YOUTH AND DEVT PROGRAMMES

Course outline
Roles of youths in national development.

Youth leadership, innovation and social entrepreneurship.

Youths and community based devt

Rural and urban youths.

Roles of youths as comm change agents.

Pathology in youth adulthood.

Programs serving the youths and young adults.

Role of youths in national development

Development of a country is a dynamic process involving all segments of the population

including the often overlooked youth population.
The component to this process is found in the creation and maintenance and channels of
interaction and comm among diverse groups that are otherwise directed towards their more
individual interests.
The term national building or national development is usually used to refer to a constructive
process of engaging all citizens in social cohesion, economic prosperity and political stability in
a nation in an inclusion and a democratic way.
From what we have said above, its seen that all citizens are to be involved in building and
developing the nation.
Tus the investment of youths in national devt is a must. In fact, the youths play the most
important role in nation building. The youth are not only the leaders of tomorrow but also
partakers of today. They are factors of social change and progress. They are a crucial segment of
nations devt while most of the attention given to building local capacity is often focused towards
adults.
Youths are increasingly visible and active component in comm devt efforts. Such involvements
contribute to both devt of nation and comm and also to the social and psychological development
of the youth involved

To encourage youths to get involved in development its vital to understand the following about
the youths;
1. Motivation e.g. payment, appreciation, participation, involvement in decision making
2. Their influences e.g. corruption, discrimination, lack of awareness, lack of education,
poor outcomes
3. Their obstacles
4. Feedback that they work for.
Kenya has majority of its population to be youths, so this youth have responsibility towards their
country and development of the development

If the development has to be sustainable then the youths must be involved. (sustainable
development if we need to learn from yesterday and live with hope for a better tomorrow and if
the country has made use of youths some years ago then the country must embrace sustainable
development)

The youths of today are the driving force and they have responsibility toward their country and
must be acknowledged
The youths have aspirations which include:
a. A country free of discrimination on grounds of gender, tribe, language and race
b. A country free of unemployment
c. A country free of poverty
d. A country free of inequality
e. A country full of opportunities
f. A country that has challenges that can be conquered
g. A country where they can change things
h. A country where there is internationalism
Patriotism comes to young people but when they are not given an opportunity to exploit their
skills and educations that they have then they are bound to take off.
Youths should be allowed to participate in development of the country to mound a better nation
for tomorrow

Factors influencing youth involvement in development

1. Youths spend a substantial amount of their time in activities. extracurricular to school

work include: involvement in community based organizations, school and local sports
team , school based clubs
All this interaction with individuals around them influences directly to youths involved in
communities
2. Previous research reports support this premise that participation in community
activities is associated with behavioral wellbeing among adolescence
This influences the youths to become involved because it increasers their academic performance
it influences them to get involved in high education, they will also reinforce positive social
values .
3. Participation of the youths in the community influences them to be part of a greater
impact throughout their lives. It makes them feel valued and taken seriously by others
in the community. They also feel important and thus rises self-esteem.
4. Parental guidance or involvement to encourage the youth to take part in the
development.

Obstacles that stop youth from getting involved in development

Despite the influences and motivation for youth in involvement in development, significant
obstacles exist that inhibit and often discourage community activities among youths.
1. Youth not being taken seriously.
2. Youths are not asked to participate. i.e. nobody values youth participation in development
3. The youth are not assigned responsibilities
4. There is no identifiable role for the youths
5. Lack communication and awareness of opportunity
6. Tough among organization competing for youth participation
7. Youth fears of speaking out
8. Lack of diversity
9. The systematic mistreatment of young people simply of their age
10. Lack of transportation
11. Lack of time
12. Not being sure of their benefits of their contribution
13. Lack of interesting programs
14. Lack of knowledge about the programs
15. The cost of programs
16. If the community ids uncertain of the role and the impact of the youth, they may not
involve them in their projects

