| © UNsr—g Tianepat lager © — —— iY | chad! betrcen TH Spplicebin De provides on pre to The. transport layer is loc Layer emd the. nebuort layer » LeWween two appli coben layers | proce Commun icebea - atthe. remolé host one ak the LecaL hot amd the other 9 Logics! Comechiod Communi cohen Ts preicled “sing. Uhtch means them tre, dro op Aicebien Layers , Elrchicn ibe Jecated To datperent parts q tre globe , Dee | Ityat those € a0 amogi deceol— Comechen tres | cb cam tend and vecene muenages | which tre, The fags Shows the Ren bend tis Legied) Cormechen : Alice gah Fo he Sky, Research Compory: Ceska a Doge _§ Comech wit Bobls hock Co Are Seven he fous ks comps at ihe fronspnt toes ~The fe Conpeontey cingeint co PE ot free hremspet Lopes au thong, these Ps a real Connechion bebeen tine Ayes) Shows thal only, the. sau erberpstems Wea Serviced 4 tee bremypoat Lower call Rabermediol vonters weonliy tha fink rnc exptA Pa =~ potato point Wary to Lan Switch 1 paasaeh fa » Seoh QD Rowter S¥Y Retearcl, Alice. 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Mis Ts whee a enmsprblager pre tas er hrowapttager protec] sp wepenscl car dabttry Sythe meategen Pe PE appre Brteed «FED Shes pre demoted neuer Layer amd % froma pot Legeri Trey b called a client needs serie from a prneey Local bos| iy on ener ey called © Seaver, We aca watt ome tre. vermote eth prow, we need pore (define Te erle nvwneens Dn the Ter] 2 Pategers bites 0 ork used Second Tdonlt pers called prreced tee pot nine ane 65,538 -The Cheat Program elses Theelf wit & potnumnh., G Called the ephemee! porkrumber the werd ephemera Means Shintlived and tr wed becanwe. tralfe op a Client rs hocmallg sherk | The seover procey must alin debine threlf with a Pot nmmber. Gis prtmumber hmevey Cemnot be dose en Dy the Computes tm the Semey Sth remy a Several proces omd syns & wenden number 2s Gna Port mambo 7TH pres at the clienb Sito thet wants ty Aces tah Comer omb tre Tr Seavjces Will nef Kins he Petnmnber. of com one fdubten world be to Serd % gperal packefamd veyuet The petnunbey Of om Specitic. Corer» Teplep has decided ty we. universal pot vuntens fer ceners Tere ane celled wef! known potoumbes, Per erormele “here ane. clients Prot-ane aKigned well Known pert numbers. Greeny chtent~ pre Enowy fae well norm pat number 4, he Comrespord mg. emer precens. Gor cnemple, While The deugtime, Chent-prosey , avell Frown Client preyrmn Com vue err -ephemerL (temporsrg ) Prt nambe, soy, to Wei Peel , tee dayne Seer prot mgr wie tn well enown (permanant) Pornumber 12. gts) Shams Has Concept| Fb) Port numbotss | payhme | cleat (_)CI 452¢00 FY Trenspe- - tt Shad be Clean by. now that tw DP ard parrrumbers play differs 2>le1 tr seleching ee Baal deateshon gedate. Te. datinehion Bp oddoey defaey DE host armen dra differet hoite Fo pe loci «fetter ba het het beem felected tue pot wumnber defies One. A Tre, preeeser tas Pestteder host> A espa Lope prbtel tn the tee suit ned D Lath re Dp addrey and the porttnumber attach end, ty eke cy Connechion. The Combination an Le addeey cmd a partrrumber Is cabled a Sockebaddecs . Sockepadsch qe wee he Sexviey 9 he tremtpebbayer to the totemel | te heal a per 4 cocketeddeensy, The Client Cocket | hey emi the Server Feckaboddeey. Tete fone preces breferrnetien OA peo g he veturtbons, pattib header cmd tee evgetlay patie header «Tub hessler Contes ree 29 eddoes Ande fecond header Combing a Pet nvmnber s+ Crcapatation, om deca prnlaBor!