An Assignment
ON
“HUMAN RIGHTS IN I.R : PROMOTING
UNIVERSAL RIGHTS”
Session: 2024-2025
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
J.S.HINDU PG COLLEGE,AMROHA.
Submitted To: Submitted By:
DR. MANMOHAN SINGH TANZEEM
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) M.A. 3rd SEMESTER
( POLITICAL SCIENCE )
1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the assignment titled “Human rights in
I.R: promoting universal rights “ completed by TANZEEM
D/o ADIL QURESHI M.A 3rd SEMESTER POLITICAL SCIENCE
roll no. 249108050337 is genuine and original ,done with
honestly and dignity.
No copyright of anyone seems being violated .
All helping sources have assigned their due credit .
SIGNATURE:
NAME : DR MANMOHAN SINGH
DESIGNATION: HOD/INRG
DEPARTMENT: POLITICAL SCIENCE
COLLEGE : J.S. HINDU (P.G.)COLLEGE AMROHA
AFFILIATED TO M.J.P.ROHAILKHAND UNIVERSITY ,BAREILLY
2
DECLARATION
I TANZEEM D/O ADIL QURESHI student of M.A
(POLITICAL SCIENCE) semester 3rd roll no
.249108050337 declare that the assignment
“Human rights in I.R : promoting universal rights”
completed by me is genuine and original.
No copyright of anyone has been violated
All helping sources have been assigned their due
credit .
Signature:
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final shape of this assignment required a lot of
effort, guidance and support from many people. I feel
privileged to have got this all along the completion of my
assignment on “Human rights in I.R : promoting universal
rights ”. I priorly thank to god for giving me blessings on me
especially for my assignment ,secondly to my teacher, DR
MANMOHAN SINGH (HOD) for giving me an opportunity
to do this assignment and providing me all the support and
guidance due to which this assignment is completed on time. I
would like to extend sincere regards to my Parents and my close
friends for their encouragement and for their timely support and
guidance.
TANZEEM
M.A 2ND SEMESTER POLITICAL SCIENCE
4
SR. CHAPTERIZATION PAGE NO.
NO
1. INTRODUCTION 7-8
2. THE UNIVERSALITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS 8-10
3. THE UNITED NATIONS 10-11
4. THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 11-12
5. PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS 12-13
6. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 13
7. RIGHTS MENTIONED IN THE BILL OF INTERNATIONAL RIGHTS 13
8. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 14
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC ,SOCIAL AND
9. CULTURAL RIGHTS (ICESCR) 14
10. HUMAN RIGHTS AND UNITED NATIONS 15
11. HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL 15
12. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UNDHR) 15-16
13. ECONOMIC,SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (ART -22 TO 27) 16
14. CHECK ON HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION 17
15. PROMOTION OF WOMEN RIGHTS 17
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16. CHILD RIGHTS 17
17. PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 17-18
18. PROTECTION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 18
19. PROTECTION OF MIGRANT WORKERS 18
20. SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING HUMAN RIGHTS 18
EFFECTIVE
21. CONCLUSION 19
22. REFERENCES 19-20
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Introduction
Human rights are nowadays a permanent feature of international relations.
The concept of human rights, or rather “rights of men”, was already known
in the eighteenth century. The Virginia Bill of Rights of 1776 was
incorporated in 1791 in the United States Constitution and the French
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was coined in 1789. But only
since 1945 did it acquire a place of its own in international relations. The
preamble to the Charter of the United Nations mentions explicitly the
notion of fundamental human rights. Article 1, paragraph 3 calls one of the
purposes of the United Nations: “to achieve international co-operation in
solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for
human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to
race, sex, language or religion.” This led in 1948 to the adoption by the
UN General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
which was proclaimed as a “common standard of achievement for all
peoples and all nations”. Part of the East West conflict, known as the Cold
War, was fought out in terms of disputes about human rights.
