Cy * + Soil settlement is always measured at the mictheight of clay CASE2: (p, + Ap) > Pe layer in order for it to be stable and in equilibrium, ao [I+ ae pt] + Effective stress is always measured from the ground surface not +1 o| +1 Pe at the base of the foundation. wheres = thickness of lay layer ‘CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT UNDER A FOUNDATION a eon al ‘Approximate Slope (2 Vertical:1 Horizontal) Method: C= swellindex 4 pre-consolidetion pressure surcharge load/induced stress y= present overburden pressure/ eee initial vertical effective stress For Disturbed Clay: C_=0.007(LL-7%) Ce = 0.009(LL ~ 10%) (Mostly used) where: Ap, = increase in pressure at the top of the layer (hehe) GEESE increase in pressure at the middle of the layer fishida) Ce = 1.15(e9— 0. increase in pressure at the bottom of the layer‘SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION - the ratio of the amount of consolidation at a given time within a soil mass, to the total amount of consolidation obtainable under a given s,= eet tog(®) c= sate, AT, =” Tog, — log, hh stress condition. where: S a ‘Ca = secondary compression index ee, es ‘Ae = change n void ratio. Smet Po T= time for completion of primary settlement . Umea completoncfpiveysetiement CAUTECH: void ratio after of primary consolidation 7 €p=eo— de x(s)| YU) ‘H = thickness of clay layer Smax. 0 IMMEDIATE CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT | 2 O | 100% where: = Poisson's Ratio modulus of elasticity of soil influence factor (dimensionless) or foundation rigidity factor TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION where: Pe = excess pore pressure attime t nitial excess pore water pressure ‘S;= settlement of the layer at time t Simax7 ultimate settlement of the layer from primary consolidation Togetthe U atanys, U = SY + Coefficient of Compressibility, «,, ~ Is the slope of the void ratio-pressure curve when both are plotted on an arithmetic scale. e where, ¢3 = initial void ratio 2 = final void ratio. Py — Pi = rise in pressureCoefficient of Volume Compressi lity, my, + Time Factor, 7, = Is the volume decrease of a unit volume of soil per unit increase of effective pressure during compression. avy ay ete {gee My Tenor ea) WHET Cave = AT ap Note: If using e, wont give the answer, try eave. + Coefficient of Consolidation, C,, ~ Is the parameter used to describe the rate at which saturated clay or other soil undergoes consolidation, or compaction, when subjected to an increase in pressure. k Ty Yw where, k= coefficientof permeability oy Note: Cyiyieia) = ‘v(laboratory) ~ is the parameter used to find the consolidation coefficient with time taken for consolidation settlement in soil. - anon-dimensional number. 7 = ot "Ga? Where: ¢ = time corresponding to the degree of consolidation Hay = thickness of soil sample (one way or two way) U= degree of consolidation in % When0re (Rankine or Coulomb) ha > Rupe P + Cohesion | pee s + Water Pe = ~20 fhe Ds kersll Pe = Krell Pu = YH 1 eH Reap or pty y R=dpH Fy = pPw + Surcharge + Water ae Total Passive Moment, al Passive Moment Pa= kad = Kol 1 " Bee Ry = Fe Fy= Pall Total Active Force, Total Active Moment, R,=SF Relationships between k., Iéq, and ky: Ma =XFy Kea < Ko < KpFa and F, are the forces counteracting the force at the base which tendsto slide. Factor of Safety against Sliding tesisting Forces For granular backfill, FSs2 1.5 “Sliding Forces Forcohesive backfill, F's 2 2.0 Factor of Safety against Overturning Stabilizing Moment For granular backfill, FS, 2.1.5 Overturning Moment For cohesive backfill, FS, >2.0 FS FSo Force Fat the base of the wall consisting of friction and cohesion: F=)N-+c,B N=thenormalresction cy =base cohesion li=coefficient of friction 8 =base width of wall Commonly assumed values of 1 and c,, are as follows: tang > p> (2/3) tang O.5c > cy > 0.75¢ Pressure Distribution at Base of Wall Considering 1m length of wall Ry= 25 RyS=RM—OM Eccentricity, © Whene < B/6: z 12% 7 z P a5 ? my By B imax/eain me EPFOR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE LATERAL PRESSURES CALTECH: Using CANON-F789SGA syntax: M/3/2 x Y forces) | (distance) |* To get the totalforce, Fy x ona TA yt Teast the postion of force, y= =A + To get the total moment, My = J. X1 2| 6 a get the total moment, Mr = 3) & Yn ADDITIONAL NOTES: + Critical Depth, Her ~ tthe depth or point where lateral pressure is zero. + Tensile crack is purely active. + When considering critical depth, the total thrust forcels always after the tensile crack.Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls Due to Point-load Surcharge a) Due to Strip-Load Surcharge L [Stan | The lateral stress on the wallis: zentt az = FG — sing cos 2a) where: a = line load H= height of wall 1, stress (kPa or psf) A (0.16 +n?) point load = height of wall 7, = stress {kPa or psf] Due to a Line-load Surcharge jaa avenyen) Form > 0.4: . 4q__ mn N a CLES Form < 0. 0.2039 on Ho (0.16 +0?) To obtain the area, approximation is done by using trapezoidal rule or Simpson's one-third rule, ian Oe‘SLOPE STABILITY Angle of Internal Friction (Angle of Repose), 0 2 Types of Slope (according to construction) 1. Natural slope - People have no contribution to its existence. 2. Manmade Slope - People have contribution to its existence. Slope failure occurs when the force tending to cause rupture exceeds the resisting force. Classifications of slope failure: 1. Creep~ slow soil movement 2. Slide ~ rapid movement of intact or nearly intact soil masses. 3. Fall ~ rock or soll that detaches from a nearly vertical slope and descends mainly through air. 4. Mud flow — soft cohesive slope failure by lateral spreading. - the maximum slope for cuts in cohesionless (drained) sand. ‘Common causes of slope failure: 1. Gravitational slope 2. Force due to seepage of water 3. Erosion of slope surface due to flowing water 4, Sudden lowering of water adjacent toa slope 5. Forces due to earthquakes 2 Types of Slope (accordingto extent) 1, Infinite Slope —the slope is extending indefinitely. 2. Finite Slope~ slope with limited extent. FACTOR OF SAFETY + FSwithrespecttostrength: + FS withrespectto cohesion: t_ ctotang Fs,-£ FSe~ 7 cg totands “ + FSwith respect to friction: tan = *subscriptd developed Fi scape ‘subscript d means develops Relationship of FS, FS.and FSgi FS = FS, = FS,= FS5 When FS = 1, the slopeis at “impending failure”.FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING: 1. Purely Cohesive Slope - Depends solely on cohesion. Therefore, = 0. 2, Purely Frictional Slope +c=0, 3. Cohesive-frictional slope t=c+o' tan A. INFINITE SLOPES is used when a layer of firm soil or rock lies parallel to a thin layer of softer material and the potential slip surfaces are very long compared to their depth. Normal Stress: a= yHeos*p. Shear Stress: yHsinBcosB * Consider 1 m strip perpendicular tothe paper No pore water pressure (without si e___,tand yitcos™Btanp * tan IFFS, =1, H=critical depth, Hey ee 'y cos? B (tanfi — tang) Pag FS, Seepage is present on the soi c (sae = Mw) tan *S.— 7 Heos™BtenB *Yaastanfh Y= Unit weight of soil Y sat = Saturated unit weight of soil H = Height of soil above the interface of rock and soil B = Angle of backfill from horizontal p= Angle of friction Partially saturation on soil: = OsarH — Ywht) tan Yooeltcos*P tan” Yaqell taf where: h= depth of saturated soil from the water table F SsB. FINITE SLOPES| (Cullman’s Method) ~ generally the shape failure is a curved surface. Foundation Fy+k Fs,- foe (part of structure which transmits the buildingload directly into the underlying sol.) Fe=cA Fy = Ntand | shallow Foundation Deep Foundation se- 4 t Dj/B S25. = the ratio of the embedment Hema ET = such as Isolated footing, depth to the width, is D/B£2.5. Critical angle of slip plane Combined footing, and = such as Piles, Caisons, and Pier Bro, Mattor Raft footing foundation. Gor = = OTHER TERMINOLOGIES: EuiSoseseD Footing yH 4sinp cosbe fa ~ a foundation consisting of a small slab for transmitting the ya ‘Stability Number structure load to the underlying soil. Embedment depth, Dy ‘Stability Factor ale - the depth below the ground surface where the base of the foundation rests. Ultimate bearing cay cit, Jute ~ the maximum pressure that the soil can support.Ultimate net bearing capacity, Quieinct) | Three (3) Modes of Bearing Capacity Failure - the maximum pressure that the soil can support above its current overburden pressure. Allowable bearing capacity (Safe Bearing Capacity), du = the working pressure that would ensure a margin of safety against collapse of the structure from shear failure. Overburden Pressure, 7 ~ the pressure (effective stress) of the soil removed to place the footing. Factor of safety, FS + the ratio of the ultimate net bearing capacity to the allowable bearing capacity or the applied maximum vertical stress. Note: Bearing capacity failure occurs when the shear strength of failure exceeded. 