Solution
1. Creating awareness to the community about the role and the impact of the youths so that
they may involve them in their projects
2. Provision of knowledge to the youth about the programs are going to undertake e.g.
educating them, form workshops, seminars
3. Provision of enough financial support to enable them undertake their programs e.g. soft
loans and government support
4. Coming up with interesting programs that are going to encourage youths to participate
and get involved e.g. sports and farming
5. Provision of diverse projects, programs, opportunities, farming and manufacturing.
6. Participating in decision making that enables them air their views
7. Assigning responsibilities to youths
8. Provision of enough time to get involved in other activities apart from education
9. The participation of youths in development should be appreciated and valued since they
are stewards of development
10. Cost should be reasonable
11. Youth should be taught time management through seminars
12. Self-esteem of the youths should be enhanced
13. Dealing with corruption to enable youths to participate
14. Programs should be amended to suit their participation e.g. ict,
15. Youths should be made aware of the benefits they will gain after participation in projects
16. If youth participation is valued by parents, teachers and state agents then there is a greater
likelihood of them getting involved.
17. If the youths are well received by people in authority, they will be encouraged to get
involved in community development
18. Adults should dismay themselves from negative believes that youths are not be trusted
and believing in stereotype believes and misconceptions
19. Increasing the presence of youth in the development process and establishment of youth
adult partnership to rise youth involvement in development
20. The involvement of the youths in the community development highlights their value and
provide an opportunity to erase negative stereotype this encourages the adults to
understand the youths better and opens the door to long term youth involvement
 21. Providing feedback influences the youths to work towards development process.

THE ROLE OF THE YOUTHS IN DEVELOPMENT

1. Entrepreneurship – all forms of small business e.g. juice sale
2. Cultures devt- efforts in basic arts (cultures)
3. Management, conservation and protection of environment e.g. planting of trees
4. Security provision- most of people in forces are youths, organized group that that provide
security at night e.g maasai warriors
5. Education – youth offer different disciplines to the nations e.g. cram, accountants,
teachers.
6. Agriculture –new technology in agricultural e.g. poultry farming, hybrids tea harvesting,
dairy
7. Involved in political process in the country e.g. voting and civic education
8. Decision making –through youth organized groups e.g. student leadership councils
9. Promotion of national integration e.g. participation in games and sports
10. Provision of labor –e.g. construction sites, irrigation schemes and mining
11. Participation in community work- e.g. provision of food to the poor
12. Creation of awareness –they are the most involved so they educate the community e.g
disease outbreak
13. Paying of taxes
14. Introduction of new technology
15. Advocacy for human rights –activist’s freedom of liberty and peaceful demonstration
16. Participate in research – technology, agriculture and medicine
17. Represents the nation in international activities – games and sports, rescues, conflict
resolutions, international summits

YOUTH LEADERSHIP, INNOVATION AND SOCIAL E.P

A direct need exists for program and policy planners for better understanding of the role, the
impact and the possibilities presented by the youth involvement in the community development
process.
Youth input in decision making, problem solving, local action and evolution in communities has
received only limited attention, however recent trends suggests that youths are plying and
important role in their development of the communities. As different organization i.e. volunteer
groups and NGs take a larger role in contributing to local wellbeing, this active collaboration
between this youths and adults in important for this long term success of development efforts.
Opportunities and responsibilities arise from this interaction of youth and adult that allow this
youth to become more active participants in the community development. The youth become
engaged in shaned citizenship leading to greater investment in their communities beginning at
early age.
Partnership educators, youths and community leaders can enhance this learning process
informal and formal ways.
Youth and community development.
The development of community involves a variety of images, both the community and the
youths can benefit greatly from this involvement in all aspects of the community development
process. Many defections tend to emphasize the involvement of youth and adults in community
development and this reflects a shared territory.
This interaction is dynamic and it stimulates growth. this process involves all segments of a
locality including, others forget young members.
Through this relationships, individuals interact with one another and they mutually began to
understand common needs and opportunities for development.
The community is composed of the following members (local groups) e.g. community elders,
parents, religions leaders, state officer, civil servants, sponsors whose members act together to
achieve individual interest and goals.
Community connect this diverse groups and serves to coordinate individual groups into
perspective wide efforts.
From this interactional perspective, community is constantly changing
eh motivated by community voluntary action and social interaction.
As residents interact over important issues to all of them (community agencies), it reflects the
building of local relationships community agencies are important in all components in the
community including, the youths, where much of this of this attention given to building local
capacities is often possessed towards the adults and civic organizations. the youths are visible
and active component in the community.
It’s important to have daily roles and opportunities to allow them to actively participate in their
communities rather than having a passive role.

