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Bridge Load Testing as Per IRC SP 51

Article · May 2022

DOI: 10.22214/ijraset.2022.43367

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10 V May 2022
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue V May 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Bridge Load Testing as Per IRC SP 51

Prof. Ravindra N. Patil1, Harsh N. Mahale2, Vrushali R. Bagul3, Megha L. Badade4
1
Assistant professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Sandip Institute Of Engineering And Management, Nashik
2, 3, 4
BE Civil, Department Of Civil Engineering, Sandip Institute Of Engineering And Management, Nashik

Abstract: Bridge load testing is popular means of demonstrating bridge’s capability to carry safely design loads. It is commonly
used to determine the issues which cannot be resolved by only visual inspection or analysis.
This paper deals with the study of load testing of major Bridge on River of 17.20 meter span Between Pier P5 and Pier P6. Under
this project bridge was loaded with vehicular loading and tested for design load. Deflection of bridge is measured by dial gauges
and recorded for bridge analysis. This study consists preparation of load test on bridge for deflection load as per IRC SP
51(2015) and how load testing is carried out by visual inspection, by applying vehicular loading or dynamic loading , its
behaviour under loading and unloading conditons, behavior of bridge under the different temperatures to check how bridge is
going to behave under weather conditions , maximum permissible deflection of girders , total deflection of girders, total recovery
and percentage recovery of deflections after removal of load and comparison between theoretical deflections and actual
deflections to find out testing bridge capability and its structural integrity.
Keywords: Bridge Load Test, Dial Gauge, vehicles, Loading, Unloading, Deflection, Design load, Temperature effect,
Temperature correction, Total recovery, Total Deflection, Theoretical Deflection, Percentage recovery.

I. INTRODUCTION
Load testing is mainly used for assessing the flexural capacity of bridge. It is used to assess the condition and safety of bridge. The
situations in which the testing is carried out if there is excessive creep deflection, materials defect, structural detoriation,
uncertainities in current built in conditions , bomb or fire damage, or structural strength unknown. The load testing is used to check
whether maximum deflection and percentage recovery are within permissible limits or not. If the bridge fails to meet the criteria, the
bridge is no longer used.

Fig 1: - Bridge Load Testing

II. OBJECTIVES OF LOAD TESTING

The overall goal of conducting load tests on the Bridge is to :
1) Quantify its response to various loading conditions.
2) Measuring roadway-surface deflections due to various live loads.
3) Deriving stresses from measured deflections via analytical models, and comparing analytical results with design standard.
4) Testing may be carried out to assist the design in the following circumstances:
a) Where adequate analysis models are not available
b) Where large number of similar components are used
c) To check assumptions made in the design

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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III. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

Deflections, Inclinations and Strains are measured with following instruments.

a) Dial gauges, with least count of 0.01 mm

Fig.2 : - Dial Gauge

b) Strain gauge and measuring system, with load-count of 1 micro strain

Fig.3 : - Strain gauge

c) Inclinometer, with least count 0.1o

Fig.4 : - Inclinometer

d) Precision digital leveling instrument with bar coded staff., with least count 0.1 mm

Fig 5 : - Data Acquisition system

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3760
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue V May 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

e) Thermometers, Digital or Analogue with least count of 0.5°C .

Fig.6 : - Digital Thermometer

IV. PROCEDURE OF LOAD TESTING

1) The test was carried out as per IRC SP 51 -2015 ( IRC – Indian Road Congress Special Publication)
2) Instruments assembled at desired location such as, Dial Gauge , Strain Gauges , Digital Thermometer , Data Acquisition
System.
3) Visual inspection of bridge is done. In Visual Inspection, Bearing and expansion joints were checked. Both must be in their
functional and working condition. The traffic was closed for further testing and whitewash is applied to the superstructure for
monitoring of cracks.
4) Dial Gauges were placed on magnetic stands. They were placed firm on scaffolding platforms with steel plates , so that
magnetic stands are firmly located. Dial gauges were mounted just by touching the soffit of structure.
5) Glass plate of size 50x50x5mm shall be fixed to structure at location of Dial Gauges For Positioning.
6) Before Loading The precautions should be taken:
a) All staging provided shall be stable and safe.
b) Staging for instruments and observers shall be independent.
c) Staging for instruments shall be rigid.

