100 × 166 = 16600
(c) 8 × 291 × 125 = 8 × 125 × 291
= 1000 × 291 = 291000
(d) 625 × 279 × 16 = 625 × 16 × 279
= 10000 × 279 = 2790000
(e) 285 × 5 × 60 = 285 × 300 = 85500
(f) 125 × 40 × 8 × 25 = 125 × 8 × 40 × 25
= 1000 × 1000 = 1000000
Question 3: Find the value of the following:

(a) 297 × 17 + 297 × 3 (b) 54279 × 92 + 8 × 54279
(c) 81265 × 169 − 81265 × 69 (d) 3845 × 5 × 782 + 769 × 25
× 218
Solution:
(a) 297 × 17 + 297 × 3 = 297 × (17 + 3)
= 297 × 20 = 5940
(b) 54279 × 92 + 8 × 54279 = 54279 × 92 + 54279 × 8
= 54279 × (92 + 8)
= 54279 × 100 = 5427900
(c) 81265 × 169 − 81265 × 69 = 81265 × (169 − 69)
= 81265 × 100 = 8126500
(d) 3845 × 5 × 782 + 769 × 25 × 218
= 3845 × 5 × 782 + 769 × 5 × 5 × 218
= 3845 × 5 × 782 + 3845 × 5 × 218
= 3845 × 5 × (782 + 218)
= 19225 × 1000 = 19225000
Question 4: Find the product using suitable properties.

(a) 738 × 103 (b) 854 × 102
(c) 258 × 1008 (d) 1005 × 168
Solution:
(a) 738 × 103 = 738 × (100 + 3)
= 738 × 100 + 738 × 3 (Distributive property)
= 73800 + 2214
= 76014
(b) 854 × 102 = 854 × (100 + 2)
= 85400 + 1708 = 87108
(c) 258 × 1008 = 258 × (1000 + 8)
= 258000 + 2064 = 260064
(d) 1005 × 168 = (1000 + 5) × 168
= 168000 + 840 = 168840
Question 5: A taxi driver filled his car petrol tank with 40

litres of petrol on Monday. The next day, he filled the tank
with 50 litres of petrol. If the petrol costs Rs 44 per litre,
how much did he spend in all on petrol?
Solution:
Quantity of petrol filled on Monday = 40 l
Quantity of petrol filled on Tuesday = 50 l
Total quantity filled = (40 + 50) l
Cost of petrol (per l) = Rs 44
Total money spent = 44 × (40 + 50)
= 44 × 90 = Rs 3960
Question 6: A vendor supplies 32 litres of milk to a hotel
in the morning and 68 litres of milk in the evening. If the
milk costs Rs 15 per litre, how much money is due to the
vendor per day?
Solution:
Quantity of milk supplied in the morning = 32 l
Quantity of milk supplied in the evening = 68 l
Total of milk per litre = (32 + 68) l
Cost of milk per litre = Rs 15
Total cost per day = 15 × (32 + 68)
= 15 × 100 = Rs 1500
Question 7: Match the following:

(i) 425 × 136 = 425 × (6 + 30 + 100)
(a) Commutativity under multiplication
(ii) 2 × 49 × 50 = 2 × 50 × 49
(b) Commutativity under addition
(iii) 80 + 2005 + 20 = 80 + 20 + 2005
(c) Distributivity of multiplication over addition
Solution:
(i) 425 × 136 = 425 × (6 + 30 + 100) [Distributivity of
multiplication over addition]
Hence, (c)
(ii) 2 × 49 × 50 = 2 × 50 × 49 [Commutativity under
multiplication]
Hence, (a)
(iii) 80 + 2005 + 20 = 80 + 20 + 2005 [Commutativity under
addition]
Hence, (b)
Exercise 2.3
Question 1: Which of the following will not represent zero?
(a) 1 + 0 (b) 0 × 0 (c) (d)
Solution:
(a) 1 + 0 = 1
It does not represent zero.
(b) 0 × 0 = 0
It represents zero.
(c)
It represents zero.
(d) =0
It represents zero.
Question 2: If the product of two whole numbers is zero,

can we say that one or both of them will be zero? Justify
through examples.
Solution:
If the product of 2 whole numbers is zero, then one of them is
definitely zero.
For example, 0 × 2 = 0 and 17 × 0 = 0
If the product of 2 whole numbers is zero, then both of them
may be zero.
0×0=0
However, 2 × 3 = 6
(Since numbers to be multiplied are not equal to zero, the
result of the product will also be non-zero.)
Question 3: If the product of two whole numbers is 1, can

we say that one of both of them will be 1? Justify through
examples.
Solution:
If the product of 2 numbers is 1, then both the numbers have to
be equal to 1.
For example, 1 × 1 = 1
However, 1 × 6 = 6
Clearly, the product of two whole numbers will be 1 in the
situation when both numbers to be multiplied are 1.
Question 4: Find using distributive property:

(a) 728 × 101 (b) 5437 × 1001
(c) 824 × 25 (d) 4275 × 125
(e) 504 × 35
Solution:
(a) 728 × 101= 728 × (100 + 1)
= 728 × 100 + 728 × 1
= 72800 + 728 = 73528
(b) 5437 × 1001 = 5437 × (1000 + 1)
= 5437 × 1000 + 5437 × 1
= 5437000 + 5437 = 5442437
(c) 824 × 25 = (800 + 24) × 25
= (800 + 25 − 1) × 25
= 800 × 25 + 25 × 25 − 1 × 25
= 20000 + 625 − 25
= 20000 + 600 = 20600
(d) 4275 × 125 = (4000 + 200 + 100 − 25) × 125
= 4000 × 125 + 200 × 125 + 100 × 125 − 25 × 125
= 500000 + 25000 + 12500 − 3125
= 534375
(e) 504 × 35 = (500 + 4) × 35
= 500 × 35 + 4 × 35
= 17500 + 140 = 17640
Question 5: Study the pattern:

1×8+1=9
12 × 8 + 2 = 98
123 × 8 + 3 = 987
1234 × 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 × 8 + 5 = 98765
Write the next two steps. Can you say how the pattern
works?
(Hint: 12345 = 11111 + 1111 + 111 + 11 + 1).
Solution:
123456 × 8 + 6 = 987648 + 6 = 987654
1234567 × 8 + 7 = 9876536 + 7 = 9876543
Yes, the pattern works.

As 123456 = 111111 + 11111 + 1111 + 111 + 11 + 1,
123456 × 8 = (111111 + 11111 + 1111 + 111 + 11 + 1) × 8
= 111111 × 8 + 11111 × 8 + 1111 × 8 + 111 × 8 + 11 × 8 + 1 ×
8
= 888888 + 88888 + 8888 + 888 + 88 + 8 = 987648
123456 × 8 + 6 = 987648 + 6 = 987654
CHAPTER 3 PLAYING
WITH NUMBERS
Exercise 3.1
Question 1: Write all the factors of the following numbers:

(a) 24 (b) 15 (c) 21 (d) 27 (e) 12 (f) 20 (g) 18
(h) 23 (i) 36
Solution:
(a) 24
24 = 1 × 24
24 = 2 × 12
24 = 3 × 8
24 = 4 × 6
24 = 6 × 4
∴ Factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24
(b) 15
15 = 1 × 15
15 = 3 × 5
15 = 5 × 3
∴ Factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15
(c) 21
21 = 1 × 21
21 = 3 × 7
21 = 7 × 3
(d) 27
27 = 1 × 27
27 = 3 × 9
27 = 9 × 3
(e) 12
12 = 1 × 12
12 = 2 × 6
12 = 3 × 4
12 = 4 × 3
∴ Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
(f) 20
20 = 1 × 20
20 = 2 × 10
20 = 4 × 5
20 = 5 × 4
(g) 18
18 = 1 × 18
18 = 2 × 9
18 = 3 × 6
18 = 6 × 3
(h) 23
23 = 1 × 23
23 = 23 × 1
∴ Factors of 23 are 1 and 23
(i) 36
36 = 1 × 36
36 = 2 × 18
36 = 3 × 12
36 = 4 × 9
36 = 6 × 6
∴ Factors of 36 are 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 and 6.
Question 2: Write first five multiplies of:

(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 9
Solution:
(a) Multiples of 5 are as follows:
5×1=5
5 × 2 = 10
5 × 3 = 15
5 × 4 = 20
5 × 5 = 25
∴ The required multiples are 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25.
(b) Multiples of 8 are as follows:
8×1=8
8 × 2 = 16
8 × 3 = 24
8 × 4 = 32
8 × 5 = 40
(c) Multiples of 9 are as follows:
9×1=9
9 × 2 = 18
9 × 3 = 27
9 × 4 = 36
9 × 5 = 45
Question 3: Match the items in column 1 with the items in

column 2.
Column 1 Column 2
(i) 35 (a) Multiple of

8
(ii) 15 (b) Multiple of

7
(iii) 16 (c) Multiple of

70
(iv) 20 (d) Factor of

30
(v) 25 (e) Factor of

50
- (f) Factor of 20
Solution:
Column 1 Column 2
(i) 35 (b) Multiple of

7
(ii) 15 (d) Factor of 30
(iii) 16 (a) Multiple of

8
(iv) 20 (f) Factor of 20
(v) 25 (e) Factor of 50
Question 4: Find all the multiples of 9 up to 100.
Solution:
9×1=9
9 × 2 = 18
9 × 3 = 27
9 × 4 = 36
9 × 5 = 45
9 × 6 = 54
9 × 7 = 63
9 × 8 = 72
9 × 9 = 81
9 × 10 = 90
9 × 11 = 99
Therefore, the multiples of 9 up to 100 are
9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, and 99
Exercise 3.2
Question 1: What is the sum of any two (a) Odd numbers?

(b) Even numbers?
Solution:
(a) The sum of two odd numbers is even.
e.g., 1 + 3 = 4
5 + 7 = 12
(b) The sum of two even numbers is even.
e.g., 2 + 4 = 6
8 + 10 = 18
Question 2: State whether the following statements are

True or False:
(a) The sum of three odd numbers is even.
(b) The sum of two odd numbers and one even number is
even.
(c) The product of three odd numbers is odd.
(d) If an even number is divided by 2, the quotient is
always odd.
(e) All prime numbers are odd.
(f) Prime numbers do not have any factors.
(g) Sum of two prime numbers is always even.
(h) 2 is the only even prime number.
(i) All even numbers are composite numbers.
(j) The product of two even numbers is always even.
Solution:
(a) False (For example, 3 + 5 + 7 = 15 is odd)
(b) True (For example, 3 + 5 + 6 = 14 is even)
(c) True (For example, 3 × 5 × 7 = 105 is odd)
(d) False 4 ÷ 2 = 2, i.e., even
(e) False 2 is a prime number and it is also even
(f) False 1 and the number itself are factors of the number
(g) False 2 + 3 = 5, i.e., odd
(h) True
(i) False 2 is a prime number
Question 3: The numbers 13 and 31 are prime numbers.

Both these numbers have same digits 1 and 3. Find such
pairs of prime numbers up to 100.
Solution:
17, 71
37, 73
79, 97
Question 4: Write down separately the prime and
composite numbers less than 20.
Solution:
Prime numbers less than 20 are
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
Composite numbers less than 20 are
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18
Question 5: What is the greatest prime number between 1

and 10?
Solution:
Prime numbers between 1 and 10 are 2, 3, 5, and 7. Among
these numbers, 7 is the greatest.
Question 6: Express the following as the sum of two odd

primes.
(a) 44 (b) 36 (c) 24 (d) 18
Solution:
(a) 44 = 37 + 7
(b) 36 = 31 + 5
(c) 24 = 19 + 5
(d) 18 = 11 + 7
Question 7: Give three pairs of prime numbers whose
difference is 2.
[Remark: Two prime numbers whose difference is 2 are
called twin primes].
Solution:
3, 5
41, 43
71, 73
Question 8: Which of the following numbers are prime?

(a) 23 (b) 51 (c) 37 (d) 26
Solution:
(a) 23 23 = 1 × 23 23 = 23 × 1
23 has only two factors, 1 and 23. Therefore, it is a prime
number.
(b) 51 51 = 1 × 51 51 = 3 × 17
51 has four factors, 1, 3, 17, 51. Therefore, it is not a prime
number. It is a composite number.
(c) 37
It has only two factors, 1 and 37. Therefore, it is a prime
number.
(d) 26
26 has four factors (1, 2, 13, 26). Therefore, it is not a prime
number. It is a composite number.
Question 9: Write seven consecutive composite numbers
less than 100 so that there is no prime number between
them.
Solution:
Between 89 and 97, both of which are prime numbers, there
are 7 composite numbers. They are
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
Factors of 90 are : 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 45, 90
Factors of 91 are : 1, 7, 13, 91
Factors of 92 are : 1, 2, 4, 23, 46, 92
Factors of 93 are : 1, 3, 31, 93
Factors of 94 are : 1, 2, 47, 94
Factors of 95 are : 1, 5, 19, 95
Factors of 96 are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 96
Question 10:Express each of the following numbers as the

sum of three odd primes:
(a) 21 (b) 31 (c) 53 (d) 61
Solution:
(a) 21 = 3 + 7 + 11
(b) 31 = 5 + 7 + 19
(c) 53 = 3 + 19 + 31
(d) 61 = 11 + 19 + 31
Question 11:Write five pairs of prime numbers less than 20

whose sum is divisible by 5.
(Hint: 3 + 7 = 10)
Solution:
2+3=5
2 + 13 = 15
3 + 17 = 20
7 + 13 = 20
19 + 11 = 30
Question 12:Fill in the blanks:

(a) A number which has only two factors is called a
_______.
(b) A number which has more than two factors is called a
_______.
(c) 1 is neither _______ nor _______.
(d) The smallest prime number is _______.
(e) The smallest composite number is _______.
(f) The smallest even number is _______.
Solution:
(a) Prime number
(b) Composite number
(c) Prime number, composite number
(d) 2
(e) 4
(f) 2
Exercise 3.3
Question 1: Using divisibility tests, determine which of the

following numbers are divisible by 2; by 3; by 4; by 5; by
6; by 8; by 9; by 10; by 11 (say, yes or no):
Divisible by
Number
2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
128 Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No
990 … … … … … … … … …
1586 … … … … … … … … …
275 … … … … … … … … …
6686 … … … … … … … … …
639210 … … … … … … … … …
429714 … … … … … … … … …
2856 … … … … … … … … …
3060 … … … … … … … … …
406839 … … … … … … … … …
Solution:
Numbers 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
990 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
1586 Yes No No No No No No No No
275 No No No Yes No No No No Yes
6686 Yes No No No No No No No No
639210 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
429714 Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No
2856 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No
3060 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No
406839 No Yes No No No No No No No

following numbers are divisible by 4; by 8:
(a) 572 (b) 726352 (c) 5500 (d) 6000
(e) 12159 (f) 14560 (g) 21084 (h) 31795072
(i) 1700 (j) 2150
Solution:
(a) 572
The last two digits are 72. Since 72 is divisible by 4, the given
number
is also divisible by 4.
The last three digits are 572. Since 572 is not divisible by 8,
the given number is also not divisible by 8.
(b) 726352
The last two digits are 52. As 52 is divisible by 4, the given
number is also divisible by 4.
The last three digits are 352. Since 352 is divisible by 8, the
given number is also divisible by 8.
(c) 5500
Since last two digits are 00, it is divisible by 4.
The last 3 digits are 500. Since 500 is not divisible by 8, the
given number is also not divisible by 8.
(d) 6000
Since the last 2 digits are 00, the given number is divisible by
4.
Since the last 3 digits are 000, the given number is divisible by
8.
(e) 12159
given number is also not divisible by 4.
given number is not divisible by 8.
(f) 14560
number is divisible by 4.
The last 3 digits are 560. Since 560 is divisible by 8, the given
(g) 21084
the given number is not divisible by 8.
(h) 31795072
The last three digits are 072. Since 072 is divisible by 8, the
given number is divisible by 8.
(i) 1700
(j) 2150
The last two digits are 50. Since 50 is not divisible by 4, the
given number is not divisible by 4.
Question 3:Using divisibility tests, determine which of

following numbers are divisible by 6:
(a) 297144 (b) 1258 (c) 4335 (d) 61233
(e) 901352 (f) 438750 (g) 1790184 (h) 12583
(i) 639210 (j) 17852
Solution:
(a) 297144
Since the last digit of the number is 4, it is divisible by 2.
On adding all the digits of the number, the sum obtained is 27.
Since 27 is divisible by 3, the given number is also divisible
by 3.
As the number is divisible by both 2 and 3, it is divisible by 6.
(b) 1258
Since 16 is not divisible by 3, the given number is also not
divisible by 3.
As the number is not divisible by both 2 and 3, it is not
divisible by 6.
(c) 4335
The last digit of the number is 5, which is not divisible by 2.
Therefore, the given number is also not divisible by 2.
by 3.
divisible by 6.
(d) 61233
The last digit of the number is 3, which is not divisible by 2.
Therefore, the given number is also not divisible by 2.
by 3.
divisible by 6.
(e) 901352
divisible by 3.
divisible by 6.
(f) 438750
by 3.
(g) 1790184
by 3.
(h) 12583
Since the last digit of the number is 3, it is not divisible by 2.
divisible by 3.
divisible by 6.
(i) 639210
by 3.
(j) 17852
divisible by 3.
divisible by 6.

following numbers are divisible by 11:
(a) 5445 (b) 10824 (c) 7138965 (d) 70169308 (e) 10000001
(f) 901153
Solution:
(a) 5445
Sum of the digits at odd places = 5 + 4 = 9
Sum of the digits at even places = 4 + 5 = 9
Difference = 9 − 9 = 0
As the difference between the sum of the digits at odd places
and the sum of the digits at even places is 0, therefore, 5445 is
divisible by 11.
(b) 10824
Sum of the digits at odd places = 4 + 8 + 1 = 13
Sum of the digits at even places = 2 + 0 = 2
The difference between the sum of the digits at odd places and
the sum of the digits at even places is 11, which is divisible by
11. Therefore, 10824 is divisible by 11.
(c) 7138965
Sum of the digits at odd places = 5 + 9 + 3 + 7 = 24
Sum of the digits at even places = 6 + 8 + 1 = 15
the sum of digits at even places is 9, which is not divisible by
11. Therefore, 7138965 is not divisible by 11.
(d) 70169308
Sum of the digits at odd places = 8 + 3 + 6 + 0 = 17
Sum of the digits at even places = 0 + 9 + 1 + 7 = 17
and the sum of the digits at even places is 0, therefore,
70169308 is divisible by 11.
(e) 10000001
Sum of the digits at odd places = 1
Sum of the digits at even places = 1
and the sum of the digits at even places is 0, therefore,
(f) 901153
the sum of the digits at even places is 11, which is divisible by
11. Therefore, 901153 is divisible by 11.
Question 5: Write the smallest digit and the greatest digit
in the blank space of each of the following numbers so that
the number formed is divisible by 3:
(a) ___6724 (b) 4765 ___2
Solution:
(a) _6724
Sum of the remaining digits = 19
To make the number divisible by 3, the sum of its digits should
be divisible by 3.
The smallest multiple of 3 which comes after 19 is 21.
Therefore, smallest number = 21 − 19 = 2
Now, 2 + 3 + 3 = 8
However, 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 11
If we put 8, then the sum of the digits will be 27 and as 27 is
divisible by 3, the number will also be divisible by 3.
Therefore, the largest number is 8.
(b) 4765_2
Sum of the remaining digits = 24
To make the number divisible by 3, the sum of its digits should
be divisible by 3. As 24 is already divisible by 3, the smallest
number that can be placed here is 0.
Now, 0 + 3 = 3
3+3=6
3+3+3=9
However, 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12
If we put 9, then the sum of the digits will be 33 and as 33 is
divisible by 3, the number will also be divisible by 3.
Therefore, the largest number is 9.
Question 6: Write a digit in the blank space of each of the

following numbers so that the number formed is divisible
by 11:
(a) 92 ___ 389 (b) 8 ___9484
Solution:
(a) 92_389
Let a be placed in the blank.
Sum of the digits at even places = 8 + a + 9 = 17 + a
Difference = 17 + a − 14 = 3 + a
For a number to be divisible by 11, this difference should be
zero or a multiple of 11.
If 3 + a = 0, then
a=−3
However, it cannot be negative.
A closest multiple of 11, which is near to 3, has to be taken. It
is 11itself.
3 + a = 11
a=8
Therefore, the required digit is 8.
(b) 8_9484
Let a be placed in the blank.
Sum of the digits at odd places = 4 + 4 + a = 8 + a
Difference = 25 − (8 + a)
= 17 − a
For a number to be divisible by 11, this difference should be
zero or a multiple of 11.
If 17 − a = 0, then
a = 17
This is not possible.
A multiple of 11 has to be taken. Taking 11, we obtain
17 − a = 11
a=6
Therefore, the required digit is 6.
Exercise 3.4
Question 1: Find the common factors of:

(a) 20 and 28 (b) 15 and 25
(c) 35 and 50 (d) 56 and 120
Solution:
(a) Factors of 20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
Factors of 28 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
Common factors = 1, 2, 4
(b) Factors of 15 = 1, 3, 5, 15
Factors of 25 = 1, 5, 25
Common factors = 1, 5
(c) Factors of 35 = 1, 5, 7, 35
Factors of 50 = 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50
(d) Factors of 56 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56
Factors of 120 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40,
60, 120
Common factors = 1, 2, 4, 8
Question 2: Find the common factors of:

(a) 4, 8 and 12 (b) 5, 15 and 25
Solution:
(a) 4, 8, 12
Factors of 4 = 1, 2, 4
Factors of 8 = 1, 2, 4, 8
Factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Common factors = 1, 2, 4
(b) 5, 15, and 25
Factors of 5 = 1, 5
Factors of 15 = 1, 3, 5, 15
Factors of 25 = 1, 5, 25
Question 3: Find first three common multiples of:

(a) 6 and 8 (b) 12 and 18
Solution:
(a) 6 and 8
Multiple of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30…..
Multiple of 8 = 8, 16, 24, 32……
3 common multiples = 24, 48, 72
(b) 12 and 18
Multiples of 12 = 12, 24, 36, 48
Multiples of 18 = 18, 36, 54, 72
3 common multiples = 36, 72, 108
Question 4:Write all the numbers less than 100 which are
common multiples of 3 and 4.
Solution:
Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15…
Multiples of 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20…
Common multiples = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96
Question 5: Which of the following numbers are co-prime?

(a) 18 and 35 (b) 15 and 37 (c) 30 and 415
(d) 17 and 68 (e) 216 and 215 (f) 81 and 16
Solution:
(a) Factors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Factors of 35 = 1, 5, 7, 35
Common factor = 1
Therefore, the given two numbers are co-prime.
(b) Factors of 15 = 1, 3, 5, 15
Factors of 37 = 1, 37
Common factors = 1
(c) Factors of 30 = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
Factors of 415 = 1, 5, 83, 415
As these numbers have a common factor other than 1, the
given two numbers are not co-prime.
(d) Factors of 17 = 1, 17
Factors of 68 = 1, 2, 4, 17, 34, 68
As these numbers have a common factor other than 1, the
given two numbers are not co-prime.
(e) 216 and 215
Factors of 216 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 27, 36, 54, 72,
108, 216
Factors of 215 = 1, 5, 43, 215
Common factors = 1
(f) 81 and 16
Factors of 81 = 1, 3, 9, 27, 81
Factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
Common factors = 1
Therefore, the given two numbers are co- prime.
Question 6: A number is divisible by both 5 and 12. By

which other number will that number be always divisible?
Solution:
Factors of 5 = 1, 5
Factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
As the common factor of these numbers is 1, the given two
numbers are co- prime and the number will also be divisible
by their product, i.e. 60, and the factors of 60, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60.
Question 7: A number is divisible by 12. By what other

number will that number be divisible?
Solution:
Since the number is divisible by 12, it will also be divisible by
its factors i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. Clearly, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 are
numbers other than 12 by which this number is also divisible.
Exercise 3.5
Question 1: Which of the following statements are true?