Youth leadership
Opportunities for youth leadership are necessary in order to develop young people and prosper
them to be contributing adults in their communities. As schools and other social institutions
consider how to integrate youths in the process of community development, it’s important to
ensure that conditions exist will support development of youths into a health contributing adults.
this will allow adults and youths to participate in addressing many social problems leading into
greater understanding shared norms and values.
Adults must recognize that youths need opportunities to lead and represent within their greater
community setting towards programs, policy planning, implementation and evaluation.
The margin of youth development and community building has been at the call of community
development.
The youth have been identified to fully engage and involve in change efforts.
By recognizing that the youths have capacity to lead adults can provide important support in
shifting youth’s leadership development from a skill orientation to an essential investment in the
future.
Its emerging that youth development and community development enable the youth to
development leadership skills.
Adolescent should become actively involved in this design of community programs and policies.
Youth level of cognitive, moral, and social development enables them to rise more complex
challenges as they transit to adulthood.
Mechanisms for advancing youths into more responsible roles includes training the youth to
develop specific skills (e.g. moral integrity, responsible, interpersonal, wisdom, education) and
training adults to appreciate the youth leaders.
Stages of youth leadership
1. Awareness
Five dimensions of leadership that are within each of this stages includes;
 Leadership altitude-inclusive, hardworking, courtesy, committed,
 Leadership information- well informed
 Communication skills
 Decision making skills
 Stress management skills
A youth leader should also be trained in specific areas such as;
 Setting realistic goals
 Being able to delegate responsibly
 Setting priorities
 Using information to solve problems
  Managing conflicts
 Considering input from all members
Further training should be on the following
Civic minded skills such as understanding this legal or policy making process, training how to
work on community based committees, how to address social problems how to enhance building
strong youth adult relationships and how to open doors for youth leadership
Youths can also play important roles by
 identifying youth issues
 developing youth programs
 leading youth programs delivery
 representing youth in their communities
 turning the community into one that reflects on the priorities of the youths and also youth
participation.
FACTO RS THAT HINDER YOUTH LEADERSHIP IN DEVELOPMENT
1. insufficient resources
most African countries are poor and depend on exploration of raw materials and importation of
finished goods such as, their balance of trade is skilled to favor other countries
most countries in Africa have a higher level of domestic borrowing making credit expensive.
Most African countries budgets usually have deficit such as there is adequate resources to tackle
and evaluate.
Despite enormous natural resources that African countries have they all suffer circumstances
such as drought, famine, flood and conflicts.
This phenomena of Africans pointing and accusing fingers at the management of natural
resources with only enrich a few from this point thus is what poor leadership is all about.
Leadership is all about selflessness, services, commitment to follow country men or people.
Though Africa good managers but their leadership leaves a lot to be designed.
Therefore, education alone is not enough make leaders from good managers.
2. Corruption and nepotism
Corruption seems to have dominated every aspect of this African lives. You find it everywhere
e.g government, schools, water projects, local councils in the counties.
Corruption is a dishonest or illegal behavior especially by people in authority
It’s the act of effect of making change from moral to immoral
Corruption undermines good leadership and reduces good leaders into men’s rubber stamps.
It drains resources from public to private plant thereby creating undue competition for thus
already scarce resources
The effect of corruption and nepotism has been to drew attention from hard work to syphoning
funds from public to product use to enrich one self
This means that hard work is not rewarded and subsequent generation identify with the policy of
getting rich quick.
It’s not uncommon to find young people preferring jobs in certain institutions, not because they
like this particular profession but because they are enticed by corruption opportunities that came
with it.
3. Bad politics
Politicians are hard to ignore. They leave an impact everywhere around them.
The youths are especially exposed to intricacies of local politicians than any other group because
of being less busy and exposed. They create role models from their leader at all levels of the
society .
The most common negative influence they get from their leaders;
a. Deceit and dishonesty
b. Double personality behavior
c. Selfishness
d. Lack of accountability
e. Tribalism
f. Nepotism
g. Corruption
h. Bad leaders