Human rights were incorporated in the UN Charter and the Universal
Declaration as a reaction to the outrageous crimes against humanity
committed by the German national socialists between 1933 and 1945. The
imprisonment, torture and killing of more than six million Jews, gypsies,
homosexuals and political opponents of the Nazis was the largest-scale
violation of fundamental human rights in modern times. Concepts such as
“genocide” and “crimes against humanity” are inseparably linked to this
period in world history. The victorious allied powers wanted to prevent
such events from ever happening again. They based themselves, among
other matter, on the “four freedoms” formulated by United States
President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941: freedom of speech and
expression, freedom to worship God, freedom from want and freedom
from fear.
Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, an
extensive set of declarations and binding treaties containing more detailed
standards of human rights have come into being, both at the global and at
the regional level. In addition, a complex system of supervisory
mechanisms has been adopted. Human rights play an important role in the
foreign policies of many states. A major issue of contention is the question
to what extent human rights are universal in nature or regionally and
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culturally determined. Non-governmental organizations report on human
rights violations and remind governments of their obligations in this field.
The question whether states are entitled to refer to “humanitarian
intervention” by military means in case of gross and massive human rights
violations remains highly controversial. A rather recent phenomenon is the
establishment of international tribunals that deal with perpetrators of
violations of human rights and international humanitarian law.
The Universality of Human Rights
Universal human rights instruments are based on the assumption that they reflect
universally accepted norms of behavior. This is important, among other things,
for the role of the United Nations in the supervision of the observation of these
international standards. Unless human rights -- or at least a nucleus of such rights
-- are universally accepted, the United Nations would lack the basis on which its
supervision activities are founded. That assumption governed the approval in
1948 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly of
the United Nations. Its preamble states that the “recognition of the inherent
dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human
family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world”. No member-
state of the United Nations voted in 1948 against adoption of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. Eight states -- the Soviet Union and five of its allies,
plus Saudi Arabia and South Africa -- abstained. However, the acceptance of
these texts does not mean that the universal nature of human rights is a foregone
conclusion. Often-heard criticisms of the Universal Declaration are the following:
• It was drafted at a time when most Third World nations were still under
colonial domination; developing nations that later incorporated the standards of
the Universal Declaration in their national constitutions or accepted them as
members of the Organization of American States or the Organization of African
Unity are supposed to have done so under western pressure.
• Furthermore, the rights contained in the Universal Declaration are said to
reflect mainly western ideological views, rather than values dominant in non-
western societies.
• The Declaration uses an individualistic approach to human rights, which is
supposedly not suitable for societies that emphasize collective values.
At first sight, the question of the universality of human rights seemed to be
resolved at the World Conference of Human Rights held in Vienna in 1993. In
the Final Declaration of that Conference it was stated: “All human rights are
universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated.” However, this was
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followed by the ominous addition, that has since then been quoted on many
occasions, that “(...) the significance of national and regional particularities and
various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind.”
The precise meaning of this addition, which clearly reflected a political
compromise, has remained unclear. Yet, it is precisely the scope and meaning of
these “regional particularities” that are at stake, if one raises the question of the
universality of human rights.
There are indications that indeed at least certain human rights have gained
universal acceptance. All governments, whatever their ideological or cultural
background, condemn systematic and gross violations of human rights, such as
genocide, torture or involuntary disappearances. But not only is there a growing
interest among non-western actors in individual rights, the idea of collective rights
is increasingly being accepted in the West as well as in the East. That is not only
true for the right of self-determination, which is listed prominently in the two
international human rights Covenants of 1966 (Article 1). It is also true for the
rights of indigenous people(s) that receive increasing attention in western
countries as well. It is also increasingly being suggested to recognize rights of
(ethnic, religious, racial and linguistic) minorities, next to those of members of
such minorities (as mentioned in Article 27 of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights). Since 1948, the principles of the Universal Declaration
have been repeatedly reaffirmed in international gatherings, such as the world
conferences on human rights held in Teheran in 1968 and in Vienna in 1993.
The declaration adopted at the Vienna Conference states explicitly: “The
universal nature of these rights and freedoms is beyond question.” These rights
are considered “a legitimate concern of the international community.”