1. General Shear Failure - a continuous failure surface develops between the edge of the footing and the heaving of ground surface. al 2. Local Shear Fail ~ a condition where significant compression of the soil occurs but only slight heave occurs at the ground surface. 3. Punching Shear Failure - occurs where there Is relatively high compression of the soil underlying the footing with neither heaving at the ground surface nor tilting of the foundation. an Punching Sher FreULTIMATE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY Assumptions: Pressure + Depth of foundationis less than or equal to its width, + No sliding occurs between foundationand soil + Soil beneath foundation is homogeneous semI-infinite mass + Mohr-Coulomb model for soil + General shear failure mode is the governing mode (but not the only mode) i ve + No soil consolidation occurs Ltn + Soll above bottom of foundation has no shear strength; is only a surcharge General Formula: load against the overturningload Gun =K. CN. +KyqNy+K, y'BN, —* APPlied load is compressive and applied vertically to the centroid of the eS Oe . foundation Strength due Steengthdue Strength due to +_Noapplied moments present where: “ne” Cawetorse feoteesinemion Uttimate Bearing Capacity — General Shear Failure y'= effective unit weight of the soil=Ysar—Yw + Strip Footing (Long or Continuous Footing): unit weight of sol either dry or moist) B=width of footing ute = C Ne+ q Nq + 0.5YB Ny factor for unit weight of soll + Square Footing: factorof sll cohesion IN, factor of overburden pressure ute = 1.3¢ Ne + q Nq + 0.4yB Ny = overburden pressure (effective stress) + Gireular Footing: K., Ky Ky= constants = uie = 1.3¢ Ne + q Nq + 0.3yB Ny+ Rectangular Footing: ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY ANF FACTOR OF SAFETY Que = ¢ Ne (0 + 2) +qNq +0.5yB Ny (1 - ) + Gross Allowable Bearing Capacity Mate an = + Not Allowable Bearing Capacity Guie(net) Gaunety = RE Auteenet) = Mute 4 For local shear fallure, the same equations will be use . ’ 3 from general shear failure only that the bearing capacity Modification of Bearing Capacity Equation due to the presence of Ground WaterTable factors( NN, Ng, and Ny) are modified this time. Thevalues of NV, Ng, and Ny are obtained fromatablo. | €ASEI:| | case2: | To summarize: Values ofk for differenttypes of footing The water table is located above The water table 's located at the bottom of the foundation _the bottom of the foundation a Circle 13 = 03 ‘Strip = = 0.5 teceter 228 — [oan °24) ww, y — a Note: If the problem does not mention about the position of the watertable, use q = Dy.[[EASES: | the watertableis located sothatd<8 [ADDITIONAL: * Gross Foundation Pressure - The stress experience by the footing due to applied load. ] + Net Foundation Pressure y - The stress experience by the footing due to applied loads above the base of footing. net = Igross — YDy + Effective Allowable Soil Pressure We =4a~Lyh GROSS ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY WITH FS WITH RESPECT TO SHEAR i c + Developed Cohesion, cg = + Developed Angle of friction, », — on (A)BRACING = is used when temporary trenches for water, sanitary, and other lines are opened in soil. = an excavation in which the active earth pressure from. ‘one bulkhead. The vertical faces of the cuts need to be protected by temporary bracing systems to avoid failure that may be ‘accompanied by considerable settlement or by bearing capacity failure of nearby foundations. = Is the soil removed from the excavation. It should be placed far enough from the edge of the cut so that they do not produce a surcharge lateral loading. Pressure Envelopeson Braced Cuts Braced Cuts in Sands Pe Pa = 0.65Ko YH where: y= unit weight of sand HT =Height of Cut sa Fale Hl om K,,=Rankine active | x pressure coefficient isang K, al. a= Find = Rik = effective friction angle of sand (alPeckspressuredogram —(b)chebotarof Braced Cuts in Clays + Soft-to-medium Clays J Da isthe larger of = aE cout or oe