7) As per IRC SP 51, Loading Operation Stages from 0% , 25% , 50% , 75% , 100% of test load in 5 stages , which shall be
completed in 4 hrs. At the starting of Bridge load test 25% of load on bridge is taken, out of total 120MT which is 30MT, then
50% then 75% then 100%. We had to increment the load at the interval of every 1 hr. during this the deflection were recorded at
each stage of loading.
8) After completing loading, we had to keep it retained for 24 hrs and observe.
9) After 24 hrs, Structure shall be unloaded at same stage of loading i.e. 100% , 75% , 50% , 25% , 0% ,But unloading shall be
done in same way of loading , load shall be removed at 1 hr of interval from 100% to 75% to 50% , as well as deflection is
rewarded at each stage.
10) Measurements were recorded at every hour of loading and unloading.
11) Data was collected by visual observation before and after loading and there will be interpretation of results.

V. DATA COLLECTION
A. Visual Inspection
In visual inspection test , all visual defects were measured, mapped, and plotted. Bearings were checked. Bearing were ensured for
their functional condition. Expansion joints were in working condition. Expansion joints gaps shall be ensured through their
functional condition. The traffic was closed. All the vegetations on site was removed .Then whitewash was applied to the soffit of
superstructure for better monitoring of cracks. Digital caliper was used for measurement of cracks.

Fig.7 : - Digital Caliper

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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B. Temprature Correction
The temperature readings are taken without applying the load . at every one hour of interval temperature readings are noted and how
much deflection is caused due to temperature is noted.
TABLE I
Initial Loading, Dial Gauge Reading (Load 0.00 MT ) for 24.00 hr

Load: 0.00 MT for 24 Hrs.

Dial Gauge Reading

(in mm)
Duratio
Sr. Loadin Temp. On On On On
Date Time n in On
No g oC Girder- Girder- Girder- Girder-
Hours Girder-I
II III (DG- IV V
(DG-1)
(DG-2) 3) (DG-4) (DG-5)
1 24/11/21 08:00PM 0 26.1 3.156 5.29 4.60 4.85 8.50
2 24/11/21 09:00PM 1 25.5 3.57 5.33 4.67 4.90 8.50
3 24/11/21 10:00PM 2 24.7 3.57 5.35 4.71 4.90 8.46
4 24/11/21 11:00PM 3 24.5 3.59 5.40 4.74 4.98 8.5
5 25/11/21 12:00 AM 4 24.4 3.60 5.45 4.77 5.05 8.52
6 25/11/21 1:00 AM 5 23.8 3.62 5.45 4.81 5.06 8.54
7 25/11/21 2:00 AM 6 23.8 3.63 3.47 4.93 5.11 8.54
8 25/11/21 3:00 AM 7 23.9 3.66 5.49 4.98 5.14 8.50
9 25/11/21 4:00 AM 8 22.3 3.65 5.51 5.01 5.15 8.50
10 25/11/21 5:00 AM 9 22.9 3.67 5.60 5.08 5.17 8.50
11 25/11/21 6:00 AM 10 22.9 3.67 5.61 5.14 5.18 8.50
12 25/11/21 5:00 AM 11 23.5 3.66 5.69 5.18 5.23 8.54
13 25/11/21 6:00 AM 12 27.4 3.87 5.76 5.22 5.19 8.62
14 25/11/21 7:00 AM 13 30.9 4.34 5.95 5.25 5.20 8.70
15 25/11/21 8:00 AM 14 30.6 4.12 5.59 5.28 5.11 8.67
16 25/11/21 9:00 AM 0.00M 15 31.10 3.96 5.45 5.31 5.01 7.95
17 25/11/21 10:00 AM T 16 32.45 3.96 5.46 5.35 4.83 7.68
Dial Gauge Reading
(in mm)
Duratio
Sr. Temp. On On On On
Date Time n in On
No oC Girder- Girder- Girder- Girder-
Hours Girder-I
II III (DG- IV V
(DG-1)
(DG-2) 3) (DG-4) (DG-5)
18 25/11/21 11:00 AM 17 32.64 3.74 5.23 5.41 4.68 7.67
19 25/11/21 12:00 PM 18 32.79 3.68 5.10 5.43 4.47 7.62
20 25/11/21 1:00 PM 19 33.08 3.60 4.90 5.49 4.43 7.60
21 25/11/21 2:00 PM 20 30.50 3.50 4.86 5.51 4.43 7.62
22 25/11/21 3:00 PM 21 29.1 3.44 4.86 5.57 4.41 7.45
23 25/11/21 4:00 PM 22 27.4 3.31 4.90 5.60 4.48 7.38
24 25/11/21 5:00 PM 23 25.7 3.30 4.92 5.62 4.47 7.37