(a) If a number is divisible by 3, it must be divisible by 9.
(b) If a number is divisible by 9, it must be divisible by 3.
(c) A number is divisible by 18, if it is divisible by both 3
and 6.
(d) If a number is divisible by 9 and 10 both, then it must
be divisible by 90.
(e) If two numbers are co-primes, at least one of them must
be prime.
(f) All numbers which are divisible by 4 must also be
divisible by 8.
(g) All numbers which are divisible by 8 must also be
divisible by 4.
(h) If a number exactly divides two numbers separately, it
must exactly divide their sum.
(i) If a number exactly divides the sum of two numbers, it
must exactly divide the two numbers separately.
Solution:
(a) False
6 is divisible by 3, but not by 9.
(b) True, as 9 = 3 × 3
Therefore, if a number is divisible by 9, then it will also be
divisible by 3.
(c) False
30 is divisible by 3 and 6 both, but it is not divisible by 18.
(d) True, as 9 × 10 = 90
Therefore, if a number is divisible by 9 and 10 both, then it
will also be divisible by 90.
(e) False
15 and 32 are co-primes and also composite.
(f) False
12 is divisible by 4, but not by 8.
(g) True, as 8 = 2 × 4
Therefore, if a number is divisible by 8, then it will also be
divisible by 2 and 4.
(h) True
2 divides 4 and 8 as well as 12. (4 + 8 = 12)
(i) False
2 divides 12, but does not divide 7 and 5.
Question 2: Here are two different factor trees for 60.
Write the missing numbers.
(a) (b)
Solution:
(a) As 6 = 2 × 3 and 10 = 5 × 2
(b) As 60 = 30 × 2, 30 = 10 × 3, and 10 = 5 × 2
Question 3: Which factors are not included in the prime

factorization of a composite number?
Solution:
1 and the number itself
Question 4: Write the greatest 4-digit number and express

it in terms of its prime factors.
Solution:
Greatest four-digit number = 9999
9999 = 3 × 3 × 11 × 101
Question 5: Write the smallest 5-digit number and express

it in the form of its prime factors.
Solution:
Smallest five-digit number = 10,000
10000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
Question 6: Find all prime factors of 1729 and arrange

them in ascending order. Now state the relation, if any;
between two consecutive prime factors.
Solution:
7 1729
13 247
19 19
1729 = 7 × 13 × 19
13 − 7 = 6, 19 − 13 = 6
The difference of two consecutive prime factors is 6.
Question 7: The product of three consecutive numbers is

always divisible by 6. Verify this statement with the help of
some examples.
Solution:
2 × 3 × 4 = 24, which is divisible by 6
Question 8: The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is

divisible by 4. Verify this statement with the help of some
examples.
Solution:
3 + 5 = 8, which is divisible by 4
Question 9: In which of the following expressions, prime

factorization has been done?
(a) 24 = 2 × 3 × 4 (b) 56 = 7 × 2 × 2 × 2
(c) 70 = 2 × 5 × 7 (d) 54 = 2 × 3 × 9
Solution:
(a) 24 = 2 × 3 × 4
Since 4 is composite, prime factorisation has not been done.
(b) 56 = 7 × 2 × 2 × 2
Since all the factors are prime, prime factorisation has been
done.
(c) 70 = 2 × 5 × 7
Since all the factors are prime, prime factorisation has been
done.
(d) 54 = 2 × 3 × 9
Since 9 is composite, prime factorisation has not been done.
Question 10: Determine if 25110 is divisible by 45.

[Hint: 5 and 9 are co-prime numbers. Test the divisibility
of the number by 5 and 9].
Solution:
45 = 5 × 9
Factors of 5 = 1, 5
Factors of 9 = 1, 3, 9
Therefore, 5 and 9 are co-prime numbers.
Since the last digit of 25110 is 0, it is divisible by 5.
Sum of the digits of 25110 = 2 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 0 = 9
As the sum of the digits of 25110 is divisible by 9, therefore,
Since the number is divisible by 5 and 9 both, it is divisible by
45.
Question 11: 18 is divisible by both 2 and 3. It is also

divisible by 2 × 3 = 6. Similarly, a number is divisible by
both 4 and 6. Can we say that the number must also be
divisible by 4 × 6 = 24? If not, give an example to justify
our answer:
Solution:
No. It is not necessary because 12 and 36 are divisible by 4
and 6 both, but are not divisible by 24.
Question 12: I am the smallest number, having four

different prime factors. Can you find me?
Solution:
Since it is the smallest number of such type, it will be the
product of 4 smallest prime numbers.
2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 210
Exercise 3.6
Question 1: Find the HCF of the following numbers:

(a) 18, 48 (b) 30, 42 (c) 18, 60
(d) 27, 63 (e) 36, 84 (f) 34, 102
(g) 70, 105, 175 (h) 91, 112, 49 (i) 18, 54, 81
(j) 12, 45, 75
Solution:
(a) 18, 48
2 18
3 9
3 3
2 48
2 24
2 12
2 6
3 3
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6
(b) 30, 42
2 30
3 15
5 5
2 42
3 21
7 7
30 = 2 × 3 × 5
42 = 2 × 3 × 7
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6
(c) 18, 60
2 18
3 9
3 3
2 60
2 30
3 15
5 5
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6
(d) 27, 63
3 27
3 9
3 3
3 63
3 21
7 7
27 = 3 × 3 × 3
63 = 3 × 3 × 7
HCF = 3 × 3 = 9
(e) 36, 84
2 36
2 18
3 9
3 3
2 84
2 42
3 21
7 7
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
HCF = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12
(f) 34, 102
2 34
17 17
2 102
3 51
17 17
34 = 2 × 17
102 = 2 × 3 × 17
HCF = 2 ×17 = 34
(g) 70, 105, 175
2 70
5 35
7 7
3 105
5 35
7 7
1
5 175
5 35
7 7
70 = 2 × 5 × 7
105 = 3 × 5 × 7
175 = 5 × 5 × 7
HCF = 5 × 7 = 35
(h) 91, 112, 49
7 91
13 13
2 112
2 56
2 28
2 14
7 7
7 49
7 7
91 = 7 × 13
112 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7
49 = 7 × 7
HCF = 7
(i) 18, 54, 81
2 18
3 9
3 3
2 54
3 27
3 9
3 3
3 81
3 27
3 9
3 3
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
81 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
HCF = 3 × 3 = 9
(j) 12, 45, 75
2 12
2 6
3 3
3 45
3 15
5 5
3 75
5 25
5 5
12 = 2 ×2 × 3
45 = 3 × 3 × 5
75 = 3 × 5 × 5
HCF = 3
Question 2: What is the HCF of two consecutive

(a) Numbers? (b) Even numbers? (c) Odd numbers?
Solution:
(a) 1 e.g., HCF of 2 and 3 is 1.

(b) 2 e.g., HCF of 2 and 4 is 2.
(c) 1 e.g., HCF of 3 and 5 is 1.
Question 3: HCF of co-prime numbers 4 and 15 was found
as follows by factorization:
4 = 2 × 2 and 15 = 3 × 5 since there is no common prime
factors, so HCF of 4 and 15 is 0. Is the answer correct? If
not, what is the correct HCF?
Solution:
No. The answer is not correct. 1 is the correct HCF.
Exercise 3.7
Question 1: Renu purchases two bags of fertilizer of weight

75 kg and 69 kg. Find the maximum value of weight which
can measure the weight of the fertilizer exact number of
times.
Solution:
Weight of the two bags = 75 kg and 69 kg
Maximum weight = HCF (75, 69)
3 75
5 25
5 5
3 69
23 23
75 = 3 × 5 × 5
69 = 3 × 23
HCF = 3
Hence, the maximum value of weight, which can measure the
weight of the fertilizer exact number of times, is 3 kg.
Question 2: Three boys step off together from the same

spot. Their steps measure 63 cm, 70 cm and 77 cm
respectively. What is the minimum distance each should
cover so that all can cover the distance in complete steps?
Solution:
Step measure of 1st Boy = 63 cm
Step measure of 2nd Boy = 70 cm
Step measure of 3rd Boy = 77 cm
LCM of 63, 70, 77
2 63, 70, 77
3 63, 35, 77
3 21, 35, 77
5 7, 35, 77
7 7, 7, 77
11 1, 1, 11
1, 1, 1
LCM = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 = 6930
Hence, the minimum distance each should cover so that all can
cover the distance in complete steps is 6930 cm.
Question 3: The length, breadth and height of a room are

825 cm, 675 cm and 450 cm respectively. Find the longest
tape which can measure the three dimensions of the room
exactly.
Solution:
Length = 825 cm = 3 × 5 × 5 × 11
Breadth = 675 cm = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
Height = 450 cm = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
Longest tape = HCF of 825, 675, and 450 = 3 × 5 × 5 = 75 cm
Therefore, the longest tape is 75 cm.
Question 4: Determine the smallest 3-digit number which

is exactly divisible by 6, 8 and 12.
Solution:
Smallest number = LCM of 6, 8, 12
2 6, 8, 12
2 3, 4, 6
2 3, 2, 3
3 3, 1, 3
1, 1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24
We have to find the smallest 3-digit multiple of 24.
It can be seen that 24 × 4 = 96 and 24 × 5 = 120.
Hence, the smallest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible
by 6, 8, and 12 is 120.
Question 5: Determine the greatest 3-digit number exactly

divisible by 8, 10 and 12.
Solution:
LCM of 8, 10, and 12
2 8, 10,
12
2 4, 5, 6
2 2, 5, 3
3 1, 5, 3
5 1, 5, 1
1,1,1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 120
We have to find the greatest 3-digit multiple of 120.
It can be seen that 120 ×8 = 960 and 120 × 9 = 1080.
Hence, the greatest 3-digit number exactly divisible by 8, 10,
and 12 is 960.
Question 6: The traffic lights at three different road

crossings change after every 48 seconds, 72 seconds and
108 seconds respectively. If they change simultaneously at
7 a.m., at what time will they change simultaneously
again?
Solution:
Time period after which these lights will change = LCM of 48,
72, 108
2 48, 72, 108
2 24, 36, 54
2 12, 18, 27
2 6, 9, 27
3 3, 9, 27
3 1, 3, 9
3 1, 1, 3
1, 1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 432
They will change together after every 432 seconds i.e., 7 min
12 seconds.
Hence, they will change simultaneously at 7:07:12 am.
Question 7: Three tankers contain 403 litres, 434 litres and

465 litres of diesel respectively. Find the maximum
capacity of a container that can measure the diesel of the
three containers exact number of times.
Solution:
Maximum capacity of the required tanker = HCF of 403, 434,
465
403 = 13 × 31
434 = 2 × 7 × 31
465 = 3 × 5 × 31
HCF = 31
∴ A container of capacity 31 l can measure the diesel of 3
containers exact number of times
Question 8 Find the least number which when divided by

6, 15 and 18 leave remainder 5 in each case.
Solution:
LCM of 6, 15, 18
2 6, 15, 18
3 3, 15, 9
3 1, 5, 3
5 1, 5, 1
1, 1, 1
LCM = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 90
Required number = 90 + 5 = 95
Question 9: Find the smallest 4-digit number which is

divisible by 18, 24 and 32.
Solution:
LCM of 18, 24, and 32
2 18, 24, 32
2 9, 12, 16
2 9, 6, 8
2 9, 3, 4
2 9, 3, 2
3 9, 3, 1
3 3, 1, 1
1, 1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 288
We have to find the smallest 4-digit multiple of 288.
It can be observed that 288 ×3 = 864 and 288 ×4 = 1152.
Therefore, the smallest 4-digit number which is divisible by
18, 24, and 32 is
1152.
Question 10: Find the LCM of the following numbers:

(a) 9 and 4 (b) 12 and 5 (c) 6 and 5 (d) 15 and 4
Solution:
Observe a common property in the obtained LCMs. Is LCM
the product of two numbers in each case?
(a)
2 9, 4
2 9, 2
3 9, 1
3 3, 1
1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36
(b)
2 12, 5
2 6, 5
3 3, 5
5 1, 5
1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60
(c)
2 6, 5
3 3, 5
5 1, 5
1, 1
LCM = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30
(d)
2 15, 4
2 15, 2
3 15, 1
5 5, 1
1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60
Yes, it can be observed that in each case, the LCM of the given
numbers is the product of these numbers. When two numbers
are co-prime, their LCM is the product of those numbers.
Also, in each case, LCM is a multiple of 3.
Question 11: Find the LCM of the following numbers in

which one number is the factor of the other.
(a) 5, 20 (b) 6, 18 (c) 12, 48 (d) 9, 45
Solution:
What do you observe in the results obtained?
(a)
2 5, 20
2 5, 10
5 5, 5
1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20
(b)
2 6, 18
3 3, 9
3 1, 3
1, 1
LCM = 2 × 3 × 3 = 18
(c)
2 12, 48
2 6, 24
2 3, 12
2 3, 6
3 3, 3
1, 1
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 48
(d)
3 9, 45
3 3, 15
5 1, 5
1, 1
LCM = 3 × 3 × 5 = 45
Yes, it can be observed that in each case, the LCM of the given
numbers is the larger number. When one number is a factor of
the other number, their LCM will be the larger number.
CHAPTER 4 BASIC
GEOMETRICAL IDEAS
Exercise 4.1
Question 1: Use the figure to name:
(a) Five points

(b) A line
(c) Four rays
(d) Five line segments
Solution:
(a) The five points are D, E, O, B, and C.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 2: Name the line given in all possible (twelve)

ways, choosing only two letters at a time from the four
given.
Solution:
Question 3: Use the figure to name:
(a) Line containing point E.

(b) Line passing through A.
(c) Line on which O lies
(d) Two pairs of intersecting lines.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) ,
Question 4: How many lines can pass through (a) one given
point? (b) Two given points?
Solution:
(a) Infinite number of lines can pass through a single point.
(b) Only one line can pass through two given points.
Question 5: Draw a rough figure and label suitably in each of

the following cases:
(a) Point P lies on .
(b) and intersect at M.

(c) Line l contains E and F but not D.
(d) and meet at O.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 6: Consider the following figure of line . Say
whether following statements are true or false in context of the
given figure.
(a) Q, M, O, N, P are points on the line .
(b) M, O, N are points on a line segment .
(c) M and N are end points of line segment .
(d) O and N are end points of line segment .
(e) M is one of the end points of line segment .
(f) M is point on ray .
(g) Ray is different from ray .
(h) Ray is same as ray .
(i) Ray is not opposite to ray .
(j) O is not an initial point of .

(k) N is the initial point of and .
Solution:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
(e) False
(f) False
(g) True
(h) False
(i) False
(j) False
(k) True
Exercise 4.2
Question 1: Classify the following curves as (i) Open or (ii)

Closed.
Solution:
(a) Open
(b) Closed
(c) Open
(d) Closed
(e) Closed
Question 2: Draw rough diagrams to illustrate the

following:
(a) Open curve (b) Closed curve.
Solution:
(a) Open curve
(b) Closed curve
Question 3: Draw any polygon and shade its interior.
Solution:
Question 4: Consider the given figure and answer the

questions:
(a) Is it a curve? (b) Is it closed?
Solution:
(a) Yes
(b) Yes
Question 5: Illustrate, if possible, each one of the following

with a rough diagram:
(a) A closed curve that is not a polygon.
(b) An open curve made up entirely of line segments.
(c) A polygon with two sides.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c) This is not possible as the polygon having the least number
of sides is a triangle, which has three sides in it.
Exercise 4.3
Question 1: Name the angles in the given figure.

Solution:
∠ BAD, ∠ ADC, ∠ DCB, ∠ CBA
Question 2: In the given diagram, name the point (s)
(a) In the interior of ∠ DOE

(b) In the exterior of ∠ EOF
(c) On ∠ EOF
Solution:
(a) A
(b) C, A, D
(c) B, E, O, F
Question 3: Draw rough diagrams of two angles such that

they have
(a) One point in common.
(b) Two points in common.
(c) Three points in common.
(d) Four points in common.
(e) One ray in common.
Solution:
(a)
∠ COD and ∠ AOB have point O in common.
(b)
∠ AOB and ∠ BOC have points O and B in common.

(c)
∠ AOB and ∠ BOC have points O, E, B in common.

(d)
∠ BOA and ∠ COA have points O, E, D, A in common.

(e)
Ray is common between ∠ BOC and ∠ AOC.
Exercise 4.4
Question 1: Draw a rough sketch of a triangle ABC. Mark

a point P in its interior and a point Q in its exterior. Is the
point A in its exterior or in its interior?
Solution:
Point A lies on the given ΔABC.
Question 2:
(a) Identify three triangles in the figure.

(b) Write the names of seven angles.
(c) Write the names of six line segments.
(d) Which two triangles have ∠ B as common?
Solution:
(a) ΔABC, ΔACD, ΔADB
(b) ∠ ABC, ∠ ADB, ∠ ADC, ∠ ACB, ∠ BAD, ∠ CAD,
∠ BAC
(c)
(d) ΔABD and ΔABC
Exercise 4.5
Question 1: Draw a rough sketch of a quadrilateral PQRS.
Draw its diagonals. Name them. Is the meeting point of the
diagonals in the interior or exterior of the quadrilateral?
Solution:
Diagonals are PR and QS. They meet at point O which is in

the interior of &mnSq1PQRS.
Question 2: Draw a rough sketch of a quadrilateral

KLMN. State,
(a) Two pairs of opposite sides,
(b) Two pairs of opposite angles,
(c) Two pairs of adjacent sides,
(d) Two pairs of adjacent angles.
Solution:
(a)
(b) ∠ KLM and ∠ KNM
∠ LKN and ∠ LMN
(c)
(d) ∠ K, ∠ L and ∠ M, ∠ N
∠ K, ∠ N and ∠ L, ∠ M
Exercise 4.6
Question 1: From the figure, identify:
(a) The centre of circle (e) Two points in the interior

(b) Three radii (f) a point in the exterior
(c) a diameter (g) a sector
(d) a chord (h) a segment
Solution:
(a) O
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) O, P
(f) Q
(g) AOB (shaded region)
(h) DE (shaded region)
Question 2: (a) Is every diameter of a circle also a chord?

(b) Is every chord of circle also a diameter?
Solution:
(a) Yes. The diameter is the longest possible chord of the
circle.
(b) No
Question 3: Draw any circle and mark

(a) Its centre (e) a segment
(b) a radius (f) a point in its interior
(c) a diameter (g) a point in its exterior
(d) a sector (h) an arc
Solution:
(a) O
(b)
(c)
(d) COA
(e) DE
(f) O
(g) F
(h)
Question 4: Say true or false:

(a) Two diameters of a circle will necessarily intersect.
(b) The centre of a circle is always in its interior.
Solution:
(a) True.
Two diameters always intersect each other at the centre of the
circle.
(b) True
CHAPTER 5
UNDERSTANDING
ELEMENTARY SHAPES
Exercise 5.1
Question 1: What is the disadvantage in comparing line

segments by mere observation?
Solution:
When we compare two line segments of almost same lengths
by mere observation, we cannot be sure about the line segment
of greater length. Therefore, it is not an appropriate method to
compare line segments having a slight difference between their
lengths.
Question 2: Why is it better to use a divider than a ruler, while

measuring the length of a line segment?
Solution:
It is better to use a divider than a ruler because while using a
ruler, positioning error may occur due to the incorrect
positioning of the eye.
Question 3: Draw any line segment, say . Take any

point C lying in between A and B. Measure the lengths of
AB, BC and AC. Is AB = AC + CB?
[Note: If A, B, C are any three points on a line such that
AC + CB = AB, then we can be sure that C lies between A
and B]
Solution:
It is given that point C is lying somewhere in between A and
B. Therefore, all these points are lying on the same line
segment . Hence, for every situation in which point C is

lying in between A and B, it may be said that AB = AC + CB.
For example,
is a line segment of 6 cm and C is a point between A

and B, such that it is 2 cm away from point B. We can find that
the measure of line segment comes to 4 cm.

Hence, relation AB = AC + CB is verified.
Question 4: If A, B, C are three points on a line such that

AB = 5 cm, BC = 3 cm and AC = 8 cm, which one of them
lies between the other two?
Solution:
Given that,
AB = 5 cm
BC = 3 cm
AC = 8 cm
It can be observed that AC = AB + BC
Clearly, point B is lying between A and C.
Question 5:
Verify, whether D is the mid point of .
From the given figure, it can be observed that
= 4 − 1 = 3 units
= 7 − 4 = 3 units
= 7 − 1 = 6 units
Clearly, D is the mid-point of AG.
Question 6: If B is the mid point of and C is the mid
point of , where A, B, C, D lie on a straight line, say why

AB = CD?
Solution:
Since B is the mid-point of AC,
AB = BC (1)
Since C is the mid-point of BD,
BC = CD (2)
From equation (1) and (2), we may find that
AB = CD
Exercise 5.2
Question 1: What fraction of a clock wise revolution does
the hour hand of a clock turn through when it goes from:
(a) 3 to 9 (b) 4 to 7 (c) 7 to 10 (d) 12 to 9 (e) 1 to
10 (f) 6 to 3
Solution:
We may observe that in 1 complete clockwise revolution, the
hour hand will
rotate by 360º.
(a) When the hour hand goes from 3 to 9 clockwise, it will
rotate by 2 right angles or 180º.
Fraction =
(b) When the hour hand goes from 4 to 7 clockwise, it will

rotate by 1 right angle or 90º.
Fraction =
(c) When the hour hand goes from 7 to 10 clockwise, it will

rotate by 1 right angle or 90º.
Fraction =
(d) When the hour hand goes from 12 to 9 clockwise, it will
Fraction =
(e) When the hour hand goes from 1 to 10 clockwise, it will

Fraction =
(f) When the hour hand goes from 6 to 3 clockwise, it will

Fraction =
Question 2: Where will the hand of a clock stop if it

(a) Starts at 12 and makes of a revolution,
clockwise?
(b) Starts at 2 and makes of a revolution, clockwise?
(c) Starts at 5 and makes of a revolution, clockwise?
(d) Starts at 5 and makes of a revolution, clockwise?
Solution:
In 1 complete clockwise revolution, the hand of a clock will
rotate by 360º.
(a) If the hand of the clock starts at 12 and makes of a

revolution clockwise, then it will rotate by 180º and hence, it
will stop at 6.
(b) If the hand of the clock starts at 2 and makes of a

will stop at 8.
(c) If the hand of the clock starts at 5 and makes of a
will stop at 8.
(d) If the hand of the clock starts at 5 and makes of a

will stop at 2.
Question 3: Which direction will you face if you start

facing
(a) East and make of a revolution clockwise?
(b) East and make of a revolution clockwise?