4. Poverty and disease

Africa has more than its fair share of its problems.
Among this problem is diseases such as; HIV, cancer, TB. Ebola.
These problems have diverted the attention of the people to fighting and alleviating thus diseases
rather than concentrating on development.
Good leadership occurs best in situation with less or minimal stress.
Most people are worried more about their daily bread rather than their future
Africans strategies is usually short term strategies other than long term strategies
5. Marginalization and civil wars
Though Africa has undergone serious development in the last two decades, the development
pattern has remained largely uneven.
The disparities in development and so enormous that seems unusual. some areas have no
infrastructure such as roads, telephone network, radio frequencies. many youths such
marginalized areas are not in touch with national events and therefore may never have any
opportunity in leadership.
6. Inadequacies in education system
Most of the education systems currently in use do not encourage development in Kenya for
instance you will not find most graduate in jua kali sector. most graduate prefer white collar jobs
and unwilling to get dirty.
The societal expectations do not help much either educated people are built as meant to have
white collar jobs and not to be engaged with informal education and most of educated being
youths thus is not really good.
It’s time to expand our thinking beyond the white collar job, developing on areas like leadership
requires to positive believe oneself and expectations to expand and grow in all dimensions.
An upcoming youth must reduce that white collar job is not an end by itself but success is a state
of mind.
7. Unsupportive traditions and cultures
Africa has a long tradition of backward customs and traditions e.g in many African countries the
youth were meant to be seen but not to be heard. The leadership role was preserved to elders and
this is still continuing.
There is this mistaken belief that youth do not have what it takes to role.
They are frowned everywhere e.g. politics, religious organizations.
The youths are also skipped when there are promotions.
In local politics youth aspirants will receive all manner of challenges based on their age and this
hinders their leadership roles.
Gender basis has also contributed to skilled nature of African leadership.
Traditional models of leadership favors men over women in African traditions. Women have
little or no say in decision making and this effect is still with us today.
8. Language
African are renowned for their diversity in indigenous language with advent of modern education
system, thus has adversely changed things.
Language barrier between parents and children at local level continue to widen. In Kenya for
instance, many parents cannot understand their children when they speak sheng.
Youths have a completely different style of communication hence there is need for society to
nurture youths to create harmony between youths and elders.
9. Ignorance
Ignorance remains a strong factor in leadership development in Africa.
Too many people have grown up in poverty.
The most common stories that are told to young people includes attending school under trees,
walking bare footed, spending countless nights without food.
Such a line of story would not encourage the young to go to higher level therefore ignorance
creates a vacuum.
10. Up- bringing and parental influence
Effects of the school environment will encourage to become a leader.
I. Role modelling.
II. Role religion
III. Drug and substances abuse
IV. Globalization

SUCCESS IN YOUTH LEADERSHIP

What we should do to have success in youth leadership /attributes.
I. Handworker
II. Emotionally stable
III. Intellectual
IV. Spiritual
V. Stable family
VI. Understand the environment
VII. Must be a successful person
VIII. Should come from a happy family
IX. Have control over yourself free from drug abuse.
X. Able to identify opportunities.
XI. Get out and stay out of your comfort zone
 XII. Never give up
When you are about to quit just do that;
I. Focus on what you want to do.
II. Take things a day at a time
III. Always move forward
IV. Be quick to decide
V. Measure everything of significant
VI. Rem that everything that is not managed will deteriorate
VII. Pay attention to your competitor’s nut pay more attention to what you’re doing.
VIII. Do not let anybody push you around
IX. Do not take yourself too seriously
X. There is always a reason to smile.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD LEADERS

1. Character – refers to the qualities that make a person. It’s the label that defines you and
with other people uses when discussing you.
“character is not an accident, it’s not inherited, it’s not hat that you wear today and hung
it tomorrow. It’s with you always and there is nothing you can do to change the fact”
i. Character is posture
ii. Character is language- how you communicate with others, do you lie.
2. Responsibility – responsibility rise if this task you are doing is new. in most cases leaders
speak more than they do and leaders who fail are renown to do somethings e.g never
accept responsibility for failure, always blaming, complaining, justify their actions.
3. Good leaders have vision –
Vision – refers to the ability to think about and plan for the future with great determination,
vision works like road map. It directs and guides for people to reach their destination.
4. Attitude
Refers to your view and perspective of life and things around you.
It also shows how you perceive things and react to them
“your attitude determines your altitudes”
5. A good leader should have good communication skills
There is big difference between talking and communicating
How well do we listen?
 6. Should have people’s skills
7. Should have passion and desires
8. Have faith
9. Honest and integrity
10. Self-confident
11. Have humility
12. Take action
13. Have self-discipline
14. Are assertive
15. Have team spirit
INNOVATION
It’s the process by which an organization or communities master and implement the designs and
production of goods and services that are new to them irrespective of whether they are new to
their neighbors
In innovation, knowledge is transformed into goods and services through a system
Characteristics of innovations
1. Innovations are new creations of social and economic significance
They may be brad new although there may be common after new combinations of existing
elements.
2. Innovations can compose radical improvement and they can also consist many small
improvements and a continuous process of upgrading.
3. These improvements may be technical, managerial, institutional or policy in nature.
4. Innovation can be triggered in many ways e.g a bottle neck or a problem in problem in
production of goods, scarcity, rising pop, taste , change of whether, poverty.
5. Innovation can also involve combination of technical institution.
6. Innovation also involve considerable value being added to traditional sectors.
7. The improvement of livelihood options income and employment opportunities could be
achieved not only through traditional activities but also non-traditional activities and new
activities brought about innovations
Innovation system
It’s a network of organization focused on bringing new products, new processes and new forms
of organization into social and economic use together with institutions and policies that affect
their behavior and performance.