Whatever the nature of cultural differences may be, universal acceptance of
international human rights standards is not to be excluded. The reason is that just
about all governments like to be seen as civilized and decent. They insist on
defending their policies and ask for international understanding. That is also the
reason why nongovernmental organizations can use the instrument of the
“mobilization of shame” with a certain measure of effectiveness. They base
themselves on standards that are internationally accepted and report on violations
of such standards. Governments do not like to be seen as violating human rights,
even if they do so with an appeal to allegedly different cultural values. This opens
the possibility for an international discussion about the way in which the values,
on which international declarations and treaties are based, can be applied in
practice. Such discussions may lead to an international consensus, which is an
indispensable precondition for greater respect of human rights in the world. Not
so very long ago, slavery and torture were accepted in most societies. Nowadays,
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both are considered as violations of human rights and universally prohibited. The
prohibition of racial discrimination is seen as moving in the same direction.
The United Nations
Unlike the League of Nations Covenant, the UN Charter contains specific articles
on human rights. One of the principal purposes of the organization, according to
Article 1, paragraph 3 of the Charter, is international co-operation to promote
and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. In this task, the General
Assembly was given the power to initiate studies and make recommendations to
governments (Article 13). The United Nations shall promote universal respect
for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without
distinction as to race, sex, language or religion (Article 55). One of the tasks of the
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is to make recommendations for the
purpose of promoting respect for, and observance of, human rights and
fundamental freedoms for all (Article 62, paragraph 2). This general authority was
supplemented with the specific requirement that the Economic and Social
Council should set up a commission for the promotion of human rights (Article
68). Finally, one of the basic objectives of the Trusteeship System is to encourage
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as
to race, sex, language or religion (Article 76).
For the first time in history, the United Nations formulated fundamental human
rights for all mankind. The ambitious new work began in 1946, when the
Commission on Human Rights was created. It meets annually in the spring for
five or six weeks. Enlarged over the years, it includes representatives of 53 states,
elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly. It has a broad mandate
touching on any matter relating to human rights. The Commission carries out
studies, usually drafted by rapporteurs or by the Bureau of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva, which is a division of the UN
Secretariat. It drafts international instruments relating to human rights for
ratification by governments. It also undertakes special tasks assigned to it by the
General Assembly or the Economic and Social Council. It investigates allegations
of violations of human rights, and receives and processes communications related
to such violations. Under what is called the “1503 procedure”, the Commission
deals in closed meetings with confidential communications about violations of
human rights. Private complaints are discussed first in the Sub-Commission on
the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. If that body concludes that there
seems to be “a consistent pattern of gross and reliably attested violations of
human rights”, it refers the complaint to the Commission, which may then
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investigate further. The fact that such complaints are dealt with, may already have
a certain corrective effect, the more so because it is now common practice that
the chairman of the Commission will announce, after the meeting, the names of
the states that have been discussed under the 1503 procedure.
The Commission may invite representatives of non-member states or liberation
movements to take part in its deliberations on a non-voting basis. Specialized
agencies and certain other intergovernmental organizations also may take part in
discussions on topics of concern to them. Finally, a unique feature of the
Commission on Human Rights is that representatives of non-governmental
organizations with consultative status are seated on the floor of the Commission.
They have the right to address the Commission, take part in its debates and to
have written statements circulated as United Nations documents. No member of
the United Nations, whether a party to the Covenants or not, complies with all
obligations to protect human rights. A steady stream of reports from such
nongovernmental organizations as Amnesty International, the International
Commission of Jurists, and the United States “watch” committees, brings to light
numerous violations of fundamental human rights, especially in the civil and
political realm, in many countries.
The Commission deals also with the annual reports of the Sub-Commission on
the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. The 26 members of the Sub-
Commission are selected in their personal capacity, although it is common
knowledge that some of them retain close relations with their government. The
Sub-Commission deals with studies on a broad range of human rights, which it
submits to the Commission. The Sub Commission has also an important role in
the initial phase of the 1503-procedure.
