DOPING IN

ANIMALS Compiled and Presented by:

Dr.Srikanth Vallabhaneni, srikanthvety20@gmail.com , @ + 91
7989487841
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 Disclaimer
This presentation has been compiled with the objective of providing an overview of
DOPING to the veterinary graduates as well as to the candidates who prepare for
comprehensive examination in Indian/Kashmir Administrative Services.
The work provides a brief description about animal doping with explanation of all
the technical terms and relevant methodologies about doping that would enable even
a general reader to get acquainted with the concept and its importance.
This content is only for Educative Purposes!!!
Some MCQs are given at the end of this work for reference!!!
Any Suggestions or corrections are welcome!!!!!!
Dr.Srikanth Vallabhaneni, srikanthvety20@gmail.com , @ + 91 7989487841
INDIA
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 Definition & Etymology
■ Doping in animals is defined as administration of any substance, drug or food which affects speed,
stamina, courage so that in any competition or race such animal may get more marks than
inferior animal or perform better than the other animal
■ The chemicals or drugs used for doping purpose are called dope while the treated animal is termed as
doped.
■ The term ‘dope’ has probably been originated from a Dutch word ‘dop’, an alcoholic beverage made
of grape skins used by Zulu warriors to enhance their endurance in battle fields or as a stimulant drink
used to energies themselves in ceremonial dances.
■ Another suggestion is that the word comes from the Dutch word "doop" (a thick dipping sauce) that
entered American slang to describe how robbers stupefied victims by mixing tobacco with the seeds of
Datura stramonium (jimsonweed).
■ The preparation is capable of causing confusion, sedation and hallucination in the target victims.
■ In fact, Dutch dictionary employs the word ‘dop’ to any thick, protective or hard covering .
■ The term has been originally referred to the drugging of racehorses and came into mainstream use in
the early 20th century.
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Horse racing- royal sport
• show jumping;
• dressage;
• carriage driving;
• endurance riding;
• reining;
• vaulting.

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 Legislation
■ Doping is commonly used in human athletic events and is aimed at improving the
appearance or functioning of an athlete in sports event.
■ Nearly 139 countries are signatories to UNESCO convention against doping in Sport.
■ The Government of India is actively contemplating to frame legislation on anti-doping
laws that shall be in compliance with guidelines from WADA- World Anti-Doping
Agency.

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 Anti doping agencies

■ WADA – WORLD ANTI DOPING AGENCY

■ FEI – FÉDÉRATION EQUESTRE INTERNATIONALE
(International Equestrian Federation)
■ FEI mission: to advance equestrian sport world-
wide by promoting, regulating and administering
humane and sportsmanlike international
competition in traditional equestrian disciplines.
■ FEI Code of Conduct

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 National Anti-Doping Agency World Anti-Doping Agency
nadaindia.org wada-ama.org

The National Anti-Doping Agency is the The World Anti-Doping Agency is a foundation
national organisation responsible for initiated by the International Olympic
promoting, coordinating, and monitoring the Committee based in Canada to promote,
doping control program in sports in all its coordinate and monitor the fight against drugs
forms in India. in sports.
Headquarters location: New Delhi Headquarters: Montreal, Canada
CEO: Navin Agarwal (Jun 2016–) Founder: Dick Pound
Founded: 24 November 2005 Founded: 10 November 1999
Motto: Play fair Affiliation: International Olympic Committee
Affiliation: Indian Olympic Association Purpose: Anti-doping in sport
Type of business: Non-profit organisation