— 415 send & metiage from one procen ty emofer , the teens pot top potocel encteprbtes and decaptiltes wonages om Shom Hs), Emcepsu be Hoppers at the. Sender cite then a ha a meoge to tend Tr pater he metiage ate the bremapert Loyer along. coitm aw patey Socleet-a | Addgerner ond Some other Pleces ge Tdermetyn bhiety | depend on ne tremspent Lager proteetel- The Tromsponttoyer receiver ba dat amd odds ch trem pertloyer heeds . The pactets ab tae. hemupe hous Py tha Thtemet ane Caled werdabigrams, Segments er ania depending on thot tom pertloyer protocol we we ee vefer to Feo pet lager payloads as packets. Decapenlabion hoppers at the. wecelver TE. wen pro menage Cues Ab tea dos bnebbn fermsportloyes , Tut head ue i dropped ond te Persp dager detion the merase ho fee. Pree rem ath opplicationdoyer «Te kerley octet pddees Te posed to tuo. proce fn Gue. rE needs tp ord “Yo the menage received. wes Chieat- pres [| rpplicatiog leo” tar or re ~ 4 v i Prmspet™ freer [Jezel] | > oye foyer pena P| Logical chevinel(Ben peecbtisl ard Demubtipleri © © lwhemver an enbhy. accep ems from mac them ome Somee. thts ts Ahem! ty oy mul bplening. tohenver om enlthy. dot “Hs Fs refeaed to ar demultiples Wens Them to mne Thee one Sonice ce tremnspot Lowes at te Soce: perfern maltiplening. tee brant potbagey a atte dethnebon pirderme demultples demu bplenme, Fipts). maltsplenng, ord Cementah \ahemve” a7 bly produc tremt omd omolher endl, Comanenes produ chon From thre Shorld ee. & balance. Lemeen and Comsumplion ate » Df tre proms ave. produced foster tnom hey Combe. Corsumed , due Corrrnet Com toe. Orerebathned omd vray need +o deren d comehnes» Dp be Chems re produced enore. Slang. thee 4 can be Consumed the Conuumer emu Wart / rd tha Syshem becom leu effierer P— Plow) tenho? te pelabed to Pat adh Tete: pushing as pulley I Delivery og trend, from pecwr to one “fF Peng pushing, ox polling, Dp he condor debivers Troms Whenvey tag one. protuced withoal A per fe deen he Consnmes « fea deliver}, refeaed to ~ poring - Dp te producer delivers she tes after ths Commmmet hop veguerted. Pern tus delivery ¥ referred eo polleng..- ig C6) Sheas Ahew. AN producr tho @ Commer CP) two tyre debi . we Bt Oy Ploscrn i i @_Llensumer] cme eal a Ga rer ca) pure & ping~ encepintiion nk Oecapidatin’ 6 To fend a meHtage- Rom oe, preeg to ancthes, Awe «(UPL prrtece! encapsutetes end ele copswhebes ynwHioged - Queuing te Bo uve be ned, 4 POM Stott, cots. AP The quits ove arjortered coin clteat si th reguestr pot number from be oper big tgther cue. mplnenteHos ester both on WnComing omd ontgoing aytee_onoerted corm each, preetd: . d vemulh puarg e hh Lenny am “ prtecol suite , M-< , ~ Ter |cy Ba a wos TAIN gay yne UOP uke ponibeg gerere) proehu Theb- iit? vue tre Sewiced op UPR: To hemndle “ $ emu ne ‘cpmatten PP enubtipleaee ond Kpletes f ‘ weld »— yor DTidu an oprionsh chectivin to detect . : checker coreepred packets t pre received: Le me ue) tab tre receiving, YEP Com po tee pO te oe acct ond discond the paused Th wit conmpred . no feedbacle ¥s gent to tre fenderpracticable