Characteristics of innovation system

 1. It offers a focus on innovation rather than production
It focuses on application of knowledge in production of goods and services to achieve desired
social and economic outcome.
2. Interaction and learning technology innovation, is an interactive process through which
knowledge acquisition and learning takes place
This process of learning requires extensive linkages with different knowledge sources.
3. New actors and new roles have taken innovation to higher heights and more research
helps transform technology.
4. Linkages for acquiring knowledge and learning fosters partnerships with other social
institutions.
This relationship helps sustain knowledge and improve innovations.
Such kind of relationships includes working with partners, donors and NGOs, working with
commercial businesses and also availing licenses that enhance innovation.

How to enhance youths to take part in innovation?

a. Free flow of information
b. Exposure through trade exhibitions
c. Motivation, recognition and prestige
d. Support e.g. parental guidance
e. Appropriate technology
f. Rewarding them
g. Financial support
h. Involve in research
i. Education
j. Availability of resources e.g. raw materials.
k. Encouraging interaction between developed and developing countries
Constraints in innovation in a community
a. Poor policies
b. Negative stereotypes
c. Lack of awareness
d. Poverty
e. Competition
f. Insecurity/political instability
g. Lack of access to knowledge
h. Lack of time
 i. Brain drain
j. Low pay
k. Lack of capital /finance
l. No much effort to strengthen research, training and innovation
m. Inactive sector that deals with innovation
Problems encountered when new technology is introduced / adopted
1. Cost: New technology often requires a significant financial investment for research,
development, implementation, and training. It can strain budgets, especially for smaller
businesses or individuals.
2. Resistance to Change: People are often resistant to change, and this resistance can
manifest as skepticism, fear, or reluctance to embrace new technologies. Overcoming this
resistance can be a significant challenge.
3. Lack of Training: Inadequate training and skill development can be a major barrier to
successfully adopting new technology. Users need to acquire the necessary skills and
knowledge to use the technology effectively.
4. Compatibility Issues: New technology may not integrate well with existing systems or
other technologies. Compatibility problems can lead to disruptions and inefficiencies in
operations.
5. Security Concerns: New technologies can introduce vulnerabilities and security risks,
including data breaches, cyberattacks, and privacy concerns. Proper security measures
must be in place to mitigate these risks.
6. Technical Glitches: Early versions of new technology may have bugs or technical issues
that disrupt operations and productivity. These issues need to be identified and resolved
promptly.
7. Loss of Jobs: Automation and advanced technology can lead to job displacement,
particularly in industries where repetitive tasks can be easily automated. This can have
social and economic consequences.
8. Data Privacy and Ethics: New technologies often collect and process large amounts of
personal data, raising concerns about privacy and ethical use of data.
9. Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with evolving laws and regulations can be a
challenge, particularly in industries where new technologies disrupt traditional business
models.
10. Sustainability Concerns: The production and disposal of technology can have negative
environmental impacts. Ensuring sustainable practices is a growing concern.
 11. Dependency on Suppliers: Organizations may become overly dependent on a small
number of technology suppliers, leading to potential supplier-related issues such as price
increases, limited options, or disruptions.
12. Cultural Shifts: The introduction of new technology can require a cultural shift within
an organization. Employees may need to adopt new mindsets and ways of working,
which can be difficult to implement.
13. Adoption Hurdles in Developing Countries: In developing nations, limited
infrastructure, lack of access to technology, and educational gaps can pose significant
barriers to technology adoption.
14. Technological Obsolescence: The rapid pace of technological advancement can lead to
the risk of technology becoming quickly outdated, requiring frequent updates and
replacements.
15. Over-Reliance on Technology: Over-reliance on technology can result in the loss of
critical skills and competencies, as well as vulnerability in the event of technical failures.

