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All The specified voice spectrum is 300 Hz-3400 Hz. The sampling frequency used is 8 kHz. In practice, the frequency spectrum of
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The specified voice spectrum is 300 Hz–3400 Hz. The sampling frequency used is 8 kHz. In practice, the
frequency spectrum of human voice extends much beyond the highest frequency necessary for
communication. Let the input analog information signal contain a 5 kHz frequency component also. What
would happen at the output of the sampler? How can this problem be prevented? 1
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Answer & Explanation
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When the input analog information signal contains a 5 kHz frequency component and is sampled at a
frequency of 8 kHz, aliasing occurs. Aliasing is a phenomenon where higher frequency components are
indistinguishably mapped to lower frequencies due to insufficient sampling rates, leading to distortion in
the sampled signal.
Explanation
Nyquist Theorem: According to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, to accurately sample a signal
without aliasing, the sampling frequency should be at least twice the highest frequency component of the
signal. This is known as the Nyquist rate.
Given Frequencies:
Highest frequency component in the signal: 5 kHz
Sampling frequency: 8 kHz
Aliasing Effect:
The Nyquist rate for a 5 kHz signal is 10 kHz (twice the highest frequency).
Since the sampling frequency (8 kHz) is less than the Nyquist rate (10 kHz), aliasing will occur.
The 5 kHz component will be aliased to a lower frequency, specifically to 3 kHz (8 kHz - 5 kHz), which
will distort the output signal.
Prevention
To prevent aliasing, the following steps can be taken:
Increase the Sampling Rate: Ensure that the sampling frequency is at least twice the highest frequency
component in the signal. For a 5 kHz component, a sampling rate of at least 10 kHz is required.
Use an Anti-Aliasing Filter: Before sampling, apply a low-pass filter to the analog signal to remove
frequency components above half the sampling rate (4 kHz in this case). This filter should ideally cut off
frequencies above 4 kHz to prevent higher frequencies from being aliased into the sampled signal.
By implementing these measures, the integrity of the sampled signal can be maintained, and aliasing can
be effectively avoided.