25 25/11/21 6:00 PM 24 23.6 3.21 4.92 5.67 4.48 7.24

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue V May 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

C. Initial Stage of Loading

After taking temperature reading, the load is applied on bridge in 5 stages. Starting from 0%, the load is applied at every one hour of
interval upto 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%.

TABLE II
Initial Loading, Dial Gauge Reading (Load 0.00 MT to 120.00MT)
Load: 0% (0.00 MT) to100 % (120MT), for 24 Hrs.
Dial Gauge Reading(in mm)
On On
Sr Duration Temp. On On On
Date Time Load Girder- Girder-
No. (Hrs) (oC) Girder-I Girder-II Girder-
IV (DG- V
(DG-1) (DG-2) III(DG-3)
4) (DG-5)
1 25/11/21 7:00PM 0 27.1 00 MT 3.21 4.92 5.67 4.48 7.24
2 25/11/21 8:00PM 1 27.1 30 MT 3.70 5.10 5.76 4.99 7.50
3 25/11/21 9:00PM 2 28.8 60 MT 3.90 5.75 5.88 5.25 7.70
4 25/11/21 10:00PM 3 28.8 90 MT 4.10 6.10 5.98 5.99 7.99
5 25/11/21 11:00PM 4 30.1 120 MT 4.530 6.810 6.01 6.44 8.45

D. 24 hour Retention of Load (100%)

After Initial stage of loading, the loading is retained for 24 hours. Again, the readings are taken at every 1 hour of interval for 24
hours while retaining the load.
TABLE III
100% Loading Dial Gauge Reading (Load 120.00MT) for 0.00hr. to 24.00hr
Load: 100 % (120MT), for 24 Hrs.
Dial Gauge reading (in mm)
Duratio Temper On On On On Girder-
Sr Loadin On
Date Time n ature Girder- Girder- Girder- V (DG-5)
No. g Girder-I
(Hrs) (oC) II III IV
(DG-1)
(DG-2) (DG-3) (DG-4)

1 25/11/21 11:00PM 0 min 30.1 4.530 6.810 6.040 6.440 8.450

2 26/11/21 12:00AM 1 hr 31.8 4.535 6.810 6.980 6.445 8.500

3 26/11/21 1:00AM 2 hr 32.4 4.405 6.795 6.105 6.495 8.500

4 26/11/21 2:00AM 3 hr 32.9 4.430 6.870 6.110 6.510 8.510

120.00
5 26/11/21 3:00AM 4 hr 33.1 4.335 6.825 6.111 6.800 8.510
MT
Dial Gauge reading (in mm)
Duratio Temper
Sr
Date Time n ature On On On On On Girder-
No.
(Hrs) (oC) Girder-I Girder-I Girder-I Girder-I I
(DG-1) (DG-1) (DG-1) (DG-1) (DG-1)

6 26/11/21 4:00AM 5 hr 32.4 4.310 6.819 6.143 6.750 8.480

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3763
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue V May 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