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 Related Terms
■ Ergogenic is defined as any substance or phenomenon that is employed to improve performance.
■ Prohibited-drugs refer to a list of drugs that are implicated in doping or anticipated to be put into use
by the users. The list of drugs and some processes prohibited by WADA in human sports has been
codified (Table 1). A similar list has been compiled with respect to domestic animals (Table 2).
■ Masking agents are chemicals given concurrently with a prohibited drug before competition to reduce
the risk of detection of prohibited drug. A number of drugs have been implicated for the purpose
including amongst others diuretics, desmopressin, plasma expanders (e.g. glycerol, intravenous
administration of albumin, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, mannitol) and probenecid.
■ Gene doping refers to use of nucleic acid sequences or agents capable of influencing gene expression
that somehow affects the performance of the treated individual. The following procedures, with the
potential to enhance sport performance, are prohibited:
– i. The transfer of nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences;
– ii. The use of normal or genetically modified cells;
– iii. The use of agents that directly or indirectly affect functions known to influence performance by
altering gene expression.
■ For example, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonists (e.g. GW 1516) and
PPAR-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) axis agonists (e.g. AICAR) are prohibited.
 Contd….
■ Dope-test refers to an analytical procedure to demonstrate the presence of a dope or its metabolite in
the tissues(s) or body fluids of a doped animal to confirm indulgence in doping.
■ Pre-race testing is subjecting the samples from intended competing animal to a dope-test for any
suspected dope detection before the animal is allowed to participate in the competition so as to reject
the defaulters.
– This test is routinely conducted on blood samples
■ Post-race testing is extending dope-test following the competition event. The test is aimed at
confirming that the animal under screen has been adjudged correctly without having been exposed to
the dope.
– Test animals for the purpose include winners, beaten favorites and those that aroused suspicions
during the competition.
■ Split-sample protocol means adopting a procedure whereby an aliquot of the test sample is separately
sealed for the trainer’s own analyst, should the official result prove to be positive.
– The protocol offers a fair opportunity to the owner to confirm authenticity of official results on its
own.

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 Contd…
■ Permissible drug concentrations refer to levels of the drug(s) in the body fluid(s) of
competing animals which can be treated as normal or permissible.
– These include drugs that are normally occurring in the blood (of generally equines) such
as arsenic, salicylic acid, 19-nortestosterone and theobromine, and those permitted for
use in competing horses before the event such as phenylbutazone or oxyphenbutazone.
■ An animal is said to have been doped if the concentration(s) detected are more than
permissible levels (Table 3).
■ Clearance time for a drug refers to the time that must elapse after the last administration of
the drug for a dope test on the body fluid submitted for analysis to be negative.
– The clearance timings vary with type of drug.
– For some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) these range from 48 hours
(flunixin meglumine), 48-60 hours (naproxen, phenylbutazone) and 48-96 hours
(meclofenamic acid).
– It varies with dose used, type of formulation, route of administration and detection limit
of analytical technique employed, diet, sex, age, physiologic condition, presence of
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Clearance times for drugs
European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee data Feb ‘97

■ DXMS 36h ■ ACP 4days

■ Butorphanol 3days ■ Ketoprofen 5days
■ Xylazine 3days ■ Dipyrone 5days
■ Frusemide 60h ■ Bute 6days
■ Pethidene 3days ■ Depomedrone 44days
■ Romifidine 3days
*Bute = Phenyl Butazone
■ Mepivicaine 108h

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Clearance times for drugs
AAEP Resource Library, R.Sams November 1999

■ ACP 6days ■ Isoxsuprine 3-5days

■ Flunixin 15days ■ Ketoprofen 3days
■ DXMS 6days ■ Mepivacaine 2days
■ DMSO 4days ■ Methyl pred 10days
■ Detomidine 3days ■ PBZ 2days
■ Procaine 7-15days

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CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS FORMS OF ANIMAL DOPING
1. Intentional doping:
❖ It is defined as any stimulant or tonic or compound having direct effect immediately
or after some time affecting cardiovascular or central nervous system for improving
or decreasing the performance. Such agents are known as stimulants and are
commonly used as doping agents.
❖ Administration of such drugs during 24 to 48 hours prior to the race decreases the
performance of race animals so that it should not win, this is a common malpractice
used in a race horses.
❖ This may further divided in to three forms:
– 1.1 : Excitant or stimulant doping: This form has been also called as doping to
win wherein the dope has been used to improve the performance (courage,
stamina or endurance) of the animal.
– This is accomplished by using drugs that improve CNS and/or musculoskeletal
functioning such as amphetamines, caffeine, apomorphine, fentanyl and
anabolic steroids; https://t.me/joinchat/Gmb76hZrKdbwsTIMqadZsw
Contd..
✓ 1.2 : Depressant doping or malicious doping: Wherein a dope is used to
impair the performance of a competing animal in a show or race. Where
drugs used to depress the animal.
– In this form, drugs that depress the CNS are commonly employed such as
tranquilizers, sedative hypnotic agents such as barbiturates, chloral hydras,
paraldehyde, bromides or alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists such as xylazine,
detomidine, medetomidine and romfidine;

