Syntex And Fundaments of JAVA.

md 2024-08-15

Java Syntax and Fundamentals

Table of Contents
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Data Types
4. Operators
5. Input/Output Operations

Keywords
What are Keywords?

Keywords are the reserved words in Java. We cannot use a keyword as an identifier (e.g., variable name, class
name, method name). Keywords are case-sensitive and have predefined meanings in Java. There are 50
reserved keywords in Java.

List of Keywords:

abstract, assert, boolean, break, byte, case, catch, char, class, const, continue, default, do, double,
else, enum, extends, final, finally, float, for, goto, if, implements, import, instanceof, int,
interface, long, native, new, package, private, protected, public, return, short, static, strictfp,
super, switch, synchronized, this, throw, throws, transient, try, void, volatile, while.

Example of Keywords:

class Keywords {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int c = a + b;
System.out.println("The sum of a and b is: " + c); // The sum of a and b
is: 30
}
}

In the above example, we have used the keywords class, public, static, void, main, String, and
System.out.println. These are reserved words in Java and have specific meanings.

Identifiers
What are Identifiers?

Identifiers are the names given to entities like variables, classes, methods, and packages. They are user-
defined names consisting of a sequence of characters.
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Example of Identifiers:

class Identifiers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int c = a + b;
System.out.println(c); // 30
}
}

In the above example, Identifiers is a class name, main is a method name, and args, a, b, and c are
variable names. These are user-defined names called identifiers.

Data Types
What are Data Types?

Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in a variable. There are two types of data
types in Java:

1. Primitive Data Types: boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double
2. Non-primitive Data Types: Classes, Interfaces, Arrays

Example of Data Types:

class DataTypes {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
float b = 10.5f;
char c = 'A';
boolean d = true;
System.out.println("The value of a is: " + a); // The value of a is: 10
System.out.println("The value of b is: " + b); // The value of b is: 10.5
System.out.println("The value of c is: " + c); // The value of c is: A
System.out.println("The value of d is: " + d); // The value of d is: true
}
}

In the above example, we have used the int, float, char, and boolean data types. These are primitive data
types in Java.

The int data type is used to store integer values.

The float data type is used to store floating-point values.
The char data type is used to store character values.
The boolean data type is used to store boolean values.

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Operators
Types of Operators:

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
2. Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
3. Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>

Example of Operators:

class Operators {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
int b = 20;

// Arithmetic Operators
System.out.println("a + b = " + (a + b)); // 30
System.out.println("a - b = " + (a - b)); // -10

// Relational Operators
System.out.println("a == b: " + (a == b)); // false
System.out.println("a != b: " + (a != b)); // true

// Logical Operators
System.out.println("(a > 5) && (b > 15): " + ((a > 5) && (b > 15))); //
true
System.out.println("(a < 5) || (b > 15): " + ((a < 5) || (b > 15))); //
true

// Bitwise Operators
System.out.println("a & b: " + (a & b)); // 0
System.out.println("a | b: " + (a | b)); // 30
}
}

Input/Output Operations
Using Scanner for Input

The Scanner class in Java is part of the java.util package and is used to get input of primitive types like
int, double, etc., and strings from the user. It is a convenient way to handle user input for various data types.

To use the Scanner class, you need to import it at the beginning of your Java file:

import java.util.Scanner;

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Example of Input/Output Operations

Basic Example:

This example demonstrates how to take integer and string input from the user and print it.

import java.util.Scanner;

class InputOutput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Taking integer input

System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
int num = scanner.nextInt();
System.out.println("You entered: " + num);

// Taking string input

System.out.print("Enter a string: ");
String str = scanner.next();
System.out.println("You entered: " + str);

scanner.close();
}
}

In this example:

scanner.nextInt() is used to read an integer value from the user.

scanner.next() is used to read a single word string input from the user.
System.out.println() is used to print the output to the console.

Detailed Example with Multiple Data Types:

This example demonstrates how to take various types of input from the user, including integers, doubles, and
strings.

import java.util.Scanner;

class DetailedInputOutput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Taking integer input

System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
int num = scanner.nextInt();
System.out.println("You entered integer: " + num);

// Taking double input

System.out.print("Enter a double: ");

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double dbl = scanner.nextDouble();

System.out.println("You entered double: " + dbl);

// Taking string input (single word)

System.out.print("Enter a single word string: ");
String str1 = scanner.next();
System.out.println("You entered single word string: " + str1);

// Taking string input (whole line)

scanner.nextLine(); // consume the leftover newline character
System.out.print("Enter a full line string: ");
String str2 = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.println("You entered full line string: " + str2);

scanner.close();
}
}

In this example:

scanner.nextDouble() is used to read a double value from the user.

scanner.nextLine() is used to read an entire line of text from the user. Note that we call
scanner.nextLine() after scanner.next() to consume the newline character left behind.

Example with Multiple Inputs in One Line:

This example demonstrates how to take multiple inputs in one line separated by spaces.

import java.util.Scanner;

class MultipleInputs {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Taking multiple inputs in one line

System.out.print("Enter an integer, a double, and a string: ");
int num = scanner.nextInt();
double dbl = scanner.nextDouble();
String str = scanner.next();

System.out.println("You entered integer: " + num);

System.out.println("You entered double: " + dbl);
System.out.println("You entered string: " + str);

scanner.close();
}
}

In this example:

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The user can enter an integer, a double, and a string separated by spaces.
The Scanner class reads each input one by one in the order they are entered.

Using BufferedReader for Input

An alternative to Scanner is BufferedReader from the java.io package, which can be more efficient for
reading large amounts of input.

Example of BufferedReader:

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.IOException;

class BufferedReaderExample {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));

// Taking integer input

System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
int num = Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine());
System.out.println("You entered: " + num);

// Taking string input

System.out.print("Enter a string: ");
String str = reader.readLine();
System.out.println("You entered: " + str);
}
}

In this example:

BufferedReader is used to read text from an input stream (the console in this case).
reader.readLine() is used to read a line of text.
Integer.parseInt() converts the string input to an integer.

Using System.out for Output

The System.out.println() and System.out.print() methods are used to print output to the console.

System.out.print() prints the text without a newline.

System.out.println() prints the text with a newline.

Example:

class PrintExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Hello, ");
System.out.println("World!");
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System.out.println("Welcome to Java.");
}
}

In this example:

System.out.print("Hello, ") prints Hello, without a newline.

System.out.println("World!") prints World! with a newline.
System.out.println("Welcome to Java.") prints Welcome to Java. with a newline.

By using these methods, you can handle a variety of input and output operations in Java, making your
programs interactive and user-friendly.

By covering these topics, you will have a solid foundation in Java syntax
and fundamentals. Each section includes explanations and code
examples with expected output to help you understand the concepts
better.

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