7 26/11/21 5:00AM 6 hr 30.9 4.270 6.815 6.165 6.725 6.410

8 26/11/21 6:00AM 7 hr 29.6 4.215 6.810 6.188 6.710 8.340

9 26/11/21 7:00AM 8 hr 28.7 4.195 6.805 6.199 6.695 8.325

10 26/11/21 8:00AM 9 hr 28.6 4.105 6.800 6.200 6.675 8.310

11 26/11/21 9:00AM 10 hr 27.8 4.090 6.790 6.204 6.550 8.310

12 26/11/21 10:00AM 11 hr 26.4 4.090 6.785 6.245 6.535 8.285
13 26/11/21 11:00AM 12 hr 25.8 4.085 6.785 6.275 6.530 8.285
14 26/11/21 12:00PM 13 hr 25.2 4.070 6.710 6.298 6.530 8.270
15 26/11/21 1:00PM 14 hr 23.9 4.010 6.380 6.300 6.490 8.260
16 26/11/21 2:00PM 15 hr 23.8 4.010 6.340 6.335 6.485 8.260
17 26/11/21 3:00PM 16 hr 23.6 4.00 6.335 6.375 6.480 8.255
18 26/11/21 4:00PM 17 hr 22.8 4.00 6.335 6.388 6.475 8.255
19 26/11/21 5:00PM 18 hr 22.3 4.120 6.348 6.400 6.480 8.320
20 26/11/21 6:00PM 19 hr 22.9 4.165 6.450 6.445 6.310 8.445
21 26/11/21 7:00PM 20 hr 32.5 4.180 6.510 6.498 6.350 8.450
22 26/11/21 8:00PM 21 hr 25.4 4.210 6.530 6.500 6.340 8.450
23 26/11/21 9:00PM 22 hr 26.0 4.280 6.530 6.550 6.400 8.510
24 26/11/21 10:00PM 23 hr 25.6 4.280 6.530 6.600 6.490 8.530
25 26/11/21 11:00PM 24 hr 25.2 4.310 6.610 6.700 6.530 8.580

E. Initial Stage of Unloading

After 24 hours of loading, the structure shall be unloaded as same 5 stages. Starting from 100%, the bridge is unloaded at every 1
hour of interval upto 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 0%.
TABLE IV
Initial Unloading, Dial Gauge Reading (Load 120.00 MT to 0.00MT)
Dial Gauge readingin
(mm)
Sr Duration Temp On On On On On
Date Time Load
No. (Hrs.) (0C) Girder-I Girder-II Girder- Girder- Girder-
(DG-1) (DG-2) III(DG-3) IV (DG- V (DG-
in mm in mm in mm 4) 5)
1 26/11/21 11:20PM 0Min 28 100 4.310 6.610 6.700 6.530 8.580
2 27/11/21 12:20AM 1 Hr 28 75 3.930 5.830 6.000 6.230 4.100
3 27/11/21 01:20AM 2 Hr 28.2 50 4.120 5.770 5.980 5.410 8.220
4 27/11/21 02:50AM 3 Hr 28.3 25 4.010 5.710 5.960 5.150 7.900
5 27/11/21 03:50AM 4 Hr 28.5 0 3.990 5.620 5.950 4.905 7.790

F. 24 Hour Retention of Load (0%)

After removal of load , once more the deflections are measured at every 1 hour of interval for 24 hours.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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TABLE V
0% Unloading Dial Gauge Reading (Load 00.00MT) for 0.00hr. to 24.00hr
Load: 0 % (0 MT), for 24 Hrs.
Dial Gauge reading
(mm)
Sr No. Loading Date Time Duration Temperature On On
On Girder-I On Girder- On Girder-
Girder-IV Girder-V
(DG-1) II (DG-2) III (DG-3)
(DG-4) (DG-5)
1 27/11/21 3:20AM 0 min 29.20 3.990 5.620 5.900 4.905 7.790
2 27/11/21 4:20AM 1 hr 31.40 3.995 5.620 5.875 4.915 7.805
3 27/11/21 5:20AM 2 hr 31.60 3.995 5.620 5.845 4.920 7.880
4 27/11/21 6:20AM 3 hr 26.00 4.105 5.690 5.810 5.105 7.915
5 27/11/21 7:20AM 4 hr 24.20 4.125 5.720 5.795 5.135 7.935
6 27/11/21 8:20AM 5 hr 23.10 4.135 5.745 5.775 5.175 7.965
7 27/11/21 9:20AM 6 hr 23.00 4.215 5.805 5.755 5.351 8.015
8 27/11/21 10:20AM 7 hr 21.20 4.310 5.910 5.715 5.910 8.650
9 27/11/21 11:20AM 8 hr 20.10 4.310 5.915 5.700 5.915 8.650
10 27/11/21 12:20PM 9 hr 20.10 4.310 5.915 5.675 5.780 8.780
11 27/11/21 1:20PM 10 hr 20.00 4.310 5.915 5.655 5.600 8.915
12 27/11/21 2:20PM 11 hr 17.34 3.680 5.920 5.635 5.410 8.915
13 0.00MT 27/11/21 3:20PM 12 hr 16.60 3.675 5.960 5.610 4.100 8.920
14 27/11/21 4:20PM 13 hr 15.00 3.680 5.960 5.600 4.420 7.920
15 27/11/21 5:20PM 14 hr 14.50 3.651 5.951 5.595 4.450 7.890
16 27/11/21 6:20PM 15 hr 14.20 3.505 5.916 5.555 4.498 7.814
17 27/11/21 7:20PM 16 hr 14.00 3.497 5.873 5.435 4.519 7.687
18 27/11/21 8:20PM 17 hr 15.60 3.447 5.823 5.401 4.587 7.635
19 27/11/21 9:20PM 18 hr 21.40 3.123 5.784 5.398 4.450 7.601
20 27/11/21 10:20PM 19 hr 24.20 3.376 5.690 5.357 4.476 7.587
21 27/11/21 11:20PM 20 hr 27.50 3.201 5.568 5.344 4.499 7.550
22 28/11/21 12:20AM 21 hr 28.40 3.267 5.493 5.300 4.540 7.500
23 28/11/21 1:20AM 22 hr 29.40 3.299 5.346 5.275 4.501 7.475
24 28/11/21 2:20AM 23 hr 28.60 3.300 5.211 5.245 4.589 7.430
25 28/11/21 3:20AM 24 hr 29.20 3.350 5.140 5.200 4.650 7.400