The International Covenants on
Human Rights
The most comprehensive development of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights can be found in the two international Covenants on human rights, adopted
by the General Assembly in 1966. Like the Universal Declaration, the Covenants
carry the mark of the political context of their time of birth. The then new
influence of the Afro Asian states led to an emphasis in both documents on the
right of every people to self determination. Furthermore, the Covenants state that
all peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and
resources without prejudice to any obligations arising from international
economic co-operation that is based on the principle of mutual benefit and
international law. “In no case,” the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
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Rights proclaims, “may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.”
Thus the former colonial countries insisted that nations should be able to govern
their own political and economic destinies without imperialistic control. Each of
the Covenants establishes a method of supervision of compliance by
governments. The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires
that parties periodically furnish reports to the UN Secretary-General on the
measures they have adopted and progress made in achieving the observance of
the included rights. These reports are submitted to the Committee for Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, a committee of eighteen individual experts, which was
established in 1985 by the Economic and Social Council. This Committee
considers the national reports and submits its findings to the Economic and
Social Council for consideration.
Finally, if it adheres to an Optional Protocol, a state allows its subjects to
communicate to the Committee that they are victims of violations by that state of
any rights set out in the Covenant. The Committee, after having determined that
the communication is admissible under the Protocol, must bring it to the
attention of the state concerned. Over the years, the Committee has built up an
impressive body of case law and it has formulated a number of general
recommendations that constitute an important source of interpretation of many
substantive articles of the Covenant. The United States ratified the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights in 1992, with a great number of reservations,
interpretations and “understandings”, which put great limits on its impact. By
2002, China had ratified the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
and signed the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Principles of Human Rights
1.Universal and Inalienable: The principle of universality of Human Rights is the
cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized
and enunciated in Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, has been
reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations and
resolutions. For instance, the 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights
noted that it is the duty of states to promote and protect all human rights and
fundamental freedoms, regardless of their political, economic and cultural
systems. Human Rights are inalienable. They should not be taken away except in
specific situations and according to the due process.
2.Interdependent and Indivisible: All Human Rights are indivisible, interrelated
and interdependent. The improvement of one right facilitates advancement of the
others. Likewise, the deprivation of one right adversely affects the others.
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3.Equal and Non- discriminatory: Non-discrimination is a cross- cutting principle
in international human rights law. This principle is present in all the major
human rights treaties and provides the central theme of some of international
human rights conventions such as the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The principle of
non- discrimination is complemented by the principle of equality, as stated in
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “All human beings are
born free and equal in dignity and rights”.
4.Both Rights and Obligations: Human Rights are both rights and obligations.
States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect protect
and full fill human rights. It means that state should refrain from interfering with
or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. Again state must take positive action
to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights.
Internationalization of Human
Rights
In the history of International Relations, a comprehensive list of Human Rights
have been recognized which every individual can claim as a member of society.
Since 1948 the United Nations has adopted nearby one hundred human rights
instruments such as declarations, conventions, covenants, protocols and
resolutions on various facets of human rights, covering the entire gamut of human
relationship. However, the most important among all these instruments are the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948, the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966 and the
International Covenant on Civil and political Rights (ICCPR), 1966 which
together form the parts of the International Bill of Rights. The bill (first ever
adopted in the history of the world) has brought the matter of promoting Human
Rights on the agenda of International Relations.
Rights mentioned in the
International Bill of Rights
The UNDHR, which is Magna Carta of mankind, proclaims civil, political,
economic, social ad cultural rights. The two covenants of 1966 further elaborate
these two sets of rights mentioned in the UDHR. The covenants are legally
binding on ratifying sates unlike the provisions of the UDHR.
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International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (ICCPR)
The ICCPR, under Article 6- 27, sets out the following rights.