(c) West and make of a revolution anti-clockwise?
(d) South and make one full revolution?
(Should we specify clockwise or anti-clockwise for this last
question? Why not? )
Solution:
If we revolve one complete round in either clockwise or anti-

clockwise direction, then we will revolve by 360º and the two
adjacent directions will be at 90º or of a complete

revolution away from each other.
(a) If we start facing East and make of a revolution

clockwise, then we will face the West direction.
(b) If we start facing East and make of a revolution

clockwise, then we will face the West direction.
(c) If we start facing West and make of a revolution anti-
clockwise, then we will face the North direction.
(d) If we start facing South and make a full revolution, then we

will again
face the South direction.
In case of revolving by 1 complete round, the direction in
which we are revolving does not matter. In both cases,
clockwise or anti-clockwise, we will be back at our initial
position.
Question 4: What part of a revolution have you turned

through if you stand facing
(a) East and turn clock wise to face north?
(b) South and turn clockwise to face east?
(c) West and turn clockwise to face east?
Solution:
clockwise direction, then we will revolve by 360º and the two
adjacent directions will be at 90º or of a complete

revolution away from each other.
(a) If we start facing East and turn clockwise to face North,
then we have to make of a revolution.
(b) If we start facing South and turn clockwise to face east,

(c) If we start facing West and turn clockwise to face East,
Question 5: Find the number of right angles turned

through by the hour hand of a clock when it goes from
(a) 3 to 6 (b) 2 to 8 (c) 5 to 11
(d) 10 to 1 (e) 12 to 9 (f) 12 to 6
Solution:
The hour hand of a clock revolves by 360º or 4 right angles in
1 complete round.
(a) The hour hand of a clock revolves by 90º or 1 right angle
when it goes from 3 to 6.
(b) The hour hand of a clock revolves by 180º or 2 right angles

(c) The hour hand of a clock revolves by 180º or 2 right angles

(d) The hour hand of a clock revolves by 90º or 1 right angle
(e) The hour hand of a clock revolves by 270º or 3 right angles

(f) The hour hand of a clock revolves by 180º or 2 right angles

Question 6: How many right angles do you make if you

start facing
(a) South and turn clockwise to west?
(b) North and turn anti-clockwise to east?
(c) West and turn to west?
(d) South and turn to north?
Solution:
clockwise direction, then we will revolve by 360º or 4 right
angles and the two adjacent directions will be at 90º or 1 right
angle away from each other.
(a) If we start facing South and turn clockwise to West, then
we make 1 right angle.
(b) If we start facing North and turn anti-clockwise to East,

then we make 3 right angles.
(c) If we start facing West and turn to West, then we make 1

complete round or 4 right angles.
(d) If we start facing South and turn to North, then we make 2
right angles.
Question 7: Where will the hour hand of a clock stop if it
starts
(a) From 6 and turns through 1 right angle?
(b) From 8 and turns through 2 right angles?
(c) From 10 and turns through 3 right angles?
(d) From 7 and turns through 2 straight angles?
Solution:
In 1 complete revolution (clockwise or anti-clockwise), the
hour hand of a clock will rotate by 360º or 4 right angles.
(a) If the hour hand of a clock starts from 6 and turns through
1 right angle, then it will stop at 9.
(b) If the hour hand of a clock starts from 8 and turns through
2 right angles, then it will stop at 2.
(c) If the hour hand of a clock starts from 10 and turns through
3 right angles, then it will stop at 7.
(d) If the hour hand of a clock starts from 7 and turns through
2 straight angles, then it will stop at 7.
Exercise 5.3

(i) Straight angle (a) Less than one-fourth of a revolution
(ii) Right angle (b) More than half a revolution
(iii) Acute angle (c) Half of a revolution
(iv) Obtuse angle (d) One-fourth of a revolution
(v) Reflex angle (e) Between of a revolution

(f) One complete revolution
Solution:
(i) Straight angle is of 180º and half of a revolution is 180º.
Hence, (i) ↔ (c)
(ii) Right angle is of 90º and one-fourth of a revolution is 90º.
Hence, (ii) ↔ (d)
(iii) Acute angles are the angles less than 90º. Also, less than
one-fourth of a revolution is the angle less than 90º.
Hence, (iii) ↔ (a)
(iv) Obtuse angles are the angles greater than 90º but less than
180º. Also, between of a revolution is the angle

whose measure lies between 90º and 180º.
Hence, (iv) ↔ (e)
(v) Reflex angles are the angles greater than 180º but less than
360º. Also, more than half a revolution is the angle whose
measure is greater than 180º.
Hence, (v) ↔ (b)
Question 2: Classify each one of the following angles as

right, straight, acute, obtuse or reflex:
(a) Acute angle as its measure is less than 90º.
(b) Obtuse angle as its measure is more than 90º but less than
180º.
(c) Right angle as its measure is 90º.
(d) Reflex angle as its measure is more than 180º but less than
360º.
(e) Straight angle as its measure is 180º.
(f) Acute angle as its measure is less than 90º.
Exercise 5.4
Question 1: What is the measure of (i) a right angle? (ii) a

straight angle?
Solution:
(i) The measure of a right angle is 90°.
(ii) The measure of a straight angle is 180°.
Question 2: Say True or False:

(a) The measure of an acute angle < 90°
(b) The measure of an obtuse angle < 90°
(c) The measure of a reflex angle > 180°
(d) The measure of one complete revolution = 360°
(e) If m ∠ A = 53° and m ∠ B = 35°, then m ∠ A > m ∠ B.
Solution:
(a) True
The measure of an acute angle is less than 90°.
(b) False
The measure of an obtuse angle is greater than 90º but less
than 180º.
(c) True
The measure of a reflex angle is greater than 180°.
(d) True
The measure of one complete revolution is 360º.
(e) True
Question 3: Write down the measures of

(a) Some acute angles. (b) Some obtuse angles.
(Give at least two examples of each).
Solution:
(a) 45°, 70°
(b) 105°, 132°
Question 4: Measure the angles given below using the

Protractor and write down the measure.
(a) 45º
(b) 120º
(c) 90º
(d) 60º, 90º, and 130º
Question 5: Which angle has a large measure? First

estimate and then measure.
Measure of angle A =
Measure of angle B =
Solution:
Measure of angle A = 40º
Measure of angle B = 68º
∠ B has the greater measure than ∠ A.
Question 6: From these two angles which has larger

measure? Estimate and then confirm by measuring them.
Solution:
The measures of these angles are 45º and 55º. Therefore, the
angle shown in 2nd figure is greater.
Question 7: Fill in the blanks with acute, obtuse, right or

straight:
(a) An angle whose measure is less than that of a right
angle is _______.
(b) An angle whose measure is greater than that of a right
angle is _______.
(c) An angle whose measure is the sum of the measures of
two right angles is _______.
(d) When the sum of the measures of two angles is that of a
right angle, then each one of them is _______.
(e) When the sum of the measures of two angles is that of a
straight angle, and if one of them is acute then the other
should be _______.
Solution:
(a) Acute angle
(b) Obtuse angle (if the angle is less than 180º)
(c) Straight angle
(d) Acute angle
(e) Obtuse angle
Question 8: Find the measure of the angle shown in each

figure. (First estimate with your eyes and then find the
actual measure with a protractor).
Solution:
The measures of the angles shown in the above figure are 40º,
130º, 65º, 135º respectively.
Question 9: Find the angle measure between the hands of

the clock in each figure:
Solution:
(a) 90°
(b) 30°
(c) 180°
Question 10: Investigate

In the given figure, the angle measures 30°. Look at the
same figure through a magnifying glass. Does the angle
become larger? Does the size of the angle change?
Solution:
The measure of this angle will not change.
Question 11: Measure and classify each angle:
Angle Measure Type
∠ AOB - -
∠ AOC - -
∠ BOC - -
∠ DOC - -
∠ DOA - -
∠ DOB - -
Solution:
Angle Measure Type
∠ AOB 40º Acute
∠ AOC 125º Obtuse

∠ BOC 85º Acute
∠ DOC 95º Obtuse
∠ DOA 140º Obtuse
∠ DOB 180º Straight
Exercise 5.5
Question 1: Which of the following are models for

perpendicular lines:
(a) The adjacent edges of a table top.
(b) The lines of a railway track.
(c) The line segments forming the letter ’L’
(d) The letter V.
Solution:
(a) The adjacent edges of a table top are perpendicular to each

other.
(b) The lines of a railway track are parallel to each other.
(c) The line segments forming the letter ’L’ are perpendicular
to each other.
(d) The sides of letter V are inclined at some acute angle on
each other.
Hence, (a) and (c) are the models for perpendicular lines.
Question 2: Let be the perpendicular to the line segment
. Let and intersect in the point A. What is

the measure of ∠ PAY?
Solution:
From the figure, it can be easily observed that the measure of
∠ PAY is 90°.
Question 3: There are two set-squares in your box. What

are the measures of the angles that are formed at their
corners? Do they have any angle measure that is common?
Solution:
One has a measure of 90°, 45°, 45°.
Other has a measure of 90°, 30°, 60°.
Therefore, the angle of 90° measure is common between them.
Question 4: Study the diagram. The line l is perpendicular to

line m.
(a) Is CE = EG?
(b) Does PE bisect CG?
(c) Identify any two line segments for which PE is the
perpendicular bisector.
(d) Are these true?
(i) AC > FG.
(ii) CD = GH.
(iii) BC < EH.
Solution:
(a) Yes. As CE = EG = 2 units

(b) Yes. PE bisects CG since CE = EG.
(c) and
(d) (i) True. As length of AC and FG are of 2 units and 1 unit
respectively.
(ii) True. As both have 1 unit length.
(iii) True. As the length of BC and EH are of 1 unit and 3 units
respectively.
Exercise 5.6
Question 1: Name the types of following triangles:

(a) Triangle with lengths of sides 7 cm, 8 cm and 9 cm.
(b) ΔABC with AB = 8.7 cm, AC = 7 cm and BC = 6 cm.
(c) ΔPQR such that PQ = QR = PR = 5 cm.
(d) ΔDEF with m ∠ D = 90°
(e) ΔXYZ with m ∠ Y = 90° and XY = YZ.
(f) ΔLMN with m ∠ L = 30°, m ∠ M = 70° and m ∠ N =
80°
Solution:
(a) Scalene triangle
(b) Scalene triangle
(c) Equilateral triangle
(d) Right-angled triangle
(e) Right-angled isosceles triangle
(f) Acute-angled triangle
Measures of Triangle Type of Triangle
(i) 3 sides of equal length (a) Scalene
(ii) 2 sides of equal length (b) Isosceles right

angled
(iii) All sides are of different length (c) Obtuse angled
(iv) 3 acute angles (d) Right angled
(v) 1 right angle (e) Equilateral
(vi) 1 obtuse angle (f) Acute angled
(vii) 1 right angle with two sides of (g) Isosceles

equal length
Solution:
(i) Equilateral (e)

(ii) Isosceles (g)
(iii) Scalene (a)
(iv) Acute-angled (f)
(v) Right-angled (d)
(vi) Obtuse-angled (c)
(vii) Isosceles right-angled (b)
Question 3: Name each of the following triangles in two

different ways: (you may judge the nature of the angle by
observation)
Solution:
(a) Acute-angled and isosceles

(b) Right-angled and scalene
(c) Obtuse-angled and isosceles
(d) Right-angled and isosceles
(e) Acute-angled and equilateral
(f) Obtuse-angled and scalene
Question 4: Try to construct triangles using match sticks.

Some are shown here. Can you make a triangle with
(a) 3 matchsticks?
(b) 4 matchsticks?
(c) 5 matchsticks?
(d)6 matchsticks?
(Remember you have to use all the available matchsticks in
each case)
Name the type of triangle in each case. If you cannot make
a triangle, think of reasons for it.
Solution:
(a) By using 3 matchsticks, we can form a triangle as
(b) By using 4 matchsticks, we cannot form a triangle. This is

because the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
always greater than the length of the remaining side of the
triangle.
(c) By using 5 matchsticks, we can form a triangle as
(d) By using 6 matchsticks, we can form a triangle as

Exercise 5.7
Question 1: Say True of False:

(a) Each angle of a rectangle is a right angle.
(b) The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal in length.
(c) The diagonals of a square are perpendicular to one
another.
(d) All the sides of a rhombus are of equal length.
(e) All the sides of a parallelogram are of equal length.
(f) The opposite sides of a trapezium are parallel.
Solution:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) True
(e) False
(f) False
Question 2: Give reasons for the following:

(a) A square can be thought of as a special rectangle.
(b) A rectangle can be thought of as a special
parallelogram.
(c) A square can be thought of as a special rhombus.
(d) Squares, rectangles, parallelograms are all
quadrilaterals.
(e) Square is also a parallelogram.
Solution:
(a) In a rectangle, all the interior angles are of the same

measure, i.e., 90º and only the opposite sides of the rectangle
are of the same length whereas in case of a square, all the
interior angles are of 90° and all the sides are of the same
length. In other words, a rectangle with all sides equal
becomes a square. Therefore, a square is a special rectangle.
(b) Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel and equal. In
a rectangle, the opposite sides are parallel and equal. Also, all
the interior angles of the rectangle are of the same measure,
i.e., 90º. In other words, a parallelogram with each angle a
right angle becomes a rectangle. Therefore, a rectangle can be
thought of as a special parallelogram.
(c) All sides of a rhombus and a square are equal. However, in
case of a square, all interior angles are of 90º measure. A
rhombus with each angle a right angle becomes a square.
Therefore, a square can be thought of as a special rhombus.
(d) All are closed figures made of 4 line segments. Therefore,
all these are quadrilaterals.
(e) Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel and equal. In
a square, the opposite sides are parallel and the lengths of all
the four sides are equal. Therefore, a square can be thought of
as a special parallelogram.
Question 3: A figure is said to be regular if its sides are

equal in length and angles are equal in measure. Can you
identify the regular quadrilateral?
Solution:
In a square, all the interior angles are of 90° and all the sides
are of the same length. Therefore, a square is a regular
quadrilateral.
Exercise 5.8
Question 1: Examine whether the following are polygons.

If any one among them is not, say why?
(a) It is not a polygon as it is not a closed figure.

(b) Yes, it is a polygon made of 6 sides.
(c) No, it is not made of line segments.
(d) No, it is not made of only line segments.
Question 2: Name each polygon.
Make two more examples of each of these.
Solution:
(a) The given figure is a quadrilateral as this closed figure is
made of 4
line segments. Two more examples are
(b) The given figure is a triangle as this closed figure is made
of 3 line segments. Two more examples are
(c) The given figure is a pentagon as this closed figure is made

(d) The given figure is an octagon as this closed figure is made

Question 3: Draw a rough sketch of a regular hexagon.

Connecting any three of its vertices, draw a triangle.
Identify the type of the triangle you have drawn.
Solution:
An isosceles triangle by joining three of the vertices of a
hexagon can be drawn as follows.
Question 4: Draw a rough sketch of a regular octagon.

(Use squared paper if you wish). Draw a rectangle by
joining exactly four of the vertices of the octagon.
Solution:
Question 5: A diagonal is a line segment that joins any two

vertices of the polygon and is not a side of the polygon.
Draw a rough sketch of a pentagon and draw its diagonals.
Solution:
It can be observed here that AC, AD, BD, BE, CE are the
diagonals.
Exercise 5.9
(a) Cone (i)
(b) Sphere (ii)

(c) Cylinder (iii)
(d) Cuboid (iv)
(e) Pyramid (v)
Give two new examples of each shape.
Solution:
(a) (ii)
(b) (iv)
(c) (v)
(d) (iii)
(e) (i)
Question 2: What shape is

(a) Your instrument box? (b) A brick?
(c) A match box? (d) A road-roller?
(e) A sweet laddu?
Solution:
(a) Cuboid
(b) Cuboid
(c) Cuboid
(d) Cylinder
(e) Sphere
CHAPTER 6 INTEGERS
Exercise 6.1
Question 1: Write opposites of the following:
(a) Increase in weight (b) 30 km north
(c) 326 BC (d) Loss of Rs 700
(e) 100 m above sea level
Solution:
(a) Decrease in weight
(b) 30 km south
(c) 326 A.D.
(d) Gain of Rs 700
(e) 100 m below sea level
Question 2: Represent the following numbers as integers

with appropriate signs.
(a) An aeroplane is flying at a height two thousand metre
above the ground.
(b) A submarine is moving at a depth, eight hundred metre
below the sea level.
(c) A deposit of rupees two hundred.
(d) Withdrawal of rupees seven hundred.
Solution:
(a) +2000
(b) −800
(c) +200
(d) −700
Question 3: Represent the following numbers on a number

line:
(a) + 5 (b) − 10 (c) + 8
(d) − 1 (e) – 6
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 4: Adjacent figure is a vertical number line,

representing integers. Observe it and locate the following
points:
(a) If point D is + 8, then which point is − 8?
(b) Is point G a negative integer or a positive integer?
(c) Write integers for points B and E.
(d) Which point marked on this number line has the least
value?
(e) Arrange all the points in decreasing order of value.
Solution:
(a) F
(b) Negative integer (−6)
(c) Point B represents 4 and point E represents −10.
(d) E has the least value as it represents −10.
(e) D > C > B > A > O > H > G > F > E
Question 5: Following is the list of temperatures of five

places in India on a particular day of the year.
Place Temperature
Siachin 10°C below 0°C ……
Shimla 2°C below 0°C ……
Ahmedabad 30°C above 0°C ……
Delhi 20°C above 0°C ……
Srinagar 5°C below 0°C ……

(a) Write the temperatures of these places in the form of
integers in the blank column.
(b) Following is the number line representing the temperature
in degree Celsius.
Plot the name of the city against its temperature.

(c) Which is the coolest place?
(d) Write the names of the places where temperatures are
above 10°C.
Solution:
(a)
Siachin −10°C
Shimla −2°C
Ahmedabad +30°C
Delhi +20°C
Srinagar −5°C
(b)
(c) Siachin
(d) Delhi, Ahmedabad
Question 6: In each of the following pairs, which number is
to the right of the other on the number line?
(a) 2, 9 (b) − 3, − 8 (c) 0, − 1
(d) − 11, 10 (e) − 6, 6 (f) 1, − 100
Solution:
(a) 9 (9 > 2)
(b) −3 (−3 > −8)
(c) 0 (0 > −1)
(d) 10 (10 > −11)
(e) 6 (6 > −6)
(f) 1 (1 > −100)
Question 7: Write all the integers between the given pairs

(write them in the increasing order.)
(a) 0 and − 7 (b) − 4 and 4
(c) − 8 and − 15 (d) − 30 and − 23
Solution:
(a) −6, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1
(b) −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3
(c) −14, −13, −12, −11, −10, −9
(d) −29, −28, −27, −26, −25, −24
Question 8:(a) Write four negative integers greater than −

20.
(b) Write four negative integers less than − 10.
Solution:
(a) −19, −18, −17, −16
(b) −11, −12, −13, −14
Question 9: For the following statements, write True (T) or

False (F). If the statement is false, correct the statement.
(a) − 8 is to the right of − 10 on a number line.
(b) − 100 is to the right of − 50 on a number line.
(c) Smallest negative integer is − 1
(d) − 26 is greater than − 25.
Solution:
(a) True (−8 > −10)
(b) False (−50 > −100)
−100 is to the left of −50 on a number line.
(c) False, as the greatest negative integer is −1.
(d) False, as −26 is smaller than −25.
Question 10: Draw a number line and answer the

following:
(a) Which number will we reach if we move 4 numbers to
the right of − 2.
(b) Which number will we reach if we move 5 numbers to
the left of 1.
(c) If we are at − 8 on the number line, in which direction
should we move to reach − 13?
(d) If we are at − 6 on the number line, in which direction
should we move to reach − 1?
Solution:
(a)
We will reach at 2, if we move 4 numbers to the right of −2.

(b)
We will reach at −4, if we move 5 numbers to the left of 1.

(c)
Clearly, −13 is to the left of −8. Therefore, we should move

towards the left direction.
(d)
Clearly, −1 is to the right of −6. Therefore, we should move

towards the right direction.
Exercise 6.2
Question 1: Using the number line write the integer which
is:
(a) 3 more than 5
(b) 5 more than −5
(c) 6 less than 2
(d) 3 less than −2
Solution:
(a)
Hence, 8
(b)
Hence, 0
(c)
Hence, −4
(d)
Hence, −5
Question 2: Use number line and add the following

integers:
(a) 9 + (− 6)
(b) 5 + (− 11)
(c) (− 1) + (− 7)
(d) (− 5) + 10
(e) (− 1) + (− 2) + (− 3)
(f) (− 2) + 8 + (− 4)
Solution:
(a)
Hence, 3
(b)
Hence, −6
(c)
Hence, −8
(d)
Hence, 5
(e)
Hence, −6
(f)
Hence, 2
Question 3: Add without using number line:

(a) 11 + (− 7)
(b) (− 13) + (+18)
(c) (− 10) + (+19)
(d) (− 250) + (+ 150)
(e) (− 380) + (− 270)
(f) (− 217) + (− 100)
Solution:
(a) 11 + (−7) = 4
(b) (−13) + (+18) = 5
(c) (−10) + (+19) = 9
(d) (−250) + (+150) = −100
(e) (−380) + (−270) = −650
(f) (−217) + (−100) = −317
Question 4: Find the sum:

(a) 137 and −354 (b) − 52 and 52
(c) − 312, 39 and 192 (d) − 50, − 200 and 300
Solution:
(a) 137 + (−354) = −217
(b) −52 + 52 = 0
(c) −312 + 39 + 192 = −312 + 231 = −81
(d) −50 + (−200) + 300 = −250 + 300 = 50
Question 5: Find the sum:

(a) (− 7) + (− 9) + 4 + 16 (b) (37) + (− 2) + (− 65) + (− 8)
Solution:
(a) (−7) + (−9) + 4 + 16 = −16 + 20 = 4
(b) 37 + (−2) + (−65) + (−8) = 37 + (−75) = −38
Exercise 6.3
Question 1: Find:
(a) 35 − (20) (b) 72 − (90)
(c) (− 15) − (− 18) (d) (− 20) − (13)
(e) 23 − (− 12) (f) (− 32) − (− 40)
Solution:
(a) 35 − 20 = 15
(b) 72 − 90 = −18
(c) −15 − (−18) = − 15 + 18 = 3
(d) − 20 − 13 = −33
(e) 23 − (−12) = 23 + 12 = 35
(f) (−32) − (−40) = −32 + 40 = 8
Question 2: Fill in the blanks with >, < or = sign.

(a) (− 3) + (− 6) _____ (− 3) − (− 6)
(b) (− 21) − (− 10) _____ (− 31) + (− 11)
(c) 45 − (− 11) _____ 57 + (− 4)
(d) (− 25) − (− 42) _____ (− 42) − (−25)
Solution:
(a) (−3) + (−6) = −9
(−3) − (−6) = − 3 + 6 = 3
−9 < 3
Hence, (− 3) + (− 6) (− 3) − (− 6)
(b) − 21 − (−10) = − 21 + 10 = −11
− 31 + (−11) = −42
−11 > −42
(−21) − (−10) (−31) + (−11)

(c) 45 − (−11) = 45 + 11 = 56
57 + (−4) = 57 − 4 = 53
56 > 53
45 − (−11) 57 + (−4)
(d) (−25) − (−42) = − 25 + 42 = 17
− 42 − (−25) = − 42 + 25 = −17
17 > −17
(−25) − (−42) (−42) − (−25)
Question 3: Fill in the blanks.

(a) (− 8) + _____ = 0
(b) 13 + _____ = 0
(c) 12 + (− 12) = _____
(d) (− 4) + _____ = − 12
(e) _____ − 15 = − 10
Solution:
(a) − 8 + 8 = 0
(b) 13 + (-13) = 0
(c) 12 + (−12) = 0
(d) − 4 + (−8) = −12
(e) 5 − 15 = −10
Question 4: Find:
(a) (− 7) − 8 − (− 25)
(b) (− 13) + 32 − 8 − 1
(c) (− 7) + (− 8) + (− 90)
(d) 50 − (− 40) − (− 2)
Solution:
(a) − 7 − 8 − (−25) = − 7 − 8 + 25 = − 15 + 25 = 10
(b) (−13) + 32 − 8 − 1 = − 13 + 32 − 8 − 1 = 32 − 22 = 10
(c) (−7) + (−8) + (−90) = − 7 − 8 − 90 = −105
(d) 50 − (−40) − (−2) = 50 + 40 + 2 = 92
CHAPTER 7 FRACTIONS
Exercise 7.1
Question 1: Write the fraction representing the shaded

portion.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)
(vii) (viii) (ix)

(x)
Solution:
(i) The given figure represents 2 shaded parts out of 4 equal
parts.
Hence,
(ii) The given figure represents 8 shaded parts out of 9 equal
parts.
Hence,
(iii) The given figure represents 4 shaded parts out of 8 equal
parts.
Hence,
(iv) The given figure represents 1 shaded part out of 4 equal
parts.
Hence,
(v) The given figure represents 3 shaded parts out of 7 equal
parts.
Hence,
(vi) The given figure represents 3 shaded parts out of 12 equal
parts.
Hence,
(vii) The given figure represents 10 shaded parts out of 10
equal parts.
Hence,
(viii) The given figure represents 4 shaded parts out of 9 equal
parts.
Hence,
(ix) The given figure represents 4 shaded parts out of 8 equal
parts.
Hence,
(x) The given figure represents 1 shaded part out of 2 equal
parts.
Hence,
Question 2: Colour the part according to the given
fraction.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v)
Solution:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Question 3: Identify the error if any.
Solution:
The given figures do not represent the fractions as here each
shape is not divided in equal parts.
Question 4: What fraction of a day is 8 hours?
Solution:
There are 24 hours in a day. Therefore, 8 hours of a day
represent 8/24 day or 1/3 day.
Question 5: What fraction of an hour is 40 minutes?
Solution:
There are 60 minutes in an hour. Therefore, 40 minutes of an
hour represent 40/60 or 2/3.
Question 6: Arya, Abhimanyu, and Vivek shared lunch.