G. Uninstallation of Instruments
After noting final deflection for the bridge, the instruments and scaffolding were safely removed from the site.

VI. RESULTS
As per IRC SP 51, the percentage recovery is calculated for bridge after removal of load for 24 hours. The data of temperature
correction, total deflection and total recovery is determined.
As per IS SP 51, clause 8.3.1, page no.17 :
Initial value- deflections before commencement of loading= R1
Deflections at one hour, after placement of 100 percent test load = R2
Deflections at 24 hours after placement of 100% test load= R3
Deflection measurements immediately after removal of test load = R4
Deflection measurements at 24 hours after removal of test load = R5

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue V May 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Total deflection = R3 - R1
Total recovery of deflection after 24 hours after removal of test load = R3-R5
Percentage recovery of deflection 24 hours after removal of test load= (R3-R5/R3-R1)*100
(Where this value exceeds 100% it shall be restricted to 100%)

TABLE VI
Percentage recovery of deflections after retention of test load for 24 hours (G –V)
Girder V(P5-P6)
L/2
Sr. No Description Deflection of Girder
DG-V
Notations
(mm)
Initial Value on Dial Gauge (Deflection before Commencement of
1 7.24 R1
Loading)
Final value (Deflection) after placement of test load (Thereafter,
2 8.45 R2
measurements are to be taken at regular intervals of one Hour)
3 Deflection Value at 24 hrs. after placement of test load 8.588 R3
Deflection Value immediately after removal of test load (Thereafter,
4 7.790 R4
measurements are to be taken at regular intervals of one Hour)
5 Deflection Value at 24 hrs. after removal of test load 7.40 R5
6 Total Deflection 1.34 R3 - R1
7 Total recovery 24 hrs. after removal of test load 1.18 R3 - R5
[(R3 – R5)/(R3 -
8 Percentage of Recovery of Deflection 24 hrs. after removal of test load 88.05
R1)]x100

TABLE VII
Summery Sheet of Total Deflection and Total Recovery
Table no.07, Summery Sheet of Total Deflection and Total Recovery:
Total Deflection Total Recovery
Girder No. Percentage Recovery
(Unit : mm) (Unit : mm)
G-I 1.1 0.96 87.26%
G-II 1.69 1.47 86.98%
G-III 1.74 1.5 86.20%
G-IV 2.05 1.88 98.70%
G-V 1.34 1.18 88.05%

TABLE VIII
Maximum Permissible deflection of girders
Maximum Permissible deflection as per Design
SR.
Girder Identification (Span/800) = (16200/800)
No.
(Unit: mm)
1 G-I 20.25
2 G-II 20.25
3 G-III 20.25
4 G-IV 20.25
5 G-V 20.25

TABLE IX
Theoretical Deflection vs Actual Deflection, After 24 hours of Loading of 100% of loading i.e.(120.00 Metric Ton)