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 Contd…
✓ 1.3 : Therapeutic doping or controlled medication: Wherein a dope has been used ton
confer soundness to an otherwise unfit, unsound or disabled animal. The act enables to mask
the weakness in the animal.
Depending upon the state of unsoundness, different drug categories are employed.
– Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents are used to mask infections;
– steroids and NSAIDs are employed to mask inflammatory states of musculoskeletal system
(include among other things lameness);
– alkalizers like bicarbonates and sodium lactate are used prophylactically to check fatigue
resulting from accumulation of acids (lactic acidosis);
– furosemide may be prophylactically used to prevent epistaxis or syndrome of respiratory
bleeding in susceptible racing equines and to alter weight class by causing excessive fluid loss;
– narcotic antagonists such as naloxone, naltrexone, diprenorphine and nalmefene and TRH may
be employed to prevent or mask crib-biting; and
– sedative-tranquilizers may be employed to mask nervousness or aggressive behavior of the
animals at show or sale. https://t.me/joinchat/Gmb76hZrKdbwsTIMqadZsw
 Contd…
2. Accidental doping: This refers to a state of doping that most often results from ingestion of
prohibited agents via food/feed that are normal constituents of some feedstuff or of
contaminating herbaceous plant known to contain prohibited agent.
It is an unintentional act of doping wherein a prohibited agent appears in the body either
due to its natural occurrence in some animal feed or grazing plants or owing to metabolic
alteration of some other drug or results from contamination of samples by the handlers post
collection.
■ This doping includes accidental and therapeutical medicines administered as a
treatment.

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Contd…

3. Intentional- accidental doping: This peculiar type of doping must be always

suspected whenever accidental doping involving feeding of plant material is
concerned.
There is always tendency to use such plants for feeding that are known to
contain some active components that affect the performance of the animal and the
intent is to evade legal implications. Intentional aspect of accidental doping must
always be suspected in such events.
A large number of such drugs are likely to come through plants including
(contd in next page..)

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 Intentional- accidental doping
Contd.. ➢ Cocaine - (Erythorxylon spp),
➢ Morphine - (Papaver spp),
➢ Atropine - (Atropa belladonna),
➢ Ephedrine - (Ephedra spp),
➢ Digitalis - (Digitalis purpurea),
➢ Cannabinoids - (Cannabis indica),
➢ Caffeine - (Thea sinesis, Coffee seeds or coca husk),
➢ Salicylates - (Salix alba or willow plants).

■ Besides, theobromine can normally result from caffeine metabolism and 19-nortestosterone may occur
normally in equine body.
■ Owners must be advised not to offer coffee and tea to animals at show or before racing as these tend
to raise the levels of methyl xanthines such as caffeine, theophylline and theobromine in their body
fluids rendering the animals as suspect.
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Vetero-legal aspects and implications of doping
❖ an unjust, unfair and dishonest practice.
❖ violative of the norms set for any competitive event or for trade
❖ not only deceitful, but may prove harmful to the animal,
❖ drug may cause permanent damage to the normal physiologic functioning
❖ An inferior animal may get selected for breeding purpose under the dope action,
and thus adversely affect the breeding line
❖ Riding such animals is hazardous and could result in serious injury or death to
the rider.
❖ It improves the animals activity leading to permanent impairment of female
reproductive organs
❖ may cause tissue anoxia and interfere with body temperature
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 Modes of giving Drug
■ Drugs serve as tools to achieve this unfair activity in varying modes:
– 1) An animal with poor inherent standing at a given time and event is
conferred improved stamina, courage, endurance or vigor thereby rendering
other more competent animals to lose unfairly;
– 2) An animal incapable of competing effectively in an event owing to some
ailment such as lameness is enabled to participate or behave normally to
deceive the judge and even to subject the animal to stressful state;
– 3) An animal that is otherwise competent enough to win an event is rendered
incapable of effective performance for malicious reasons; and
– 4) An animal is adjudged to be sound when its physical or behavioral
unsoundness deserves it not to be acceptable to the customer for sale or for
exhibition at an animal show.

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 Prohibited Substances
Substances originating externally whether they are endogenous to the horse or not and acting on

– nervous system ⚫ cardiovascular system

– respiratory system ⚫ digestive system
– urinary system ⚫ reproductive system
– musculoskeletal system ⚫ blood system
– skin (e.g. hypersensitising agents)
– immune system (other than those in licensed vaccines)
– endocrine system, endocrine secretions & their synthetic
counterparts
– antipyretics, analgesics & anti-inflammatory agents
– cytotoxic substances
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 An overview of drugs implicated in animal doping
Drug category Agents Actions & use