Arya has brought two sandwiches, one made of vegetable
and one of jam. The other two boys forgot to bring their
lunch. Arya agreed to share his sandwiches so that each
person will have an equal share of each sandwich.
(a) How can Arya divide his sandwiches so that each
person has an equal share?
(b) What part of a sandwich will each boy receive?
Solution:
(a) Arya will divide each sandwich in three equal parts. Then,
he will
give one part of each sandwich to each one of them.
(b) Each boy will receive 1/3 part of each sandwich.
Question 7: Kanchan dyes dresses. She had to dye 30 dresses.

She has so far finished 20 dresses. What fraction of dresses
has she finished?
Solution:
Dress dyed so far = 20
Total dresses = 30
Fraction =20/30 = 2/3
Question 8: Write the natural numbers from 2 to 12. What
fraction of them are prime numbers?
Natural numbers from 2 to 12 are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, and 12.
Solution:
Prime numbers among these are 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11.
Therefore, out of 11 numbers, 5 are prime numbers. It
represents a fraction 5/11.
Question 9: Write the natural numbers from 102 to 113.

What fraction of them are prime numbers?
Solution:
Natural numbers from 102 to 113 are 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,
107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113
Among these numbers, the prime numbers are 103, 107, 109,
and 113.
Therefore, out of 12 numbers, 4 are prime numbers. It
represents a fraction 4/12 or 1/3.
Question 10: What fractions of these circles have X’s in

them?
Solution:
There are 4 circles, out of 8, having X’s in them. Therefore, it
represents a
Fraction 4/8 or ½.
Question 11: Kristin received a CD player for her

birthday. She bought 3 CDs and received 5 others as gifts.
What fraction of her total CDs did she buy and what
fraction did she receive as gifts?
Solution:
Total CDs Kristin had on her birthday = 3 + 5 = 8
Out of 8 CDs, she bought 3 CDs and also got 5 CDs as gifts.
Therefore, she bought and received CDs as gifts in a fraction
of 3/8 and 5/8 respectively.
Exercise 7.2
Question 1: Draw number lines and locate the points on

them:
(a) (b) (c)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Question 2: Express the following as mixed fractions:
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Question 3: Express the following as improper fractions:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Exercise 7.3
Question 1: Write the fractions. Are all these fractions

equivalent?
(a)
(b)
Solution:
(a) In the given circles, 1 out of 2, 2 out of 4, 3 out of 6,
and 4 out of 8 equal parts are shaded respectively. Therefore,
these circles represent
Also, all these fractions are equivalent.

(b)
In the given rectangles, 4 out of 12, 3 out of 9, 2 out of 6, 1 out
of 3, and 6 out of 15 equal parts (i.e., circles) are shaded
respectively. Therefore, these rectangles represent
No, all of these fractions are not equivalent.
Question 2: Write the fractions and pair up the equivalent

fractions from each row.
Solution:
(a) Here, 1 part is shaded out of 2 equal parts (i.e., rectangle).
Hence, this figure represents a fraction .
(b) Here, 4 parts are shaded out of 6 equal parts (i.e.,

rectangle). Hence,
this figure represents a fraction

(c) Here, 3 parts are shaded out of 9 equal parts (i.e., squares).
Hence, this
figure represents a fraction

(d) Here, 2 parts are shaded out of 8 equal parts (i.e.,
rectangle). Hence,
this figure represents a fraction
(e) Here, 3 parts are shaded out of 4 equal parts (i.e., squares).
Hence, this
figure represents a fraction .

(i) Here, 6 parts are shaded out of 18 equal parts (i.e.,
triangles). Hence, this figure represents a fraction

(ii) Here, 4 parts are shaded out of 8 equal parts (i.e.,
rectangles). Hence, this figure represents a fraction

(iii) Here, 12 parts are shaded out of 16 equal parts (i.e.,
squares). Hence, this figure represents a fraction

(iv) Here, 8 parts are shaded out of 12 equal parts (i.e.,
rectangles). Hence, this figure represents a fraction
(v) Here, 4 parts are shaded out of 16 equal parts (i.e.,
triangles). Hence, this figure represents a fraction

Now, these figures can be matched correctly as
(a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (i), (d) (v), (e) (iii)
Question 3: Replace in each of the following by the

correct number:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Solution:
(a)
Hence, 28 is the answer.
(b)

(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 4: Find the equivalent fraction of having

(a) denominator 20 (b) numerator 9
(c) denominator 30 (d) numerator 27
Solution:
(a)
Hence, the required fraction is .
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 5: Find the equivalent fraction of with

(a) numerator 9 (b) denominator 4
Solution:
(a)
(b)

Question 6: Check whether the given fractions are
equivalent:
(a) (b)
(c)
Solution:
(a)
Clearly, both the fractions are equivalent.
(b)
Clearly, both the fractions are not equivalent.
(c)
Clearly, both the fractions are not equivalent.

Question 7: Reduce the following fractions to simplest
form:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 8: Ramesh had 20 pencils, Sheelu had 50 pencils

and Jamaal had 80 pencils. After 4 months, Ramesh used
up 10 pencils, Sheelu used up 25 pencils and Jamaal used
up 40 pencils. What fraction did each use up? Check if
each has used up an equal fraction of her/his pencils?
Solution:
Fraction used by Ramesh =
Fraction used by Sheelu =
Fraction used by Jamaal =
Yes, all of them used equal fraction of pencils i.e., .
Question 9: Match the equivalent fractions and write two

more for each.
(i) (a) (iv) (d)
(ii) (b) (v) (e)
(iii) (c)
Solution:
(i)
Two more fractions are .
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Now, these can be matched as
(i) (d), (ii) (e), (iii) (a), (iv) (c), (v)

(b)
Exercise 7.4
Question 1: Write shaded portion as fraction. Arrange

them in ascending and descending order using correct sign
‘<’, ‘=’, ‘>’ between the fractions:
(a)
(b)
(c) Show on the number line. Put

appropriate signs between the fractions given.
Solution:
(a)
Here, 1st circle represents 3 shaded parts out of 8 equal parts.
Therefore, it represents a fraction .
Here, 2nd circle represents 6 shaded parts out of 8 equal parts.
Here, 3rd circle represents 4 shaded parts out of 8 equal parts.
Here, 4th circle represents 1 shaded part out of 8 equal parts.

Now, these fractions may be arranged as
(b)
Here, 1st square represents 8 shaded parts out of 9 equal parts.
Here, 2nd square represents 4 shaded parts out of 9 equal
parts. Therefore, it represents a fraction .
Here, 3rd square represents 3 shaded parts out of 9 equal parts.
Here, 4th square represents 6 shaded parts out of 9 equal parts.

Now, these fractions can be arranged as
(c) To represent the given fractions on

number line, each unit length should be divided in 6 equal
parts. Now, these fractions can be represented as
Question 2: Compare the fractions and put an appropriate
sign.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Solution:
(a)
Here, the denominators are same. Therefore, the fraction
having the greater numerator will be greater.
(b)
As 4 < 7,
(c)
(d)
Here, the numerators are same. Therefore, the fraction having
lesser denominator will be greater.
Question 3:
Make five more such pairs and put appropriate sign.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Here, numerators are same. Therefore, the fraction having the
(iv)
(v)
Here, the numerators are same. Therefore, the fraction having
the lesser denominator will be greater.
Question 4: Look at the figures and write ‘<’ or ‘>’, ‘=’

between the given pairs of fractions.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Solution:
(a) Here, the numerators are same. Therefore, the fraction
having the
Hence,
(b)
As the denominators of are same, the fraction

Hence,
(c) Here, the numerators are same. Therefore, the fraction
having the lesser denominator will be greater.
Hence,
(d) As ,
(e) Here, the numerators are same. Therefore, the fraction

having the lesser denominator will be greater.
Hence,
Question 5: How quickly can you do this? Fill appropriate

sign (‘<’, ‘=’, ‘>’)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
(i) (j)
(k)
Solution:
(a) Here, the numerators are same. Therefore, the fraction
having the
Hence,
(b)
Hence,
(c)

Hence,
(d)

Hence,
(e) Here, the denominators are same. Therefore, the fraction
Hence,
(f) Here, the denominators are same. Therefore, the fraction
Hence,
(g)
Hence,
(h)

Hence,
(i)

Hence,
(j)

Hence,
(k)
Hence,
Question 6: The following fractions represent just three

different numbers. Separate them into three groups of
equivalent fractions, by changing each one to its simplest
form.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
(h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
There are 3 groups of equivalent fractions
(a), (e), (h), (j), (k)
(b), (f), (g)
(c), (d), (i), (l)
Question 7: Find answers to the following. Write and

indicate how you solved them.
(a) ? (b) ?
(c) ? (d) ?
Solution:
(a)
Converting these into like fractions,
Therefore,
(b)
(c)
Therefore,
(d)
Question 8: Ila read 25 pages of a book containing 100
pages. Lalita read of the same book. Who read less?
Solution:
Numbers of pages read by Lalita = = 40

Number of pages read by Ila = 25
Hence, Ila has read less number of pages.
Question 9: Rafiq exercised for of an hour, while Rohit
exercised for of an hour.

Who exercised for a longer time?
Solution:
Rafiq exercised for and Rohit exercised for

Hence, Rohit exercised for a longer time.
Question 10: In a class A of 25 students, 20 passed in first

class; in another class B of 30 students, 24 passed in first
class. In which class was a greater fraction of students
getting first class?
Solution:
Fraction of students of class A who passed in Ist class =
Fraction of students of class B who passed in Ist class =
From both classes, an equal fraction of students passed in first

class.
Exercise 7.5
Question 1: Write these fractions appropriately as
additions or subtractions:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution:
(a) Here, it can be observed that 1st, 2nd, and 3rd rectangles are
representing 1, 2, and 3 shaded parts out of 5 equal parts
respectively. Clearly, the fraction represented by 3rd rectangle
is the sum of the fractions represented by 1st and 2nd rectangles.
Hence,
(b) Here, it can be observed that 1st, 2nd, and 3rd circles are
respectively. Clearly, the fraction represented by 3rd circle is
the difference between the fractions represented by 1st and
2nd circles.
Hence,
(c) Here, it can be observed that 1st, 2nd, and 3rd rectangles are
respectively. Clearly, the fraction represented by 3rd rectangle
is the sum of the fractions represented by 1st and 2nd rectangles.
Hence,
Question 2: Solve:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
(i)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Question 3: Shubham painted of the wall space in his
room. His sister Madhavi helped and painted of the

wall space. How much did they paint together?
Solution:
Space painted by Shubham = of the room
Space painted by Madhavi = of the room
Hence, together they painted = of the room

= 1 = the complete wall
Question 4: Fill in the missing fractions.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 5: Javed was given of a basket of oranges.

What fraction of oranges was left in the basket?
Solution:
Fractions given to Javed =

Fraction left in the basket = =
Exercise 7.6
Question 1: Solve
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
(i) (j)
(k) (l)
(m) (n)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
Question 2: Sarita bought metre of ribbon and Lalita
metre of ribbon. What is the total length of the ribbon

they bought?
Solution:
Length of ribbon bought by Sarita =
Length of ribbon bought by Lalita =
Total length of ribbon bought by them =
Question 3: Naina was given piece of cake and Najma
was given piece of cake. Find the total amount of cake

was given to both of them.
Solution:
Fraction Naina got =

Fraction Najma got =
Question 4: Fill in the boxes:
(a) (b) (c)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Question 5: Complete the addition-subtraction box.

(a)
(b)
Solution:
(a)
Hence, the given box can be completed as
(b)
Hence, the given box can be completed as
Question 6: A piece of wire metre long broke into two
pieces. One piece was metre long. How long is the other
piece?
Solution:
Length of one piece =

The length of the other piece of wire will be the difference of
the lengths of the original wire and this piece of wire.
Hence, length of the other piece of wire =

Question 7: Nandini’s house is km from her school.
She walked some distance and then took a bus for km

to reach the school. How far did she walk?
Solution:
Distance walked by Nandini = Total distance − Distance for

which she took the bus
Question 8: Asha and Samuel have bookshelves of the

same size partly filled with books.
Asha’s shelf is th full and Samuel’s shelf is th full.

Whose bookshelf is more full? By what fraction?
Solution:
Fraction of Asha’s shelf =
Fraction of Samuel’s shelf =

Clearly, Asha’s bookshelf is more full.
Difference =
Question 9: Jaidev takes minutes to walk across the
school ground. Rahul takes minutes to do the same.

Who takes less time and by what fraction?
Solution:
Time taken by Jaidev = minutes = min

Time taken by Rahul = min
Hence, Rahul takes lesser time.
Difference =
CHAPTER 8 DECIMALS
Exercise 8.1
Question 1: Write the following as numbers in the given table.

(a)
(b)
Tens Ones
Hundreds(100)
(10) (1)
Tenths
Solution:
It may be observed that
Row Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths
a. 0 3 1 2
b. 1 1 0 4
Question 2:
Write the following decimals in the place value table.
(a) 19.4 (b) 0.3 (c) 10.6 (d) 205.9
Solution:
Decimal Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths
19.4 0 1 9 4
0.3 0 0 0 3
10.6 0 1 0 6
205.9 2 0 5 9
Question 3: Write each of the following as decimals:

(a) Seven-tenths (b) Two tens and nine-tenths
(c) Fourteen point six (d) One hundred and two ones
(e) Six hundred point eight
Solution:
(a) Seven-tenths = = 0.7
(b) Two tens and nine-tenths = 20 + = 20.9

(c) Fourteen point six = 14.6
(d) One hundred and two ones = 100 + 2 = 102.0
(e) Six hundred point eight = 600.8
Question 4: Write each of the following as decimals:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
(i) (j)
(k)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
Question 5: Write the following decimals as fractions. Reduce

the fractions to lowest form.
(a) 0.6 (b) 2.5 (c) 1.0 (d) 3.8 (e) 13.7 (f) 21.2 (g) 6.4
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c) 1.0 = 1
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Question 6: Express the following as cm using decimals.

(a) 2 mm (b) 30 mm
(c) 116 mm (d) 4 cm 2 mm
(e) 162 mm (f) 83 mm
Solution:
It is known that 1cm = 10 mm
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Question 7: Between which two whole numbers on the number
line are the given numbers lie? Which of these whole numbers is
nearer the number?
(a) 0.8 (b) 5.1

(c) 2.6 (d) 6.4
(e) 9.1 (f) 4.9
Solution:
(a) 0.8 lies between 0 and 1, and is nearer to 1.

(b) 5.1 lies between 5 and 6, and is nearer to 5.
(c) 2.6 lies between 2 and 3, and is nearer to 3.
(d) 6.4 lies between 6 and 7, and is nearer to 6.
(e) 9.1 lies between 9 and 10, and is nearer to 9.
(f) 4.9 lies between 4 and 5, and is nearer to 5.
Question 8: Show the following numbers on the number line.

(a) 0.2 (b) 1.9
(c) 1.1 (d) 2.5
Solution:
(a) 0.2 represents a point between 0 and 1 on number line, such that
the
space between 0 and 1 is divided into 10 equal parts. Hence, each
equal part will be equal to one-tenth. Now, 0.2 is the second point
between 0 and 1.
(b) 1.9 represents a point between 1 and 2 on number line, such that
the
equal part will be equal to one-tenth. Now, 1.9 is the ninth point
between 1 and 2.
(c) 1.1 represents a point between 1 and 2 on number line, such that
the
equal part will be equal to one-tenth. Now, 1.1 is the first point
between 1 and 2.
(d) 2.5 represents a point between 2 and 3 on number line, such that
the
equal part will be equal to one-tenth. Now, 2.5 is the fifth point
between 2 and 3.
Question 9: Write the decimal number represented by the points

A, B, C, D on the given number line?
Solution:
Point A represents 0.8.

Point B represents 1.3.
Point C represents 2.2.
Point D represents 2.9.
Question 10:
(a) The length of Ramesh’s notebook is 9 cm 5 mm. What will be
its length in cm?
(b) The length of a young gram plant is 65 mm. Express its
length in cm.
Solution:
(a) The length of Ramesh’s notebook is 9 cm 5 mm.
Therefore, the length in cm is

(b) The length of a gram plant is 65 mm.
Therefore, the length in cm is
Exercise 8.2
Question 1: Complete the table with the help of these boxes and
use decimals to write the number.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solution:
Ones Tenths Hundredths Number
(a) - - - -
(b) - - - -
(c) - - - -
Row Ones Tenths Hundredths Numbers
(a) 0 2 6 0.26
(b) 1 3 8 1.38
(c) 1 2 8 1.28
Question 2: Write the numbers given in the following place value

table in decimal form.
Tenths Hundredths Thousandths

Hundreds Tens Ones
100 10 1
(a) 0 0 3 2 5 0
(b) 1 0 2 6 3 0
(c) 0 3 0 0 2 5
(d) 2 1 1 9 0 2
(e) 0 1 2 2 4 1
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 3: Write the following decimals in the place value
table.
(a) 0.29 (b) 2.08 (c) 19.60 (d) 148.32
(e) 200.812
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Row Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
(a) 0 0 0 2 9 0
(b) 0 0 2 0 8 0
(c) 0 1 9 6 0 0
(d) 1 4 8 3 2 0
(e) 2 0 0 8 1 2
Question 4: Write each of the following decimals.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 5: Write each of the following decimals in words.

(a) 0.03 (b) 1.20
(c) 108.56 (d) 10.07
(e) 0.032 (f) 5.008
Solution:
(a) 0.03 = zero point zero three

(b) 1.20 = one point two zero
(c) 108.56 = one hundred eight point five six
(d) 10.07 = ten point zero seven
(e) 0.032 = zero point zero three two
(f) 5.008 = five point zero zero eight
Question 6:Between which two numbers in tenths place on the

number line does each of the given number lie?
(a) 0.06 (b) 0.45
(c) 0.19 (d) 0.66
(e) 0.92 (f) 0.57
Solution:
(a) 0.06 0 and 0.1
(b) 0.45 0.4 and 0.5

(c) 0.19 0.1 and 0.2
(d) 0.66 0.6 and 0.7
(e) 0.92 0.9 and 1.0
(f) 0.57 0.5 and 0.6
Question 7: Write as fractions in lowest terms.

(a) 0.60 (b) 0.05
(c) 0.75 (d) 0.18
(e) 0.25 (f) 0.125
(g) 0.066
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Exercise 8.3
Question 1: Which is greater?

(a) 0.3 or 0.4 (b) 0.07 or 0.02
(c) 3 or 0.8 (d) 0.5 or 0.05
(e) 1.23 or 1.2 (f) 0.099 or 0.19
(g) 1.5 or 1.50 (h) 1.431 or 1.490
(i) 3.3 or 3.300 (j) 5.64 or 5.603
Solution:
(a) 0.3 or 0.4

The whole parts of these numbers are same. It can be seen that the
tenth part of 0.4 is greater than that of 0.3.
Hence, 0.4 > 0.3
(b) 0.07 and 0.02
Here, both numbers have same parts up to the tenth place. However,
the hundredth part of 0.07 is greater than that of 0.02.
Hence, 0.07 > 0.02
(c) 3 or 0.8
It can be seen that the whole part of 3 is greater than that of 0.8.
Hence, 3 > 0.8
(d) 0.5 or 0.05
Hence, 0.5 > 0.05
(e) 1.23 or 1.20
Here, both numbers have same parts up to the tenth place. However,
the hundredth part of 1.23 is greater than that of 1.20.
Hence, 1.23 > 1.20
(f) 0.099 or 0.19
Hence, 0.099 < 0.19
(g) 1.5 or 1.50
Here, both numbers have the same parts up to the tenth place. Also,
there is no digit at hundredth place of 1.5. This implies that this digit
will be 0, which is same as the digit at the hundredth place of 1.50.
Therefore, both these numbers are equal.
(h) 1.431 or 1.490
Here, both numbers have the same parts up to the tenth place.
However, the hundredth part of 1.490 is greater than that of 1.431.
Hence, 1.431 < 1.490
(i) 3.3 or 3.300
Here, both numbers have the same parts up to the tenth place. Also,
there is no digit at hundredth and thousandth place of 3.3. This
implies that these digits are 0, which are the same as the digits at the
hundredth and thousandth place of 3.300. Therefore, both these
numbers are equal.
(j) 5.64 or 5.603
Here, both numbers have the same parts up to the tenth place.
However, the hundredth part of 5.64 is greater than that of 5.603.
Hence, 5.640 > 5.603
Exercise 8.4
Question 1: Express as rupees using decimals.
(a) 5 paise (b) 75 paise
(c) 20 paise (d) 50 rupees 90 paise
(e) 725 paise
Solution:
It is known that there are 100 paise in 1 rupee.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 2: Express as metres using decimals.

(a) 15 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 2 m 45 cm (d) 9 m 7 cm
(e) 419 cm
Solution:
It is known that there are 100 cm in 1 metre.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 3: Express as cm using decimals.

(a) 5 mm (b) 60 mm
(c) 164 mm (d) 9 cm 8 mm
(e) 93 mm
It is known that there are 10 mm in 1 cm.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Question 4: Express as km using decimals.

