4E Pure Biology

Chapter review: Cells

512125
yifang
Name: _____________________________ ( 2 ) Date: ________________
Class: _________________
53-PE

(a) Identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from
diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared
slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:
 Chloroplasts
 Cell surface membrane
 Cell wall
 Cytoplasm
Cell vacuoles (large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells)
 Nucleus

(b) Identify the following membrane systems and organelles from diagrams and electron
micrographs:
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Mitochondria
 Golgi apparatus
 Ribosomes

(c) State the functions of the membrane systems and organelles identified in (a) and (b)

(d) Compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells

(e) State, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the
following:
 absorption – root hair cells
 conduction and support – xylem vessels
 transport of oxygen – red blood cells

(f) Differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system

1 An electron micrograph of a segment of a cell is shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Identify organelles A and B.

Rough Endoplasmic
A: …………………………………….. Mitochondria
B: ……………………………………….. [1]
Reticulum
(b) With reference to Fig. 1.1, suggest a possible identity of this cell, and explain your
answer.

~
It could be a muscle cell as muscle cells have many
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
,

mitochondria to release energy like figure 1 1 m for contraction

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

requred the
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows part of an animal cell.

--

Fig. 2.1

(a) Name the structures A, B and C.

cell
membrane
A: ……………………………………………...

vesicle
B: ……………………………………………...

Golgi Appartus
C: ……………………………………………... [2]

(b) Label, with the letter D, the structure where the protein contents of C are
synthesised. [1]

(c) Describe two functions structure C has in the cell. ~

c is the
……………………………………………………………………………………………….. E
golgi appartus, which chemically modifies
and repackaged proteins synthesised by RER the
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

repackages modified substances to be secreted out ofthe cell

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of an epithelial cell from an organism’s small intestine.

Fig. 3.1

(a) Identify structures A, B, C and D.

microvilli ? microvillus
A: ……………………………………… Golgi Body ~
B: ……………………………………….

Ribosomes
C: ……………………………………… Mitochodwin
D: ………………………………………. ~ [2]

(b) The cell is adapted for the two functions listed below. Explain how this cell is adapted
for each of the functions.

(i) The uptake of digested substances from the small intestine into the blood, against
a concentration gradient.
structure A microvilli is present which increases surface
………………………………………………………………………………………….
, ,

area to
and absorption
the digested , allowing
………………………………………………………………………………………….
,
of substances

it to occur at a faster rate

………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

…………………………………………………………………………………………. -W
[2]
Mitochondrice present, releases energy via respiration of

food substances .

Energy released is used in active transport

to move substances against a concentration gradient
 FOCUS
on ribosomes
attached to RER !!
(ii) The synthesis of digestive enzymes.
There are many ribosomes lying in the cytoplasm and
………………………………………………………………………………………….
attached to the RER, which enables the linking of amino
………………………………………………………………………………………….
acids to form protein , to be used between the cell and
………………………………………………………………………………………….

, respectively
transported out ofthe cell
…………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the cell surface membrane of an animal and a plant cell.

-
L
cell wall

nucleus
↑ -
nucleus

I I -

/ Tanioroplasts
-

- -

Fig. 4.1

(a) On Fig. 4.1, draw and label: ~

(i) one structural feature (other than the cell surface membrane) that is found in
both cells, but is not present in a red blood cell. ~ [1]

(ii) two structures found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell. v [2]

(b) Explain why the red blood cell does not have a nucleus.
To allow it to
store more haemogloblin move exyger
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
,
transport
……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(c) A root hair cell is different from a typical plant cell.

Explain two differences between a root hair cell and a typical plant cell.
A bot hair cell has hair to increase
along harrow not
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
faster
surface area to volume ratio which absorption
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
,
allows a rate of

for mineral salts and , while a typical plant cell does not
water
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.

A roof hair cell has

large concentrated cell sup vacuole to maintain
……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
- l
,
while the vacuble in a typical plant cell is
just for storage
ingezee

Does not have chloroplast omg Tr .

5 Fig. 5.1 shows four types of cells.

cheek cells onion cells

guard cells red blood cells

(a) Using Fig. 5.1, state one difference between red blood cells and the other cells shown in
Fig. 5.1.
Itdoes not have a
nucleus
……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(b) Describe how the difference stated in part (a) allows red blood cells to carry out their
functions efficiently. MORE !!
contain more transport voxygen from lungs to
haemoglobin
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
other parts of the body more
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
effectivity [1]

(c) State the organelle present in guard cells but not in onion cells.

chloroplasts
……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(d) Explain the importance of the organelle stated in (c) in allowing guard cells to carry out
their function during the day.

chowplasts are essential for photosynthesis Chloroplasts

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

are disc-like structures that contain chlowphyll which

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ,

convert light energy to chemical potential

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. energ to

provide food for the plant

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]
6 Plants have two main systems, a shoot system and a root system.

Fig. 6.1 shows the functions of the shoot and root systems of a typical plant.

Fig. 6.1

(a) Describe the relationship between the terms cell and system.
A cell is a basic unit of life and several cells similiar in
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
, ,

structure form a tissue which can perform specific a function

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
, ,

several Tissues working together will form an organ Finally

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

several organs working tgt for a common purpose, is known

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
asan
organ system
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]
1 a A: rough endoplasmic reticulum 1
B: mitochondrion

b 1. Muscle cell/root hair cell/liver cell 2

2. Presence of numerous mitochondria indicates that the cell requires energy
for contraction / active transport

2 a A: cell surface membrane 2

B: vesicle
C: Golgi apparatus
[2m for all correct, 1m if 2 are correct, 0m if 0/1 are correct]

b Label the rough endoplasmic reticulum 1

c 1. Chemically modifies substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum 2

2. Packages modified substances to be secreted out of the cell

3 A A: microvillus 2
B: Golgi apparatus
C: rough endoplasmic reticulum
D: mitochondrion
[1m for every 2 correct]

bi 1. Mitochondria present releases energy via tissue respiration/oxidation of 2

glucose
2. Energy released is used in active transport to move substances against a
concentration gradient

bii 1. The ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesise 2

proteins
2. Which are chemically modified by the Golgi apparatus to form digestive
enzymes, which are then secreted out of the cell

4 ai Draw and label a nucleus 1

aii Draw and label any 2: 2

 Cell wall
 Large central vacuole
 Chloroplast

b Lack of a nucleus allows for more space to carry more haemoglobin, thus 1
transporting more oxygen around the body

c 1. RHC has a long and narrow protrusion to increase surface area to volume 2
ratio, allowing diffusion of water and mineral salts to occur at a faster rate
2. RHC does not have chloroplast, as it is underground/not exposed to light
and does not need to photosynthesise

5 a Red blood cells lack a nucleus, while the other cells contain a nucleus 1

b Lack of a nucleus allows for more space to carry more haemoglobin, thus 1
transporting more oxygen around the body

c Chloroplast 1
 d 1. Presence of chloroplast allows guard cells to photosynthesise in the 3
presence of light, producing glucose
2. Glucose is used to release energy to increase the water potential of the
cell sap of guard cells, causing water to enter the guard cells via osmosis
3. The guard cells become turgid, opening the stomata

6 1. The same type of cells performing the same function form tissues 3
2. Similar tissues working together for the same function make up organs
3. Several organs working together for the same function make up the system