CNS stimulants Amphetamine, methyl amphetamine, Improve performance &

methyl phenidate, pemoline,caffeine, locomotor activity
Ephedrine, etaminophylline, Act on CNS in equines with
nitroglycerine doubtful action in improving
performance
Opioid agonists Morphine, apomorphine, fentanyl Produce amphetamine like
effects in equines & raise
nociceptive (pain) threshold
Opioid Naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene, To prevent vice of crib-biting in
antagonists diprenorphine equines; TRH also
has similar action
CNS depressants Phenothiazines-acepromazine, Maliciously used in ‘doping to
Propripromazine lose’ or to confer soundness to
Butyrophenones - Azaperone otherwise unsound, nervous or
aggressive animals
Alpha-2 agonists- Xylazine,
detomidine, medetomidine
Benzodiazepines - Diazepam
Contd…
Drug category Agents Actions & use
Local anaesthetics Procaine, lidocaine, procaine Suppress musculoskeletal pain;
penicillin increase cardiac stability to stress &
tend to stimulate CNS in equines
Adrenoceptor Epinephrine, metaraminol Improve cardiac function & energy
agonists mobilization
Clenbuterol, terbutaline Improve respiratory function by acting
as bronchodilator & reduce exercise-
induced bronchospasms, increase lean
meat content & decrease fat deposition,
improve skeletal muscle vascularity and
functioning
Anabolic steroids Boldenone, nandrolone, Improve muscle mass, increase RBC &
mesterolone, stanozolol Hb contents, increase oxygen carrying
capacity of blood, promote rapid
recovery from minor injuries enable
animal to withstand stress of racing

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Contd…
Drug category Agents Actions & use
Anti- Corticosteroids- Improve tissue perfusion & metabolism in
inflammatory Prednisolone, shock, reduce loss of cellular enzymes during
agents dexamethasone, exercise, mask lameness, pounder and
betamethasone prevent allergy mediated bronchospasms
NSAID- Salicylates, PBZ, Suppress pain and inflammation of
flunixin, naproxen, musculoskeletal origin or even visceral pain,
meclofenamic acid animals tend to run despite having painful
state
Diuretics Furosemide, Thiazides Reduce pulmonary edema, increase urine
volume so decrease urinary concentration of
suspect dope or its metabolite (PBZ),
specifically used to suppress episodes of
epistaxis and exercise induced pulmonary
hemorrhage (EIPH) in susceptible racing
horses; nearly 26-75 % of all racing horses
are prone to develop EIPH.; alter weight-class
of competing animals
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Contd..
Drug category Agents Actions & use

Systemic alkalizers Lactates including lactated Ringer Provide surplus bicarbonate ions
solution, sodium bicarbonate that tend to neutralize acidity
following muscle glycogenolysis
and lactic acidosis during racing;
so reduces fatigue
Methylxanthines Caffeine, theophylline, Stimulate CNS, improve cardiac
theobromine function by coronary vasodilator
action and promote diuresis;
equines tend to be stimulated
more than other species

Notes:
✓ Procaine – tends to stimulate CNS in equines than in other domestic animals, and may protect heart
from developing exercise-induced arrhythmia;
✓ Prethcamide (a mixture of equal parts of crotethamide and cropropamide) is employed as a respiratory
stimulant in equines.
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 Contd…
■ Substances prohibited in all situations are anabolic agents (mainly
steroids), hormones, beta 2-agonists, agents with anti-estrogenic activity,
diuretics and masking agents.
■ Methods to increase oxygen transfer, manipulations of the sample and
the practice of gene doping are also prohibited.
■ In addition, Stimulants, Narcotics, Cannabis derivatives and
Glucocorticosteroids are also prohibited in a competitive situation.
■ All these banned substances must not be present in tested urine samples,
therefore, laboratories report the presence of such compounds in the
samples on a qualitative Basis.

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 DOPING AGENTS at a Glance
❖ Stimulants: Amphetamine, Lidocaine, Procaine
❖ Anabolic Steroids: Stanozolol, Methyl Testosterone
❖ Analgesics: Fentanyl, Phenylbutazone
❖ Glucocorticoids: Dexamethasone, Prednisolone
❖ Tonics and haematinics: Arsenicals, Iron compounds
❖ Vitamins: Thiamine, Cyanocobalamine
❖ Diuretics: Furosemide, Chlorothiazide
❖ NSAIDS: Ibuprofen
❖ Tranquilisers: Acetylpromazine, Resorpine
❖ Hypnotics and Sedatives: Bromides and Xylazine
❖ Hallucinogens: Scopolamine, Heroin, Marijuana
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 Prohibited Substances
Class Substances Activity
NSAIDs Ampyrone, benorilat, bromfenac, Analgesic, anti-inflamatory drugs
celecoxib