(a) 8 m (b) 88 m
(c) 8888 m (d) 70 km 5 m
It is known that there are 1000 metres in 1 km.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 5:Express as kg using decimals.
(a) 2 g (b) 100 g
(c) 3750 g (d) 5 kg 8 g
(e) 26 kg 50 g
Solution:
It is known that there are 1000 grams in 1 kg.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Exercise 8.5
Question 1: Find the sum in each of the following:

(a) 0.007 + 8.5 + 30.08
(b) 15 + 0.632 + 13.8
(c) 27.076 + 0.55 + 0.004
(d) 25.65 + 9.005 + 3.7
(e) 0.75 + 10.425 + 2
(f) 280.69 + 25.2 + 38
Solution:
(a) 0.007 + 8.5 + 30.08
(b) 15 + 0.632 + 13.8
(c) 27.076 + 0.55 + 0.004
(d) 25.65 + 9.005 + 3.7
(e) 0.75 + 10.425 + 2
(f) 280.69 + 25.2 + 38

Question 2: Rashid spent Rs 35.75 for Maths book and Rs 32.60
for Science book. Find the total amount spent by Rashid.
Solution:
Price of Maths book = Rs. 35.75

Price of Science book = Rs. 32.60
Total amount spent by Rashid is
Therefore, the amount spent by Rashid is Rs 68.35.
Question 3: Radhika’s mother gave her Rs 10.50 and her father

gave her Rs 15.80, find the total amount given to Radhika by the
parents.
Solution:
Amount given by mother = Rs. 10.50

Amount given by mother = Rs. 15.80
Total amount given by parents is
Therefore, the amount given by her parents is Rs 26.30.
Question 4: Nasreen bought 3 m 20 cm cloth for her shirt and 2

m 5 cm cloth for her trouser. Find the total length of cloth
bought by her.
Solution:
Cloth for shirt = 3 m 20 cm
Cloth for trouser = 2 m 5 cm
Total length of cloth is
Hence, the total length of cloth bought by her is 5.25 m.
Question 5: Naresh walked 2 km 35 m in the morning and 1 km

7 m in the evening. How much distance did he walk in all?
Solution:
Distance walked in the morning = 2 km 35 m
= 2.035 km
Distance walked in the evening = 1 km 7 m
= 1.007 km
Total distance walked by him is
Question 6: Sunita travelled 15 km 268 m by bus, 7 km 7 m by
car and 500 m on foot in order to reach her school. How far is
her school from her residence?
Solution:
Distance travelled by bus = 15 km 268 m
= 15.268 km
Distance travelled by car = 7 km 7 m
= 7.007 km
Distance travelled on foot = 500 m
= 0.500 km
Total distance of school from her residence is
Question 7: Ravi purchased 5 kg 400 g rice, 2 kg 20 g sugar and

10 kg 850 g flour. Find the total weight of his purchases.
Solution:
Weight of rice = 5 kg 400 g =

Weight of sugar = 2 kg 20 g =
Weight of flour = 10 kg 850 g =
Total weight of his purchases is
Exercise 8.6
Question 1: Subtract:
(a) Rs 18.25 from Rs 20.75
(b) 202.54 m from 250 m
(c) Rs 5.36 from Rs 8.40
(d) 2.051 km from 5.206 km
(e) 0.314 kg from 2.107 kg
Solution:
(a) Rs 20.75 − Rs 18.25
(b) 250 m − 202.54 m

(c) Rs 8.40 − Rs 5.36
(d) 5.206 km − 2.051 km
(e) 2.107 kg − 0.314 kg
Question 2: Find the value of:

(a) 9.756 − 6.28
(b) 21.05 − 15.27
(c) 18.5 − 6.79
(d) 11.6 − 9.847
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 3: Raju bought a book for Rs 35.65. He gave Rs 50 to

the shopkeeper. How much money did he get back from the
shopkeeper?
Solution:
Money that Raju will get back will be the difference of these two.
Hence, money that Raju will get back is
Therefore, he will get back Rs 14.35.
Question 4: Rani had Rs 18.50. She bought one ice-cream for Rs

11.75. How much money does she have now?
Solution:
The money left with Rani will be the difference of these two.
Hence, the money left is
Question 5: Tina had 20 m 5 cm long cloth. She cuts 4 m 50 cm
length of cloth from this for making a curtain. How much cloth
is left with her?
Solution:
The length of the cloth left with her will be the difference of these
two.
Hence, the length of the cloth left with her is
Therefore, 15.55 m cloth will be remaining.
Question 6: Namita travels 20 km 50 m every day. Out of this,

she travels 10 km 200 m by bus and the rest by auto. How much
distance does she travel by auto?
Solution:
Question 7: Aakash bought vegetables weighing 10 kg. Out of
this, 3 kg 500 g is onions, 2 kg 75 g is tomatoes and the rest is
potatoes. What is the weight of the potatoes?
Solution:
Total weight of vegetables bought = 10.000 kg

Weight of onions = 3 kg 500 g = 3.500 kg
Weight of tomatoes = 2 kg 75 g = 2.075 kg
Weight of potatoes = Total weight of vegetables bought − (Weight of
onions + Weight of tomatoes)
= 10.000 − (3.500 + 2.075)
Hence, the weight of the potatoes was 4.425 kg.

CHAPTER 9 DATA
HANDLING
Exercise 9.1
Question 1: In a Mathematics test, the following marks were

obtained by 40 students. Arrange these marks in a table using
tally marks.
8 1 3 7 6 5 5 4 4 2
4 9 5 3 7 1 6 5 2 7
7 3 8 4 2 8 9 5 8 6
7 4 5 6 9 6 4 4 6 6
(a) Find how many students obtained marks equal to or more

than7.
(b) How many students obtained marks below 4?
Solution:
By observing the marks scored by 40 students in the test, we can

construct the
table as follows.
Mark Tally mark Number of Students
1 2
2 3
3 3
4 7
5 6
6 7
7 5
8 4
9 3
(a) The students who obtained their marks equal to or more than 7 are
the students who obtained their marks as either of 7, 8, and 9. Hence,
number of these students = 5 + 4 + 3 = 12
(b) The students who obtained their marks below 4 are the students
who
obtained their marks as either of 1, 2, and 3.
Hence, number of these students = 2 + 3 + 3 = 8
Question 2: Following is the choice of sweets of 30 students of
Class VI.
Ladoo, Barfi, Ladoo, Jalebi, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo,
Barfi, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Jalebi, Jalebi, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Rasgulla,
Jalebi, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Laddo, Ladoo, Barfi, Rasgulla, Rasgulla,
Jalebi, Rasgulla, Ladoo, Rasgulla, Jalebi, Ladoo.
(a) Arrange the names of sweets in a table using tally marks.
(b) Which sweet is preferred by most of the students?
Solution:
By observing the choices of sweets of 30 students, we can construct

the table as below.
(a)
Sweet Tally mark Number of students
Ladoo 11
Barfi 3
Jalebi 7
Rasgulla 9
30
(b) Ladoo is the most preferred sweet as the most number of students
(i.e., 11) prefer Ladoo.
Question 3: Catherine threw a dice 40 times and noted the
number appearing each time as shown below:
1 3 5 6 6 3 5 4 1 6
2 5 3 4 6 1 5 5 6 1
1 2 2 3 5 2 4 5 5 6
5 1 6 2 3 5 2 4 1 5
Make a table and enter the data using tally marks. Find the
number that appeared.
(a) The minimum number of times
(b) The maximum number of times
(c) Find those numbers that appear an equal number of times.
Solution:
Number Tally mark Number of times
1 7
2 6
3 5
4 4
5 11
6 7
(a) The number which appeared the minimum number of times (i.e., 4
times) is 4.
(b) The number which appeared the maximum number of times (i.e.,
11 times) is 5.
(c) 1 and 6 are the numbers which appear for the same number of
times (i.e., 7 times).
Question 4: Following pictograph shows the number of tractors in

five villages.
Village
Number of tractors - 1 tractor
Village
A
Village
B
Village
C
Village
D
Village
E
Observe the pictograph and answer the following questions.

(i) Which village has the minimum number of tractors?
(ii) Which village has the maximum number of tractors?
(iii) How many more tractors village C has as compared to village
B.
(iv) What is the total number of tractors in all the five villages?
Solution:
(i) Village D has the minimum number of tractors, i.e., only 3 tractors.
(ii) Village C has the maximum number of tractors, i.e., 8 tractors.
(iii) Number of more tractors that village C has = 8 − 5 = 3
(iv) Total number of tractors in all these villages = 6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 6 =
28
Question 5: The number of girl students in each class of a co-
educational middle school is depicted by the pictograph:
Class
Number of girl students - 4 girls
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
Observe this pictograph and answer the following questions:

(a) Which class has the minimum number of girl students?
(b) Is the number of girls in Class VI less than the number of girls
in Class V?
(c) How many girls are there in Class VII?
Solution:
From the above table, it can be concluded that in classes I, II, III, IV,
V ,VI, VII, VIII, there are 24, 18, 20, 14, 10 , 16, 12, 6 girls
respectively.
(a) Class VIIIhas the minimum number of girls, i.e., only 6 girls.
(b) No. In class V and VI, there are 10 and 16 girls respectively.
Clearly, the number of girls is more in class VI than that in class V.
(c) There are 12 girls in class VII.
Question 6: The sale of electric bulbs on different days of a week

is shown below:
Day
Number of electric bulbs - 2 bulbs
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
What can we conclude from the said pictograph?
Solution:
(a) Number of bulbs sold on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,

Friday, Saturday, and Sunday are 12, 16, 8, 10, 14, 8, and 18
respectively.
(b) The maximum numbers of bulbs (i.e., 18) were sold on Sunday.
(c) Equal numbers of bulbs (i.e., 8) were sold on Wednesday and
Saturday.
(d) The minimum numbers of bulbs (i.e., 8) were sold on Wednesday
and Saturday.
(e) Total bulbs sold in the week = 12 + 16 + 8 + 10 + 14 + 8 + 18 = 86
Question 7: In a village, six fruit merchants sold the following
number of fruit baskets in a particular season:
Name of
fruit
Number of fruit baskets - 100 fruit
merchant
basket s
Rahim
Lakhanpal
Anwar
Martin
Ranjit Singh
Joseph
Observe this pictograph and answer the following question:
(a) Which merchant sold the maximum number of baskets?
(b) How many fruit baskets were sold by Anwar?
(c) The merchants who have sold 600 or more number of baskets
are planning to buy a godown for the next season. Can you name
them?
Solution:
From the above pictograph, it can be observed that the number of fruit
baskets sold by Rahim, Lakhanpal, Anwar, Martin, Ranjit Singh, and
Joseph are 400, 550, 700, 950, 800, and 450 respectively.
(a) Martin sold the maximum number of baskets, i.e., 950.
(b) Anwar sold 700 baskets.
(c) Anwar, Martin, and Ranjit Singh are the three merchants who have
sold more than 600 baskets. Therefore, they are planning to buy a
godown for the next season.
Exercise 9.2
Question 1: Total number of animals in five villages are as

follows:
Village A : 80 Villages B : 120
Village C : 90 Village D : 40
Village E : 60
Prepare a pictograph of these animals using one symbol ⊗ to
represent 10 animals and answer the following questions:
(a) How many symbols represent animals of village E?
(b) Which village has the maximum number of animals?
(c) Which village has more animals: village A or village C?
Solution:
The pictograph for the given data can be drawn as follows.
Village
Number of animals − 10 animals
Village
A
Village
B
Village
C
Village
D
Village
E
(a) 6 symbols will represent animals of village E as there were 60

animals in this village.
(b) Village B has the maximum number of animals i.e., 120.
(c) Village A and C have 80 and 90 animals in it. Clearly, Village C
has more animals.
Question 2: Total number of students of a school in different years

is shown in the following table
Year Number of students
1996 400
1998 535
2000 472
2002 600
2004 623
A. Prepare a pictograph of students using one symbol to

represent 100 students and answer the following questions:
(a) How many symbols represent total number of students in the
year 2002?
(b) How many symbols represent total number of students for the
year 1998?
B. Prepare another pictograph of students using any other symbol
each representing 50 students. Which pictograph do you find
more informative?
Solution:
A.
− 100 Students
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
(a) 6 symbols represent the total number of students in the year 2002.
(b) 5 complete and 1 incomplete symbols represent the total number
of students in the year 1998.
B. Second pictograph is more informative.
− 50 Students
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Exercise 9.3
Question 1: The bar graph given alongside shows the amount of

wheat purchased by government during the year 1998-2002.
Read the bar graph and write down your observations. In which
year was
(a) the wheat production maximum?
(b) the wheat production minimum?
Solution:
(a) The wheat production was maximum in year 2002.

(b) The wheat production was minimum in year 1998.
Question 2: Observe this bar graph which is showing the sale of

shirts in a ready made shop from Monday to Saturday.
Now answer the following questions:
(a) What information does the above bar graph give?
(b) What is the scale chosen on the horizontal line representing
number of shirts?
(c) On which day was the maximum number of shirts sold? How
many shirts were sold on that day?
(d) On which day was the minimum number shirts sold?
(e) How many shirts were sold on Thursday?
Solution:
(a) This bar graph represents the number of shirts sold from Monday
to Saturday.
(b) 1 unit = 5 shirts
(c) The number of shirts sold on Saturday was the maximum, i.e., 60.
(d) The number of shirts sold on Tuesday was the minimum, i.e., 10.
(e) 35 shirts were sold on Tuesday.
Question 3: Observe this bar graph which shows the marks

obtained by Aziz in half-yearly examination in different subjects.
Answer the given questions.
(a) What information does the bar graph give?
(b) Name the subject in which Aziz scored maximum marks.
(c) Name the subject in which he has scored minimum marks.
(d) State the name of the subjects and marks obtained in each of
them.
Solution:
(a) This graph shows the marks obtained by Aziz in different subjects.
(b) In Hindi, Aziz scored maximum marks i.e., 80.
(c) In Social studies, Aziz scored minimum marks i.e., 40.
(d) Hindi − 80 English − 60 Maths − 70
Science − 50 Social studies − 40
Exercise 9.4
Question 1: A survey of 120 school students was done to find

which activity they prefer to do in their free time.
Preferred activity Number of students
Playing 45
Reading story books 30
Watching TV 20
Listening to music 10
Painting 15
Draw a bar graph to illustrate the above data taking scale of 1

unit length = 5 students.
Which activity is preferred by most of the students other than
playing?
Solution:
By taking a scale of 1 unit length = 5 students, a bar graph of the

above given data can be drawn as follows.
The activity that is preferred by most of the students, other than

playing, is reading story books.
Question 2: The number of Mathematics books sold by a

shopkeeper on six consecutive days is shown below:
Days Number of books sold
Sunday 65
Monday 40
Tuesday 30
Wednesday 50
Thursday 20
Friday 70
Draw a bar graph to represent the above information choosing

the scale of your choice.
Solution:
By taking a scale of 1 unit length = 10 books, a bar graph of the above

given data can be drawn as follows.
Question 3: Following table shows the number of bicycles

manufactured in a factory during the years 1998 to 2002.
Illustrate this data using a bar graph. Choose a scale of your
choice.
Years Number of bicycles manufactured
1998 800
1999 600
2000 900
2001 1100
2002 1200
(a) In which year was the maximum number of bicycles

manufactured?
(b) In which year was the minimum number of bicycles
manufactured?
Solution:
By taking a scale of 1 unit length = 100 bicycles, a bar graph of the

(a) The number of bicycles manufactured in 2002 was the maximum,

i.e., 1200.
(b) The number of bicycles manufactured in 1999 was the minimum,
i.e., 600.
Question 4: Number of persons in various age groups in a town is

given in the following table.
Age 1− 60 75 and
15 − 29 30 − 44 45 − 59
group 14 −74 above
Number 1 lakhs 1 lakh 1 lakh

2 40
of 60 20 20 80
lakhs Thousands
persons thousands thousands thousands
Draw a bar graph to represent the above information and answer
the following questions. (take 1 unit length = 20 thousands)
(a) Which two age groups have same population?
(b) All persons in the age group of 60 and above are called senior
citizens. How many senior citizens are there in the town?
Solution:
By taking a scale of 1 unit length = 20 thousands, a bar graph of the

(a) 30 − 44 and 45 − 59 are the two age groups which have the same
population.
(b) It can be inferred that senior citizens are the people who are either
from age group 60 − 74 or from age group 75 and above.
Hence, number of senior citizens = 80,000 + 40,000
= 1 lakh 20 thousand
CHAPTER 10
MENSURATION
Exercise 10.1
Question 1: Find the perimeter of each of the following

figures:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Solution:
Perimeter of a polygon is equal to the sum of the lengths of all

sides of that polygon.
(a) Perimeter = (4 + 2 +1 + 5) cm = 12 cm
(b) Perimeter = (23 + 35 + 40 + 35) cm = 133 cm
(c) Perimeter = (15 + 15 + 15 + 15) cm = 60 cm
(d) Perimeter = (4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4) cm = 20 cm
(e) Perimeter = (1 + 4 + 0.5 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 0.5 + 4) cm = 15 cm
(f) Perimeter = (1 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 3 +
2+3+4+
1 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 4) = 52 cm
Question 2: The lid of a rectangular box of sides 40 cm by

10 cm is sealed all round with tape. What is the length of
the tape required?
Solution:
Length (l) of rectangular box = 40 cm

Breadth (b) of rectangular box = 10 cm
Length of tape required = Perimeter of rectangular box
= 2 (l + b) = 2(40 + 10) = 100 cm
Question 3: A table-top measures 2 m 25 cm by 1 m 50 cm.

What is the perimeter of the table-top?
Solution:
Length (l) of table-top = 2 m 25 cm = 2 + 0.25 = 2.25 m

Breadth (b) of table-top = 1 m 50 cm = 1 + 0.50 = 1 .50 m
Perimeter of table-top = 2 (l + b)
= 2 × (2.25 + 1.50)
= 2 × 3.75 = 7.5 m
Question 4: What is the length of the wooden strip

required to frame a photograph of length and breadth 32
cm and 21 cm respectively?
Solution:
Length (l) of photograph = 32 cm

Breadth (b) of photograph = 21 cm
Length of wooden strip required = Perimeter of Photograph
= 2 × (l + b)
= 2 × (32 + 21) = 2 × 53 = 106 cm
Question 5: A rectangular piece of land measures 0.7 km

by 0.5 km. Each side is to be fenced with 4 rows of wires.
What is the length of the wire needed?
Solution:
Length (l) of land = 0.7 km

Breadth (b) of land = 0.5 km
Perimeter = 2 × (l + b)
= 2 × (0.7 + 0.5) = 2 × 1.2 = 2.4 km
Length of wire required = 4 × 2.4 = 9.6 km
Question 6: Find the perimeter of each of the following

shapes:
(a) A triangle of sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm.
(b) An equilateral triangle of side 9 cm.
(c) An isosceles triangle with equal sides 8 cm each and
third side 6 cm.
Solution:
(a) Perimeter = (3 + 4 + 5) cm = 12 cm
(b) Perimeter of an equilateral triangle = 3 × Side of triangle
= (3 × 9) cm = 27 cm
(c) Perimeter = (2 × 8) + 6 = 22 cm
Question 7: Find the perimeter of a triangle with sides

measuring 10 cm, 14 cm and 15 cm.
Solution:
Perimeter of triangle = Sum of the lengths of all sides of the

triangle
Perimeter = 10 + 14 + 15 = 39 cm
Question 8: Find the perimeter of a regular hexagon with
each side measuring 8 m.
Solution:
Perimeter of regular hexagon = 6 × Side of regular hexagon

Perimeter of regular hexagon = 6 × 8 = 48 m
Question 9: Find the side of the square whose perimeter is

20 m.
Solution:
Perimeter of square = 4 × Side

20 = 4 × Side
Side =
Question 10: The perimeter of a regular pentagon is 100
cm. How long is its each side?
Solution:
Perimeter of regular pentagon = 5 × Length of side

100 = 5 × Side
Side = = 20 cm
Question 11: A piece of string is 30 cm long. What will be
the length of each side if the string is used to form:
(a) a square?
(b) an equilateral triangle?
(c) a regular hexagon?
Solution:
(a) Perimeter = 4 × Side

30 = 4 × Side
Side =
(b) Perimeter = 3 × Side
30 = 3 × Side
Side =
(c) Perimeter = 6 × Side
30 = 6 × Side
Side =
Question 12: Two sides of a triangle are 12 cm and 14 cm.

The perimeter of the triangle is 36 cm. What is its third
side?
Solution:
Perimeter of triangle = Sum of all sides of the triangle

36 = 12 + 14 + Side
36 = 26 + Side
Side = 36 − 26 = 10 cm
Hence, the third side of the triangle is 10 cm.
Question 13: Find the cost of fencing a square park of side

250 m at the rate of Rs 20 per metre.
Solution:
Length of fence required = Perimeter of the square park

= 4 × Side
= 4 × 250 = 1000 m
Cost for fencing 1 m of square park = Rs 20
Cost for fencing 1000 m of square park = 1000 × 20
= Rs 20000
Question 14: Find the cost of fencing a rectangular park of

length 175 m and breadth 125 m at the rate of Rs 12 per
metre.
Solution:
Length (l) of rectangular park = 175 m
Breadth (b) of rectangular park = 125 m
Length of wire required for fencing the park = Perimeter of the
park
= 2 × (l + b)
= 2 × (175 + 125)
= 2 × 300
= 600 m
Cost for fencing 1 m of the park = Rs 12
Cost for fencing 600 m of the square park = 600 × 12
= Rs 7200
Question 15: Sweety runs around a square park of side 75

m. Bulbul runs around a rectangular park with length 60
m and breadth 45 m. Who covers less distance?
Solution:
Distance covered by Sweety = 4 × Side of square park

= 4 × 75 = 300 m
Distance covered by Bulbul = 2 × (60 + 45)
= 2 × 105 = 210 m
Therefore, Bulbul covers less distance.
Question 16: What is the perimeter of each of the following

figures? What do you infer from the answers?
(a) (b) (c)
(d)
Solution:
(a) Perimeter of square = 4 × 25 = 100 cm

(b) Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × (10 + 40) = 100 cm
(c) Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × (20 + 30) = 100 cm
(d) Perimeter of triangle = 30 + 30 + 40 = 100 cm
It can be inferred that all the figures have the same perimeter.
Question 17: Avneet buys 9 square paving slabs, each with
a side of m. He lays them in the form of a square.

(a) What is the perimeter of his arrangement [figure (i)]?
(b) Shari does not like his arrangement. She gets him to lay
them out like a cross. What is the perimeter of her
arrangement [figure (ii)]?
(c) Which has greater perimeter?
(d) Avneet wonders if there is a way of getting an even
greater perimeter. Can you find a way of doing this? (The
paving slabs must meet along complete edges i.e. they
cannot be broken.)
Solution:
(a) Side of square =
Perimeter of square =
(b) Perimeter of cross = 0.5 + 1 + 1 + 0.5 + 1 + 1 + 0.5 + 1 + 1
+ 0.5 + 1 + 1 = 10 m
(c) The arrangement in the form of a cross has a greater

perimeter.
(d) Arrangements with perimeters greater than 10 m cannot be
determined.
Exercise 10.2
Question 1: Find the areas of the following figures by
counting square:
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j) (k) (l)

(m) (n)
Solution:
(a) The figure contains 9 fully filled squares only. Therefore,

the area of
this figure will be 9 square units.
(b) The figure contains 5 fully filled squares only. Therefore,
the area of this figure will be 5 square units.
(c) The figure contains 2 fully filled squares and 4 half-filled
squares. Therefore, the area of this figure will be 4 square
units.
(d) The figure contains 8 fully filled squares only. Therefore,
(e) The figure contains 10 fully filled squares only. Therefore,
(f) The figure contains 2 fully filled squares and 4 half-filled
units.
(g) The figure contains 4 fully filled squares and 4 half-filled
units.
(h) The figure contains 5 fully filled squares only. Therefore,
(i) The figure contains 9 fully filled squares only. Therefore,
(j) The figure contains 2 fully filled squares and 4 half-filled
units.
(k) The figure contains 4 fully filled squares and 2 half-filled
units.
(l) From the given figure, it can be observed that,
Covered Area Number Area estimate (sq

units)
Fully filled squares 2 2
Half filled squares − −
More than half - filled 6 6

squares
Less than half - filled 6 0

squares
Total area = 2 + 6 = 8 square units

(m) From the given figure, it can be observed that,

units)
Half-filled squares − −
More than half-filled 9 9

squares
Less than half-filled 12 0

squares
(n) From the given figure, it can be observed that,

units)
Half-filled squares − −
More than half-filled 10 10

squares
Less than half-filled 9 0

squares
Exercise 10.3
Question 1: Find the areas of the rectangles whose sides

are:
(a) 3 cm and 4 cm (b) 12 m and 21 m
(c) 2 km and 3 km (d) 2 m and 70 cm
Solution:
It is known that,
Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth
(a) l = 3 cm
b = 4 cm
Area = l × b = 3 × 4 = 12 cm2
(b) l = 12 m
b = 21 m
Area = l × b = 12 × 21 = 252 m2
(c) l = 2 km
b = 3 km
Area = l × b = 2 × 3 = 6 km2
(d) l = 2 m
b = 70 cm = 0.70 m
Area = l × b = 2 × 0.70 = 1.40 m2
Question 2: Find the areas of the squares whose sides are:

(a) 10 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 5 m
Solution:
It is known that,
Area of square = (Side)2
(a) Side = 10 cm
Area = (10)2 =100 cm2
(b) Side = 14 cm
Area = (14)2 = 196 cm2
(c) Side = 5 m
Area = (5)2 = 25 m2
Question 3: The length and breadth of three rectangles are

as given below:
(a) 9 m and 6 m (b) 17 m and 3 m (c) 4 m and 14 m
Solution:
Which one has the largest area and which one has the
smallest?
It is known that,
Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth
(a) l = 9 m
b=6m
Area = l × b = 9 × 6 = 54 m2
(b) l = 17 m
b=3m
Area = l × b = 17 × 3 = 51 m2
(c) l = 4 m
b = 14 m
Area = l × b = 4 × 14 = 56 m2
It can be seen that rectangle (c) has the largest area and
rectangle (b) has the smallest area.
Question 4: The area of a rectangular garden 50 m long is

300 sq m. Find the width of the garden.
Solution:
Let the breadth of the rectangular garden be b.

l = 50 m
Area = l × b = 300 square m
50 × b = 300
b=
Question 5: What is the cost of tiling a rectangular plot of

land 500 m long and 200 m wide at the rate of Rs 8 per
hundred sq m?
Solution:
Area of rectangular plot = 500 × 200 = 100000 m2

Cost of tiling per 100 m2 = Rs 8
Cost of tiling per 100000 m2 = = Rs 8000
Question 6: A table-top measures 2 m by 1 m 50 cm. What

is its area in square metres?
Solution:
Length (l) = 2 m
Breadth (b) = 1 m 50 cm =
Area = l × b = 2 × 1.5 = 3 m2
Question 7: A room is 4 m long and 3 m 50 cm wide. How

many square metres of carpet is needed to cover the floor
of the room?
Solution:
Length (l) = 4 m
Breadth (b) = 3 m 50 cm = 3.5 m
Area = l × b = 4 × 3.5 = 14 m2
Question 8: A floor is 5 m long and 4 m wide. A square

carpet of sides 3 m is laid on the floor. Find the area of the
floor that is not carpeted.
Solution:
Length (l) = 5 m
Breadth (b) = 4 m
Area of floor = l × b = 5 × 4 = 20 m2
Area covered by the carpet = (Side)2 = (3)2 = 9 m2
Area not covered by the carpet = 20 − 9 = 11 m2
Question 9: Five square flower beds each of sides 1 m are
dug on a piece of land 5 m long and 4 m wide. What is the
area of the remaining part of the land?
Solution:
Area of the land = 5 × 4 = 20 m2

Area occupied by 5 flower beds = 5 × (Side)2 = 5 × (1)2 = 5 m2
∴ Area of the remaining part = 20 − 5 = 15 m2
Question 10:
By splitting the following figures into rectangles, find their
areas (The measures are given in centimetres).
(a) (b)
(a) The given figure can be broken into rectangles as follows.
Area of 1st rectangle = 4 × 2 = 8 cm2

Area of 2nd rectangle = 6 × 1 = 6 cm2
Area of 3rd rectangle = 3 × 2 = 6 cm2
Area of 4th rectangle = 4 × 2 = 8 cm2
Total area of the complete figure = 8 + 6 + 6 + 8 = 28 cm2
(b) The given figure can be broken into rectangles as follows.