Right to life, freedom from torture and inhuman treatment, freedom from
slavery and forced labor, the right to liberty and security, the right of detained
persons to be treated with humanity, freedom from imprisonment for debt,
freedom of movement and of choice of residence, freedom of aliens from
arbitrary expulsion, the right to a fair trial, protection against retroactivity of the
criminal law, the right to recognition as a person before law, the right to privacy,
freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of opinion and expression,
prohibition of propaganda for war and of incitement to national, racial or
religious hatred, the right of peaceful assembly, freedom of association, the right
to marry and found a family, the rights of the child, political rights, equality before
the law and rights of minorities. Article 2(2) of the ICCPR imposes certain kind
of obligation upon the states, which ratify it to enact domestic legislation to give
effect to the rights guaranteed by the covenant. Moreover, the Article 3 further
lays down an obligation upon such states to ensure that the rights guaranteed by
the covenant are made available to all their citizens.
International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (ICESCR)
Under Articles 6-15, ICESCR provides a detailed list of rights to be protected by
state parties which include:
The right to work; the right to just ad favourable conditions of work including fair
wages, equal pay for equal work and holidays with pay; the right to form and join
trade unions, including the right to strike; the right to social security; protection of
the family, including special assistance for mothers and children; the right to an
adequate standard of living, including adequate food, clothing and housing and
the continuous improvement of living conditions; the right to the highest
attainable standard of physical ad mental health; the right to education, primary
education being compulsory and free for all and secondary and higher education
generally accessible to all and the right to participate in cultural life and enjoy the
benefits of scientific progress.
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Human Rights and United Nations
The UN, as an intergovernmental body, seeks to apply international jurisdiction
for universal human rights legislation. Within the UN machinery, Human Rights
are primarily the concern of the UN Security Council (UNSC) and the United
Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and there are numerous committees
within the UN with responsibilities for safeguarding different human rights
treaties. The UNSHRC, a successor to the United Nations Commission on
Human Rights, was created through a resolution of the UN General assembly
adopted on March 16, 2006. The council is an international body within the UN
system. The council proposes to address human rights violations.
Human Rights Council
Human Rights Commission has a mandate to investigate human rights violations.
It is a subsidiary body of the General Assembly and reports directly to it. Forty
Seven (47) of the one hundred ninety one (191) member states sit on the council,
elected by single majority in a secret ballot of the United Nations General
Assembly. Members serve a maximum of six years and may have their
membership suspended for gross human rights abuses. The council is based in
Geneva and meets three times a year with additional meetings to respond to
urgent situations. Independent experts (rapportuers) are retained by the council
to investigate alleged human rights abuses and to provide the council with reports.
The HCR may request that the Security Council take action when human rights
violations occur. This action may be direct actions, may involve sanctions and the
Security Council may also refer cases to the International Criminal Court (ICC)
even if the issue being referred it outside the normal jurisdiction of the ICC. On
April 28, 2009 the Security Council adopted resolution 1674 that reaffirmed the
responsibility to protect people from genocide, war, crimes, ethnic cleansing and
crimes against humanity and committed the Security Council to action to protect
civilians in armed conflict.
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UNDHR)
For the achievement of the objective of Human Rights, the UN General
Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10,
1948. The General Assembly described the declaration as, “a common standard
of achievement for all the people and all nations”. It called upon the member
states and all people to promote and secure the recognition and observance of the
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rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration. The UN Charter asserts that all
human beings are born equal in dignity and rights and are entitled to all the rights
and freedoms set forth in the declaration without any distinction of race, color,
sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status. The civil and political rights to which human
beings are entitled have been outlined in Articles 3 to 21 of the Declaration of the
Human Rights and include the following:
1. Right to life, liberty and security.
2. Freedom from slavery and servitude.
3. Freedom from torture or cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
4. Freedom of movement; the right of asylum; the right to a nationality.
5. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of opinion and
expression.
6. Right to peaceful assembly and association.
7. Right to take part in government and to equal access to public service.
8. Freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home or
correspondence, freedom from attacks upon honor and reputation; the right to
protection of the law against such attacks.
Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (Article 22 to 27)
1. Right to social security.
2. Right to work, the right to equal pay for equal work and the right to form
and join trade unions.