sll be, delivered Ph The ody ” om alr Sows. Bpaddres ebitprrel torr upptolllegto ouhvahen een pe lobia cheek.sum toes Du dake os md ple Gt) padde wnuubbe. added Prrake The The protocol fied °5 4 not to TCP: packet loelumags to UPR. am seo dene reat Te process con tue. Amer OP Pore Ler Con be que Jame num Sue dethrah on ve profecel etd der uy tt 1 thi vel Pe cdg chrome mission 7 Ta Check tum Coleatanon of wecdiver will dibeck tr ord - ings toe pret L pp ts not deliered to the wrerg, proteert: congestion, conteet \ COP TSS cunmeckon dew protecel ip dees nob pride rat the packets cmgestien conte une amen! cen one Smalh omd gporesc amd Comne dur nebsort K (rete angurun Yo| rer contr > @ Thee Ts no Evry’ contr Tris meee Mol the Sender foc Pua Chedctum - ge ee Leen Loh or duplicated When the receiver delecesan 61777" trnowyhy Checlerum Th ler dale gromm 5 silently y emer Combo meory thle dicconded + The Lack ee eae Upp Showld prvide. fr nis Seawice mechonism Pn UDP icon | | on ot | ik nec : Chedesurn ‘- — wer bende, ty hetadednl formal TRS sowree port nubs te he Fig} fever herdecersd dit CcRtUDy Which meary tral fat. Sewre-e po number ts S2loo Tra deste put murmboer is Legis Cooob) te Wier wos fash tre. dastinahos port anwboer Ps 13 i dowr lenadedmnad digits loot), debines he the tdcond four botadecene) Te third Langs GME hole: Uap fatbet os OF tafet: Tha heagin a tas debs gfe dengh g te hole Pace rentnd eee Aamgin -s. Re gince tas destinabien Pott nwmber li 13, de pacleat fs from te Chest the Server.UseR _PATAGRAM, _fRoTDCoL Tre. wrer debigrern prrtocol Ge) 8 > Connection lou » Umebeble tranu part protocal » if dees Mob odd amg tng Ay the Seer Te excaph tr provid proces on Mihead % hort to beth js $0 Porar ly, wg would eqpretes wsemi> Po ee red wlth the dita Ven by Come some ochamteyes UDP ts a veng- Renple. prrtocel neg. A wAlnlenwn °F overhead + Df * prew wenfs Fr tend a comall metiage amd dees molm Coere ruth aboot rellabiity Tir | we vO? Sendvg, a troll mersage, ning. op teker much fers Ealevacklon bebrcrn the. tender and che prvce Commun coh? Commuaniesnin 24, Jee wecewr them usi Tee. tse Dalnyrenn Oop packet? called wer claligroms have. © fad vrode. af fowr fieldy Cath 4 give hendes A ebyres Fig by Show thee formal a wer dabzaram . \dy debae The Sore and destin bon ayes Tas frie tee He Pert ruerbers Te: drivel fied defines tue doked nan, a the cpealatagronn, header ply la - Te th bits dem define > ford long hy oto 65,535 byhey . Lpnemer tearfoletlangtn ayers to be Lert becaye Ung ser clabigrern & Stoned Man £6 dat dasm with te ctotal Leng ™ 4 os, sasbyfes: The dost tietd Com cog Aut ophoned Checksure »Table. 1 aves Som Protocols we shor bale. TALIA come well Known ports use 2 Common pot numbers fer ol three @ L wir veeand Tee _ [post precel] vor ne] sere | {|_Peeriptin chy Sul eclwos back are caved blero Echo 1 YT Poiconrde ap alegre tHe reamed piscord v 1} Frokive, Users wiers 4M \ Teer tre Sle cord he Hee pg [poygbme |v vy ivwly Reker aquotc “pte day (er | Bole Crh UL v Rela Cherreckess 14 wv Vv, is & Shang, 7 20 erp dls i A frenuter protocol 21 lere-24 u | | File Remdber protoce| 23 [TerweT Yi Termin nebvete |e Sate Z| x | Stenplemat Fomtrr praca] 53 | Ons ZF |Y | Dornatn newne fesvite 6} | ore Vl v