1.
Definition of an Integral
An integral represents the accumulation of quantities and can be thought of as the area
under a curve defined by a function. In calculus, there are two main types of integrals:
● Definite Integral: Represents the net area under the curve of a function between two
limits.
● Indefinite Integral: Represents a family of functions whose derivative is the
integrand.
2. Notation
● The integral sign is denoted by ∫\int∫.
● The function to be integrated is called the integrand (e.g., f(x)f(x)f(x)).
● The limits of integration for a definite integral are shown as subscripts and
superscripts (e.g., ∫abf(x) dx\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx∫abf(x)dx).
● dxdxdx indicates the variable of integration.
3. Basic Formulas
● Indefinite Integral:
∫f(x) dx=F(x)+C\int f(x) \, dx = F(x) + C∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C
where F(x)F(x)F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)f(x)f(x) and CCC is the constant of
integration.
● Definite Integral:
∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
where FFF is an antiderivative of fff.
4. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects differentiation and integration:
● Part 1: If FFF is an antiderivative of fff on an interval [a,b][a, b][a,b], then:
∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
● Part 2: If fff is continuous on [a,b][a, b][a,b], then the function F(x)=∫axf(t) dtF(x) =
\int_{a}^{x} f(t) \, dtF(x)=∫axf(t)dt is differentiable, and F′(x)=f(x)F'(x) = f(x)F′(x)=f(x).
5. Basic Integration Rules
● Power Rule:
∫xn dx=xn+1n+1+C(n≠−1)\int x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C \quad (n \neq
-1)∫xndx=n+1xn+1+C(n=−1)
● Constant Multiple Rule:
∫k⋅f(x) dx=k⋅∫f(x) dx\int k \cdot f(x) \, dx = k \cdot \int f(x) \, dx∫k⋅f(x)dx=k⋅∫f(x)dx
● Sum Rule:
∫(f(x)+g(x)) dx=∫f(x) dx+∫g(x) dx\int (f(x) + g(x)) \, dx = \int f(x) \, dx + \int g(x) \,
dx∫(f(x)+g(x))dx=∫f(x)dx+∫g(x)dx
6. Common Integrals
● ∫1 dx=x+C\int 1 \, dx = x + C∫1dx=x+C
● ∫ex dx=ex+C\int e^x \, dx = e^x + C∫exdx=ex+C
● ∫sin(x) dx=−cos(x)+C\int \sin(x) \, dx = -\cos(x) + C∫sin(x)dx=−cos(x)+C
● ∫cos(x) dx=sin(x)+C\int \cos(x) \, dx = \sin(x) + C∫cos(x)dx=sin(x)+C
● ∫sec2(x) dx=tan(x)+C\int \sec^2(x) \, dx = \tan(x) + C∫sec2(x)dx=tan(x)+C
7. Applications of Integrals
● Area: Calculate the area under a curve.
● Volume: Used in methods like disk and washer to find volumes of solids of
revolution.
● Physics: Calculate quantities such as distance, work, and mass.
8. Techniques of Integration
● Substitution: Used for integrals involving composite functions.
● Integration by Parts: Based on the product rule for differentiation.
● Partial Fractions: Decomposing rational functions into simpler fractions.