3. Right to rest and leisure.
4. Right to a standard of living adequate for health and well- being.
5. Right to education.
6. Right to participate in the cultural life of the community.
7. Every one is entitled to a social and international order in which the human
rights set forth in the declaration may be fully realized.
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Check on Human Rights Violations
The UN strives to combat human rights violations through consideration of
complaints from individuals as well as organizations. It holds open discussions on
the violations of human rights taking place in different parts of the world and
appoints fact finding groups or experts to examine the situation. On the basis of
information received from the experts, the ICHR calls upon the concerned
government to bring about necessary changes and restore full enjoyment of
human rights.
Promotion of Women Rights
UN clearly acknowledges the equal rights of men and women. This princip0lae
was further elaborated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which
asserted that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and
that every one is entitled to all the rights and freedoms without differences of any
kind. In 1946 the Economic and Social Council set up a commission on the
status of women to examine women’s progress towards equality throughout the
world and to make recommendations for the promotion of women’s rights in
political, economic, social and educational fields and to address problems
requiring immediate attention in the field of women’s rights. In 1993, the General
Assembly adopted a declaration on the Elimination of Violence against women. It
not only insisted on offering protection to women but also emphasized the need
of action on the part of the states and international organizations.
Child Rights
The UN seeks to protect the interest of the children. In 1959 the General
assembly adopted a declaration of the Rights of the Child, which affirmed the
right of children to special protection, opportunities and facilities for healthy
normal development. This was followed by the convention on the Rights of the
Children which was adopted by the General Assembly in 1989. Under this
convention a Committee on Rights of Children was established. The committee
makes recommendations and suggestions to the governments and to the General
Assembly on ways in which the objectives of the convention may be met.
Protection of Minorities
In 1992 the General Assembly adopted Declaration on the Rights of Persons
belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. The
declaration assures the minorities the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess
17
and practice their own religion, to use their own language, to establish and
maintain contacts with other members of the group and to leave any country,
including their own and to return to their country. The declaration called for
action by the states to promote and protect the human rights and fundamental
freedoms of people belonging to minorities, especially in the areas of teaching,
education, culture and information.
Protection of Indigenous People
In 1990, the General assembly proclaimed 1993 as the International Year of the
world’s Indigenous people to strengthen international co-operation for solving the
problems faced by indigenous people. 1994- 2004 was proclaimed by UN
General Assembly as decade of the worlds Indigenous People to solve the
problems faced by the indigenous communities in the areas of Human Rights, the
environment, development, education and health.
Protection of Migrant Workers
In 1990, the General Assembly adopted the convention on the protection of all
migrant workers and members of their families, which set standards for laws and
judicial and administrative procedures of states.
Suggestion for making Human
Rights Effective
1. For the effective enjoyment of Human Rights it is desirable that the
governments should take steps to protect Human Rights. In the present global
world, global perspective of Human Rights should be taken.
2. The members of UN Security Council should commit themselves not to
use veto in dealing with genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, and
other human rights abuses.
3. Reforms are necessary in the UN Human Rights machinery to improve the
legitimacy, efficiency and effectiveness of Human Rights.
4. The world countries should commit towards the principles of Human
Rights.
5. Efforts should be made to involve largest possible number of people in the
cause of Human Rights with a view to build environment of respect and dignity
for all.
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CONCLUSION:
Since the adoption of the Universal declaration of Human Rights some 60
human rights declarations have been negotiated at the United Nations. Though
the declarations are not legally binding on the members they are indicative of the
growing importance which is being attached to Human Rights. Despite the
growing assertion of human rights all over the world, majority of the people do
not enjoy any genuine freedom of speech and expression due to lack of
education, right to work because of absence of adequate opportunities of
employment. Majority of the people in the underdeveloped countries do not
have access to food, water, shelter, work, health are and so on.
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International Relations, Vol. 12, 1998, PP.19-42.
16. Deborah Spar, The Spotlight and the Bottom Line: How Multinationals
Export Human Rights, Foreign affairs, Vol. 77, 2, March- April 1998, PP. 7-11.
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