New technology adoption process

1. Knowledge.
Individuals learn to this this existent of the technology and gain understanding of its function.
2. Persuasion stage.
This people are informed about the new technology and they are let free to form an opinion. The
opinion would be favorable or unfavorable.
3. Decision making stage
At this stage, pple make decision between rejection and adoption
4. Confirmation
Make a decision to adopt or abandon the innovation
This process can be brought about by society, group or individual.
Characteristics of people who adopt new technology.
 Risk takers
 Open minded
 Have access to its media
 Come from higher social status
 Willing to give money / funds
 Positive thinkers
  They are individualistic pple
 They are pple who search for information.
 They are pple with respectable status
Characteristics of pple who reject new technology
a. They only have basic education
b. They are pple of wait and see
c. They never look for information
d. Never attends public meetings
e. There are no resource /poor/poverty
f. Low self-esteem
g. They are traditionalists
h. They only get information from their friends and families
i. Only adopts when under pressure
j. They do not trust opinions/ leaders
k. They lack entrepreneurial skills
l. Have strong mechanism to criticize
m. Cannot make their own decision
n. Always under pressure from their peers
o. Face rejection from their communities
Areas of benefit (innovation)
1. Provision of basic needs
2. Provision of food e.g. irrigation technology, new seed varieties, mechanization
3. Provision of water e.g water harvesting technologies through dams, purification and
appropriate storage facilities
4. Provision of shelter e.g all weather and affordable shelter
5. Provision of clothing –enough clothing which are produced easily due to enough
materials. The use is synthetic fibers and modern sewing machines has led to mass
production
6. Provision of education and training e.g use of e-learning, use of mobile phones, media,
things like drama, software components, through various methods of teaching e.g.
practical’s
Innovation also helps provide health. Through internet and innovation, we are able to discover
new vaccines. Through technology we can have health labs which we can study and cure
diseases
Better machines for keeping body fit have been developed through innovation e.g gyms. new
drugs have been developed to treat diseases
Side effect of innovations
  Emergence of new disease that come with the technology
 Insecurity – hacking. Has created crime, new weapons have been developed e.g nuclear
 Extinction of indigenous crops
 Environmental degradation
 It has economic side affection.
 It may drain income and loss of jobs
 Moral decay and erosion of culture and laziness
 Psychological problems e.g urbanization, pple staying in slums, cultural shock
Areas in which youth innovations occur
1. Fashion
2. Music
3. Software –new software
4. Service industry – dj, mcs, comedians, motorbikes
Example of youth innovation include, fashion, music, software which are stated by young pple
The innovation may be in the process and their impact to public services bring a lot of change.
through music and fashion their cultural barriers are broken and all the youth look like they come
from one community and they improve unity
Constraints to innovation
1. Parents restriction –parents can act as barriers
2. Legal age-18 yrs
3. Financial constraints
4. Unsupportive culture- stereotype lack of trust, lack of moral values
5. Assess to licenses -18 yrs above
6. Lack of awareness about opportunities available
7. Social inequalities and living in rural areas creates barrier in innovation due to lack of
access to information.
8. Lack access to appropriate technology.
9. Too much adult control which can inhibit innovation.
10. Lack freedom to develop new ideas and new concepts.
11. Adults hold on resources until too late. The y should learn to let go.
12. Education systems are legit. They do not encourage innovation- learners are forced to do
what their parents and govt wants.
13. Adults themselves lack innovation experience and in many times new ideas are ignored.
14. Negative cultural attitudes towards youths inhibit innovation. Young people feel ignored
and feel their ideas are not worth and they are ignored by the adults.
15. Most of written literature does not encourage innovation and it shows negative attitude
towards young people and innovation.
Possible questions
Discuss six characteristics of innovation.
Discuss five constraints to innovation capacity of the youth.