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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Table No. 09 Theoretical Deflection vs Actual Deflection, After 24 hours of Loading of 100% of loading i.e.(120.00 Metric Ton):
Maximum Theoretical Deflection
Actual measured maximum
SR. for 70R Loading including Impact
Girder No. Deflection Remark
No. Factor
(Unit :mm)
(Unit : mm)
1 Girder-I 4.500 1.1
2 Girder-II 4.500 1.69 Measured maximum
3 Girder-III 4.500 1.74 deflection is less than
4 Girder-IV 4.500 2.05 theoretical deflections

5 Girder-V 4.500 1.34

VII. CONCLUSION
Following are the acceptance criteria as per IRC SP 51-2015 and conclusions of test conducted on said bridge.
1) Criteria-I: Deflection Recovery: (Clause no. 6.8.2 page no. 12) The percentage recovery of deflections for various types of
bridges after retention of test load for 24 hours shall be:
Minimum percentage Recovery of Deflection at 24 hours
Types of Bridges
after Removal of Test Load
1.Reinforced Concrete 75
2.Prestressed Concrete 85
3.Steel 85
4.Composite 75
Minimum Percentage recovery as per IRC SP 51

Conclusion: The percentage recovery of deflection of all dial gauges is more than 75% which is within the acceptance criteria of
IRCSP 51 – 2015.

2) Criteria-II: (Clause no. 6.8.1 page no. 12) Maximum Permissible deflection as per Design should not be more than (Span/800) =
(16200/800) = 20.25 mm
Conclusion: The maximum deflection of tested bridge is observed 2.05 mm at Girder No. 4, which is less than Permissible
deflection as per Design, which is within the acceptance criteria

3) Criteria-III: (Clause no. 6.8.3 page no. 12), The Structure shall not show any cracks more than 0.3mm for moderate exposure,
spelling or deflections which are incompatible with safety requirements.
Conclusion: Observed Crack width in the tested bridge is less than 0.3mm, which is within the acceptance criteria.
Tested bridge passed all the criteria, Hence it is concluded that the bridge is safe and ready for service.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Bakht and S. G. Pinjarkar,Dynamic Testing of Highway Bridges- A Review of Dynamic testing highway bridges . Structures Research Report SRR-89-01.
Ontario Ministry of Transportation , Downsview , Canada , (1989)
[2] MOUSSA A. ISSA, MOHSEN A. SHAHAWY, Dynamic and static test of prestressed girder bridge, STRUCTURAL RESEARCH CENTER, MS 80
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA, May (1993)
[3] Andrzej S. Nowak and Vijay K. Saraf, Department of civil and environmental engineering university of Michigan,Load testing of bridges,(October 1996)
[4] L.Fryba, M.Pirner et al. 17th July, Load test and model analysis of bridges. (1999),
[5] T.J. Wipf, B.M. Phares, F.W. Klaiber, D.L. Wood, DEVELOPMENT OF BRIDGE LOAD TESTING PROCESS FOR LOAD EVALUATION, April (2003)
[6] Slovak University of Technology, Department of Surveying Radlinskeho 11, SK-813 68 Bratislava, Slovakia, Loading testing of highway bridges in Slovakia,
(2003)
[7] Osman Hag-Elsafi, Jonathan Kunin, Sreenivas Alampalli, Court street bridge monitoring and load test. Transportation research and development bureau New
York State Departmengt of Transporatation. (2006)
[8] JICA STUDY TEAM Oriental Consultants CO., LTD. CHODI CO., LTD, The study on capacity development in bridge rehabitation planning, maintenance
and management based on 29 bridges of national highway network in COSTA RIKA(2007)

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3767
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue V May 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

[9] Jiamei Zhao, Tao Liu, Yuliang Wang, Static test analysis of a bridge structurenin civil engineering,(2010)
[10] Travis R. Brackus, Paul J. Barr, et al. Live Load and Shear Connection Testing of full-scale precast bridge panels. March(2013),
[11] Petra Bujnakova ,JozefJost ,and MatusFarbak,Load testing of highway bridge, (2018)
[12] IRC SP 51 : General Guidelines on load testing on bridges, published by Indian Road Congress - First Revision - January (2015)
[13] IRC SP 37 : Guideline for Evaluation for Load capacity of Bridges -First revision – November (2010)
[14] IRC SP 112 : Code for Practice of Concrete road bridges , Indian Road Congress , November (2011)

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