ATOMS

* homsora odel of am Atom;-[oR Wates model

[oR Plun- þudding m odel)

Acc to-HEis model of atun ,

Positive chare inte atm is Uni
formy disti bukd oven tee erstie
volurne.
Negative charge patices ahe
alb eee in 4ea atom a d
they aane avransed ike
e'seeds in a woatemelon
o paumps- in a puddig
resence af bot
Due to eu
+ve od-ve chayed þoticle
intea atom,tea atn is
electically meutal.
It could exþlain Sone chemical
eactenslubt some level)
rabacku/ imitatione ot Thonsos's Todel:
cas 1t could rot expBain large ngle catteing
of a- patiele, in Ruteford> eabeximent
cb st couldnot explan ta 0r'in op shectal ines
entted fron Haturn.
 Rtkeford's od- þaxticle gCatteine | bombonding
exþeiment Ret Geipe-anden Exeirment

Nucles
Gold(Au)
Atorn

* dpaticle =(Nucleus ot He-atm)

e

He)=
He-mucley
me
+2e =(+ 2 x1·6xIoc)]
CObservations) (Coneusion )
co ot ofa o- poticles) tum is mosty ernty
þaszed straiçlt Gron inside.
(iis Sorne d-þanticle it Presence of Some
devicted throug tve chayed batile
inside e tom.
iy An drhahde bounce i te whole e chasgeond
baek omd retraced marotee atom ig
Concenrated atthe cente
.TRis eion
is knoon a a Nucleus
 Exþressj
toTo on *
toocids
distamce stoþs
fromteTetrace
aprach() efinibon
of"s
Oistance
nomentaily(fora to -particle +2e
At nucles its
fom-e
KE= k* KE, U pais oentre of
þoint
when Closest
ka
2e is centÇ ofHee
KE
2kZe2 P
deehasttcetsohee
Rom
Cfrm knaor ee
vey +2e Approach.
Ze o
distonee of nuc o-
) small
COnveAtedohere
uclesles,thenþaticle
Distance 42e
of CTo)i
etracing
inh andthen time is
of
fatice it(a)
)
bornbaded
2x9xiox1xe'
SSXioev staxted), is clorest Atorn
(Au)
S
 ohemte
mucleu
d- *ioifeomce of
-pafide
fromtfe vector
centreof of ’
fromthe
usay
aturo faramete
Impactcb) cleanteat:
nucleyImþaet
tle Hhe Imþat þaticle The ) diarom,
fron
itistee
(OR)
a- pu
cot(O)
kze b= veloaty
distomce
oaticde fois
þaname is Nucteasize)
Estimaton of
payametea in
(K-¬) of
ohen fea(nucleuwj
is order
deides
it ìven b)
of +ve
does
as / fei
tei
colisien bela
trajectory 2kzecot (fm)ie
Nucles

wte Au-Nucleuy
op 10
4ve
 ci) * *Ruthefords
’(0 model op
(iv)
H-om
Tnitting
(Buteis
It
rom e fred shoulacceleaatig
d OnderceBhouldits clap kmuclewsLimi-tatens
tEe
chim could .'. ": It Tto OrndAtors
Omd Thee
e Concentrated.
Size e
oulAh
d e
Itcouldnot cen
fmorbit) i8 emit is Yeroluien
Slechetatic
necessay es almotle
o
as mot should a
evolving tre is
nodecreese
pen
explainke get E
acceleetinp e
Nuclewy atom
volve a of a
do, folleneta
o
clpatapedele fhithetords
exþlainRe aes tresernie
). collapie ave hound cohole isTis tum
(bcz because ohole
attsacten
Qtracen centri roun of
Contnuou is smll aton; an
it
reason a the srma ohee of
d
aroundþetal electrie
shoud IntoRe shirad order aes
stasility o ta a
betoeen regien ofsmal
shectum
discreteof in-tReir
serolre model nucleyfórcenucleuy.
ally
be nucley. þate 10m entire
of atorn
is
coytnuouy
and f
euiredis neutral
knao region
is+ve
atoato atr ucley
þrovided achaye at
te Nucley.
 Ztachioy
Örbits
(3) Ouantizatien
Condition(20 Concept:
Nuçlean()
’By
enet OTbitjum þa
oute electron Grregion
od *
witeous of þrovided
eletron
nucles Gnd is
Electns
Centriþetal oncen
a 0aemtically Bohr'
releaeytat
osbit Cmdbsossng
it aThe tee
att
form hen Te revolvi trtedTisentire 0ode
radiatig anulon its
into
it orbit rmuttile
irteral ng oree evo
inn outenesy
int y Lre Centre,
jumps e In
o
in seyiredor þositive om
obit, eneyy(emoares 0nentum
is eletastets
attsacon
betoeen alound Sryal an
fm ohich ohere, atorn,
wheeAtoroBohry
þhoton hae
Cm epieen
t
B=ne TerDUct
o euy ofthe tae
eleotnPlamcky is
mastyee
Constamt -
t+t 6. l,2 knaon
En tien
63 3, Gnde atorm sTl is
isa
Postulates:
)
is
eroves X\0Ts. 4, ot
ayohole
kn 'N es
UcLEUs?. is
Ermeae mecesgasy STOl
man
---The feueny af e-moare photn emited
oher om electon jursps rom outer orbit ( Hiehe
Eneyy stek) to innes oybitl lowen Enepy stee)
is ghien byi

Lohere En. eneyy of e in outea ohit

ine os bit

O3oHg's THEORY of"H- atom

e
(as Kadiu of n orbit:
when an e- erolves mol
ahound a mucleus in
circule patl -thienee
necessay centsi þetel tze
force reiredfor erolutien
e is frovided by
ofelectstetic atracon befee
Ducley < e

Kx ,

T k e. ze

mu kze

kzze
 Noo,
orbit
Bohrs by
of kze.kze T
Radiue Bohr>
H-atum 21
mor
= uantizaten
Y 21
is
whee,
)x(6"63a16) non iom Li (2m m/nh
1be tomn,z=1
-He- H-
in) (2
)- n:
no.of
osbit 9
ay 2 ly
adlus Z= n princi Conditien
253,--
Cg).
Radius
Bohnr'y
2
a þal
innemast quantum (of'L'):.
0-S3m2

numbe
3)
 Clue: Que

u ot?tesms ThenTadiuyI4afH-atonfor G And

8.4 8A 1
radius
O-S3xI6
0S3x36 find
radiy of

h
af orbit
t
orbit 6f
G H-atom
fr
of 2.8 26A
Li 3
H-ato
ion Lion.
in A
 cbT
for
|n )
1G217,
ze'l.c k But/Alo,
/nh2 mr
But L Velocit
By
H-
a
134 atorn,
Zohere, (21T Bohr'y
m) L
2-f5-m
fn2h f
in Z k revolving
st ze' Quntzahon
t 1 4Tkze'-m 42kzel-m
nh
of
ee-
d(21 (2nkey -(4) in
ch
codien
nobit
ke1
= Nucley
Constantfine
op
C
=(speedohee, -

g
structe
 e(7erolving) orbiti

Eneyy of e = kE + P.E:

ze)+ kee)Aze

kze2

(- kze2

But nh2
(4kzelme) E, -13-6 ev
Ekze
2
E,-B)ev
2
2

-3. 4ev
-I kzex 4kzem

3
-lsLev

2k2e 4 )ev
>-0-QS ev

= -(13+6ev) xz3
n2
2-0-54ev

for H- atom, z=),

2-0-34 eV
En,a13-6)ev
se Reletionshi b bestoeo KE, PE, GndTe CE,)
knottot
KEyU
KE,?
-kze2
|PE,
md © euation :
rt is clean from
P E 2KE n
PE, 22xTE,Te,-Ke,

eney
eneyyf H-ctorn
H-tom i -!3-6ev.
Ce 1f Ground stae
3rd exided state
a ind KE f e in
cb)
eated stete to ground atecte.
3ra excited
(c) 1f e jumps fom 3d
& . e mited 9
Find tee eneyy of em.
Ana ke, -(T¬,)=-Co-8s )>to- 0sey
bT PE 2x(T¬) 2x<0:37)ev Breite Stant
=-044eV .State m
nelemed= (E- E,) qround
oand tat
-(-o-95)- (-136)
 >
hf enegyArtened o state)
is(Highen
eneyy
stet)
to fromwhen
inneh
t-48) = releayed
a
2kz photur teen arn Rydbeg
fon
)-(2k°z'e2e'smt
inm orbit an
e
outer
ch3 ofintee e
em Loe jumpsformula i
neleed cwaformenegy orbit
eneyy

is
Lohee nh
2k'2'2em given
Grnd

R= y
=
-Rydseycot 2
k'ze4
wawe E- (e

no. hf) hf
phot
Eoawe
m
 Uze of Rydbep formulai; à 9-Rln n
eroilted
ci) To nd ovelente of er
eohen an e jumps rom outea odit toi e odit.
&m are ersited by uing

EmcSaNe eni4ed

E= hf (he)
þechral Zeie, of H-atom : tPesqHe
oben nn ele cton does
tromsiien from any eroudea
L BhLmek
0rbit to any innen orsit,ten AN 3n
San

eahefoltooing sfeatal
obtamedi
(a),Lyrmamn eries:
foeia fump
seies an e-
e rom ay outea ott
into Ist Cround stete).

This seien ies in (belorgs to) Ultravio let epion.

(b) Balme seies
(C) faschen Seres: fs on tee neat
d) Brackett Seies: Ea_lanation haye.
e) P-furd Seiea
(yine) m[MS2nd meMBERIst SPETRAL RyDBERG Jurps e JUPs e
inR-
e ) Line)
Cd- REGION foRMUA
[NTO fROm sERI8S

n3
foom t foom REGION
U.v. LYmANN

n SERIEs

2
to

n=3frorto BALmR
R&GtON
SPECTRAL
SERIES
SERIES

fomn to
S PAsHN
INFRA-
NSAR
REGION"
R&D
n,3 SERIS

H-ton of
fom BRACKETS
ID-INFRA
REGION
RED -
SIRI8

INFRA
eAR-ReD
foorn
fuNp-
REG N
O SERI
n

6
to
 Enes Aerel iagromy of H-atorg"
U diayrorn in ohich the enengy/ies
3of diferent orbitaof Hraton area represented
borizontl lines Cby choosng sitable scale
ventical ihe).
BRAkert p-fUND

-037 n=6
-0S
FAA -R

1-Slev Nean Infa

Red Ray
tsible Pag
-3-4ev

LymAN
SRI&
En

-6ev

U:v-Radia ons
-136evYAY
 LimTATION OF BOHR' THepRy"
circulas orits
1t couldnot exploin ohy only
are taken (even cohen ellibtial oitt ae
adso þossile)
for Hyrogs
(iis This leony is only appiaallesingle
Hydgen ike atons ie e ators or ions)
ií it could not explain or tell angaing) about
LOae note f e.
-electon' oavy
påt

civ) 1t Could not exblain Stak Eeet. in E.

E
Stank Effect -’ splHbng f spetiaf ines
Shiin
stecheal 'ne

It coud not eplain Zeemàn

Zeernan &fect sþttiyf speotal tinesin
about t e intensity
any idea
(vi) It could mot pive abot frenuensy
of shectral line: 1t only tels
of sheatral ines
 +f Exeitation which is Tegubed
The eneg e-frorn to
Ene exte Om roud state
excited tate
to any otos
Eaarnple :
Lst bcitaten Eney Ept En En,
-3-4-(-13-6)

t10:2 ev
n 3rd -excitton EnesY
= E-E,
Go:s) (-3-6)
+12Sev

potentil
+ fExcitetion fottial’The which is requeA
to eite an electon mit
aund state, to ay oten exited
Stete.
Scorsple:
Ast lo-2ev
cittior) V, = (E,-&)-
(botentil e
tlo"2V

2md Eecitetien V, =(Er)

potetil
12-0geV
e
=+12- 09V

A (Lonisahen Eneyy) 4 (Loniseten þotentia)

Loicl is reyired -The botential ohich is

Theene°e
to kyock comþletely
frn its jround state.
Lonisho, Enegy= fao
oeyired to r move ( knock out)
C
8roundcombletely
e
ctate, fm its
E, ’toniggtion potetial= (EaEi )
0-36)
=+136 V