Dyproonic. trast Contgue-ben protod ca [rere: 4 || bebe [Friel Ble Frentor protocol go | Ute vw v Hyver Tear Rater protece] We [Ree viol I Remote procedure aol] (23 [| NT¢ Y ly [% ___[Nebvorts tre, protoce| Vey Sete Server| / Simple reboort: § NG 2 [Srvenp-chient’] Kinplanchobvongaly 9 4Services }- ® Gacy protest provides Ulferts bye | eave ond chotd tee “ted epproprely. Oe, Uor &s on unreliable conmeckonlen hrarupot Lager prorrcol ured fer fs Senpllclly omed elpreieng % oppicabent where oer contr eon ke. provided t the applieshontoayy procs Tee —_— Tee ts a reliable, Cunmechion creme) profeeol teal Cam be. wed To Omg appiteation uhere reliability be Renpinteme ScTP — Sorp is anes hramspertlouger poral tb combing Ans fesberry LOr amd TER: Porte nuondboers fe tremginthouyer protocel walle, wes, Serene cregonatcllibies «one. ts te Create” proce to prey Cormumbexhvr “tase. protecels tte pot nimbes to Acasmplh sais. Patrnvmnbres provide. end trend oddrenes ab tHe homprblayer and allao mulfipleag amd emmultiplea ing et ‘nis hoger just oo te addecrtze, cto at the Nekwert lager -we ND i Troms port dower protocols ' © Tee bremuport Lower hm the Tepltp “tc he Weated heleon bee applicabvn layer oral the, heer lager Se poids sexviea to te pelican oye ond yecenes FOTIA fron the Nehyerk Meyer. Tre. poypat dower ads oy a Bole bebsen A client program ard a Seaver pga 1 on Pree fp procs Usnnechyq . qm trmuporbloyer B fre hearty he Tele protec] atc thts he end to end Logical vebtole for tru pening dab Ayoen “bre Point to ombthee 89. the frlemet The position y thee profeeel s ty mee Teele Procol Xe chow ih hyo. este Nhs calf Dnt pe = seton | eampl TEE) ECO) (OR eo ~~ DE] fear | ee OOF [ewe] pe |__| vel Sadctovyr a Taner iannl pagsicad tredondlo. tayAs We. menhoned before » The Conmechon vatenhed tesmice(D ak tre brnspot boyer te difterent from the Same Sewiee at tu nehwork.hoyer Tr tre netuedt layer Conne cbpen oriented feavice, moon A Comdinohion lockeeq tre fro end hosts amd oll the routers To leeheen . At the. brew potlauyse Comecheon oriented sewiee Tvolver ong pro tro hots the Sewia fs end te end. This Meany thab We- Should be able 4p make. a Connection ovienbed proroeol at fhe bons potlayr ever etry & Comme ctunlun og Cennecton orented) profacel ok be nebverk Lower Fig) Shows The Conne chYan esteabtishment dats hewulbe amd teavdown phouer fa a Connedbien cMenred Semler ak the hewuporbs . We cam implement” fos cmboh , ere Rome _ Congesioa Conbot fa a Commectun eterked protacaloe ee cn! re we ohun ortenked SOwice Comme oo Tr a Connective orien oe conver fier need to cates ieee dreengeve > The happen after tee Conmechin dale exchomge, » Pete Connection Shown m Hytb). ha Aeale tt boom pr] " ’ 1 Connection) 1 1 put | = 9 gme He Mesagechen A — \ (lage reget cenne chon [+ ® me Client ond re. Joyical Comneche™ datz exchomge, Can eal eateblishment » AdteT needs fo be tam dewBo Pyle) we Wave Shown ‘he mreyement %f packels G wating in Hmebine, bik we beve abtumed thab te delivery. ap the proces to the brarupet Lory amd Vicavesa an fritemtaneo. the fig. Shows thal Gee Ocean ie (eee ees te dade eldvercd to the. client trem pntlouper tr order (0,3, 2). Beaume % the entten, cele to fromyptabig a te. Second pacicet- tre delivers % mutage, oO