Area of 3rd rectangle = 3 × 1 = 3 cm2
Total area of the complete figure = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 cm2
Question 11: Split the following shapes into rectangles and

find their areas. (The measures are given in centimetres)
Solution:
(a) The given figure can be broken into rectangles as follows.

Total area of the complete figure = 24 + 16 = 40 cm2
(b) The given figure can be broken into rectangles as follows.

Area of 2nd square = 7 × 7 = 49 cm2
Area of 3rd square = 7 × 7 = 49 cm2
Total area of the complete figure = 147 + 49 + 49 = 245 cm2
(c) The given figure can be broken into rectangles as follows.

Total area of the complete figure = 5 + 4 = 9 cm2
Question 12: How many tiles whose length and breadth are
12 cm and 5 cm respectively will be needed to fit in a
rectangular region whose length and breadth are
respectively:
(a) 100 cm and 144 cm
(b) 70 cm and 36 cm
Solution:
(a) Total area of the region = 100 × 144 = 14400 cm2

Area of one tile = 12 × 5 = 60 cm2
Number of tiles required =

Therefore, 240 tiles are required.
(b) Total area of the region = 70 × 36 = 2520 cm2
Area of one tile = 60 cm2
Number of tiles required =

Therefore, 42 tiles are required.
CHAPTER 11 ALGEBRA
Exercise 11.1
Question 1: Find the rule which gives the number of

matchsticks required to make the following matchstick
patterns. Use a variable to write the rule.
(a) A pattern of letter T as T
(b) A pattern of letter Z as Z
(c) A pattern of letter U as U
(d) A pattern of letter V as V
(e) A pattern of letter E as E
(f) A pattern of letter S as S
(g) A pattern of letter A as A
Solution:
(a)
From the figure, it can be observed that it will require two

matchsticks to make a T. Therefore, the pattern is 2n.
(b)
From the figure, it can be observed that it will require three

matchsticks to make a Z. Therefore, the pattern is 3n.
(c)
From the figure, it can be observed that it will require three
matchsticks to make a U. Therefore, the pattern is 3n.
(d)
From the figure, it can be observed that it will require two

matchsticks to make a V. Therefore, the pattern is 2n.
(e)
From the figure, it can be observed that it will require five

matchsticks to make an E. Therefore, the pattern is 5n.
(f)
From the figure, it can be observed that it will require five

matchsticks to make a S. Therefore, the pattern is 5n.
(g)
From the figure, it can be observed that it will require six

matchsticks to make an A. Therefore, the pattern is 6n.
Question 2: We already know the rule for the pattern of

letters L, C and F. Some of the letters from some of the
letters out of (a) T, (b) Z, (c) U, (d) V, (e) E, (f) S, (g) R
give us the same rule as that given by L. Which are these?
Why does this happen?
Solution:
It is known that L requires only two matchsticks. Therefore,
the pattern for L is 2n. Among all the letters given above in
question 1, only T and V are the two letters which require two
matchsticks.
Hence, (a) and (d)
Question 3: Cadets are marching in a parade. There are 5

cadets in a row. What is the rule which gives the number of
cadets, given the number of rows? (Use n for the number
of rows.)
Solution:
Let number of rows be n.

Number of cadets in one row = 5
Total number of cadets = Number of cadets in a row × Number
of rows
= 5n
Question 4: If there are 50 mangoes in a box, how will you

write the total number of mangoes in terms of the number
of boxes? (Use b for the number of boxes.)
Solution:
Let the number of boxes be b.

Number of mangoes in a box = 50
Total number of mangoes = Number of mangoes in a box ×
Number of boxes
= 50b
Question 5: The teacher distributes 5 pencils per student.

Can you tell how many pencils are needed, given the
number of students? (Use s for the number of students.)
Solution:
Let the number of students be s.

Pencils given to each student = 5
Total number of pencils
= Number of pencils given to each student × Number of
students
= 5s
Question 6: A bird flies 1 kilometer in one minute. Can you

express the distance covered by the bird in terms of its
flying time in minutes? (Use t for flying time in minutes.)
Solution:
Let the flying time be t minutes.

Distance covered in one minute = 1 km
Distance covered in t minutes = Distance covered in one
minute × Flying time
= 1 × t = t km
Question 7: Radha is drawing a dot Rangoli (a beautiful
pattern of lines joining dots with chalk powder. She has 9
dots in a row. How many dots will her Rangoli have
for rows? How many dots are there if there are 8 rows? If
there are 10 rows?
Solution:
Number of dots in 1 row = 9

Number of rows = r
Total number of dots in r rows = Number of rows × Number of
dots in a row
= 9r
Number of dots in 8 rows = 8 × 9 = 72
Number of dots in 10 rows = 10 × 9 = 90
Question 8: Leela is Radha’s younger sister. Leela is 4

years younger than Radha. Can you write Leela’s age in
terms of Radha’s age? Take Radha’s age to be x years.
Solution:
Let Radha’s age be x years.

Leela’s age = Radha’s age − 4
= (x − 4) years
Question 9: Mother has made laddus. She gives some

laddus to guests and family members; still 5 laddus
remain. If the number of laddus mother gave away is l,
how many laddus did she make?
Solution:
Number of laddus given away = l

Number of laddus remaining = 5
Total number of laddus = Number of laddus given away +
Number of laddus
remaining
=l+5
Question 10: Oranges are to be transferred from larger

boxes into smaller boxes. When a large box is emptied, the
oranges from it fill two smaller boxes and still 10 oranges
remain outside. If the number of oranges in a small box are
taken to be x, what is the number of oranges in the larger
box?
Solution:
Number of oranges in one small box = x

Number of oranges in two small boxes = 2x
Number of oranges left = 10
Number of oranges in the large box = Number of oranges in
two small boxes
+ Number of oranges left
= 2x + 10
Question 11: (a) Look at the following matchstick pattern
of squares. The squares are not separate. Two
neighbouring squares have a common matchstick. Observe
the patterns and find the rule that gives the number of
matchsticks in terms of the number of squares. (Hint: if
you remove the vertical stick at the end, you will get a
pattern of Cs.)
(b) The given figure gives a matchstick pattern of triangles.

Find the general rule that gives the number of matchsticks in
terms of the number of triangles.
Solution:
(a) It can be observed that in the given matchstick pattern, the

number of
matchsticks are 4, 7, 10, and 13, which is 1 more than thrice of
the number of squares in the pattern.
Hence, the pattern is 3n + 1, where n is the number of squares.
(b) It can be observed that in the given matchstick pattern, the
number of
matchsticks are 3, 5, 7, and 9, which is 1 more than twice of
the number of triangles in the pattern.
Hence, the pattern is 2n + 1, where n is the number of
triangles.
Exercise 11.2
Question 1: The side of an equilateral triangle is shown
by l. Express the perimeter of the equilateral triangle
using l.
Solution:
Side of equilateral triangle = l

Perimeter = l + l + l = 3l
Question 2: The Side of a regular hexagon (see the given

figure) is denoted by l. Express the perimeter of the
hexagon using l.
(Hint: A regular hexagon has all its six sides equal in
length.)
Solution:
Side of regular hexagon = l

Perimeter = 6l
Question 3: A cube is a three-dimensional figure as shown

in the given figure. It has six faces and all of them are
identical squares. The length of an edge of the cube is given
by l. Find the formula for the total length of the edges of a
cube.
Solution:
Length of edge = l
Number of edges = 12
Total length of the edges = Number of edges × Length of one
edge
= 12l
Question 4: The diameter of a circle is a line which joins

two points on the circle and also passed through the centre
of the circle. (In the adjoining figure AB is a diameter of
the circle; C is its centre.) Express the diameter of the
circle (d) in terms of its radius(r).
Solution:
Diameter = AB = AC + CB = r + r = 2r
d = 2r
Question 5: To find sum of three numbers 14, 27 and 13,
we can have two ways:
(a) We may first add 14 and 27 to get 41 and then add 13 to
it to get the total sum 54 or
(b) We may add 27 and 13 to get 40 and then add 14 to get
the sum 54. Thus, (14 + 27) + 13 = 14 + (27 + 13)
Solution:
This can be done for any three numbers. This property is

known as the associativity of addition of numbers. Express
this property which we have already studied in the chapter on
whole numbers, in a general way, by using
variables a, b and c.
For any three whole numbers a, b, and c,
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Exercise 11.3
Question 1: Make up as many expressions with numbers

(no variables) as you can from three numbers 5, 7 and 8.
Every number should be used not more than once. Use
only addition, subtraction and multiplication.
(Hint: Three possible expressions are 5 + (8 − 7), 5 − (8 −
7), (5 × 8) + 7; make the other expressions.)
Solution:
Many expressions can be formed by using the three numbers

5, 7, and 8.
Some of these are as follows.
5 × (8 − 7)
5 × (8 + 7)
(8 + 5) ×7
(8 − 5) ×7
(7 + 5) ×8
(7 − 5) ×8
Question 2: Which out of the following are expressions

with numbers only?
(a) y + 3 (b) (7 × 20) − 8z
(c) 5 (21 − 7) + 7 × 2 (d) 5
(e) 3x (f) 5 − 5n
(g) (7 × 20) − (5 × 10) − 45 + p
Solution:
It can be observed that the expressions in alternatives (c) and

(d) are formed by using numbers only.
Question 3: Identify the operations (addition, subtraction,

division, multiplication) in forming the following
expressions and tell how the expressions have been formed.
(a) z + 1, z − 1, y + 17, y − 17 (b)

(c) 2y + 17, 2y − 17 (d) 7m, − 7m + 3, − 7m − 3
Solution:
(a) Addition as 1 is added to z.

Subtraction as 1 is subtracted from z.
Addition as 17 is added to y.
Subtraction as 17 is subtracted from y.
(b) Multiplication as y is multiplied with 17.
Division as y is divided by 17.
Multiplication as z is multiplied with 5.
(c) Multiplication and addition
y is multiplied with 2, and 17 is added to the result.
Multiplication and subtraction
y is multiplied with 2, and 17 is subtracted from the result.
(d) Multiplication as m is multiplied with 7.
Multiplication and addition as m is multiplied with −7, and 3 is
added
to the result.
Multiplication and subtractions m is multiplied by −7, and 3 is
subtracted from the result.
Question 4:Give expressions for the following cases.

(a) 7 added to p (b) 7 subtracted from p
(c) p multiplied by 7 (d) p divided by 7
(e) 7 subtracted from − m (f) − p multiplied by 5
(g) − p divided by 5 (h) p multiplied by − 5
Solution:
(a) p + 7
(b) p − 7
(c) 7p
(d)
(e) − m − 7
(f) − 5p
(g)
(h) − 5p
Question 5: Give expressions in the following cases.

(a) 11 added to 2m
(b) 11 subtracted from 2m
(c) 5 times y to which 3 is added
(d) 5 times y from which 3 is subtracted
(e) y is multiplied by − 8
(f) y is multiplied by − 8 and then 5 is added to the result
(g) y is multiplied by 5 and the result is subtracted from 16
(h) y is multiplied by − 5 and the result is added to 16
Solution:
(a) 2m + 11
(b) 2m − 11
(c) 5y + 3
(d) 5y − 3
(e) − 8y
(f) − 8y + 5
(g) 16 − 5y
(h) − 5y + 16
Question 6: (a) Form expressions using t and 4. Use not

more than one number operation. Every expression must
have t in it.
(b) Form expressions using y, 2 and 7. Every expression
must have y in it. Use only two number operations. These
should be different.
Solution:
(a) t + 4, t − 4, 4t, , , 4 − t, 4 + t
(b) 2y + 7, 2y − 7, 7y + 2,…
Exercise 11.4
Question 1: Answer the following:

(a) Take Sarita’s present age to be y years
(i) What will be her age 5 years from now?
(ii) What was her age 3 years back?
(iii) Sarita’s grandfather is 6 times her age. What is the age
of her grandfather?
(iv) Grandmother is 2 years younger than grandfather.
What is grandmother’s age?
(v) Sarita’s father’s age is 5 years more than 3 times
Sarita’s age. What is her father’s age?
(b) The length of a rectangular hall is 4 meters less than 3
times the breadth of the hall. What is the length, if the
breadth is b meters?
(c) A rectangular box has height h cm. Its length is 5 times
the height and breadth is 10 cm less than the length.
Express the length and the breadth of the box in terms of
the height.
(d) Meena, Beena and Leena are climbing the steps to the
hill top. Meena is at step s, Beena is 8 steps ahead and
Leena 7 steps behind. Where are Beena and Meena? The
total number of steps to the hill top is 10 less than 4 times
what Meena has reached. Express the total number of
steps using s.
(e) A bus travels at v km per hour. It is going from Daspur
to Beespur. After the bus has travelled 5 hours, Beespur is
still 20 km away. What is the distance from Daspur to
Beespur? Express it using v.
Solution:
(a) (i) Sarita’s age after 5 years from now = Sarita’s present
age + 5
=y+5
(ii) 3 years ago, Sarita’s age = Sarita’s present age − 3
=y−3
(iii) Grandfather’s age = 6 × Sarita’s present age = 6y
(iv) Grandmother’s age = Grandfather’s present age − 2 = 6y −
2
(v) Father’s age = 5 + 3 × Sarita’s present age = 5 + 3y
(b) Length = 3 × Breadth − 4
l = (3b − 4) metres
(c) Length = 5 × Height
l = 5h cm
Breadth = 5 × Height − 10
b = (5h − 10) cm
(d) Step at which Beena is = (Step at which Meena is) + 8
=s+8
Step at which leena is = (Step at which Meena is) − 7
=s−7
Total steps = 4 × (Step at which Meena is) − 10 = 4s − 10
(e) Speed = v km/hr
Distance travelled in 5 hrs = 5 × v = 5v km
Total distance between Daspur and Beespur = (5v + 20) km
Question 2: Change the following statements using

expressions into statements in ordinary language.
(For example, Given Salim scores r runs in a cricket
match, Nalin scores
(r + 15) runs. In ordinary language − Nalin scores 15 runs
more than Salim.)
(a) A note book costs Rs p. A book costs Rs 3 p.
(b) Tony puts q marbles on the table. He has 8 q marbles in
his box.
(c) Our class has n students. The school has 20 n students.
(d) Jaggu is z years old. His uncle is 4 z years old and his
aunt is (4z − 3) years old.
(e) In an arrangement of dots there are r rows. Each row
contains 5 dots.
Solution:
(a) A book costs three times the cost of a notebook.

(b) Tony’s box contains 8 times the number of marbles on the
table.
(c) Total number of students in the school is 20 times that of
our class.
(d) Jaggu’s uncle is 4 times older than Jaggu and Jaggu’s aunt
is 3 years younger than his uncle.
(e) The total number of dots is 5 times the number of rows.
Question 3:
(a) Given Munnu’s age to be x years, can you guess what
(x − 2) may show?
(Hint: Think of Mannu’s younger brother.)
Can you guess what (x + 4) may show? What (3x + 7) may
show?
(b) Given Sara’s age today to be y years. Think of her age
in the future or in the past.
What will the following expression indicate?
(c) Given n students in the class like football, what may
2n show? What may show? (Hint: Think of games

other than football).
Solution:
(a)(x − 2) represents that the person, whose age is (x − 2)

years, is 2 years younger to Munnu.
(x + 4) represents that the person, whose age is (x + 4) years, is
4 years elder to Munnu.
(3x + 7) represents that the person, whose age is (3x + 7)
years, is elder to Munnu and his age is 7 years more than three
times of the age of Munnu.
(b) In future
After n years from now, Sara’s age will be (y + n) years.
In past
n years ago, Sara’s age was (y − n) years.
(y + 7) represents that the person, whose age is (y + 7) years, is
7 years elder to Sara.
(y − 3) represents that the person, whose age is (y − 3) years, is
3 years younger to Sara.
(y + ) represents that the person, whose age is (y +
) years, is years elder to Sara.

(y − ) represents that the person, whose age is (y −
) years, is years younger to Sara.

(c) 2n may represent the number of students who like either
football or some other game such as cricket whereas

represents the number of students who like cricket, out of the
total number of students who like football.
Exercise 11.5
Question 1: State which of the following are equations

(with a variable). Give reason for your answer. Identify the
variable from the equations with a variable.
(a) 17 = x + 7 (b) (t − 7) > 5
(c) (d) (7 × 3) − 19 = 8
(e) 5 × 4 − 8 = 2x (f) x − 2 = 0
(g) 2m < 30 (h) 2n + 1 = 11
(i) 7 = (11 × 5) − (12 × 4) (j) 7 = (11 × 2) + p
(k) 20 = 5y (l)
(m) z + 12 > 24 (n) 20 − (10 − 5) = 3 × 5
(o) 7 − x = 5
Solution:
(a) An equation with variable x

(b) An inequality
(c) No, it is a numerical equation.
(d) No, it is a numerical equation.
(e) An equation with variable x
(f) An equation with variable x
(g) An inequality
(h) An equation with variable n
(i) No, it is a numerical equation.
(j) An equation with variable p
(k) An equation with variable y
(l) An inequality
(m) An inequality
(n) No, it is a numerical equation.
(o) An equation with variable x
Question 2: Complete the entries in the third column of the

table.
S. Value of Equation satisfied

Equation
No. variable Yes/No
(a) 10y = 80 y = 10 -
(b) 10y = 80 y=8 -
(c) 10y = 80 y=5 -
(d) 4l = 20 l = 20 -
(e) 4l = 20 l = 80 -
(f) 4l = 20 l=5 -
(g) b+5=9 b =5 -
(h) b+5=9 b=9 -
(i) b+5=9 b=4 -
(j) h−8=5 h = 13 -
(k) h−8=5 h=8 -
(l) h−8=5 h=0 -
(m) p+3=1 p=3 -
(n) p+3=1 p=1 -
(o) p+3=1 p=0 -
(p) p+3=1 P=−1 -
(q) p+3=1 P=−2 -

Solution:
(a) 10y = 80
y = 10 is not a solution to the given equation because for y =
10,
10y = 10 × 10 = 100, and not 80
(b) 10y = 80
y = 8 is a solution to the given equation because for y = 8,
10y = 10 × 8 = 80 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
(c) 10y = 80
y = 5 is not a solution to the given equation because for y = 5,
10y = 10 × 5 = 50, and not 80
(d) 4l = 20
l = 20 is not a solution to the given equation because for l =
20,
4l = 4 × 20 = 80, and not 20
(e) 4l = 20
l = 80 is not a solution to the given equation because for l =
80,
4l = 4 × 80 = 320, and not 20
(f) 4l = 20
l = 5 is a solution to the given equation because for l = 5,
4l = 4 × 5 = 20 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
(g) b + 5 = 9
b = 5 is not a solution to the given equation because for b = 5,
b + 5= 5 + 5 = 10, and not 9
(h) b + 5 = 9
b = 9 is not a solution to the given equation because for b = 9,
b + 5= 9 + 5 = 14, and not 9
(i) b + 5 = 9
b = 4 is a solution to the given equation because for b = 4,
b + 5= 4 + 5 = 9 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
(j) h − 8 = 5
h = 13 is a solution to the given equation because for h = 13,
h − 8= 13 − 8 = 5 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
(k) h − 8 = 5
h = 8 is not a solution to the given equation because for h = 8,
h − 8= 8 − 8 = 0, and not 5
(l) h − 8 = 5
h = 0 is not a solution to the given equation because for h = 0,
h − 8= 0 − 8 = −8, and not 5
(m) p + 3 = 1
p = 3 is not a solution to the given equation because for p = 3,
p + 3= 3 + 3 = 6, and not 1
(n) p + 3 = 1
p + 3= 1 + 3 = 4, and not 1
(o) p + 3 = 1
p + 3= 0 + 3 = 3, and not 1
(p) p + 3 = 1
p = −1 is not a solution to the given equation because for p =
−1,
p + 3= −1 + 3 = 2, and not 1
(q) p + 3 = 1
p = −2 is a solution to the given equation because for p = −2,
p + 3= − 2 + 3 = 1 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
Question 3: Pick out the solution from the values given in

the bracket next to each equation. Show that the other
values do not satisfy the equation.
(a) 5m = 60 (10, 5, 12, 15)
(b) n + 12 = 20 (12, 8, 20, 0)
(c) p − 5 = 5 (0, 10, 5 − 5)
(d) (7, 2, 10, 14)