vil1=F5 and). py = 0.3yH zeit Pe+ Stiff Clays =X om Pa ANALYSIS OF STRUT REACTION Assumption in Braced Sheeting: Wes Pa =0.3yH It is assumed that the horizontal member (reactions of strut) are to be internally hinged at strut levels of the interior except for topmost and bottommost struts. mol BOT = simple a center ] Regt Rolf) ee inate Rs Re = Re = —| opt Be Rea) centres 7 + Layersof sandand clay ove = By latle + HH) nit weight of clay nit weight of sand eight of the sand layer teral earth pressure coefficient for the sand layer (= 1) fective angle of friction of sand inconfined compression strength of clay ! Cave = pyle Ke HP tand, +H —H,)n' au] I" where: H= total height of the cut PSRERS average velue of 0.75) Layers of clay Cave = 7 [Cilla + CoHe + Cals + CplHy] 1 ove = ltl + Yala + YsHs + Yaa) wher: r= undrained cohesion H,=thleknes ofthe ayer Sand «2 coefficient of progressive fallure (ranging from 0.5 to 1.0;Struts Reactions STEPS: 1. Draw the pressure envelope for the braced cut. Also, show the proposed strut levels. 2. Determine the reactions fro the simple cantilever beams and all simple beams between. 3. The strut loads may be calculated as: R= w(spacing 0.C.) Design of Wales wh? Atany strut, Mmax =~ 8 Section Modulus of wales: § = —““* all Usually, 0,1 = 170 x 10° kPaPILE CAPACITY (Static Pile Analysis) Cup + Ultimate Bearing Load of Pile pte * End-Bearing resistance of pile on sand Quy = Qev + Oss Qh =0'A, Ny “SANT + Allowable Bearing Capacity of Pile where: @'= effective vertical stress at the pile tip under critical depth 7, ‘Ay = area of pile tip Qauowante =“ eu 'N,q = bearing capacity factor (Meyerhof's factor) where: + Skin-friction resistance of pile on sand Qup = ultimate bearing load ofthe ple onnpak” aa aaestaieonsat meas . Oy = HP Ap aag “mas ep = skin-rietion resistance ofthe pile where: = coeff offrition b/w plle end sand P =perimeter of the ple section Since the soil is sand, ¢= 0 and Bis very small, therefore ‘Ap-aiag,~ area of pressure diagram From Que = € Ne-+qNq +0.5yB Ny 5 coef. of lateral pressure b/w ple and sand deb = uit = 9 Ng Area of Pressure Diagram Qj = F(pile surface) Soil Type De Qcq = Flperimeter x length) Loose Sand, 30 Opilediameter_| Se" — Qsp = Nean6 (perimeter x length) MediumDenseSand | _15 Opile diameter DenseSand | _20 pile diameter R but N=Kao’ Note: The pressure diagram is dependent on the critical depth (De)Coefficient of friction between Soil and Pi tan ‘Material 0.45 Concrete Pile 0.20 ‘Smoath Pile Coefficient of Lateral Pressure Pile Type Coeff. of Lateral Pressure (Ky) Bored Piles or Jetted =sing Tow Displacement Piles —sing to 14k, High Displacement Piles sing to 1.8k, + End-Bearing resistanceof pile on clay Qep = CAy Ne “CAN” cohesion Ap = area of pile tip N= bearing capacity factor (if no value given, used 9) + Skin-friction resistance of pile on clay (cc METHOD) Qsp=claP “CLAP” where: ¢ = cohesion L= length of pile @= adhesion factor or frictional constant = perimeter ofthe pile section where: * Skin friction resistance of pile on clay (8 METHOD) Qcy =BL om P “BLAP” where: B =skin factor Fornormally consolidated clay, f = (1—sing) tang For over-consolidated clay, f = (1 ~ sin) tan yOCR lenath of pile verage vertical ef, Pressure at mid-height of plein layer om P™ perimeter of the pile section + Skin-frietion resistance of pile on clay (2 METHOD) Qep = AL (Gm + 2c) P where: = effective frictional factor “clap” ADDITIONAL NOTES: + Cohesion that will be used for end-bearing capacity is at the end tip of the pile. ‘+ Ifthere are multiple layers of soil, just get the summation. + Fordriven piles: Adhesion factor (a) = 0, for the top 1.5 m down from the ground surface and one times diameter D, (diameter of shaft) above the bottom of the drilled shaft.} SH t Converse-Labarre Equation: Usually used for sand and gravel 9[Gn = 1)n + (x= 1)m) 90m Bowles Equation: (commonly used) Usually used for clay 2@n-+n—2)S-+4D mDmn Ey=1- D= diameter of the pile pacingof piles; centerto center = D/S; 8 =in degrees ULTIMATE CAPACITY. Method 1: Assuming piles in group act as a block Quite = Qn + Oy + Skin Resistance Qp = 2aCL(Ly + By) + Point Bearing Capacity Qp = CNe (Lg X By) Method 2: Assuming piles act individually Quit = (Qo+@r) x No. of Piles + Skin Resistance + Point Bearing Capacity Qy =cLaP Qp = Cy No