Ave. Seayet B nob fo order (0,211) Dh these three “clams op dati Geheng 40 thee Semme, meas) the Seaver pret mg have, received Sheng? hurage aie Stata Wold Le Were: Hf one 9p fe paokabe were host. Since Tus Fs vo numboertg on ‘tee, packets the Teceding Wemsprtdovys AI ho Fen ‘that one tre meses bos beenleth. Pr duit detivers thus Counts Ob. debs to the Sewer Puy. {Tree above. tro problumy onice. from the. ack traf fhe eo teomspeat Layers do note Comdinete with each Otney We. weceng trans potttouges dots ret Ens When tre fbi foskerusth Comeips thon all Gna packets have arved k 7 bre Com #90. hab ro Hew Gambst , evver Gentoo ov Congestion Cortes com lees athecnel ‘tenplumented f0 Connecun haw Feavice-T shoo the Badeperdlans, ee Packabs Henne tip @ © CLieoh procem hes three, Climb g- meHeges to send fo a Sewer pm: The Chunks are, Vonded over to the Comechontuu bemiport protoaiiy tr order Homever Stnce. thee Ts no dopendanc, beheon the pacicets at the hems pottoyer . TH pactets roy aie. mk over ab pe destnebiun ond witt be delered awk 4 order fo Te Sewer pred Flor hy (0. Fane) Comecboalyy favice-4aN O Connechenlexs ard Cormecton oriented protocols :- A from port Layer protocol like. exnehrt layer probe Com provide choo tyres % SWIC, Connedhionben and Connechuntriented + The rolinre “these Services at the fromspubhayer ts dLiffeenk from tha. uneg ab the Neher Loyer At the network. tower A CunneckionLess Sewtca moe meam different petns fer ditferentdebigaany belonging. he ther Lame rrunage At the trea port dower We are. rot Concemed. about tre physical pane 4 packets - Comectinlen Service, of the. hmms pout tower wreans tadependiny beeen packats Conneckwa ofentes eee depen dang 2 Ld Corme cbualey fewice)- Ta a Comectionius fest Lyvide. Pts midage Pato chunks 4 dats 9 the Stte acceptable. oy the hanspotlayer ond. celives tem fo fre! temsputthager one by ove THe bearapa tary Fre cock, Dame ad & fingle cant woitionk ony Tein bebten the Clunles - then a Ununk ovrives fmm the appli'catyn hoyer the fremspotloyer encopsnlakey CH TH @ paclee om. cen fr a. the Soace, Pwcen weeds tpODP Segment Structa Tre Ue segment Shuckare is Chown tr Hy (9) Tra. oppltcaken cats occupies te datefiell op toe Ove segmenk. The UDP heades hos only foorfie tds each Consishing. Of oo bytes The pat numbers allmy the deatneatten hart to pay tre APPH cabjeg dak to tre Correct proces yurnntng deshneben end fystom. Tre Linginfield Cpectties the numer a Lytes fin the UPP Segment Cheader pls def). “We chectum t+ luted bg tre vecewvg host to Check Whedner ©9914 have been Ynbrduced. Pato the Legmment on the ig (4) UEP Segment Syuchree- Upp checksum ' eo provides for envy detec . re Used to determine. p Legment hove been The UDP checksum Wot ve the Cheelennn thether PTE withta tre VOI Os Tt moved fam convce da dathnoben - Upp ak the Sender Side perform tro 16 oO Qmplement’ % ‘the Sum @ all the Ub bit wordy Ra the Segment, with ome overflow en Countesd devin the cede, wrepped aromd: Tis result ts pub bo the Checlcsem fiell $ the UDP Segment - Bample fer, chedetam Calelabion C1001) 001100000 Clovo1rolotololol 1 O00 Vi 00001100 The Sum of fist mo there, Ub bit words Is olleott e@or1leoo00 Lo Lo WO f lol 2 e tA a lot reagltlottobot SE Aldtog shaved word to The alone