(e) r − 4 = 0 (4, − 4, 8, 0)
(f) x + 4 = 2 (− 2, 0, 2, 4)
Solution:
(a) 5m = 60
m = 12 is a solution to the given equation because for m = 12,
5m = 5 × 12 = 60 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
m = 10 is not a solution to the given equation because for m =
10,
5m = 5 × 10 = 50, and not 60
m = 5 is not a solution to the given equation because for m = 5,
5m = 5 × 5 = 25, and not 60
m = 15 is not a solution to the given equation because for m =
15,
5m = 5 × 15 = 75, and not 60
(b) n + 12 = 20
n = 8 is a solution to the given equation because for n = 8,
n + 12 = 8 + 12 = 20 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
n = 12 is not a solution to the given equation because for n =
12,
n + 12 = 12 + 12 = 24, and not 20
n = 20 is not a solution to the given equation because for n =
20,
n + 12 = 20 + 12 = 32, and not 20
n = 0 is not a solution to the given equation because for n = 0,
n + 12 = 0 + 12 = 12, and not 20
(c) p − 5 = 5
p = 10 is a solution to the given equation because for p = 10,
p − 5 = 10 − 5 = 5 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
p − 5 = 0 − 5 = −5, and not 5
p − 5 = 5 − 5 = 0, and not 5
p = −5 is not a solution to the given equation because for p =
−5,
p − 5 = − 5 − 5 = −10, and not 5
(d)
q = 14 is a solution to the given equation because for q = 14,
and hence, the equation is satisfied.
q = 7 is not a solution to the given equation because for q = 7,
, and not 7
q = 2 is not a solution to the given equation because for q = 2,
, and not 7
q = 10 is not a solution to the given equation because for q =
10,
, and not 7
(e) r − 4 = 0
r = 4 is a solution to the given equation because for r = 4,
r − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
r = −4 is not a solution to the given equation because for r =
−4,
r − 4 = − 4 − 4 = −8, and not 0
r = 8 is not a solution to the given equation because for r = 8,
r − 4 = 8 − 4 = 4, and not 0
r = 0 is not a solution to the given equation because for r = 0,
r − 4 = 0 − 4 = −4, and not 0
(f) x + 4 = 2
x = −2 is a solution to the given equation because for x = −2,
x + 4 = − 2 + 4 = 2 and hence, the equation is satisfied.
x = 0 is not a solution to the given equation because for x = 0,
x + 4 = 0 + 4 = 4, and not 2
x + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6, and not 2
x + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8, and not 2
Question 4: (a) Complete the table and by inspection of the

table, find the solution to the equation m + 10 = 16.
m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 …
m + 10 − − − − − − − − − − −
(b) Complete the table and by inspection of the table, find

the solution to the equation 5t = 35.
t 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 …
5t − − − − − − − − − −
(c) Complete the table and find the solution of the equation
z/3 = 4 using the table.
z 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 …
3 − − − − − − −
(d) Complete the table and find the solution to the

equation m − 7 = 3
m 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …
m−7 − − − − − − − − − −
Solution:
(a) For m + 10, the table can be constructed as follows.
m m + 10
1 1 + 10 = 11
2 2 + 10 = 12
3 3 + 10 = 13
4 4 + 10 = 14
5 5 + 10 = 15
6 6 + 10 = 16
7 7 + 10 = 17
8 8 + 10 = 18
9 9 + 10 = 19
10 10 + 10 = 20
By inspection, we can find that m = 6 is the solution of the
above equation as for m = 6, m + 10 = 6 + 10 = 16
(b) For 5t, the table can be constructed as follows.
t 5t
3 5 × 3 = 15
4 5 × 4 = 20
5 5 × 5 = 25
6 5 × 6 = 30
7 5 × 7 = 35
8 5 × 8 = 40
9 5 × 9 = 45
10 5 × 10 = 50
11 5 ×11 = 55
By inspection, we can find that t = 7 is the solution of the

above equation as for t = 7, 5t = 5 × 7 = 35
(c) For , the table can be constructed as follows.
z
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
By inspection, we can find that z = 12 is the solution of the
above equation as for z = 12, =4

(d) For m − 7, the table can be constructed as follows.
m m−7
5 5−7=−2
6 6−7=−1
7 7−7=0
8 8−7=1
9 9−7=2
10 10 − 7 = 3
11 11 − 7 = 4
12 12 − 7 = 5
13 13 − 7 = 6
By inspection, we can find that m = 10 is the solution of the

above equation as for m = 10, m − 7 = 10 − 7 = 3
Question 5: Solve the following riddles, you may yourself

construct such riddles.
Who am I?
(i) Go round a square
Counting every corner
Thrice and no more!
Add the count to me
To get exactly thirty four!
(ii) For each day of the week
Make an up count from me
If you make no mistake
You will get twenty three!
(iii) I am a special number
Take away from me a six!
A whole cricket team
You will still be able to fix!
(iv) Tell me who I am
I shall give a pretty clue!
You will get me back
If you take me out of twenty two!
Solution:
(i)There are 4corners in a square.

Thrice the number of corners in the square will be 3 × 4 = 12
When this result, i.e. 12, is added to the number, it comes to be
34. Therefore, the number will be the difference of 34 and 12
i.e., 34 − 12 = 22
(ii) 23 was the result when the old number was up counted on
Sunday.
22 was the result when the old number was up counted on
Saturday.
Friday.
Thursday.
Wednesday.
Tuesday.
Monday.
Therefore, number taken at the start = 17 − 1 = 16
(iii) In a cricket team, there are 11 players. Hence, the number
is such that when 6 is subtracted from it, the result is 11.
Therefore, the number is 11 + 6 = 17
(iv) The number is such that when it is subtracted from 22, the
result is again the number itself. The number is 11, which
again gives 11, when it is subtracted from 22.
CHAPTER 12 RATIO AND
PROPORTION
Exercise 12.1
Question 1: There are 20 girls and 15 boys in a class.

(a) What is the ratio of number of girls to the number of
boys?
(b)What is the ratio of number of girls to the total number
of students in the class?
Solution:
Number of girls = 20
Number of boys = 15
Total number of students = 20 + 15 = 35
(a) Ratio of number of girls to boys =
(b) Ratio of number of girls to total students =
Question 2: Out of 30 students in a class, 6 like football, 12

like cricket and remaining like tennis. Find the ratio of
(a) Number of students liking football to number of
students liking tennis.
(b) Number of students liking cricket to total number of
students.
Solution:
Number of students who like football = 6

Number of students who like cricket = 12
Number of students who like tennis = 30 − 6 − 12 = 12
(a) Ratio of the number of students liking football to the
number of students liking tennis =

(b) Ratio of the number of students liking cricket to the total
number of
students =
Question 3: See the figure and find the ratio of
(a) Number of triangles to the number of circles inside the

rectangle.
(b) Number of squares to all the figures inside the
rectangle.
(c) Number of circles to all the figures inside the rectangle.
Solution:
Number of triangles = 3
Number of circles = 2
Number of squares = 2
Total number of figures = 7
(a) Ratio of the number of triangles to the number of circles =
(b) Ratio of the number of squares to all the figures in the
rectangle =
(c) Ratio of the number of circles to all the figures in the
rectangle =
Question 4: Distances travelled by Hamid and Akhtar in

an hour are 9 km and 12 km. Find the ratio of speed of
Hamid to the speed of Akhtar.
Solution:
The distance travelled in an hour by a certain object is called

the speed of that object.
Distance travelled by Hamid in one hour = 9 km
Distance travelled by Akhtar in one hour = 12 km
Hamid’s speed = 9 km/hr
Akhtar’s speed = 12 km/hr
Question 5: Fill in the following blanks:
[Are these equivalent ratios?]
Solution:
Therefore, 5, 12, 25 will come in the blanks respectively.

Yes, all these are equivalent ratios.
Question 6: Find the ratio of the following:

(a) 81 to 108 (b) 98 to 63
(c) 33 km to 121 km (d) 30 minutes to 45 minutes
Solution:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 7:Find the ratio of the following:

(a) 30 minutes to 1.5 hours (b) 40 cm to 1.5 m
(c) 55 paise to Re1 (d) 500 mL to 2 litres
Solution:
(a) 30 min =
Required ratio =
(b) 40 cm to 1.5 m
1.5 m = 150 cm
Required ratio =
(c) 55 paise to Re 1
Re 1 = 100 paise
Required ratio =
(d) 500 mL to 2l
1l = 1000 mL
2l = 2000 mL
Required ratio =
Question 8: In a year, Seema earns Rs 1, 50, 000 and saves

Rs 50, 000. Find the ratio of
(a) Money that Seema earns to the money she saves.
(b) Money that she saves to the money she spends.
Solution:
Money earned = Rs 150000

Money saved = Rs 50000
Money spent = Rs 150000 − Rs 50000 = Rs 100000
(a) Ratio of money earned to money saved =
(b) Ratio of money saved to money spent =

Question 9: There are 102 teachers in a school of 3300
students. Find the ratio of the number of teachers to the
number of students.
Solution:
Ratio required =
Question 10: In a college, out of 4320 students, 2300 are

girls. Find the ratio of
(a) Number of girls to the total number of students.
(b) Number of boys to the number of girls.
(c) Number of boys to the total number of students.
Solution:
Total number of students = 4320

Number of girls = 2300
Number of boys = 4320 − 2300 = 2020
(a) Required ratio =
(b) Required ratio =

(c) Required ratio =
Question 11: Out of 1800 students in a school, 750 opted

basketball, 800 opted cricket and remaining opted table
tennis. If a student can opt only one game, find the ratio of
(a) Number of students who opted basketball to the
number of students who opted table tennis.
(b) Number of students who opted cricket to the number of
students opting basketball.
(c) Number of students who opted basketball to the total
number of students.
Solution:
(a) Required ratio =
(b) Required ratio =
(c) Required ratio =
Question 12: Cost of a dozen pens is Rs 180 and cost of 8

ball pens is Rs 56. Find the ratio of the cost of a pen to the
cost of a ball pen.
Solution:
Cost of a dozen pens = Rs 180
Cost of 1 pen =
Cost of 8 ball pens = Rs 56
Cost of a ball pen =
Required ratio =
Question 13: Consider the statement: Ratio of breadth and

length of a hall is 2 : 5. Complete the following table that
shows some possible breadths and lengths of the hall.
Breadth of the hall (in metres) 10 ? 40
Length of the hall (in metres) 25 50 ?
Solution:
(i) Length = 50 m
5 × Breadth = 50 × 2 (By cross-multiplication)

Breadth = 20 m
(ii) Breadth = 40 m
2 × Length = 5 × 40 (By cross-multiplication)

Length = 100 m
Question 14: Divide 20 pens between Sheela and Sangeeta

in the ratio of 3:2.
Solution:
Terms of 3 : 2 are 3 and 2.

Sum of these terms = 3 + 2 = 5
Sheela will get of total pens and Sangeeta will get of

total pens.
Number of pens with Sheela =
Number of pens with Sangeeta =
Question 15: Mother wants to divide Rs 36 between her

daughters Shreya and Bhoomika in the ratio of their ages.
If age of Shreya is 15 years and age of Bhoomika is 12
years, find how much Shreya and Bhoomika will get.
Solution:
Ratio of ages =
Therefore, mother wants to divide Rs 36 in a ratio of 5 : 4.
Terms of 5 : 4 are 5 and 4.
Sum of these terms = 5 + 4 = 9
Shreya will get of the total money and Bhoomika will get
of it.
Amount that Shreya will get =
Amount that Bhoomika will get =

Therefore, Shreya and Bhoomika will get Rs 20 and Rs 16
respectively.
Question 16: Present age of father is 42 years and that of

his son is 14 years. Find the ratio of
(a) Present age of father to the present age of son.
(b) Age of the father to the age of son, when son was 12
years old.
(c) Age of father after 10 years to the age of son after 10
years.
(d) Age of father to the age of son when father was 30 years
old.
Solution:
(a) Present age of father = 42 years

Present age of son = 14 years
Required ratio =
(b) Two years ago, the age of the son was 12 years and the age
of the father was 42 − 2 = 40 years
Required ratio =
(c) After 10 years, the age of the father and son will be 52
years and 24 years respectively.
Required ratio =
(d) 12 years ago, the father was 30 years old.
At that time, age of son = 14 − 12 = 2 years
Required ratio =
Exercise 12.2
Question 1: Determine if the following are in proportion.

(a) 15, 45, 40, 120 (b) 33, 121, 9, 96
(c) 24, 28, 36, 48 (d) 32, 48, 70, 210
(e) 4, 6, 8, 12 (f) 33, 44, 75, 100
Solution:
(a) 15, 45, 40, 120
Therefore, 15: 45 = 40: 120

Hence, these are in proportion.
(b) 33, 121, 9, 96
Therefore, 33: 121 ≠ 9: 96

Hence, these are not in proportion.
(c) 24, 28, 36, 48
Therefore, 24: 28 ≠ 36: 48

(d) 32, 48, 70, 210
Therefore, 32: 48 ≠ 70: 210

(e) 4, 6, 8, 12
Therefore, 4: 6 = 8: 12
(f) 33, 44, 75, 100
Therefore, 33: 44 = 75: 100

Question 2: Write True (T) or False (F) against each of the

following statements:
(a) 16:24::20:30 (b) 21:6::35:10
(c) 12:18::28:12 (d) 8:9::24:27
(e) 5.2:3.9::3:4 (f) 0.9:0.36::10:4
Solution:
(a) 16: 24:: 20: 30
Therefore, 16: 24 = 20: 30

Hence, True
(b) 21: 6:: 35: 10
Therefore, 21: 6 = 35: 10

Hence, True
(c) 12: 18:: 28: 12
Therefore, 12: 18 ≠ 28: 12
Hence, False
(d) 8: 9:: 24: 27
As ,
Therefore, True
(e) 5.2: 3.9:: 3: 4
As ,
Therefore, 5.2: 3.9 ≠ 3: 4
Hence, False
(f) 0.9: 0.36:: 10: 4
Therefore, 0.9: 0.36 = 10: 4

Hence, True
Question 3: Are the following statements true?

(a) 40 persons: 200 persons = Rs 15: Rs 75
(b) 7.5 litres: 15 litres = 5 kg: 10 kg
(c) 99 kg: 45 kg = Rs 44: Rs 20
(d) 32 m: 64 m = 6 sec: 12 sec
(e) 45 km: 60 km = 12 hours: 15 hours
Solution:
(a) 40 persons: 200 persons = Rs 15: Rs 75
True
(b) 7.5 l: 15 l = 5 kg: 10 kg
True
(c) 99 kg: 45 kg = Rs 44: Rs 20
True
(d) 32 m: 64 m = 6 sec: 12 sec
True
(e) 45 km: 60 km = 12 hrs: 15 hrs
False
Question 4: Determine if the following ratios form a

proportion. Also, write the middle terms and extreme
terms where the ratios form a proportion.
(a) 25 cm: 1 m and Rs 40 : Rs 160
(b) 39 litres: 65 litres and 6 bottles: 10 bottles
(c) 2 kg: 80 kg and 25 g: 625 g
(d) 200 mL: 2.5 litre and Rs 4: Rs 50
Solution:
(a) 25cm: 1 m and Rs 40: Rs 160
25 cm = = 0.25 m
Yes. These are in proportion.

Middle terms are 1m, Rs 40.
Extreme terms are 25 cm, Rs 160.
(b) 39 l: 65 l and 6 bottles: 10 bottles

Middle terms are 65 l, 6 bottles.
Extreme terms are 39 l, 10 bottles.
(c) 2 kg: 80 kg and 25g: 625 g
No. These are not in proportion.

(d) 200 mL: 2.5 l and Rs 4: Rs 50
1 l = 1000 mL
2.5 l = 2500 mL

Middle terms are 2.5 l, Rs 4.
Extreme terms are 200 mL, Rs 50.
Exercise 12.3
Question 1: If the cost of 7 m of cloth is Rs 294, find the

cost of 5 m of cloth.
Solution:
Cost of 7 m cloth = Rs 294
Cost of 1 m cloth =
Therefore, cost of 5 m cloth = 42 × 5 = Rs 210
Question 2: Ekta earns Rs 1500 in 10 days. How much will

she earn in 30 days?
Solution:
Money earned in 10 days = Rs 1500
Money earned in 1 day =

Therefore, money earned in 30 days = 150 × 30 = Rs 4500
Question 3: If it has rained 276 mm in the last 3 days, how

many cm of rain will fall in one full week (7 days)? Assume
that the rain continues to fall at the same rate.
Solution:
Measure of rain in 3 days = 276 mm
Measure of rain in 1 day =

Therefore, measure of rain in 7 days = 92 × 7 = 644 mm
Question 4: Cost of 5 kg of wheat is Rs 30.50.

(a) What will be the cost of 8 kg of wheat?
(b) What quantity of wheat can be purchased in Rs 61?
Solution:
(a) Cost of 5 kg wheat = Rs 30.50
Cost of 1 kg wheat =
Therefore, cost of 8 kg wheat = 6.10 × 8 = Rs 48.80
(b) Wheat purchased in Rs 30.50 = 5 kg
Wheat purchased in Re 1 =
Therefore, wheat purchased in Rs 61 = = 10 k

Question 5: The temperature dropped 15 degree Celsius in
the last 30 days. If the rate of temperature drop remains
the same, how many degrees will the temperature drop in
the next ten days?
Solution:
Temperature drop in 30 days = 15°C
Temperature drop in 1 day =

Therefore, temperature drop in next 10 days =
Thus, there will be a temperature drop of 5ºC in the next ten

days.
Question 6: Shaina pays Rs 7500 as rent for 3 months.

How much does she has to pay for a whole year, if the rent
per month remains same?
Solution:
Rent for 3 months = Rs 7500
Rent for 1 month = = Rs 2500

Therefore, rent for 12 months = 2500 × 12 = 30000
Thus, she has to pay Rs 30000 for a whole year.
Question 7: Cost of 4 dozens bananas is Rs 60. How many

bananas can be purchased for Rs 12.50?
Solution:
Numbers of bananas bought in Rs 60 = 4 dozens = 4 × 12 = 48
Number of bananas bought in Re 1 =

Therefore, number of bananas bought in Rs 12.50 =
= 10 bananas
Thus, 10 bananas can be purchased for Rs 12.50.
Question 8: The weight of 72 books is 9 kg. What is the

weight of 40 such books?
Solution:
Weight of 72 books = 9 kg
Weight of 1 book =
Therefore, weight of 40 books =

Thus, the weight of 40 such books is 5 kg.
Question 9: A truck requires 108 litres of diesel for

covering a distance of 594 km. How much diesel will be
required by the truck to cover a distance of 1650 km?
Solution:
Diesel required for 594 km = 108 litres
Diesel required for 1 km = =
Therefore, diesel required for 1650 km = = 300

litres
Thus, 300 litres diesel will be required by the truck to cover a
distance of 1650 km.
Question 10: Raju purchases 10 pens for Rs 150 and

Manish buys 7 pens for Rs 84. Can you say who got the
pens cheaper?
Solution:
Raju purchased 10 pens for Rs 150.
∴ Price of 1 pen =
Manish purchased 7 pens for Rs 84.
∴ Price of 1 pen =
Therefore, Manish got the pens cheaper.
Question 11: Anish made 42 runs in 6 overs and Anup

made 63 runs in 7 overs. Who made more runs per over?
Solution:
Runs made by Anish in 6 overs = 42
∴ Runs made by Anish in 1 over =

Runs made by Anup in 7 overs = 63
∴ Runs made by Anup in 1 over = =9

Clearly, Anup made more runs per over.
CHAPTER 13 SYMMETRY
Exercise 13.1
Question 1: List any four symmetrical objects from your

home or school.
Solution:
Paper sheet, Glass, CD, Bucket
Question 2: For the given figure, which one is the mirror
line, ?
Solution:
Line l2 is the mirror line of this figure. This is because when

the given figure is folded about the line l2, the left part can
exactly cover the right part and vice-versa.
Question 3: Identify the shapes given below. Check

whether they are symmetric or not. Draw the line of
symmetry as well.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Solution:
(a) Yes
(b) Yes
(c) No
(d) Yes
(e) Yes
(f) Yes
Line of symmetry is shown in the following figures.
(a) (b) (d)

(e) (f)
Question 4: Copy the following on a squared paper. A

square paper is what you would have used in your
arithmetic notebook in earlier classes. Then complete them
such that the dotted line is the line of symmetry.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Solution:
To make the dotted line as the line of symmetry, the given

figures can be drawn as follows.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Question 5: In the figure, l is the line of symmetry.

Complete the diagram to make it symmetric.
Solution:
To make the diagram symmetric, it can be completed as

follows.
Question 6: In figure, l is the line of symmetry.

Draw the image of the triangle and complete the diagram
so that it becomes symmetric.
Solution:
The required triangle can be formed as follows.
Exercise 13.2
Question 1:Find the number of lines of symmetry for each

of the following shapes:
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
Solution:
(a) There are 4 lines of symmetry for the given figure.

(b) There are 4 lines of symmetry for the given figure.
(c) There are 4 lines of symmetry for the given figure.
(d) There is only 1 line of symmetry for the given figure.
(e) There are 6 lines of symmetry for the given figure.
(f) There are 6 lines of symmetry for the given figure.
(g) There is no line of symmetry for the given figure.
(h) There is no line of symmetry for the given figure.
(i) There are 3 lines of symmetry for the given figure.
The lines of symmetry in the above figures can be represented
as follows.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(i)
Question 2: Copy the triangle in each of the following

figures on squared paper. In each case, draw the line(s) of
symmetry, if any and identify the type of triangle. (Some of
you may like to trace the figures and try paper-folding
first!)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Solution:
(a) It is an isosceles triangle. There will be only 1 line of

symmetry.
(b) It is an isosceles triangle. There will be only 1 line of

symmetry.
(c) It is a right-angled triangle. There will be only 1 line of

symmetry.
(d) It is a scalene triangle. There will be no line of symmetry.
Question 3: Complete the following table.
Rough Number of lines of

Shape
figure symmetry
Equilateral
3
triangle
Square - -
Rectangle - -
Isosceles
- -
triangle
Rhombus - -
Circle - -
Solution:
The given table can be completed as follows.
Shape Rough figure Number of lines of

symmetry
Equilateral
3
triangle
Square 4
Rectangle 2
Isosceles
1
triangle
Rhombus 2
Circle Infinite
In case of a circle, there are infinite lines. In the above table,

only some lines of symmetry are drawn. More symmetric lines
can be similarly drawn for it.
Question 4: Can you draw a triangle which has
(a) exactly one line of symmetry?
(b) exactly two lines of symmetry?
(c) exactly three lines of symmetry?
(d) no lines of symmetry?
Sketch a rough figure in each case.
Solution:
(a) Yes, we can make an isosceles triangle which has 1 line of

symmetry.
(b) No, we cannot draw such a triangle.

(c) Yes, we can make an equilateral triangle which has 3 lines
of symmetry.
(d) Yes, we can make a scalene triangle which has no line of

symmetry.
Question 5: On a squared paper, sketch the following:

(a) A triangle with a horizontal line of symmetry but no
vertical line of symmetry.
(b) A quadrilateral with both horizontal and vertical lines
of symmetry.
(c) A quadrilateral with a horizontal line of symmetry but
no vertical line of symmetry.
(d) A hexagon with exactly two lines of symmetry.
(e) A hexagon with six lines of symmetry.
(Hint: It will be helpful if you first draw the lines of
symmetry and then complete the figures.)
Solution:
(a) A triangle with only 1 horizontal line of symmetry and no

other vertical line of symmetry can be sketched as follows.
(b) A quadrilateral with both horizontal and vertical lines of

symmetry
can be drawn as follows.
(c) A quadrilateral with a horizontal line of symmetry but no

vertical line of symmetry can be drawn as follows.
(d) A hexagon with exactly two lines of symmetry can be
sketched as follows.
(e) A hexagon with six lines of symmetry can be sketched as

follows.
Question 6: Trace each figure and draw the lines of

symmetry, if any:
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)

Solution:
(a) The given figure is an isosceles triangle. Therefore, there

will be 1 line
of symmetry.
(b) The given figure has 2 lines of symmetry.
(c) The given figure has 4 lines of symmetry.
(d) The given figure is an octagonal having 2 lines of

symmetry.
(e) The given figure has only 1 line of symmetry.
(f) The given figure has 4 lines of symmetry.

Question 7: Consider the letters of English alphabet, A to
Z. List among them the letters which have
(a) vertical lines of symmetry (like A)
(b) horizontal lines of symmetry (like B)
(c) no lines of symmetry (like Q)
Solution:
(a) A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y
(b) B, C, D, E, H, I, K, O, X
(c) F, G, J, L, N, P, Q, R, S, Z
Question 8: Given here are figures of a few folded sheets

and designs drawn about the fold. In each case, draw a
rough diagram of the complete figure that would be seen
when the design is cut off.
The complete figures will be as follows.

Exercise 13.3
Question 1: Find the number of lines of symmetry in each

of the following shapes. How will you check your answers?
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Solution:
(a) It can be observed that there are 4 lines of symmetry.