Beta- blockers Acebutolol, alprenolol, betaxolol, Anti-arrhythmic, reducing blood

carvedilol pressure, anti-angina
Opiod analgesic carfentanil., dihydromorphine, Analgesics
morphine

Anxiolytic Chlordiazepoxide, buspirone, Reduces fear

alprazolam
Hormone Aldosterone, Growth factors, Growth Various effects
Hormones
Bronchidilator Isoprenaline, orciprenaline, Anti-asthma
formoterol
Artificial gas carriers in Perfluorocarbons. Perfluorodecalin, Blood substitute
blood perfluorooctylbromide

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 Threshold Substances
⚫ Available carbon dioxide (CO2) - 36 mmoles/L plasma

⚫ Boldenone - free and conjugated boldenone 0.015 μg/mL urine from entire male horses

⚫ Dimethyl sulfoxide - 15 μg/mL urine or 1 μg/mL plasma

⚫ Estranediol - 5α-estrane-3β,17α-diol 0.045 μg/mL urine

⚫ Hydrocortisone - 1 μg/mL in urine

⚫ Salicylic acid - 625 μg/mL urine or 5.4 μg/mL plasma

⚫ Testosterone - 0.02 μg/mL free and conjugated testosterone in urine from geldings, or
0.055 μg/mL free and conjugated testosterone in urine from fillies and mares
⚫ Theobromine - 2 μg/mL urine.

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 DOPING TEST
■ It can be carried out by urine and by saliva & with
Blood, Hair
■ Urine test
■ Catheterization is difficult in horses,
– Diuretics such as Bumetanide at 10 mg/kg body
weight given intravenously helps in urinating the
animals.
■ Urine and saliva can be tested for doping with
– Spectrophotometry
– Fluorometry
– Elisa Test
– RIA technique
– Mass spectrometer

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Substances for which a threshold has been adopted or proposed by different jurisdictions or organisations

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 Procedural evaluation and analysis of doping
■ Recommended protocol to be observed for evaluation of doping would include the
following steps:
1) Properly examine the animal before the event (show, sale or race). In particular look
for any apparent signs of medication such as tranquility or excitant behavior;
2) Select the animals for dope test, and collect samples (blood and urine) in appropriate
volumes for detection of any dope or its metabolite;
3) The appliances and utensils used for sampling and sample collection must be
thoroughly clean and free from any contamination;
4) Follow split-sample protocol , and allow the owner/user to have an approved chemical
analyst present at the time of official analysis;
5) Isolate and identify chemical agents using appropriate analytical scheme using tests
that clearly demonstrate and distinguish the drugs from those that are normally
occurring in the animal body;
6) Measure quantitatively any identifiable chemical substance(s) in the specimens;
7) Confirm and interpret the results as to cause and effect of the substances on the
animal’s health or well-being, and express an unbiased and factual conclusion;
8) There must be provision of signed and witnessed laboratory protocols by the analyst.
These observations must be strictly observed by the veterinarian, analyst and forensic
toxicologist on concerned aspects of jurisdiction.
■ For determining whether or not a horse has given drugs should include
• Clinical examination before the race
• Demonstration of the chemical cleanliness of utensils used in sampling.
• Recovery of adequate volumes of samples fluids.
• Allowing the owner split samples of the fluids to e analysed or right to have
an approved analyst present at the official analysis.
• Use of tests, which distinguish drugs from alkaloids occurring naturally in
the body.
• Specific identification and precise determination of the amount of any
organic substances defected.
• Provision of signed and witnessed laboratory record protocols by the
analyst.

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General protocol
Sample collection:
✓ Blood and urine are choice samples for analytical purposes. Sample volumes vary
from 20mL (blood) to 200 mL (urine). Blood must be centrifuged with cells and
plasma separately stored at 4 0C till analysis. Urine is best stored at -200C.
Urine is most commonly favored sample for obvious advantages:
(i) easy collection;
(ii) large volume collection possible suitable for split-sample protocol;
(iii) drugs and their metabolites mostly appear in urine in concentrated form;
(iv) some drugs are still detectable in urine while they have disappeared from
the blood; and
(v) drugs baring acidic ones with high protein binding (such as furosemide and
PBZ) are more difficult to detect in blood than in urine.
The blood samples can be rapidly drawn and enable a quantitative interpretation of drug
concentration. However, blood samples are not routinely taken owing to risk of injury to
the horse; general reluctance of the owners to permit them; and a limited sample
volume (1/10th of the urine volume).

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 General Protocol Contd….
Sample processing:
■ Appropriate samples are coded following split-sampling and delivered to the analytic
unit under strict security. It is a safe practice to collect washings from the empty
containers used for sampling as a check to exclude contaminants as positive results
(controlled technique).
■ The sample is usually concentrated by appropriate solvent extraction system
otherwise the drug/metabolite concentration may be too low for the detection. As a
rule, the drug/metabolite is subjected to conditions that favor its solubility (i.e.
disfavor its ionization) in an organic solvent:
– i) corticosteroids or anabolic steroids do not need any alteration in solvent pH as
these are per se soluble in organic solvents;
– ii) neutral drugs (chloral hydras, trichloroethanol) are extractable at any pH as
they remain non-ionized at any pH
– iii) acidic and basic drugs are extracted, respectively, at acidic and alkaline pH of
the medium into organic solvent that favors their non-ionization. The solvent is
then evaporated so that the drug can be concentrated manifold to facilitate its
detection.
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Analytical techniques
■ Initial screening techniques are based on simple color reactions of the analyte
with the test reagents. Other techniques for detection include TLC, UV
spectrophotometry and HPLC.
■ Final identification is done by using several different techniques such as TLC,
GLC, PC & Mass Spectrometry.
■ As a rule, anabolic steroids and corticosteroids are screened by Gas liquid
chromatography (GLC) and (Mass Spectrometer (MS) or by RIA.
■ GLC/MS are capable of detecting anabolic steroids in the urine and plasma of
horses down to 5 and 1 ng per mL, respectively.
■ RIA can provide useful first line screening procedure for the assessment of
etorphine induced doping in race horses.
■ Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry constitutes the most
significant tool for identification of detected drugs and the characterization of
unknown substances occurring in sample extracts. The system provides
confirmation of the dope, if positive.
■ TLC is relatively inexpensive and sensitive technique to detect many drugs, and
is most suitable for urine testing, and as a rapid screen.
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 Analytical techniques contd….

■ ELISA tests provide sensitive and effective screening for drug abusers.
■ These are as sensitive as RIA, completed rapidly, and of comparable
accuracy.
■ Simple One-Step ELISA tests have been devised to detect suspect analytes in
blood or urine at nanogram or subnanogram concentrations.
■ The samples can be routinely analyzed for presence of dope or its metabolite
rapidly and quantitatively.
■ The use of ELISA test and Immuno-Affinity Chromatography combined with
reversed phase HPLC for dexamethasone detection in equine urine has
greatly benefited the anti-doping control.

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Problems, challenges and issues concerning doping
■ 1. to identify the dope in view of a vast number of available drugs being capable
of modifying the biological functioning;
■ 2. Observance of a clearance time - urinary pH. A racing horse has often acidic
urine than a nonracing one, and this would affect the urinary concentration of
some drugs raising uncertainties while comparing urinary drug analysis from
different groups.
– For instance, PBZ and its metabolites can be detected in urine for more than
twice as long in horses producing acidic than alkaline urine.
– As a rule, basic drugs (antihistamines, local anesthetics, amphetamine,
ephedrine, caffeine, narcotics and tranquilizers) tend to be slowly excreted
in acidic urine than acidic drugs (barbiturates, salicylates, PBZ);
■ 3. The policy of permitted medication (e.g. use of NSAIDs such as PBZ) has
proved to be the most controversial issue;
■ 4. Laboratories may not be fully equipped to detect or to quantify the dope or its
metabolite including the substance(s) likely to get into the system through
normal feed/foodstuff;
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Contd…
■ 5. Continuous increase in the number of potential drugs in the market poses
another major problem as laboratories have to remain fully and constantly
active to meet any eventuality;
■ 6. False positives amongst the samples need to be always kept in mind if proper
cleanliness of appliances and the sample handlers is not observed. Besides,
plastics used during sampling and analysis must be free of plasticizers as they
tend to interfere with the analysis. Always ensure that the samples are well
protected against any contamination from collection to final analysis;
■ 7. The sensitivity, or precisely detection limit, of an analytical technique would
determine whether or not a dope is detectable; a highly sensitive test would
render the body fluid of a doped animal to remain positive for an extended
period than a less sensitive test;
■ 8. The rules pertaining to doping vary from country to country, and even from
state to state in certain countries. Therefore, there is no uniform international
policy regulating doping.
– For instance, corticosteroids are considered dopes in UK, Ireland, France
and Australia, while their use is permissible in Florida (1990) but not in
other states of the USA;
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Contd…
■ 9. The problems faced by the veterinarian in matters of doping are on several
lines:
– (i) the shortage of pharmacologic information that would indicate
consistently reliable drug clearance times in the horse;
– (ii) the progressive increase in detection limits of newer analytical
techniques such that detection periods continue to vary with newer
techniques;
– (iii) the tightening of international doping regulations where uniformity
exists for majority of the prohibited drugs; and
– (iv) an experience of professional dilemma whether or not to treat a sick
animal as extending treatment is a professional requirement while it may
inadvertently contravene the rules of racing or any such competition,
impugning either his own or the trainee’s integrity;
■ 10. Animals losing 5 percent of their body weight over the course of the fair
are suspected, so disqualified, for having been subjected to use of furosemide
- a high ceiling diuretic that causes excessive loss of body fluids endangering
animal life through severe hypotension and causing severe loss in life saving
electrolytes; and https://t.me/joinchat/Gmb76hZrKdbwsTIMqadZsw
 Contd…

■ 11. Use of doping agents may also pose serious public health implications.
– For instance, clenbuterol is employed to reduce fat and provide animals
with lean meat.
– The FDA is working on new tests to detect such drugs in show animals.
– Officials are not only worried about cheating at the shows by use of anabolic
agents in animals, but are also concerned that meat from the treated
animals will harm humans.
– Use of clenbuterol, one of the most common animal doping drugs, has been
blamed for human deaths in Europe.

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 CONCLUSION

■ It can be concluded from the above

calligraphy that one should use drugs
judiciously and ethically.
■ The improper and intentional dosing will
further lead to other ailment and might
be a cause of resistance in the modern
world.
■ The regulations and laws should be
imposed strictly.

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 References
➢ 1. S.N.Sharma, A.K. Gahlot, R.K.Tanwar. Doping. Pp. 349-352. Veterinary Jurisprudence. NBS Publishers & Distributors,
Bikaner-334001, 2003.
➢ 2. The Equine Manual. A.J. Higgins & I.M. Wright (Editors); Saunders, London, L A Division of Harcourt Publishers Ltd,
1998 (1999 Reprint); Drugs and the competition horse, 246-252, Toxicology & Pharmacology 187-252 by Q.A.Mckellar
(Consultant Editor), J.D. Baggot, F.M. Cunningham, R.J. Evans, P.Lees, A.M.Nolan & R.B. Williams
➢ 3. J.Sanford. Effects of drugs on performance of the horse. Pp.495-510. In: Pharmacological Basis of Large Animal
Medicine, Editors: J.A.Bogan. P.Lees, A.T. Yoxall, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1983).
➢ 4. Thomas B.Barragry. Drug clearance and the doping problem. Pp.546-564. Veterinary Drug Therapy. Lea & Febiger,
Philadelphia (1994).
➢ 5. David A. Cowan and Andrew T. Kicman: Doping in Sport: Misuse, Analytical Tests, and Legal Aspects; Clinical
Chemistry 43: 1110-1113, 1997.
➢ 6. Medico-legal aspects of doping: B. Madea, W. Grellner, E Musshoff, R. Dettmeyer. J Clin Forensic Med. 1998 Mar;
5(1):1-7
➢ 7. The 2011 Prohibited List World Anti-doping code (Valid 1 January 2011); World Anti Doping Agency, September
2010.
➢ 8. David A. Cowan and Andrew T. Kicman: Doping in Sport: Misuse, Analytical Tests, and Legal Aspects; Clinical
Chemistry 43: 1110-1113, 1997.
➢ 9. Medico-legal aspects of doping: B. Madea, W. Grellner, E Musshoff, R. Dettmeyer J Clin Forensic Med. 1998 Mar;
5(1):1-7.
➢ 10. Animal Doping: An Overview : S. A. Mir1, A. S. Bhat, A. A. Ahangar
➢ 11. Doping in animals: a concise outlook:Thippeswamy J., Pathak, A., Patil, C., Saikia, R., Choudhury, S. and Shukla, A.
https://t.me/joinchat/Gmb76hZrKdbwsTIMqadZsw
Suggestive Readings:
[1] Doping substances in human and animal sport by Segura et al, 2018.
[2] Substances identified by IOC/WADA-accredited laboratories (2005 WADA
statistics), Revised 1 April 2007.
[3] Side Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: Pathological Findings and Structure–
Activity Relationships BY Andreas Buttner and Detlef Thieme, 2010.
[4] World Anti-doping Agency (WADA). The 2007 prohibited list, 2006.
[5] World Anti-doping Agency (WADA). International standards for laboratories.
Montreal, 2005.
[6] Drug laws 'need major overhaul, Thursday, 8 March 2007.
[7] World Anti-doping Agency (WADA). 2006 Adverse analytical findings reported by
accredited laboratories. WADA web site. 2007.
[8] R.A. Sams. Medication case reports. 2003. Association of Official Racing Chemists
AORC.

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 Some notable historical events in human doping
■ Abuse of anabolic steroids is an increasing problem not only among athletes but
also among body-builders and teenagers. The abuse has been linked to serious
health hazards including myocardial infarction, stroke, organomegaly and/or
severe atherosclerosis.
– Abraham Wood in 1807 used opium to enhance his endurance in walking
competition
– Thomas J. Hicks, won Olympic marathon in 1904, taking strychnine injections
– Fausto Coppi in 1942 made record at track as cyclist by consuming
amphetamine
– Knud Enemark Jensen in 1960 collapsed on road having taken amphetamine
and blood vessel dilator Ronicol
– Ben Johnson 1988 was found to use anabolic steroids such as stanozolol at
summer Olympics and confirmed to have been using dianobol
(methandrostenolone), testosterone, Furazabol & even human growth
hormone for performance enhancement;
– Diego Maradona, famous soccer player in 1991 has been linked to abuse of
cocaine
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■ Who was appointed as the brand ambassador of the National
Anti-Doping Agency (NADA)?
– A)Priyanka Chopra
– B)Akshay Kumar
– C)Disha Patani
– D)Sunil Shetty
■ Where is the HQ of World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) located?
– 1) Lausanne, Switzerland
– 2) Budapest, Hungary
– 3) Port Spain, Trinidad & Tobago
– 4) Montreal, Canada
– 5) Beijing, China
▪ To avoid violation of doping regulations ,Dog owners should ensure
that The racing dog should have no access to methyl xanthine diets
.State True or False
- True
- False
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Act of Employing Drugs in animals to Dope used to improve the performance of
improve its performance in any show or the animal is termed as
trade, or activity - Doping to win
- Bishoping
- Excitatory doping
- Doping
- Flushing - Stimulant doping
- Steaming Up - All the above
The term Dope is derived from Drug used for excitant doping among the
- Latin following
- French - Xylazine
- Dutch - Barbiturates
- Sanskrit - Caffeine
Substance or Phenomenon that is employed
- Detomidine
to improve performance is termed as
- Masking agent
Dope used to impair the performance of
- Ergogenic competing animal in a show or race
- Estrogenic - Depressant doping
- Gene Doping - Malicious doping
Chemicals given concurrently with a - Both
prohibited drug before competition to - None
reduce the risk of detection of prohibited Drugs used for Malicious doping
drug
- Tranquilizers
- Prohibited drugs
- Masking agents - Sedative hypnotics
- Gene doping - Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists
- Doping - All
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 Drug used to protect Heart from developing Exercise
Choose the correct statements regarding Induced Arrhythmia in Horses
Plants used for intentional accidental - Lignocaine
doping
- Bupivacaine
- Erythorxylon spp. - Cocaine
- Papaver spp. - Morphine - Procaine
- Atropa belladona - Atropine - Caffeine
- Ephedra spp. - Ephedrine A mixture of equal parts of Crotethamide and
- Digitalis purpurea - Digitalin Cropopamide is called as
- Thea sinensis - Caffeine - Prethcamide
- Salix alba/Willow plants- Salicylates - Nikethamide
- Cannabis indica - Cannabinoids
- Hallabrum mixture
- All the above
Drugs used to mask Crib Biting in Equines - Angel dust
- Naloxone Samples used to detect doping in horses
- Nalmefene - Blood
- Diprenorphine - Saliva
- Naltrexone - Hair
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) - Urine
- All the above
- Any of the above
Use of nucleic acid sequences capable of
influencing gene expression to alter the Which of the Following substances are used for
performance of the animal is called as Criminal Doping of Horses
- Blood doping - Anabolic steroids
- Gene doping - CNS Stimulants
- Therapeutic doping - Bronchodilators
- Stimulant doping - All the above

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 THANK YOU
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Dr.Srikanth Vallabhaneni, srikanthvety20@gmail.com

, @ + 91 7989487841
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