Characteristics of innovation
I. Improves the quality of goods and services that already exists
II. Helps to satisfy human basic needs and improves standards of living.
III. Helps to rise productivity.
IV. Saving of time.
V. Data service provision.
VI. Saving money.
VII. Reduced environmental impact.
SOCIAL ENTERPRENEURSHIP
“World summit for sustainable development, we should see young people a resource not a
problem”
Children and young people have a vision of themselves in this worlds.
Youths have a role to play in their development as well development of their communities.
That role is more than just a voice or symbolic presence.
It bans active agent of change.
Young people aged between 10-24 make up 1.7 billion of the world’s human capital and they are
rousingly being recognized as key participants in decision making and development.
Many of them are already making important contributing to their communities and this is
reflected in growing presence of nun governmental youth organization and rise in youth advisory
| /youth born.
The UN millennium campaign has worried to involve young people in the achievement MDGs
by developing a millennium development goals youth action guide which gives you ng people
ideas about hpw to get involved.
There have been many successful youths in interventions however their full potential is not being
reached due to this reasons:
 Lack of resources
 Lack of access to knowledge and information.
 Institutional berries.
  Lack of support and recognition of government leaders, local NGOs and
intervention organizations.
 Lack of understanding g.
 Lack guidance.
Therefore, there is a need to a commitment to make a holistic approach to children and young
adults and this can be done through social EP.
Social E.P
Social E.P if viewed as initiatives of innovators pursuing social change and aiming to elevate a
particular social problem.
The emphasize here is more about social outcomes rather than income generation
Social E.P is the contribution of individual E.P to sustain development.
Social E.P can also be called social enterprise initiatives. This is any organization in any sector
that uses hand income strategies to pursue a social sector business that brings revenue to better
the lives of the community. This activity may include market based solutions to social problems,
they may be profit generating and they may be also non-profit generating activities.
Social E. Ps play the roles of change agents and they do this by doing the following;
a. They adopt a mission to create and sustain social value rather private value
b. They recognize and pursue new opportunities to serve the communities
c. They are engaged in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation and learning
d. They act boldly without being limited by resources
e. They are accountable to the pple that they serve. they are also accountable for the
activities that they do
Youth social E.P
Youth social E.P is called a catalyst of system wide social change which includes young pple
between age of 12-14
These young pple have been recognized as leading social E. Ps who develop skills over time,
more adjustment to their ideas and benefit many pple on their way being recognized social E.P.
They are called change agents in their societies becoz of pioneering inventions that benefit
humanity
They initiate a change in the rose of the youth in the society and challenge exception of the
young pple as they take initiations to improve their own life and those of communities by
launching ventures on their own.
These ventures meet diverse need of the community ranging from transport, water scarcity,
service industry like outside catering, electricity, sanitation problems.
What makes youth social E.P difference is that reserve different communities and different
traditional needs when they come up with ideas to sort out difference types of problems and they
control this ideas themselves.

Characteristics of youth social E. Ps

1. They are visionary
Their vision is to change this way things are, wants to inspire others, want to mobilize other
pple , form alliances and use media to get their messages across , they mobilize resources.
2. Are innovative
They have the ability to be creative, identity and exploiting new opportunities for creating lasting
social change.
3. They are resourceful
They have the ability to make remarkable achievements.
Social groups do not depend on external support and do not wait for other to take this lead but
they lead as example
They have responsibilities as young pple by taking their responsibilities in community
development.
4. Leadership and dedication
Young pple are committed in leading creation of superior social values as well as persistently
overcoming setbacks and unending challenges through the ability to motivate targeted members.
investors, team members and other stakeholders

Discuss the difference between urban and rural youths

Urban rural
1. More exposed to technology Less exposed to technology
2. Morality has been influenced by other Morality is upheld by tradition and culture
cultures e.g prostitution and drug
abuse
3. Liberal to change in culture Conservative to their culture
4. Assess to good education system Poor access to education
 5. Access to quality medical facilities Less to medical facilities
6. Well informed to good health Not well informed on good health practices
practices
7. Access to white collar jobs (main Only access to manual work and pastoralists
income) and entrepreneurship
8. More innovative Les innovative due to inadequate resources
and inhibitive cultures / unsupportive culture
9. Main recreation activity is swimming, Main recreation is wrestling and dancing.
footballing Limited to few traditional events.
10. More aware of their rights, Less aware of their rights and opportunities
opportunities
11. Youth radicalization due to lack of Less exposed to radicalization
guidance, less busy
12. Have role models eg eps Have no or less role models eg community
elders
13. Less social More social

Discuss five programs (national) serving the youths and young adults
1. National youth service
Enhancing for developing youth abilities for constructive societies
Objectives:
 Inculcate a culture of service
 Promoting social cohesion- come from diverse origin
 Creates understanding of their roles
 Creation of skill and knowledge
 Improves and employ ability by impaction of skills
2. Youth enterprise development fund
Established in 2006
To reduce unemployment among this youths- the sole target objective
- Provide loans for lending to youth enterprises.