(b) It can be observed that there is only 1 line of symmetry.
(c) It can be observed that there are 2 lines of symmetry.
(d) It can be observed that there are 2 lines of symmetry.
(e) It can be observed that there is only 1 line of symmetry.
(f) It can be observed that there are 2 lines of symmetry.
Question 2: Copy the following drawing on squared paper.

Complete each one of them such that the resulting figure
has two dotted lines as two lines of symmetry. How did you
go about completing the picture?
(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)
Solution:
These figures can be completed by drawing similar parts as

shown in these figures, first about the vertical line of
symmetry and then about the horizontal line of symmetry, or
first about the horizontal line of symmetry and then about the
vertical line of symmetry.
The completed figures will be as follows.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)

Question 3: In each figure alongside, a letter of the
alphabet is shown along with a vertical line. Take the
mirror image of the letter in the given line. Find which
letters look the same after reflection (i.e. which letters look
the same in the image) and which do not. Can you guess
why?
Try for
Solution:
The mirror images of these figures will be as follows.

The letters that have vertical line of symmetry will have same
mirror images. These letters are O, M, H, T, V, X and hence,
these letters will look the same.
CHAPTER 14 PRACTICAL
GEOMETRY
Exercise 14.1
Question 1: Draw a circle of radius 3.2 cm.
Solution:
The required circle can be drawn as follows.

Step 1
First, open the compasses for the required radius 3.2 cm.
Step 2
Mark a point ‘O’ where we want the centre of the circle to be.
Step 3
Place the pointer of compasses on O.
Step 4
Turn the compasses slowly to draw the circle.
Question 2: With the same centre O, draw two circles of

radii 4 cm and 2.5 cm.
Solution:
The required circle can be drawn as follows.
Step 1
First, open the compasses for the required radius 4 cm.
Step 2
Mark a point ‘O’ where we want the centre of the circle to be.
Step 3
Place the pointer of compasses on O.
Step 4
Turn the compasses slowly to draw the circle.
Step 5
Now, open the compasses for 2.5 cm.
Step 6
Again put the pointer of the compasses on point ‘O’ and turn
the compasses slowly to draw the circle.
Question 3: Draw a circle and any two of its diameters. If

you join the ends of these diameters, what is the figure
obtained? What figure is obtained if the diameters are
perpendicular to each other? How do you check your
answer?
Solution:
A circle can be drawn of any convenient radius, also having its

centre as O. Let AB and CD be two diameters of this circle.
When we join the ends of these diameters, a quadrilateral
ACBD is formed.
As we know that the diameters of a circle are equal in length,

therefore, the quadrilateral so formed will have its diagonals of
equal length.
Also, OA = OB = OC = OD = radius r and if a quadrilateral
has its diagonals of same length which are bisecting each
other, then it will be a rectangle.
Let DE and FG be two diameters of this circle such that these
are perpendicular to each other. A quadrilateral is formed by
joining the ends of these diameters.
Here, OD = OE = OF = OG = radius r
In this quadrilateral DFEG, the diagonals are equal and
perpendicular to each other. Also, since these are bisecting
each other, it will be a square.
The length of the sides of the quadrilateral so formed can be
measured to check our answers.
Question 4: Draw any circle and mark points A, B and C

such that
(a) A is on the circle. (b) B is in the interior of the circle.
(c) C is in the exterior of the circle.
Solution:
A circle and three required points A, B, C can be drawn as

follows.
Question 5: Let A, B be the centres of two circles of equal

radii; draw them so that each one of them passes through
the centre of the other. Let them intersect at C and D.
Solution:
Examine whether and are at right angles.

Let us draw two circles of same radius which are passing
through the centres of the other circle.
Here, point A and B are the centres of these circles and these
circles are intersecting each other at point C and D.
In quadrilateral ADBC,
AD = AC (Radius of circle centered at A)
BC = BD (Radius of circle centered at B)
As radius of both circles are equal, therefore, AD = AC = BC
= BD
Hence, is a rhombus and in a rhombus, the
diagonals bisect each other at 90°. Hence, and

are at right angles.
Exercise 14.2
Question 1: Draw a line segment of length 7.3 cm using a

ruler.
Solution:
A line segment of length 7.3 cm can be drawn using a ruler as

follows.
(1) Mark a point A on the sheet.
(2) Put 0 mark of ruler at point A.
(3) Mark a point B on the sheet at 7.3 cm on ruler.
(4) Join A and B.
is the required line segment.
Question 2: Construct a line segment of length 5.6 cm

using ruler and compasses.
Solution:
A line segment of length 5.6 cm can be drawn using a ruler
and compasses as follows.
(1) Draw a line l and mark a point A on this line.
(2) Place the compasses on the zero mark of the ruler. Open it
to place the pencil up to the 5.6 cm mark.
(3) Place the pointer of compasses on point A and draw an arc

to cut l at B. AB is the line segment of 5.6 cm length.
Question 3: Construct of length 7.8 cm. From this,
cut off of length 4.7 cm. Measure .
Solution:
(1) Draw a line l and mark a point A on it.
(2) By adjusting the compasses up to 7.8 cm, draw an arc to

cut l on B, while putting the pointer of compasses on point A.
is the line segment of 7.8 cm.
(3) By adjusting the compasses up to 4.7 cm, draw an arc to

cut l on C, while putting the pointer of compasses on point A.
is the line segment of 4.7 cm.
(4) Now, put the ruler along with this line such that 0 mark of
the ruler will match with point C.
On reading the position of point B, it comes to 3.1 cm.

is 3.1 cm.
Question 4: Given of length 3.9 cm, construct
such that the length of is twice that of . Verify

by measurement.
(Hint: construct such that length of = length of
; then cut off such that also has the length
of .)
Solution:
A line segment can be drawn such that the length of
is twice that of as follows.

(1) Draw a line l and mark a point P on it and let AB be the
given line segment of 3.9 cm.
(2) By adjusting the compasses up to the length of AB, draw

an arc to cut
the line at X, while taking the pointer of compasses at point P.
(3) Again put the pointer on point X and draw an arc to cut
line l again at
Q.
is the required line segment. By ruler, the length of
can be measured which comes to 7.8 cm.
Question 5: Given of length 7.3 cm and of
length 3.4 cm, construct a line segment such that the
length of is equal to the difference between the
lengths of and . Verify by measurement.
Solution:
(1) Given that, =7.3 cm and = 3.4 cm

(2) Adjust the compasses up to the length of CD and put the
pointer of the compasses at A. Draw an arc to cut AB at P.
(3) Adjust the compasses up to the length of PB. Now draw a

line l and mark a point X on it.
(4) Now, putting the pointer of compasses at point X, draw an

arc to cut the line at Y.
Exercise 14.3
Question 1: Draw any line segment . Without
measuring , construct a copy of .
Solution:
The following steps will be followed to draw the given line
segment and to construct a copy of .

(1) Let be the given line segment.
(2) Adjust the compasses up to the length of .
(3) Draw any line l and mark a point A on it.
(4) Put the pointer on point A, and without changing the

setting of compasses, draw an arc to cut the line segment at
point B.
Question 2: Given some line segment , whose length
you do not know, construct such that the length of
is twice that of .
Solution:
The following steps will be followed to construct a line
segment such that the length of is twice that of
.
(1) Let be the given line segment.
(2) Adjust the compasses up to the length of .
(3) Draw any line l and mark a point P on it.
(4) Put the pointer on P and without changing the setting of

compasses, draw an arc to cut the line segment at point X.
(5) Now, put the pointer on point X and again draw an arc with
the same radius as before, to cut the line l at point Q.
Exercise 14.4
Question 1: Draw any line segment . Mark any point
M on it. Through M, draw a perpendicular to . (Use

ruler and compasses).
Solution:
(1) Draw the given line segment and mark any point M
on it.
(2) With M as centre and a convenient radius, construct an arc
intersecting the line segment at two points C and D.
(3) With C and D as centres and a radius greater than CM,

construct two arcs. Let these be intersecting each other at E.
(4) Join EM. is perpendicular to .
Question 2: Draw any line segment . Take any point R
not on it. Through R, draw a perpendicular to . (Use

ruler and set-square).
Solution:
(1) Take the given line segment and mark any point R
outside .
(2) Place a set square on such that one arm of its right
angle aligns along .
(3) Place the ruler along the edge opposite to the right angle of
the set square.
(4) Hold the ruler fixed. Slide the set square along the ruler till
the point R touches the other arm of the set square.
(5) Draw a line along this edge of the set square which will be
passing through R. It is the required line, which is
perpendicular to .
Question 3: Draw a line l and point X on it. Through X,
draw a line segment perpendicular to l.
Now draw a perpendicular to at Y. (use ruler and

compasses)
Solution:
(1) Draw a line l and mark a point X on it.
(2) Taking X as centre and with a convenient radius, draw an

arc intersecting line l at two points A and B.
(3) With A and B as centres and a radius more than AX,

construct two arcs intersecting each other at Y.
(4) Join XY. is perpendicular to l.

Similarly, a perpendicular to at the point Y can be
drawn. The line is perpendicular to at Y.
Exercise 14.5
Question 1: Draw of length 7.3 cm and find its axis

of symmetry.
Solution:
The below given steps will be followed to construct of

length 7.3 cm and to find its axis of symmetry.
(1) Draw a line segment of 7.3 cm.
(2) Taking A as centre, draw a circle by using compasses. The
radius of circle should be more than half the length of .

(3) With the same radius as before, draw another circle using
compasses while taking point B as centre. Let it cut the
previous circle at C and D.
(4) Join . is the axis of symmetry.
Question 2: Draw a line segment of length 9.5 cm and

construct its perpendicular bisector.
Solution:
The below given steps will be followed to construct a line

segment of length 9.5 cm and its perpendicular bisector.

(2) Taking P as centre, draw a circle by using compasses. The
radius of circle should be more than half the length of .
compasses while taking point Q as centre. Let it cut the
previous circle at R and S.
(4) Join RS. is the axis of symmetry i.e., the
perpendicular bisector of line .
Question 3: Draw the perpendicular bisector of

whose length is 10.3 cm.
(a) Take any point P on the bisector drawn. Examine
whether PX = PY.
(b) If M is the mid point of , what can you say about

the lengths MX and XY?
Solution:
(2) Taking point X as centre, draw a circle by using

compasses. The radius of circle should be more than half the
length of .
compasses while taking point Y as centre. Let it cut the
previous circle at A and B.
(4) Join . is the axis of symmetry.
(a) Take any point P on . We will find that the measures

of the lengths of PX and PY are same.
It is because is the axis of symmetry. Hence, any point
lying on will be at the same distance from both the ends
of .
(b) M is the mid-point of . Perpendicular bisector
will be passing through point M. Hence, length of is just
double of .
Or, 2MX = XY
Question 4: Draw a line segment of length 12.8 cm. Using

compasses; divide it into four equal parts. Verify by actual
measurement.
Solution:
(2) Draw a circle, while taking point X as centre and radius

more than half of XY.
(3) With same radius and taking centre as Y, again draw arcs to
cut the circle at A and B. Join AB which intersects at M.
(4) Taking X and Y as centres, draw two circles with radius
more than half of .
(5) With same radius and taking M as centre, draw arcs to

intersect these circles at P, Q and R, S.
(6) Join PQ and RS. These are intersecting at T and U.

(7) Now, . These are 4
equal parts of .
By measuring these line segments with the help of ruler, we
will find that each is of 3.2 cm.
Question 5: With of length 6.1 cm as diameter draw a

circle.
Solution:
(2) Taking point P as centre and radius more than half of

, draw a circle.
(3) With same radius and taking Q as centre, draw arcs to

intersect this circle at points R and S.
(4) Join RS which intersects at T.
(5) Taking T as centre and with radius TP, draw a circle which
will also pass through Q. It is the required circle.
Question 6: Draw a circle with centre C and radius 3.4 cm.
Draw any chord . Construct the perpendicular
bisector of and examine if it passes through C.
Solution:
(1) Mark any point C on the sheet.

(2) By adjusting the compasses up to 3.4 cm and by putting the
pointer of the compasses at point C, turn the compasses slowly
to draw the circle. It is the required circle of 3.4 cm radius.
(3) Now, mark any chord in the circle.
(4) Taking A and B as centres, draw arcs on both sides of
. Let these intersect each other at D and E.
(5) Join DE, which is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
When is extended, it will pass through point C.
Question 7: Repeat question 6, if happens to be a

diameter.
Solution:
(1) Mark any point C on the sheet.

(2) By adjusting the compasses up to 3.4 cm and by putting the
pointer of the compasses at point C, turn the compasses slowly
to draw the circle. It is the required circle of 3.4 cm radius.
(3) Mark any diameter in the circle.
(4) Now, taking A and B as centres, draw arcs on both sides of
taking radius more than . Let these intersect each

other at D and E.
(5) Join DE, which is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
It can be observed that is passing through the centre C

of the circle.
Question 8: Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. Draw any two of

its chords. Construct the perpendicular bisectors of these
chords. Where do they meet?
Solution:
(1) Mark any point C on the sheet. Now, by adjusting the
compasses up to
4 cm and by putting the pointer of compasses at point C, turn
the compasses slowly to draw the circle. It is the required
circle of 4 cm radius.
(2) Take any two chords and in the circle.
(3) Taking A and B as centres and with radius more than half
of , draw arcs on both sides of AB, intersecting each

other at E, F. Join EF which is the perpendicular bisector of
AB.
(4) Taking C and D as centres and with radius more than half
of , draw arcs on both sides of CD, intersecting each

other at G, H. Join GH which is the perpendicular bisector of
CD.
Now, we will find that when EF and GH are extended, they
meet at the centre of the circle i.e., point O.
Question 9: Draw any angle with vertex O. Take a point A

on one of its arms and B on another such that OA = OB.
Draw the perpendicular bisectors of and .
Solution:
Let them meet at P. Is PA = PB?

(1)Draw any angle whose vertex is O.
(2) With a convenient radius, draw arcs on both rays of this

angle while taking O as centre. Let these points be A and B.
(3) Taking O and A as centres and with radius more than half
of OA, draw arcs on both sides of OA. Let these be
intersecting at C and D. Join CD.
(4) Similarly, we can find the perpendicular bisector of
. These perpendicular bisectors and will

intersect each other at P.
Now, PA and PB can be measured. These are equal in length.
Exercise 14.6
Question 1: Draw ÐPOQ of measure 75° and find its line of

symmetry.
Solution:
The below given steps will be followed to construct an angle

of 75° and its line of symmetry.
(1) Draw a line l and mark two points O and Q on it, as shown
in the figure. Draw an arc of convenient radius, while taking
point O as centre. Let it intersect line l at R.
(2) Taking R as centre and with the same radius as before,
draw an arc intersecting the previously drawn arc at S.
(3) Taking S as centre and with the same radius as before,
draw an arc intersecting the arc at T (see figure).
(4) Taking S and T as centre, draw an arc of same radius to
intersect each other at U.
(5) Join OU. Let it intersect the arc at V. Now, taking S and V
as centres, draw arcs with radius more than ½ of SV. Let those
intersect each other at P. Join OP, which is the ray making 75°
with the line l.
(6) Let this ray be intersecting our major arc at point W. Now,
taking R and W as centres, draw arcs with radius more than ½
of RW in the interior of angle of 75º. Let these be intersecting
each other at X. Join OX.
OX is the line of symmetry for ÐPOQ = 75°.
Question 2: Draw an angle of measure 147° and construct

its bisector.
Solution:

of 147º measure and its bisector.
(1) Draw a line l and mark a point O on it. Place the centre of
the protractor at point O and the zero edge along line l.
(2) Mark a point A at 147º. Join OA. OA is the required ray
making 147º with line l.
(3) Draw an arc of convenient radius, while taking point O as
centre. Let it intersect both rays of angle 147º at point A and
B.
(4) Taking A and B as centres, draw arcs of radius more than
½ of AB in the interior of angle of 147º. Let those intersect
each other at C. Join OC.
OC is the required bisector of 147º angle.
Question 3: Draw a right angle and construct its bisector.
Solution:
The below given steps will be followed to construct a right

angle and its bisector.
(1) Draw a line l and mark a point P on it. Draw an arc of
convenient radius, while taking point P as centre. Let it
intersect line l at R.
(4) Taking S and T as centres, draw arcs of same radius to
(5) Join PU. PU is the required ray making 90º with line l. Let
it intersect the major arc at point V.
(6) Now, taking R and V as centres, draw arcs with radius
more than ½ ofRV to intersect each other at W. Join PW.
PW is the required bisector of this right angle.
Question 4: Draw an angle of measure153° and divide it
into four equal parts.
Solution:

of 153º measure and its bisector.
making 153º with line l.
(3) Draw an arc of convenient radius, while taking point O as
B.
½ of AB in the interior of angle of 153º. Let those intersect
(5) Let OC intersect the major arc at point D. Now, with radius
more than ½ of AD, draw arcs while taking A and D as
centres, and D and B as centres. Let these be intersecting each
other at point E and F respectively. Join OE, OF.
OF, OC, OE are the rays dividing 153º angle in 4 equal parts.
Question 5: Construct with ruler and compasses, angles of
following measures:
(a) 60° (b) 30° (c) 90°
(d) 120° (e) 45° (f) 135°
Solution:
(a) 60°
of 60°.
(1) Draw a line l and mark a point P on it. Now, taking P as
centre and with a convenient radius, draw an arc of a circle
which intersects line l at Q.
(2) Taking Q as centre and with the same radius as before,
draw an arc intersecting the previously drawn arc at point R.
(3) Join PR which is the required ray making 60° with line l.
(b) 30°
of 30°.
(1) Draw a line l and mark a point P on it. Now taking P as
centre and with convenient radius, draw an arc of a circle
draw an arc intersecting the previously drawn arc at point R.
(3) Now, taking Q and R as centre and with radius more than
½ of RQ, draw arcs to intersect each other at S. Join PS which
is the required ray making 30° with line l.
(c) 90º
of 90°.
draw an arc intersecting the previously drawn arc at R.
draw an arc intersecting the arc at S (see figure).
(4) Taking R and S as centre, draw an arc of same radius to
intersect each other at T.
(5) Join PT, which is the required ray making 90° with line l.
(d) 120º
of 120°.
(4) Join PS, which is the required ray making 120° with line l.
(e)45º
of 45°.
(4) Taking R and S as centres, draw arcs of same radius to
intersect each other at T.
(5) Join PT. Let it intersect the major arc at point U.
(6) Taking Q and U as centres, draw arcs with radius more
than ½ of QU to intersect each other at V. Join PV.
PV is the required ray making 45° with the given line l.
(f) 135°
of 135°.
centre and with a convenient radius, draw a semi-circle which
intersects line lat Q and R.
(4) Taking S and T as centre, draw arcs of same radius to
(5) Join PU. Let it intersect the arc at V. Now taking Q and V
as centres and with radius more than ½ of QV, draw arcs to
intersect each other at W.
(6) Join PW which is the required ray making 135° with line l.
Question 6: Draw an angle of measure 45° and bisect it.
Solution:

of 45º and its
bisector.
(1) ∠ POQ of 45º measure can be formed on a line l by using
the protractor.
(2) Draw an arc of a convenient radius, while taking point O as
centre. Let it intersect both rays of angle 45º at point A and B.
(3) Taking A and B as centres, draw arcs of radius more
than ½ of AB in the interior of angle of 45º. Let those intersect
Question 7: Draw an angle of measure 135° and bisect it.
Solution:

of 135° and its bisector.
(1) ÐPOQ of 135º measure can be formed on a line l by using
the protractor.
(2) Draw an arc of a convenient radius, while taking point O as
B.
1/2 of AB in the interior of angle of 135º. Let those intersect
Question 8: Draw an angle of 70°. Make a copy of it using
only a straight edge and compasses.
Solution:

of 70º measure and its copy.
(2) Mark a point A at 70º. Join OA. OA is the ray making 70º
with line l. Draw an arc of convenient radius in the interior of
70º angle, while taking point O as centre. Let it intersect both
rays of angle 70º at point B and C.
(3) Draw a line m and mark a point P on it. With the same
radius as used before, again draw an arc while taking point P
as centre. Let it cut the line m at point D.
(4) Now, adjust the compasses up to the length of BC. With
this radius, draw an arc while taking D as centre, which will
intersect the previously drawn arc at point E.
(5) Join PE. PE is the required ray which makes the same
angle (i.e. 70º) with line m.
Question 9: Draw an angle of 40°. Copy its supplementary
angle.
Solution:

of 40º measure and the copy of its supplementary angle.
(1) Draw a line segment PQ and mark a point O on it.

Place the centre of the protractor at point O and the zero edge
along line segment .

making 40º with . Ð POA is the supplementary angle of

40º.
(3) Draw an arc of convenient radius in the interior of Ð POA,
while taking point O as centre. Let it intersect both rays of Ð
POA at point B and C.
(4) Draw a line m and mark a point S on it. With the same
radius as used before, again draw an arc while taking point S
as centre. Let it cut the line m at point T.
(5) Now, adjust the compasses up to the length of BC. With
this radius, draw an arc while taking T as centre, which will
intersect the previously drawn arc at point R.
(6) Join RS. RS is the required ray which makes the same
angle with line m, as the supplementary of 40º is 140º.

NCERT Solutions Class VI Mathematics

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NCERT SOLUTIONS

Question 1: Fill in the blanks:

Question 3: Insert commas suitably and write the names

Question 4: Insert commas suitably and write the names

∴ Total tickets sold = 7,707

Question 2: Shekhar is a famous cricket player. He has so

∴ Shekhar requires 3,020 more runs.

Question 3: In an election, the successful candidate

Question 4: Kirti bookstore sold books worth Rs 2,85,891

The sale for the two weeks together was 6,86,659.

Question 5: Find the difference between the greatest and

Therefore, the difference between the greatest and the least

Question 6: A machine, on an average, manufactures 2,825

Question 7: A merchant had Rs 78,592 with her. She

Therefore, Rs 30,592 will remain with her after the purchase.

Question 8: A student multiplied 7236 by 65 instead of

Question 9: To stitch a shirt, 2m 15 cm cloth is needed. Out

Therefore, 18 shirts can be made. 130 cm, i.e. 1 m 30 cm,

Question 10: Medicine is packed in boxes, each weighing 4

Hence, 177 boxes at maximum can be loaded in the van.

Question 11: The distance between the school and the

Therefore, distance covered in 6 days = 22,500 m

Question 12: A vessel has 4 litres and 500 ml of curd. In

∴ 180 glasses can be filled.

Question 1: Estimate each of the following using general

(c) 12904 + 2822

(d) 28,296 − 21,496

Question 2: Give a rough estimate (by rounding off to

Rounding off to nearest tens, 439, 334, and 4317 may be

(b) 1,08,734 − 47,599

Rounding off to tens, 1,08,734 and 47,599 may be rounded off

(c) 8325 − 491

Rounding off to tens, 8325 and 491 may be rounded off to

Rounding off to tens, 489348 and 48365 may be rounded off

Question 3: Estimate the following products using general

(b) 5281 × 3491

Question 1: Write the next three natural numbers after

Question 2: Write the three whole numbers occurring just

Question 3: Which is the smallest whole number?

Question 4: How many whole numbers are there between

Question 5: Write the successor of:

Question 6: Write the predecessor of:

Question 8: Which of the following statements are true (T)

Question 1: Find the sum by suitable rearrangement:

Question 2: Find the product by suitable rearrangement:

Question 3: Find the value of the following:

Question 4: Find the product using suitable properties.

Question 5: A taxi driver filled his car petrol tank with 40

Question 7: Match the following:

Question 1: Which of the following will not represent zero?

(a) 1 + 0 (b) 0 × 0 (c) (d)

Question 2: If the product of two whole numbers is zero,

Question 3: If the product of two whole numbers is 1, can

Question 4: Find using distributive property:

Question 5: Study the pattern:

Yes, the pattern works.

Question 1: Write all the factors of the following numbers:

Question 2: Write first five multiplies of: