CHAPTER 2

BODY MIND RELATIONSHIP-MODULATION

PROCESS IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Textbook of Psychology
(For nursing and allied health sciences)
Authors
Maheshwari & Amanpreet
Prepared by: Meenakshi Soni

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 Learning objectives
• Explain body mind • Explain psychology of
relationship modulation Sensations and sensory
process in health and processes
illness. • Discuss role of muscle and
• Discuss genetics and glands in controls of
behavior behaviour
• Elaborate Nervous System,
Neurons and synapse

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 Chapter outline

• Body mind relationship; • Psychology of sensation

modulation process in • Muscular and glandular
health and illness. control of behavior
• Genetics and behavior; • Nature of behavior of an
heredity and environment organism/ integrated
• Brain and behavior; nervous response
system, neurons and
synapse.
• Association cortex; right &
left hemispheres

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Factors influences the functioning of
human body

Developme
nt and
maturation
Environme
Infection
nt factors.
factors
influences
the
functioning
Trauma of human Mutation
body

Disease Nutrition

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 Body/Mind relationship
Effects of Mind/Mental Functions on Body Effects of Body and Physical Processes on
Mind
• Motivation leads to many physical • Physical fatigue affects our mood and
activities. reduces our motivation, interest,
concentration, etc.
• Unconscious motivation and conflicts give
rise to many physical complaints and • Hyperthyroidism leads to restless mental
neurotic disorders like conversion hysteria, activities and at times over excitability.
neurasthenia, and other physical problems
like peptic ulcer, colitis, etc. • Hypothyroidism leads to lethargy and low
intelligence (cretinism).
• Emotions lead to many physical changes
like increased BP, respiration, sweating, • Constipation causes irritability and
muscular tensions, etc. depression.

• Unpleasant emotions such as worry, fear, • Increase in blood pressure leads to mental
anger, jealousy cause insomnia, headache, over activity, irritability, tension, etc.
dysentery, indigestion, lack of appetite, etc.
• Deep thinking and anxiety lead to physical
fatigue.
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 Laws of behavior genetic

All human behavioural traits are heritable. (that is, they are affected to
some degree of genetic variation).

The effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than effect of
genes.

A substantial portion of the variation in complex human behavioural

traits is not accounted for by the effects of gens or families

A typical human behavioural trait is associated with very many genetic

variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the
behavioural variability.

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The individual is a paycho-biological organism emerged out of the

interaction of heredity and environment .

The genotype
It refers to the genetic
make-up of the individual
inherited from the parents.
It refers to the genetic The phenotype
potentiality that the It refers to the observed
individual has. characteristics of the individual

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Principles of heredity: How heredity
operates

Like tends to produce like

Principles of Variance
Principles of convergence of two life streams
Principles of chances
Principles of dominant and recessive traits

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 Environment
The term ‘Environment’ refers to such factors in and
around the individuals which stimulates the individuals
and bring about changes in the individual physically
and psychologically.

Internal Environment It
refers to the prenatal External environment
environment
It involves immense variety
of physical and social
contacts

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BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR; NERVOUS
SYSTEM, NEURONS AND SYNAPSE

The entire behavior is managed and controlled

by the co-ordination and functioning of
nervous system. How human being will behave
in a particular situation depends upon the
judgment of our brain

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Parts of the Brain

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 Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain, and responsible
for most of the brain's function. It is divided into four sections

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 Cerebellum

This is referred as "the little brain," and controls

essential body functions such as balance,
posture and coordination, allowing humans to
move properly and maintain their structure

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 Limbic System

• The limbic system contains glands which help

relay emotions. Many hormonal responses
that the body generates are initiated in this
area. The limbic system includes the
amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and
thalamus.

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 Brain Stem

• All basic life functions originate in the brain

stem, including heartbeat, blood pressure and
breathing. In humans, this area contains the
medulla, midbrain and pons.

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 Neurons
The neuron is the basic building block of the brain and
central nervous system. Neurons are the specialized
cells that transmit chemical and electrical signals

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 Neurotransmitters

• Neurotransmitters are the endogenous

chemicals that transmit signals across
a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to
another 'target' neuron
• Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping
everyday life and functions.
• More than 100 chemical messengers have
been identified

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 Chemical Classification of
Neurotransmitters

Monoamines
Amino acids dopamine (DA), nor- Trace amines
epinephrine (nor-
glutamate aspartate, D- phenethylamine N-
adrenaline;
serine, γ-aminobutyric methylphenethylamine
NE,NA), epinephrine (ad
acid (GABA), glycine tyramine.
renaline), histamine, sero
tonin (SER, 5-HT)

Peptides
Gasotransmitters
somatostatin, substance Others
nitric oxide (NO), carbon
P, cocaine and acetylcholine(ACh), aden
monoxide (CO), hydrogen
amphetamine, opioid osine, anandamide, etc
sulfide (H2S)
peptides

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 ASSOCIATION CORTEX

These are the parts of the cerebral cortex that

receive inputs from multiple areas; association
areas integrate incoming sensory information,
and also form connections between sensory and
motor areas.

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Function of cortical association
Integration of body
of functions.
Involved in planning
motor functions Recognition of
and the modulation shape, form,
of sensory textures of objects.
impulses.
Function of
cortical
association
Awareness of body
Regulate the image and
recognition and relationships of
comprehension of body parts to each
language symbols. other and their
Regulate the location
conscious
awareness of body
scheme, physical
being.

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Brain hemispheres

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 PSYCHOLOGY OF SENSATION
Receptors
Convert mechanical signals into electrical signals

Nerve fibers
Conveys the sensations from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

Spinal Pathways
They transmit signals from spinal cord to Thalamus

Sensory cortex
Information is decoded. and Interpretated

Sensation

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 MUSCULAR AND GLANDULAR
CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR
Skeletal muscles

• As the name implies skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and enables
body movement. It is normally under voluntary (conscious) control.

Cardiac muscle

• It is the muscle of heart and is responsible for pumping the blood. It is under
involuntary control

Smooth muscles

• The smooth muscles form the walls of hollow organs (except heart) and also
found in the skin and the eyes. These are responsible for a number of
functions such as movement of food through the digestive tract and
emptying of the urinary bladder. These are controlled involuntarily

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 Glands

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 NATURE OF BEHAVIOUR OF AN ORGANISM
(INTEGRATED RESPONSES)

The individual is both a body and a mind. It is

psycho-physical organisms whose life is an
integrated unity of mental and badly activity.
EXAMPLE
• Anxiety and fear upset the digestive system and
may lead of headache, palpitation and physical
weakness.
• Bodily fatigue causes mental fatigue and when
we are tired of reading we are not inclined to do
any manual work either.
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 CHAPTER SUMMARY

• Body and mind has dual relationship. Both affects each

other equally.
• A neuron basic unit of nervous system, has a nucleus, a
cell body and a cell membrane to enclose the whole
cell.
• Cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres.
Both hemispheres connected by corpus callosum.
• Behavioral genetic is a branch of Psychology that
attempts to allocate and explain genetic and
environmental contributions to human (and animal)
behaviour. (Behaviour Genetics Association).

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