Swen gives Voit) © 8 a 00001100 Veggta ts a O100 }oI0\\C0000\0 —— LLoloyl \Note that his ast addiboo had overflea, — @) | cdrich Was Wrepped around Tha Ns Cumplenk= is Obtained mp Crmenhing oll the os to tlk omd Convert, alt the 1s fo of: Tus 13 Complement the Sum Cloolololivoovlo§ fs Votyotoloo Lillo} hich becones the Chectesum: ft the veceler all four [bbb words are added tacladtag tha. Check tum. Df-— No ON ae talboducad Pnto the Pacicet then Cheam. tus fwm ok the vectiver wilt be VUVLLULEEE CELL De one 4 me bis Ps a0 Aven We now thet erm hae been tnbrduced Prto the packet| Pétnciples of Rebiatole Dab Tremaper } FA) Cutty the frame work. fer owr Su oo yo me upper layed ent Hest frat po Peliable chanrel fang wich dali can be hawjencd: est areltable | channed , we randberred dats Eis fe crepelod Slat. end all YE dolrvened ta the order fa which, | hay, coer ent we ws the soe sponsi lity al welaby, dale damper protocel to Tnplement tris ruTee adoshaction- | pig day te rode dtffieudt bg tre fo Hot the Rouyer belno tre olie ta. duke hrenutor protecel bop woreda Per eel “Ter iF 9 reliable. daft domes profiad tna ts Praplumested on top “7 Un yealtivue. end frend aehoert lager - Sorts seaion we cotlt Ba overment ll daueleg the Sendoramd wecelver sides 44 elto Vie, date chomp protocol , Canstdotng Crome gly comple modes % The underlying charmel. Fire exoorcp\e- we oil Consider het protocol medeant tra ane Veoded wren Ve under Chsomel Gay Conept Wits on Llc enbive parcels ° ome axunphen use wail adept roy owt drccustien here 5 thatpacicets will be delivered Tr The ody fr, 2 vit |G thtoh Wey were gert, Withcome paclcet Cotieteg © beg last that Vs the tardentgirg cremrel will oft vendey packes cas for ocr dts hromapeeprtoco| the oF ho chats homdher protocal will be Bq &) AUsbebu que. taterefr We Sending sf Ravoel from above vy % call t Td Send ().pa ‘ De wit pos the dak to be delivered te tae Sup perlayer at” the veceluing (ide . onthe yeceng Side rat rcv () will be called uben a apackal- armed from ta vecediny side op ee Chowne! - af the dt prtecd womls to deliver deaby to tne capper louger rr will do so oy cabling Lig 1 Trims fection we Considerconly The Care uidzyedsnt debt hemybes rar ts abe tender fom tne Sending fo tne. receung side: « ny (9) we silt zee Sates tooth Praddition to exohenqura. Packets Conkawing tas dal to be bemabered the fending ond vevemtg des 4 ydk ewhll alo heed ty erchonge, eonbrst packed back ond forth Roth tae Serel ond receive: stds YUE fend ROCs to the other Side. ba a cell tp Udkserd() Chere ud! Clomds far Unreliable. dit fenton)Busiding a Reliabl Onli Troost patocel We now step tanh a feria profocels each ene Loecoratug mere Conpled , arriving ata Healey -welintle daly pewter protocol. Releble Oats Transfer over a, eotectly Polite Channel we firxsh ¢ ndaaty ng clamned ts Complutitg, weliable Ta ° Prokacel ereelt Uhida we wil call wWk}-0 The PAtESIate Matbine CPS) debini thers fer “tea. Yb 0 qnavder the Sienpleth Cote th ubith the cemderomd Yecaiver axe thom t Hg). Ta Am th Siyuare. Ira. debines tre opesben op ae Fender while The Fam to Bq bb Sebves The operchen of The. Fecever . The sender ome vecivet Pams Th ty (1) each hove Jesh one Sale. 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